TRANSFORMERS AND DC MACHINES Nro.

DD-106
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Theme : Code :
VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
D
Group :

I. OBJETIVES:

- Interpret and analyze the results of tests and measurements to the single-
phase transformer, applying loads of different nature (resistive, inductive
and capacitive).
- Determine the regulation of voltage for resistive, inductive and capacitive
loads.

II. EQUIPMENT TO BE USED:

- 1 single-phase power transformer of 400 is 110/220 V

- 2 multimeters.
- Resistive loads.
- Inductive loads.
- Capacitive loads.

III. THEORETICAL FOUNDATION:

Regulation of voltage transformer

Put the real transformer has impedances in series inside, its output voltage varies with the
load, even if the supply voltage is kept constant. To easily compare transformers, in this
regard, it is customary to define a quantity called voltage (RV).

It is defined by the equation:

VSC  VPC
RV  x100%
VPC

 Vsc = Voltaje sin carga (en vacío)

 Vpc = Voltaje con carga.

Para un transformador ideal RV = O

- Con carga resistiva RV > 0%

- Con carga inductiva RV > 0%
- Con carga capacitiva RV < 0%
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Theme : Code :
VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
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Voltaje sin carga Voltaje con carga

VSC VPC

As a particular case, specify that not only voltage regulation is zero when the single phase
transformer is in vacuum, but in its terminals also has a capacitive load that makes the voltage at
terminals to rise to have the same value as the voltage in vacuum. So before determining the
condition of transformer operation, attention must be to as it is connected to the circuit.
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Theme : Code :
VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
D
Group :

II. PROCESS:

Advertencia:
¡En esta etapa se manejarán voltajes peligrosos! ¡No haga
ninguna conexión cuando la fuente esté conectada! ¡La fuente
debe desconectarse después de hacer cada medición!.

Advertencia:

Usar lentes de seguridad durante su permanencia en el Taller

Advertencia:

Usar botas de seguridad durante su permanencia en el Taller

4.1. Regulation with resistive loads

Assemble the circuit as shown in Figure:

400 VA
110V/220V
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Theme : Code :
VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
D
Group :

Measuring the no-load voltaje:

Maintaining constant input voltage (110 V), find the voltage regulation and fill in column
4 of the table above:
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Theme : Code :
VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
D
Group :

VSC  VPC
RV  x100%
VPC

TABLA N° 1
Resistenc VS = VCarga RV SCarga α
ia (V) (%) (VA) (Calcular)
(Ω) (Calcular) (Calcular)
1500 217.7 0.15 0.14 1.09 32.66 0.08
1000 216.8 0.23 0.21 1.51 49.86 0.12
750 215.8 0.30 0.28 1.98 64.74 0.16
470 213.4 0.48 0.45 3.13 102.43 0.25
333 211.1 0.68 0.63 4.25 143.55 0.35
235 208.9 0.94 0.88 5.35 196.37 0.49

Find the power apparent in the resistive load and fill in column 5 of the table above
(Scarga = VS x IS)

Find the coefficient α and fill in column 6 (α = Sload / Snominal) Snomimal = 400 VA.

-To decrease the resistance thevoltage VS DECREASES

-The regulation of resistive load voltage (RV) is MAYOR zero %

4.2. Regulation with inductive loads:

Assemble the circuit as shown in Figure:

400 VA
110V/220V
 TRANSFORMERS AND DC MACHINES Nro. DD-106
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Theme : Code :
VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
D
Group :

Measuring the no-load voltage

Maintaining constant input voltage (110 V), find the voltage regulation and fill in column
5 of the table above

VSC  VPC
RV  x100%
VPC

TABLA N° 2
Inductancia VS = VCarga IS RV SCarga α
(H) (V) (A) (%) (VA) (Calcular)
(Calcular) (Calcular)
15 219.2 0.035 0.46 7.68 0.02
10 218.7 0.055 0.69 12.02 0.03
7.5 219.4 0.074 0.36 16.24 0.04
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Theme : Code :
VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
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5 219.1 0.120 0.50 26.29 0.07

2.5 218.3 0.238 0.87 51.96 0.13
1.67 217.4 0.367 1.29 79.78 0.20

In column 4, determine the inductive reactance of the load, with the voltage and current data
on the secondary.

Finding the apparent power in inductive and full load column 5 of the table above (Scarga =
VS x IS)

Find the coefficient α. and fill in column 6 (α = Sload / Snominal) Snominal = 400 VA

By decreasing the inductive voltage VS DECREASES

(RV) voltage in inductive load regulation is LESS zero %

4.3. Regulation with capacitive loads

Armar el circuito como muestra la figura:

400 VA
110V/220V
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Theme : Code :
VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
D
Group :

Mesuring the no-load voltage

Maintaining constant input voltage (110 V), find the voltage regulation and fill in column 5
of the table above

VSC  VPC
RV  x100%
VPC

TABLA N° 3
Capacidad VS = VCarga IS RV SCarga α
(μF) (V) (A) (%) (VA) (Calcular)
(Calcular) (Calcular)
8.1 222.9 0.774 -1.30 -289.77 -0.72
5,4 221.8 0.519 -0.81 -115.12 -0.28
4.5 221.4 0.423 -0.63 -139.48 -0.35
3,0 220.9 0.275 -0.41 -90.57 -0.23
2,04 220.7 0.194 -0.32 -70.62 -0.18
1.5 220.7 0.139 -0.32 -70.62 -0.18
0.68 220.3 0.063 -0.14 -30.84 -0.08

En la columna 4, determine la reactancia capacitiva de la carga, con los datos de tensión y

corriente medidos en el secundario.

Find the power apparent in the capacitive load and fill in column 5 of the table above (Scarga
=VS x IS)

Find the coefficient α and fill in column 6 (α = Sload / Snominal) Snominal = 400 VA

-By decreasing the capacitive voltage VS DECREASES

-Voltage (RV) on the capacitive load regulation is LESS zero %

With charge voltage data obtained in the tables 1, 2 and 3, make a graph of the variation of
voltage for every load depending on the load current.
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Theme : Code :
VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
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GRAPH OF THE VARIATIONS OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT.

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VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
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I. QUESTIONNAIRE:

1. According to the results of the measurements made, which is the most

unfavourable condition and the most favorable for the operation of power
transformers?

The most favorable condition is to work with an inductive load because they generate
less than the resistive loads voltage regulation, and the worst is to work with
capacitive loads because it causes an elevation of voltage.

2. What effect have inductive transformers and electrical loads?

The most favorable condition is to work with an inductive load because they generate
less than the resistive loads voltage regulation, and the worst is to work with
capacitive loads because it causes an elevation of voltage.

3. Indicate examples of resistive, inductive and capacitive loads.

· Examples of resistive loads: lamp, Toaster, electric heater.

· Examples of reactive loads: electrical appliances, refrigerator, air-
condition.

4. Do diagrams correspond to resistive, inductive and capacitive loads fossorials?

RESISTIVE LOAD PHASOR DIAGRAM

CAPACITIVE LOAD PHASOR DIAGRAM

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VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
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INDUCTIVE LOAD PHASOR DIAGRAM

II. RESEARCH:
Topics:

 “Regulation of voltage transformers”

The burden of power transformers vary constantly, occurring the greatest variation in
periods of greater industrial and commercial activity, this causes the voltage at the secondary
of the transformers vary according to the load and the factor of power, depending on if you
are in arrears, advancement or if it is the drive. Already that all the teams electrical,
electronics, engines, lamps are very sensitive to voltage changes that could damage is very
important to have a good voltage regulation, it is also important to know the characteristics
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Theme : Code :
VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
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of the constructive elements of transformers and lines of transmission, in addition to its

behavior before capacitive load, resistive or inductive.
The coefficient of voltage regulation or the regulation of voltage (RV) is a number that
compares the output voltage without load (in vacuum) with output voltage at full load and is
defined by the equation.

At the level of supply voltage, you want to be a voltage regulation as small as possible.
For an ideal transformer, RV = 0%, which indicates to us that their windings do not have a
resistance and does not require reactive power for its operation. However, the real
transformers have some resistance windings and require a power test to produce their
magnetic field, i.e., possesses within the impedances in series, as shown in Figure 1, then its
output voltage It varies according to the load even when the input voltage and frequency
remain constant.
The variation of the voltage in the secondary essentially depends on two variables, the
current absorbed by the load and the power factor.
For the regulation of stress on a transformer is required to understand voltage drops that
occur inside. Consider the simplified transformer equivalent circuit: the effects of the branch
of excitation in the regulation of voltage transformer can be ignored, therefore only
impedances in series must be taken into account. Adjust tension of a transformer depends on
the magnitude of these impedances as angle phase of the current flowing through the
transformer. The easiest way to determine the effect of impedance and angles of phase of
current intensity in the transformer voltage regulation is to analyze the diagram phase, an
outline of the voltages and currents of the transformer fasoriales.
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VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
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Figure 1, equivalent circuit of the simplified transformer where the effects of the excitation
branch ignored and considered only the impedances in series.

 "Effects of the low power factor in power systems".

Technical problems:

o Greater power consumption.

o Losses increase in drivers.
o Overload of transformers, generators and distribution lines.
o Increase in voltage drops.

Economic problems:

o Increase of electric billing for higher current consumption.

o Penalty up to 120% of the cost of billing

The table shows the effects that impact having an increasingly further away from the ideal
power factor. Is an increase in the current which must pass by the driver for the same desired
active power supply to the electric charge; the increase of the stream that leads to the increase
in the voltage drop at feeders and branch-circuit upstream of the load with low power factor;
the increase of the sectional area of the wire in order to compensate the voltage drop, and
losses for heating (Joel effect). It is desirable to have Bank of capacitors and monitoring of
daily load diagram of the health facility or industry or public/private institution the savings
that can be both in reducing turnover can be induced but in loss reduction by Joule effect.
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Theme : Code :
VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
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 "Forms of power factor correction".

o CFP capacitors (HV or LV, fixed or automatic)

CFP methods:

 Individual compensation: engine

-To compensate for asynchronous Motors the power capacitor should be

maximum 90% of the reactive power of engine vacuum.
-Older relations kvar cause self-excitation of motor after disconnection of the
network.
-Risk of on Tension > 1.1 * Unominal!
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VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
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-The relationship of recommended kVAr ensures a FP < 1 but > 0.9 in vacuum, as
well as full load motor. A rule of thumb recommends: kVAr = 35% of the active
power (kW) from the engine.
-The active power can be found on the nameplate of the motor

 Compensation group:

To compensate for the reactive power vacuum of transformers, the sizing of the
capacitor kVAr is based on own transformer reactive power consumption.
Recommended values offset only the magnetizing power of a transformer in
vacuum. You can use the following approximate formula:
-Qo = So = io x SN / 100
-Qo = reactive power kVAr transformer vacuum
-So = apparent power kVA transformer vacuum
-IO = current vacuum of the trabsformador in % of nominal current
-SN = rated power of the transformer kVA

 Centralized automatic compensation:

In factories with many loads of different powers and times of operation, the fixed
compensation is usually too expensive and not effective. The most economical
solution for complex applications is usually a centralized and automatic capacitor
bank, controlled by an automatic controller of CFP. The point of connection is
usually the general switchboard.
Sizing of a battery of capacitors in the presence of harmonics
Capacitors, in particular, are very sensitive to the harmonics by the fact that its
impedance decreases according to the frequency of the harmonic, facilitating
drilling points. Yes: Connection to the mains of the condenser is close to a
harmonic generator, an oscillation may occur with resonance, thus amplifying the
oscillation. Resulting current overheated the condensate and can produce holes in
it. Determined once the capacity of the condenser must be verified to not come
into resonance with the prominent harmonica in the circuit to compensate, so
determine the frequency at which goes into resonance. Change the capacity of the
condenser.
Advantages:
-Better use of capacitors (cost) easier supervision Automatic Control more
effective solution
-Combined compensation
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VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
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-Active CFP (Real time, by means of semiconductors).

o Reduce the amount of inductive load

o Use of modern technology converters
o Above synchronous generators ‐ excited
o CFP active (real-time) with thyristor switches.

III. REMARKS:

1. To obtain specific values of capacitors and coils, used the theoretical formulas of circuits
in parallel with such charges.
2. A regulator maintains the voltage regardless of the load current, frequency or power
factor.
3. At the time regulate the V of the transformer, you can see through the measurements of
voltage and power does a resistive load, a capacitive load and an inductive load.
4. Capacitive loads comply with regular voltage flowing through them so that there is much
variation of the output voltage.
5. If you connect capacitive loads to the output of a transformer the voltage will be more
fixed will not suffer variations as happens in the case of an R or an L.
6. In the laboratory to carry out tests ask us values that we do not have in our banks of
charges, so employ the connections in series or in parallel to reach the required values.
7. Our theoretical values for the laboratory were 110-220 V, due to many factors they failed
to work with the exact values and therefore always has a margin of error with respect to
the theoretical and measured values.

III. CONCLUSIONES:

1. Voltage reduction is basically to make a change in the input voltage, the value to obtain
will be the input value more the equivalent percentage of RV.
2. The burden of power transformers vary constantly, occurring the greatest variation in the
periods of greatest activity in the secondary of the transformers vary according to the
load and power factor, depending on whether you are in delay in advancement or if it is
the drive.
3. The RV is used as protection of automated production and assembly lines, all with State
of the art machinery.
4. For all industrial process, it is essential to receive quality of electric power, through a
team of regulation, reliable and wide length of continuous service.
5. To carry out the laboratory we managed to identify and differentiate the different
behavior that has a load when you connect to the transformer (resistive, capacitive and
inductive)
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VOLTAGE REGULATION IN THE TRANSFORMER Semester: III
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6. We can conclude that the capacitors do not consume or increase tension, the only
function that performs is to regulate voltage at its output.
7. We were able to interpret and analyze the results of tests and measurements to the single-
phase transformer, applying loads of different nature (resistive, inductive and capacitive).
8. We conclude that he was achieved to determine the regulation of voltage for resistive,
inductive and capacitive loads.
9. Used all the theory that the Professor gave us in classes and thus we were able to validate
that our measurements are within the margin of error allowed.

IX. BIBIBLIOGRAPHY:

Aprendiendo de la electricidad. (s.f.). Recuperado el 11 de 05 de 2018, de REGULACIÒN DE

TENSIÒN DE UN TRANSFORMADOR:
https://tecnologiaalanhernandez.wordpress.com/2013/01/18/regulacion-de-tension-de-un-
transformador/
Montes, R. (2015). SLIDESHARE. Retrieved 05 11, 2018, from Carga capacitiva:
https://es.slideshare.net/RodolfoMontes/carga-capacitiva.