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Structural Analysis
(Solutions for Text Book Practice Questions)
(ii) Dse = r – 3 j = 9, m = 14
04. Ans: (a)
=6–3=3
Dsi = m – (2j -3) Sol:
= 14 – (18 – 3) = -1
The given frame is internally unstable.
(iii) All supports are roller,
As the two supports are hinged total no. of
The given truss is unstable.
reactions = 4.
(iv) Dse = 4 – 3 =1
The deficiency of vertical member between
Dsi = m – ( 2j – 3)
the supports is taken care of by the additional
= 15 – (20 -3)
vertical reaction. Hence the structure is stable.
= 15 – 17 = -2
Hence Dse can be taken as zero.
Internally unstable.
Dsi = 2 (additional members in the first two
(v) In a member, there should not be more than spans more than required for stability)
two internal hinges. Dse = 2
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2 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
Number of reactions = 3 + 2 + 2 + 1 = 8 A C
B
Equilibrium equations = 3
Dse = 8 – 3 = 5 Dsi = 3c = 3 6 =18 Dse = (3 + 2 + 1)3 =3
Force releases at A = n – 1 = 2 – 1 = 1 Dsi = 0
Force releases at B = n – 1 = 4 – 1 = 3 Force release at ‘D’ = 2
Where, Force release at ‘F’ = 1
n = number of members joining at that Ds= 3 + 0 –2 1 = 0
location.
Ds = Dse + Dsi – no.of force releases
= 5 + 18 –1–3 = 19
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3 Structural Analysis
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4 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
Where, Ds = 0 Dk = 3
n = Number of members connected by hinges j = 4, m = 3, r = 6
=6 Ds = r – 3
j = Number of pin-Joints = 6 =6–3=3
Dsi = 6 (2 6 3) Dk = 3j – r = 3 × 4 – 6 = 6
= 3
Dsi = – 3< 0 (Internally unstable) 02. Ans: (b)
Static indeterminacy (Ds) = Dsi + Dse Sol: A B
= 3 + 0 = 3
if Ds < 0 (It is considered as unstable)
(or) When one part of structure moves
appreciably with respect to other part of A & B are rigid joints.
structure it is classified as unstable. The rigid joint of a plane frame will have
three degrees of freedom.
02. Kinematic Indeterminacy Fixed supports will have zero degrees of
freedom.
01. Ans: (b) Total number of degrees of freedom = 6
Sol: (considering axial deformations)
No.of members = 3
P
Neglecting axial deformations, degrees of
Dk = 3j – r Ds = (3m + r) – 3j freedom or kinematic indeterminancy
j = 2, r = 6 = 3 + 6 – (3×2) Dk = 6 – 3 = 3
Dk = 6 – 6 = 0 Ds = 9 – 6 = 3 or
Dk = 0 Ds = 3 Using the formula
Dk = 3j – r
Q = 3 4 – 6 = 6 (with axial deformations)
=6–3= 3 (Neglecting axial deformations)
Ds = r – 3 = 3 – 3 = 0 Note: While using the formula supports also
Dk = 3j – r = (3×2) – 3 shall be treated as joints.
=3 R
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6 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
Total D.O.F or Dk = 21 + 0 + 1 + 2 + 1= 25
(Considering axial deformations) D.O.F of moment release at ‘1’ = 4
D.O.F of horizontal shear release at ‘2’ = 4
Neglecting axial deformations = 25 – 11 = 14
D.O.F of 3 rigid joints =33=9
D.O.F of fixed support =0
04. Ans:22 or 12
D.O.F of hinged support = 1
Sol:
D.O.F of roller support =2
2
D.O.F of joint 2 = 4 (two rotations and two
translations. Both vertical members will have
one common rotation)
D.O.F of 2 rigid joints =23=6
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7 Structural Analysis
At each rigid joint one independent rotation + Statically determinate and kinematically
one sway of the frame as a whole. indeterminate by 9.
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At fixed supports =0
At ‘3’ Rigid joints =33=9 at fixed supports = 0
At locations A, B, C & D = 4 4 = 16 at Two rigid joints (1) and (2) = 3 + 3 = 6
Kinematic indeterminacy = 0 + 9 + 16 = 25 Kinematic indeterminacy = 0 + 6 = 6
by neglecting axial deformations DK (neglecting axial deformations) = 6 3
Dk = 25 10 = 15 =3
13. Ans: (b) i.e. vertical axial deformations in members A
Sol: Degree’s of freedom of pin jointed plane and B y1 = 0, y2 = 0 and axial deformations
truss =2 in member (C) is neglected i.e
Degree’s of freedom of pinjointed space truss x = 0, y1 = and, y2 = 0 makes kinematic
=3 indeterminacy from 6 to 3.
Degree’s of freedom of at rigid joint for plane
frame = 3
Degrees of freedom of rigid joints space
frame = 6
Options 3 and 4 are correct
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9 Structural Analysis
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10 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
4m 2 3
tan =
2
4m C 4m = 30o
4t
X 2t Pass the section as shown in figure
2t
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11 Structural Analysis
1 HA = 20 kN A B
2 10 FCE
2
VA = 10 kN
FCE 10 t tension 6m VB = 20 kN
Reactions are VA =10 kN ,
10. Ans: (c) HA = 20 kN
Sol: F VB = 20 kN
30o D E 1000 kg FHG = FHE = 0
C
Apply V = 0 at ‘G’
L
FAC FAE
A B
Apply H = 0
L L FGE cos45o + FCG cos 45o = 20
Consider joint F. 2FGC cos 45o = 20
We know that if two members act at a joint
FGC = 10 2 (tensile)
and if they are not in the same line then each
Apply V = 0 @C
of them are zero.
FCA = 0
Hence,
FCF , FEF both are zero. 12. Ans: (b)
Similarly Consider joint C. E D
P
FCD, FCA both are zero
Taking M B 0 , RA = 500
3m
Joint (A) HA A
4m B C
FAD sin 45 = RA 4m Vc
FAD = 500 2 (tension) VA
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13 Structural Analysis
155
10kN 40kN
2 2 3 E
tan , sin , cos , F
He=15kN
3 13 3
2 1
tan 2, sin , cos
5 5
Vf =10kN Ve=70kN
Let Ve and Vf be the vertical reactions at the supports E and F
Let He be the horizontal reaction at the supports E (Note, there is no horizontal reaction at F)
Taking moment about F.
Ve 3 = 30 6 + 15 8 - 30 3 Ve = 70 kN Vf = 10kN
He = 15 kN
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14 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
Force (kN)
Member
Compressive Tensile
AB 1513
BC 45
CD 1513
DH 45
HE 40
FG 10
GA 45
BG 30
GC 513
HC 40
HG 45
GE 155
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15 Structural Analysis
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17 Structural Analysis
FBD of AB: 1
L/2
WL
hBC =
EI WX 0dx 0
My 0
2
FBD of AB:
M y L
WL
W 2 My = Qy
2
L
1 WL 1 M y
2EI 0 2 2
VAB dy y
Q
L
1 WL2 WL3 1 WL
L
y Q y y dy
2EI 4 0
8EI
hAB =
2EI 0 2
Total vertical deflection at L
1 WL
y dy
2EI 0 2
WL3 WL3 WL3
c =
24EI 8EI 6EI
(Q= 0 as it is imaginary force)
02. Ans: (b) L
1 WL y 2 WL3
=
Sol: Horizontal deflection at C 2EI 2 2 0 8EI
W
B EI WL3
Q Total horizontal deflection =
C 8EI
L/2
FBD of BC: L
W
WL/2 x Shortcut: Strain energy is inversely
Q proportional to I.
Q W
B C w 2l 3
L/2 Q WL With uniform I, U = .
B 6EI
y 2
w 2l 3
Mx = + WX With uniform 2I, U =
L 12EI
M x As given has I varying from I to 2I,
0
Q denominator shall be in between 6 and 12.
A
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I1 x l I(l l x) 1
EI 0
H B WR sin R sin R d
X W
l 2 2
w x .dx
U WR 3
I(l x) sin 2 d
I
0 2E
Ix
2I EI 0
l x
l 1 cos 2
l w 2 x 2 dx sin 2
l
2
0
2EI (l x) X
WR 3 1 cos 2
EI 0
w l x 2 l 2 d
2 EI 0 l x
dx 2
WR 3 sin 2
w l x l l
2 l 2 2 2
2 EI 0
dx EI 2 2 0
lx
WR 3
w l (x l)(x - l)
2 l
l l 2 H B
dx dx 2EI
2 EI 0 (l x) 0
(l x )
w 2 l x 2
l
05. Ans: (c)
2 EI 2
lx l 2 log(l x
l
0 Sol: Consider free body diagram Of ‘AB’
0
B
w 2l l 2 A
l l log e 2l - l log e l
2 2 2 3L
2 EI 2
P 3L
w 2l - l 2 2l
l 2 log e
2 EI 2 l
L 2L
2
w l
0.5l 2 l 2 0.693
2 EI M=2PL
2 3
w l
U= 3L
10.35 EI P
H C
Apply unit vertical load at ‘C’. to get the Pk ' l Wl Wl Wl
values of k. AE 2AE 4AE 4AE
Members Force P k Pkl/AE 12. Ans: 1.5 10–3
AE
Sol: As the structure is determinate extra forces
W 1 W
will not be generated due to lack of fit.
AC 2 2 AE 2AE
6
W 1 l W tan 3
Inclination of member BC
4 10
AB 2 2 2AE 4AE
is mainly due to 6 mm extension in BD
Pkl Wl Wl 3Wl = 1.5 10–3 Radians.
v c =
AE 2AE 4AE 4AE
P
13. Ans: (c)
A B
Sol:
11. Ans: (d)
Sol:
3L/4, EI
Apply unit horizontal load at ‘C’. to get the L/4, 4 EI
values of k
Maxwell’s law of Reciprocal deflections:
B
A 1 1 ij ji where
2 2 ij = deflection @ ‘i’ due to unit load at ‘j’
AE, l 2AE,l
45 45 ji = deflection @ j due to unit load at i
1
C Further Maxwell’s law is valid for both
prismatic and non prismatic beams.
1 A F
G 1 kN
U U P
i.e. 0 (or) 0
R M
I II
Where,
R and M are redundant forces and moments I will have less member force and less
respectively. deflections at B compared to II
U = Strain energy stored in the members
19. Ans: (a)
18. Ans: (a) Sol: Generally in Rigid frames, Bending will be
B
Sol: major criteria for design of members when
l l
B compare to axial and shear forces.
A C A /2 /2 C
Strain energy due to Bending / flexure is
(I) (II)
more when compare to other.
At joint B: (Fig. I)
P Strain energy due to flexure is considered.
Apply H = 0
20. Ans: (b)
FBA cos = FBC cos FBA FBC
Sol: Deflection is calculated with the help of unit
FBA = FBC load method and this method is based on
Apply V = 0 virtual work principle
FBA sin+FBC sin = P Both the statements are correct, but statement
(II) is not the correct explanation of statement
2FBAsin = P
(I).
P
FBA (C)
2 sin
21. Ans: (c)
Similarly At joint B from fig. (II) Sol: Strain energy and complimentary strain
P energy due to gradual application of load is
FBA (C)
always equal in elastic limit.
2 sin
2
For a particular
Value of Stress (b)
(a)
FBA I FBA II Stress
180kN
90kN F E
902 902 902 9m
90
HA=90kN A B C D
180 180 90
9m 9m 9m
RA=90kN RD=90kN
p – Values
v = 0 Tan = 9/9
RA + RD = 180 = 450
Taking moment about 'A'
At Joint A: -
Resolving vertically
F
V = 0 A
90 B
FAF sin = 90
90
FAF = 902 [compression]
Resolving Horizontally
H = 0
FAB = 90 + FAF cos
1
90 90 2
2
= 180 kN (Tension)
At Joint D: - E
Resolving vertically C D
v = 0
90 kN
FDE sin = 90
FDE = 902 kN [compression]
Resolving Horizontally
H = 0
FDC = FDE cos 450
1
FDC 90 2 = 90 kN (Tension)
2
At Joint E: -
Resolving Horizontally
E
H = 0 F
902
FFE = FED cos
C D
1
90 2 = 90 kN (Compression)
2
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25 Structural Analysis
Resolving vertically
v = 0
1
FEC = 90 2 = 90 kN (Tension)
2
At Joint C: -
Resolving vertically F
90
v = 0
0 180
FCF sin 45 = 90 C 90
FCF = 902 [compression]
Now remove the given load system and apply a pair of unit loads at B and E in place of the member
BE.
K - Values:
F 12 E
1
12 1 12 9m
1 1
HA=0 A C D
B 12
9m 9m 9m
RA=0 RD=0
Compression ve
Tension + ve
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26 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
BC +180
1 902 1 134.99
2 2
CD + 90 0 0 0 90
FE 90
1 452 1 135
2 2
FB 0 1 0 1 45
2 2
EC + 90
1 452 1 45
2 2
AF 902 0 0 0 902
FC 902 1 902 1 63.63
(Compression)
BE 1 0 1 63.64 (Tension)
DE 902 0 0 0 902
2
Pk= k = 4
254.558
02.
Sol: Dse = r s = 3 3 = 0 externally determinate
Dsi = m (2j 3) = 11 (2 6 3) = 2 [Internally indeterminate] B C D
Ds = Dse + Dsi = 2 [Statically indeterminate]
X1 X2
Let us consider the members BF & DF as redundant.
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27 Structural Analysis
P - Values:
4 1 .5
cos 1 sin 1
5 1 .5 2 2 2
3
sin 1 v = 0
5 B C D
RA + RE = 10
Taking moment about 'A' 8.08
10 7.13 1.5m
MA = 0 [↶ ve ↷ +ve]
RE 3.5 + 10 1.5 = 0 5.71 5.71 1
10 1.5 A E
RE 4.28 kN ( ) 1.5m F 2m
3.5
RA = 10 4.28 = 5.72 kN ( ) 10kN
RA RE
At Joint A: -
Resolving vertically
V = 0
FAC sin = 5.72 C
5.72 2
FAC 8.08 KN (Comp) F
2 A
Resolving Horizontally
H = 0 RA = 5.72
FAF = FAC cos
2
FAF 8.08 5.71kN (Tension)
2
At Joint E: -
Resolving vertically
V = 0 FEC sin 1 = 4.28 C
4.28 1
FEC 5 7.13 kN (Comp) F E
3
Resolving Horizontally
H = 0 RE =4.28
FEF = FEC cos1
4
7.13 5.74 kn (Tension)
5
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28 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
Now remove the given load system and apply a pair of unit loads at B and F in place of the member
BF. 1
B 2 C D
1 1 1
1
2 2
E
A
1 F
2 k1 - values
Pk 1L XkkL X k kL
AE
1 1 1 2 2 1 0 _______ (1)
AE AE
Pk 2 L Xkk L X k k L
AE
1 1 2 2 2 2 0 _______ (2)
AE AE
Compression - ve
Tension + ve
Pk1L + X1 k21 L + X2 k1 k2 L = 0
33.776 + 7.24 X1 + 0.636 X2 = 0 ___________ (3)
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29 Structural Analysis
Pk2L + X1 k1 k2 L + X2 k22 L = 0
35.95 + 0.636 X1 + 8.64 2 = 0 __________ (4)
7.24 X1 + 0.636 X2 = 33.776
0.636 X1 + 8.64 X2 = 35.95
X1 = 4.32
X2 = 3.84
(L in
Member P k1 k2 Pk1L Pk2L k1 2 L k2 2 L k1 k2 L S=P+k1X1+k2X2
m)
AB 1.5 0 1 0 0 0 0.75 0 0 3.054
2 (Comp)
BC 1.5 0 1 0 0 0 0.75 0 0 3.054
2
CD 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 1.28 0 3.072
5
DE 1.5 0 0 3 0 0 0 0.54 0 2.304
5
EF 2 +5.71 0 4 0 9.13 0 1.28 0 2.638
5
FA 1.5 +5.71
1 0 6.05 0 0.75 0 0 2.655
2
FC 1.5 +10
1 3 10.606 9 0.75 0.54 0.636 4.641
2 5
AC 2.12 -8.08 +1 0 17.12 0 2.12 0 0 3.76
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30 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
03.
Sol: The horizontal reaction ‘H’ at B is given by
PkL
AE
H .... (1)
kL
AE
2kN 4kN 2kN
6 D6 E E
C C 1 D1
2.83 4 2.83 0 0
4 4 2 0 2
8.95 2.23
8.95 2.23
F 4 G 4 H 2 2
B B
A
A 1
1 Fig. (c)
4 4
Fig. (b)
To calculate k, remove the external loads and apply unit pull at the joint B as shown in Fig. (c). The
stresses have been marked on the diagram.
The computations are done in the tabular form shown.
Substituting the values obtained from table in (1), we get
358200
H
125700
= 2.85 kN ()
R A R B 4 2 (2.85) 2
= 4.91 kN.
(+ For Tensions; - for compression)
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31 Structural Analysis
Length L
Member P (kN) K PKL K2 L
(mm)
AC 4470 8.95 + 2.23 89400 22210
CD 2000 6.0 + 1.00 12000 2000
DE 2000 6.0 + 1.00 12000 2000
04.
Sol:
Note:
1. In case of statically determinate frames if any member is not of exact length and it is forced in
position, there are no stress induced in the member of the frame.
2. In case of indeterminate frames, if the members are not of exact length, they will have to be fixed
in position which will induce forces in the other members of the frame.
Force in the member having lack of fit 'x'
X
K 2L
AE
Where '' is taken to be positive if the member is short in length (so as to exert pull 'X' at the
joints) and negative if the member is excess in length (so as to apply push at the joints)
DS = Dse + Dsi
= (3 3) + m (2j 3) = 10 (2 6 3) = 1 Indeterminate structure
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32 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
To analyse the frame, it is made determinate by removing the member having lack of fit. Unit
forces are applied at the joints of the members having lack of fit.
Member 'AC' is removed and unit loads are applied at joints 'A' and 'C'
D 1/2 C
2m 1
E 1 F
1/2 1/2
2m
B
1/2
2m 4m 2m
k-values
Compression ve, Tension +ve
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33 Structural Analysis
0.25 10
X
24.14
E
0.25mm 10
X 20712.510 N
24.14
2 10 5
= 20.712 kN
When member 'AC' is subjected to temperature of 200C
= L t = 40002 1.1 10-5 20
= 1.244 mm
Force in the member AC is given by
X1
k 2L
AE
1.244
X1 10305.691 N
24.142
2 10 5
X1 = 10.305 KN
05.
Sol: Vertical deflection of the point 'C'
PkL kL
VC
AE E
4
cos
4 2 32
4
cos
5
3
sin
5
@ Joint 'A': -
V = 0
A E
FAD sin = 45 kN D
45 5 45kN
FAD 75 kN(Tension )
3
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34 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
H= 0
FAE = FAD cos
75 4
60 kN(Compression )
5
@ Joint 'C': -
H= 0
F
FCD = 75 cos 75kN
75 4
60 kN(Tension)
5 D
v = 0 C
FFC = 75 sin
3
75 45 kN(compression)
5
k - values:
A 4m E 4m F 4m B
4/9 4/9 8/9
5/9 1/3 3m
1/3 5/9 10/9 2/3
D 8/9 C
RA + RB = 1 1
RB 12 + 1 8 = 0
8 2
RB = ()
12 3
2 32 1
RA = 1 ()
3 3 3
At Joint 'A': -
V = 0
1
FAD Sin =
3
1 5 5
FAD (Tension)
3 3 9
H = 0
At Joint 'D':-
V = 0 H = 0
5 5 5
FDF sin sin FDC cos cos
9 9 9
5 5 4 5 4
FDF (Comp)
9 9 5 9 5
8
= (Tension)
9
At Joint 'B': -
V = 0
2
FBC sin = H = 0
3
3 2 10
FBC FBF cos
5 3 9
2 5 10 10 4 8
FBC (Tension) (Comp)
3 3 9 9 5 9
At Joint 'F': -
5
FFC sin
9
5 3 1
(Tension)
9 5 3
Compression ve, Tension +ve
ED 80 0 3 103 0
FC 80 1/3 3 103 -80000
277.77 103
AD 100 + 5/9 5 103
0
DF 0 5/9 5 103
555.55 103
BC 100 10/9 5 103
1677.67 103
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36 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
VC
KL 1667.67 10 3
E 2 10 5
VC = 8.38 mm ()
A 4m E 4m F 4m B
1 1
1 1 1
3m
k 1L
HB D C
E
80 1 4 10 3 80 1 4 10 3 80 1 4 10 3
2 10 5
HB = - 4.8 mm ()
07.
L
Mxmx
Sol: Horizontal displacement at D =
O
EI
dx
Where, Mx = BM at a section x – x due to real loads
Mx = BM at a section x – x due to vertical unit load applied where we want the deflection.
12kN E
E
x
x x
x
A A D
D
12kN 1 1
O O
3kN 21kN
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37 Structural Analysis
Sign conventions:
Sagging BM is +ve
Hogging BM is ve
Member L
Mxmx
Mx – values
mx – values
O
EI
dx
DC 0 x 0
0
2
21x 5 105x 210
CF
0
EI
EI
2
21(4 – x) – 24(2 – x) (36 3x )5 390
BF
= 36 + 3x
5
0
EI
EI
2
12(5 – x) – 12(2 – x) 36(5 x ) 288
BE
= 36
5x
0
EI
EI
3
12 x 2 108
AE 12 x x 0 EI EI
996
HD
EI
L
Mxmx
Rotation at ‘D’ =
O
EI
dx
B C
F
x
x x
x
x
A
D
O
1
1/4 1/4
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L
Mxmx
Member Mx Values mx
O
EI
dx
DC 0 1 0
0
2
x x 1
CF 21x 1
4 21x1 4 EI
0
2
21(4 – x) 24(2 – x) x x 1
BF
= 36 + 3x 4 (36 3x ) 4 EI
0
2
BE 12(5 – x) – 12(2 – x) = 36 0 0
0
3
AE 12 x 0 0
0
L
Mxmx 48
D dx
0
EI EI
I I
1 CB 0.4
(D.F) BE 4L 4
I I I 3 I C
4
CD
3 2I
0.6
4L 4L 4L 4 3L 4 4
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39 Structural Analysis
L P
Rotational stiffness of a joint is the sum of EI
stiffness of all members meeting at that joint C
KO = KOA + KOB + KOC + KOD
B
4EI 3EI 4EI 11EI
0=
L L L L
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41 Structural Analysis
M k D.F
&RB (downward) D.FBA = 1
L 2
BA I 1
Again Mc = 0 from right side
4 2 D.FBC = 1
2
BC 3 I 1
MB = RB L 2
4 3
M
MB L
L Hence applied joint moment ‘M’ gets equally
MB = M distributed to members ‘BA’ and ‘BC’.
Moment at B M MBA = M/2, MBC = M/2
Carry over factor =1
Moment at A M 11. Ans: (a)
Sol:
300 kNm
B C
A 3m
09. Ans: (c) 3m
Sol:
D.F 1 0
A B
Initial +300
moment
L/2 L/2
balance –300
For prismatic beam with uniform EI, moment
1 carry over
The carry over factor = –150
2 moment
Beam towards ‘A’ is more stiff (has more EI) Correct answer is 150 kN.m hogging.
Beam towards ‘B’ is less stiff ( has less EI)
Shortcut:
Carry over factor to ‘B’ is less than half
300 kN-m
3m 3m
10. Ans: (a)
M 150 kN-m
Sol:
3m, I
C
B 300 kN-m
300 kN-m
3m
300 kN-m
4m, I
3m
150 kN-m
(carry over) 300 kN-m
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42 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
2 EI 1 1 2 EI
L L 4
1
Initially for 1 (clockwise) At A,
keeping ‘B’ fixed.
2 3
4EI
M AB (Clockwise)
L 6EI
2EI 6EI
M BA (Clockwise) L2
L L2
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43 Structural Analysis
∴ B = C
Balance wl
wl From the fundamentals of redistribution of
moments 8
8
C.O wl wl
0
moments, if negative moment at central
0
16 16
Final support decreases, the positive (sagging)
0 3 wl 3 wl
Moments 0
16 16 moment at midspan increases.
WL
Free moment at centre of AB =
4
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45 Structural Analysis
1 4
M/2
6EI M/2
Sway moment, MBA
L2 At the locations 1, 2,3and 4, the bending
3E(0.5I) 6EI moment is changing sign. Hence, four points
Sway moment, MCD 2
=
(0.5L) L2 of contra flexure.
M BA
1
M CD 21. Refer GATE solutions Book.(2004)
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46 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
Mo / l Mo Mo / l
Mo 4EI
3l/
Mo / l Mo / l 0 4
Mo l/h
4EI
3l/y
l/4 3M o
4EI
B.M.D for constant EI
3M o
Mo
4EI
4EI
B.M.D for constant EI
Mo Mo
4EI M 8EI
o
8EI
l/2 l/4
0
l/4 Mo
Mo 8EI
Mo
8EI
4EI Mo
B.M.D for varying EI 4EI
3M o
4EI
B.M.D for varying EI
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47 Structural Analysis
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48 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
Distribution Factor:
Moment distribution:
Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
0.512 0.488 0.604 0.396
Distribution Factor
FEM 10.044 0.444 1.487 7.084 5.33 +5.33
Release A, D
and Carry over +10.044 5.022 2.665 5.33
Initial moments 0 +4.578 1.487 +7.084 7.995 0
Balance 1.583 1.508 +0.550 +0.361
Carry Over 0.275 0.754
Balance 0.141 0.134 0.455 0.299
Carry over 0.228 0.067
Balance 0.117 0.111 0.040 0.027
Final moments 0 +2.737 2.737 +7.308 7.308 0
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49 Structural Analysis
C B D
Bending Moment Diagram
1kN/m
8kN 5kN
7.308
2.737 2.737 7.308
A B B C C D
2m 3m 4m 3m 8m
RA RB1 RB2 RC1 RC2 RD
4.25kN
4.91kN
(+)
1.49kN (+) (+)
A B C D
(-) (-)
(-) 3.51 kN
3.75kN
3.09kN
Shear Force Diagram
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02.
Solution: (a) Fixed End Moments:
Member AB BA BD BC CB
We know that, A moment which rotates the near end of a prismatic beam without translation, the far
end being fixed induces at the far end, a moment of one half its magnitude and in the same direction
(i.e. of the same sign)
1 1
M DB M BD (8.645) 4.323 kNm
2 2
RA 2m 3m Ra1
Span BD:
3m
Span BC:
20kNm
RB2 = 39.659 kN
RC = Total load RB2 = 20 3 39.659 = 20.341 kN
28.977 kNm 37.62 kNm 22.5 kNm
4.323kNm
Deflected Shape D
Wab 100 2 3
Span AB 120 kNm
5
Span BD = 0
w 2 20 32
Span BC 22.5 kNm
8 8
67.914kN
(+) 39.659kN
B (+) C
A 32.086kN
(-)
20.341kN
4.323kN
4.323kN
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53 Structural Analysis
03.
Sol: (a) Fixed End Moments:
Span AB, BC, CD: MFAB = MFBA = MFBC = MFCB = MFCD = MFDC = 0
Since the load is acting only at the joint, there will be no fixed end moments. However due to side
sway, moments will be induced at joints A, B and C.
B C
MBA MCD
MAB
A D
I I/5 1
BA
5 2I / 5 2
B I I 2I
I
BC 5 5 5 I/5 1
5
2I / 5 2
I I/5 4
CB
5 7I / 20 7
C I 3I 7 I
3 I 3I 3I / 20 3
CD 5 20 20
4 5 20 7I / 20 7
(c) Side Sway:- Under the action of the 50 kN load, there will be side sway to the right and the
columns AB and CD will rotate in a clockwise direction. Thus negative moments will be induced at
A, B and C in these columns. As the end 'A' is fixed and 'D' is hinged, the ratio of moments will be,
M BA 6EI / 12 2
2 M BA 2M CD (I1 I 2 I; 1 2 )
M CD 3EI / 22 1
Let us, first of all assume arbitrary value of these moments and find out the corresponding sway
force.
Let MCD = 10 kNm
MBA = 20 kNm = MAB
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5m
5m
HAB
15.42kNm
A D
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55 Structural Analysis
The sway force causing the assumed moments = 5.24 + 1.53 = 6.77 kN ()
But actual sway force is 50 kN; hence the moments be increased proportionately in the ratio of
(50)/(6.77) = 7.38
Joints
A B C D
HSway = 6.77 kN 15.42 10.76 10.76 7.66 7.66 0
3m (a)
FAB
A
113.8 kNm
(b)
FBC FCB
5m
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56 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
A D
38.67 kN 11.29 kN 113.8 kNm A D
Bending Moment Diagram
Shear Force Diagram
04.
Sol: Distribution Factors. These are calculated in the table below.
CB I 1
4 2
C 2I
4 1
CD 3 I I
. 2
4 3 4
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57 Structural Analysis
B C
1 2 1 1
A 3 3 2 2 D
0 0 40.00 + 40.00 0 0
+ 13.33 + 26.67 20.00 20.00
10.00 +13.33
+ 3.33 +6.67 6.66 6.67
3.33 + 3.33
+ 1.11 + 2.22 1.67 6.66
0.84 + 1.11
+ 0.28 + 0.56 0.56 0.55
0.28 + 0.28
+ 0.09 + 0.19 0.14 0.14
0.07 + 0.10
+ 0.02 + 0.05 0.05 0.05
0 + 18.17 18.17 + 29.08 29.08 0
Horizontal reaction at A
0 18.17
3.0283 kN
6
29.08 0
Horizontal reaction at D = 9.6933 kN
3
Sway force = Unbalanced horizontal force
= 9.6933 3.0283 = 6.665 kN
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58 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
30kN/m
B C B 6.665kN
4m 4m C
3m
3m
D 9.69333 kN
D
6m 6m
A A
HA=3.0283
(ii) Sway analysis. Now the frame will be analysed or a sway force of 6.665 kN . Since the frame
sways towards the left, the initial equivalent moments are positive. Ratio of the initial equivalent
moments at the tops of the columns.
I1 I 2 I I 1 1
2
: 2 2: 2 : 9 : 36 (say)
1 2 6 3 36 9
B C
1 2 1 1
A 3 3 2 2 D
0 + 9.00 0 0 + 36.00
+ 3.00 6.00 18.00 18.00
9.00 3.00
+ 3.00 + 6.00 + 1.50 +1.50
+ 0.75 + 3.00
0.25 0.50 1.50 1.50
0.75 0.25
+ 0.25 + 0.50 + 0.13 + 0.12
+ 0.06 + 0.25
0.02 + 0.04 0.12 0.13
0.06 0.02
+ 0.02 + 0.04 + 0.01 + 0.01
Column 0 + 9.00 9.00 18.00 + 18.00 0
(a)
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59 Structural Analysis
0 9.00
Horizontal reaction at A = 1.50 kN
6
18 0 B C S=7.50kN
Horizontal reaction At D = 6.00 kN
3 4m
30kN/m
40.375
B C
4m +
3m 26.17 13.08
4.36kN u B C
6m
56.73kN
4.36kN
D
63.27kN A
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60 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
05.
Sol:
Sol: Distribution Factors:
Since all the corners are alike it is sufficient to determine the distribution factors at one of the
corners. Let I be the moment of inertial of the section of each member. The relevant calculations at
the corner A are shown in the table below.
The distribution factors for the members at each corner are shown in figure.
Fixed end moments: Considering each member as a separate fixed member the fixed end moments
are as follows.
2 2
10 2 3 3
M ab 2.5 kNm A B
8 1 1
M ba 2.5 kNm 3 3
4 4
M da 2.00 kNm
8 1 1
M ad 2.00 kNm 3 3
M bc 2.00 kNm D 2 C
2
M cb 2.00 kNm 3 3
M dc 2.50 kNm
and M cd 2.50 kNm
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61 Structural Analysis
-2.17 +2.17
+0.17 -0.17
-0.17 +0.17
+0.33 -0.33
+2.17 A -2.50 +2.50 B
+0.09
+0.17
+2.00
-0.09
+0.09
-2.00
-0.17
-0.09
-2.17
+2.00
+0.17
+0.09
+2.17
+0.09
-0.09
-2.17
-0.09
-0.17
-2.00
D +2.50 -2.50
C
-0.33 +0.33
+0.17 -0.17
-0.17 +0.17
+2.17 -2.17
2.17 kN m 2.17 kN m
+
2.83 kN m
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62 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
06.
Sol: Imagine a support at C.
Distribution factors. These are calculate in the table below.
(i) None-Sway: Assuming no vertical sway the moment distribution is now carried out.
Fixed End Moments:
32 3 12 32 32 1
M ac 6 kNm; M ca 18kNm; M cb M bc 0
42 42
C
2 1
3 3
A B
-6.00 +18.00
-12.00 -6.00
-6.00 -3.00
-12.00 +6.00 -6.00 -3.00
12.00 6.00 32 1
Vertical reaction at A = 9.50 kN
4
6.00 3.00
Vertical reaction at B 2.25 kN
4
Sway force = 32 + 2.25 9.50 = 24.75 kN
32kN
3m 5m
B
A 2I I
C
4m 4m
9.5 kN 2.25 kN
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63 Structural Analysis
Now the beam will be analysed for a vertical sway force of 24.75 kN at C
24.75kN
4m 4m
B
A
C
Due to the vertical sway the fixed end moments for AC are negative, while the fixed end moments
for BC are positive.
I I 2I I
Ratio of fixed end moments for AC and BC 12 : 22 2 : 2 2 : 1 say 6:3
1 2 4 4
Choosing the above fixed end moments, the moment distribution is carried out below:
C
2 1
3 3
A B
-6.00 6.00 +3.00 +3.00
+2.00 +1.00
+1.00 +0.05
S= 4.125 kN
4m 4m
B
A
C
2.25kN
1.875kN
For the actual sway force of 24.75 kN, the actual sway moments will be
24.75
column (a) moments.
4.125
A B C
Column (a) 5.00 4.00 + 4.00 + 3.50
42 18 32 1
Actual vertical reaction at A Va = 23 kN
4
32kN
42kNm 18kNm
3m 5m
B
A
C
4m 4m
Va=23kN Vb=9kN
42kNm
27
(-) 18kNm
(+)
A C (-)
B BMD
18kNm
18 18
Actual vertical reaction at B (Vb ) 9 kN
4
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65 Structural Analysis
R Y
07. Slope Deflection Method X
Q
A B
B
A
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66 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
4m 4m
05. Ans: (a)
A D
Sol: 15kN/m MAB MDC=0
HA HD
B D
C
5m 7m
For horizontal equilibrium H = 0
HA+HD+P=0
M AB M BA
HA
8m 4m 4
WL2 M CD M DC M CD 0 M CD
Fixed end moment M BC HD
12 4 4 4
M BA M AB M CD
15 8 2 P0
80kN.m 4 4
12
2EI 3
MBC = 2 B C M BC
L L 07. Ans: (b) 30 kN/m
2EI Sol: Q R
M BC 2 B C 0 80 3m
8
0.25EI2 B C 80 4m EI
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67 Structural Analysis
3EI
M BC
M CD M DC C L
HD =0
5 20
20 M DC 11. Ans: (b) B C
=0 5m
5 Sol: 10 kN/m
MDC = 20 kN-m HD =0 4m 4m
MDC=0
D
F.B.D of Column CD A D
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68 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
10 kN/m
MBA + MBC = 0 MBA = –MBC (3)
4m and MCD + MBC = 0 MCD = –MCB (4)
The above two conditions are equilibrium
HA
A MAB = 0 equations at joints B and C.
Taking moments about point B, Substitute (3) and (4) in equation (2)
MB = 0 –MBC – MCB = – 80
–HA 4 + MBA + MAB – 10 4 2 = 0 MBC + MCB = 80 kNm
4HA = MBA – 80
M 80 12. Ans: (b)
H A BA kN () Sol:
4
In slope deflections methods, joint
Span CD:
D
MCD displacements/Rotations are treated as
unknowns. To calculate unknown joint
4m displacements equilibrium conditions will be
C
applied at each joint and displacement at a
HD
MDC = 0 joint are independent of the displacements of
the member at the far end of the joint.
Option (b) is correct.
Taking moments about point D,
MD = 0
13. Ans: (b)
MCD + MDC – HD 4 = 0 Sol: In moment distribution, slope deflection
M CD method and Kani’s method unknowns are
HD ()
4 displacements/rotations.
Substitute HA and HD in eq. (1) These methods are classified as
displacement methods/stiffness method.
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69 Structural Analysis
2EI
MBA MBA (2B )
L B
A C
(i) (ii)
2EI
M BC MBC (2B )
L
(i) (ii)
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70 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
01.
200 4 10 7
Sol: For the data of this problem EI 6
8000 kNm 2
10
Note: a = 0 and d = 0
Span AB:
2EI 3 2 8000 3 3
M ab 2 a b 0 b 4000 b 9
4 4000
2EI 3 2 8000 3 3
M ba 2 b a 2 b 0 8000 b 9
4 4000
Span BC
2EI 3 2 8000 3 2
M bc 2 b c 2 b c 8000 b 4000 c 6
4 4000
2EI 3 2 8000 3 2
M cb 2 c b 2 c b 4000 b 8000 c 6
4 4000
Span CD
2 EI 3 2 8000 3(5) 16000 20
M cd 2 c b 2 c 0 c
6 6000 3 3
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71 Structural Analysis
40000 2
4000 b c
3 3
10 1
b c .... (2)
3 6000
Solving equations (1) and (2) we get,
b = 0.001027, and c = 0.0003581
Substituting for b and c we can determine
The final moments.
-4.892kNm 5.712kNm
B C D
A
0.784kNm
4.757kNm
Slope Deflection Method:
1
Mbd = 6.125 kNm; M db (6.125) 3.0625 kNm
2
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72 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
02.
Sol: Fixed end moments:
M ab M ba M cd M dc M ce M ec 0
100 100
M bc 25 kNm; M cb 25 kNm
4 4
Note a = d = e = 0
Span AB
2 EI 1
M ab 0 (0 b ) EI b
4 2
2 EI
M ba 0 (2 b 0) EI b
4
Span BC
2 EI 1
M bc 25 (2 b c ) 25 EI b EI c ;
4 2
2 EI 1
M cb 25 (2 c b ) 25 EI b EI c
4 2
Span CD
2 EI 2 EI 1
M cd 0 (2 c 0) EI c ; M dc 0 (0 c ) EI c
4 4 2
Span CE
2 EI 2 EI 1
M ce 0 (2 c 0) EI c ; M ec 0 (0 c ) EI c
4 4 2
Equilibrium condition at C,
1
M cb M cd M ce 0; 25 EI b EI c EI c EI c 0
2
1
EI b 3 EI c 25 EI b + 6 EI c = 50 ..... (2)
2
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73 Structural Analysis
50
+13.04 C -6.52 -3.26 E
B +10.87 13.04
(+)
-10.87 -6.52 6.52
10.87 (-)
(+) E
B (-)
(+)
C
(+) 3.26
-5.43 -3.26
A D 50kNm
(-)
A D
Solving equation (1) and (2), we get 5.43
EI b = - 10.8696 and EI c = 6.5217
Substituting for EI b and EI c, the final moments are determined
1
M ab (10.8696) 5.43 kNm; M ba 10.87 kNm
2
1
M bc 25 10.8696 (6.5217) 10.87 kNm
2
1
M cb 25 (10.8696) 6.5217 13.04 kNm
2
1
M cd 6.52 kNm; M dc (6.5217) 3.26 kNm
2
1
M ce 6.52 kNm; M ec (6.5217) 3.26 kNm
2
03.
Sol: Fixed end moments : Ma b M ba M cd M dc 0 48kN
48 4 48 4 2m 2m
B C
M bc 24 kNm; M cb 24 kNm (2l) 4m
8 8
4m
Note A is hinged and D is fixed. d = 0 (l)
Member AB 6m
0 3E(2I) 1 (l) D
M ab 0; M ba 0 b EI b EI
2 6 6 6
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74 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
Member BC
2E ( 2I)
M bc 24 (2 b c ) 24 2EI b EI c
4
2E ( 2I)
M cb 24 (2 c b ) 24 2EI b 2EI c
4
2EI 3 3
M cd 0 2 c 0 EI c EI
4 4 8
2EI 3 1 3
M dc 0 0 c EI c EI
4 4 2 8
Equilibrium condition at B, Mba + Mbc= 0
1 1
EI b EI 24 2EI b EI c 0; 3 EI b EI c EI 24
6 6
18 EI b + 6 EI c EI = 144 ... (1)
Equilibrium condition at C, Mcb + Mcd= 0
3 3
24 EI b 2EI c EI c EI 0; EI b 3 EI c EI 24
8 8
8 EI b + 24 EI c 3 EI = 192 ... (2)
For horizontal equilibrium Ha + Hd = 0
M ab M ba M cd M dc
0
6 4
2 [Mab + Mba] + 3[Mcd + Mdc] = 0
1 3 1 3
2 0 EI i b EI 3 EI i c EI EI i c EI 0
6 8 2 8
9 31
2EI b EI c EI 0
2 12
24 EI b + 54 EI c 31 EI = 0 .... (3)
Thus, we have the following equation.
18 EI b + 6 EI c EI = 144 ..... (1)
8 EI b + 24 EI c 3 EI = 192 ...... (2)
24 EI b + 54 EI c 31 EI = 0 ...... (3)
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75 Structural Analysis
Solving, we get,
EI b = 11.7671; EI c = 13.7852 and EI = 14.9030
Substituting for EI b, EI c and EI the final moments can be determined.
Mab = 0
1
M ba 11.7671 (14.9030) 14.25 kNm
6
Mbc = 24 + 2(11.7671) 13.7852 = 14.25 kNm
Mcb = + 24 + 11.7671 + 2(-13.7852) = +8.20 kNm
3
M cd 13.7852 (14.9030) 8.20 kNm
8
1 3
M dc (13.7852) (14.9030) 1.30 kNm
2 8
36.78 48kN
2m 2m
B C
14.25 8.20 4m
B C
1.30kNm
D Hd=2.375kN
D Vd=22.49kN
Ha=2.375kN
1.30 A
A
Va=25.51kN
Reaction:
0 14.25
Horizontal Reaction at A H a 2.375 kN
6
8.20 1.30
Horizontal Reaction at D H d 2.375 kN
4
14.25 8.20 48 2
Vertical Reaction at D Vd 22.49 kN
4
Vertical Reaction at A Va 48 22.49 25.51kN
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76 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct. Plastic N.A. from top of flange;
Shape factor is more if area near neutral axis Plastic N.A. divides the section in to two
is more (bulk area). equal areas.
For example : Total area of the section = 4000mm2
Half of area = 2000mm2
i) Consider a square section and circular
section of same area. As the flange area is also equal to 2000mm2,
the plastic neutral axis lies at the junction of
A A flange and web.
Plastic neutral axis distances from top
Scircle = 1.7 Ssquare = 1.5 yp = 20mm
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77 Structural Analysis
MP = fy 5 10-4 1
1
Yield stress 1.12
120 10 6
fy = 24 1010 N / m 2 p
4 8
5 10
= 240 N/mm2
07. Ans: (c)
Sol: fy
06. Ans: (a) h/4
Sol:
W h
h/4
fy
X X b
lp
Mp h h .h 3bh 2
Zplastic part = 2 b
4 4 8 16
bh 2 3bh 2 11 We L M
= fi = f y bh 2 Me e
24 16 48 8 2
12M e
Shortcut : We …… (2)
L
M.R of fully plastic section = f.bh2/4
From eqs. (1) & (2)
M.R of fully elastic section = f.bh2/6
16M p
M.R of partly plastifyed section lies between Wc 4M P 4
L = shape factor
the above two values. We 12M e 3M e 3
(f.bh2/6) < Mep < f.bh2/4 L
The denominator of the above value will be 4 3
= =2
between 4 and 6. Hence by elimination 3 2
technique option c. (For rectangular section S = 1.5)
Deformation is just observed means the beam
08. Ans: (d) is subjected to elastic failure with yield load
Sol: Load factor (Q) (We=10kN/m)
Factor of safety in elastic theory shape factor Collapse load = 2 10 = 20kN/m
1 additional % of stress allowed for wind
10. Ans: (b)
1.5 1.12 Sol:
1.4
1 0 .2
1 l l 3
09. Ans: (c)
2 l/2
Sol:
l
MP MP
MP W
Wc L M
2M P Wc 16 P …… (1) The given frame is symmetrical both in
8 L
loading and configuration. The rigid block of
At the elastic limit, the centre moment is one-
weight W will have uniform deflection.
half of the end moment.
All the three wires will have same elongation.
WL2
Strain = change in length/original length
12
As central wire has half length compared to
WL2 end wires, the strain of central wire is two
24
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79 Structural Analysis
times that of end wires. Hence the central 12. Ans: (a) P
wire will reach the yield stress ‘fy’ initially. Sol:
Mp
2 Mp
The end wires will have half the strain of that
of middle wire. Hence they reach stress of L/2
It means
The given continuous beam will have two
Strain variation
independent mechanisms. Both will behave
is linear as shown
like propped cantilevers. Beam AB has
aside
central point load which has more B.M.
compared to BC which has eccentric point
load. Hence mechanism AB is sufficient to
know collapse load in objective papers.
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80 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
Wi = 3Mp
P
L
We = W = W
2 Wi = 2MP ; We = P. = P.L.
We = Wi We = Wi
6M p 2M P
Collapse load WC = P
L L
Mp, L Mp, L
l l
P DS = 4 –3 = 1
Sway mechanism only possible.
DS = 43 =1
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81 Structural Analysis
Two plastic hinges will form at failure for (i) Beam Mechanism BC:
combined mechanism. One plastic hinge will 2W
form under point load ⑤ on the beam. The Mp B C
Mp
second plastic hinge will form at ④ on the
column side of Lee ward side node of frame
as column side has MP which is less than 2MP
Mp E Mp
of beam.
MP L
L/2 L/2 4Mp = W
2
A D
L 8M P
W …. (ii)
L
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82 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
Mp Mp Stress
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83 Structural Analysis
1m 1m 1m 2m 1.5m 1.5m
Mechanism (1)
Mechanism (2)
Mechanism (3)
Mechanism (4)
3
W W
2 2
3 3
Internal Work done = M P M P M P M P 2
2 2 2 2
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84 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
W 1.5 = 3 Mp
2M P 4
WC MP
1.5 3
WC = 2MP ........................ (2)
Comparing (1) to (2), the least value of
4
WC MP
3
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85 Structural Analysis
02.
Sol: We will consider various possible collapse mechanisms.
(i) Beam mechanism: In this condition plastic hinges are developed at B, C and under the load W.
3
Provide a small displacement as shown in figure. = 3 = 4
4
W W
W B 3m E 4m C B 3m E 4m C
2
2MP
1.5MP 4m 2MP
6m 2MP 2MP
1.5MP
D D
A A
A
A
W
Equating the virtual work done to zero, 6 2M P 2M P 1.5 M P 1.5 M P 0
2
3W 4 MP 3 MP 1.5 = 0; 3W = 8.5 MP W = 2.83 MP
6m 2MP
D D
A
A
2MP
6 W 4 MP 6.5 MP = 0
6 W 4 MP 3.5 MP 3MP = 0 +
3 0.938MP 1.5MP
6 W 4 MP 3.5 MP 3MP1.5 = 0
4 B E C
6W = 4 MP + 2.625 MP + 4.5 MP
6W = 11.125 MP + D
1.5MP
W = 1.854 MP
A
2MP
W 6m
Horizontal reaction at A = 0.75 M P D 0.75MP
2
1.854M P 1.5MP
0.75 M P
2 A 0.177MP
= + 0.177 MP 2MP
B.M at B
= 2 MP + 0.177 Mp 6
= 2 MP + 0.062 Mp = 0.938 Mp
03.
Sol: We will consider the following possible collapse mechanisms.
1. Beam Mechanism for BC:
In this condition plastic hinges are developed at B, C and under the load W on the span BC
Provide a small displacement as shown in figure 3. W
Equating the virtual work done to zero. L/2 L/2
B C
W 4M P 0 1.5
2
8M P Figure 1
W
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88 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
B
2. Beam mechanism for AB
L/2
This condition is similar to that of beam mechanism for BC. See Fig. 4.
8M P W
Hence, for this case also W
L/2
3. Sway Mechanism or Panel Mechanism
A
In this condition plastic hinges are developed at A, B, C and D. Figure 2
W
B L/2 C
L/2
B C
L/2
W
L/2
D
A
A D
Figure 3
Figure 4
provide a small displacement as shown in Fig. 6.
Equating the virtual work done to zero, W 4M P 0
2
8M P
W
4. Combined Mechanism
In this condition plastic hinges are developed at A, C, D and under the load W on the span BC.
W
B L/2 C
L/2
L/2
l
W
L/2
Figure 5 Figure 6
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89 Structural Analysis
5. Composite Mechanism
In this condition plastic hinges are developed at A, at the middle of the column AB, at C and at D
provide a small displacement as shown in Fig. 6 & 7.
We know =2
2
W
B C
L/2 L/2
C
B
L/2
W l
L/2
D A D
A
Figure 7 Figure 8
Equating the virtual work done to zero. W 2M P 2M P 0
2
6M P
W 2 2M P 2 2M P 0; W
2
6M P
Hence the value of W at which the actual collapse will occur W
W
B L/2 L/2 C
C
MP
L/2
W
M P
L L/2
D MP
A 4M P
Ha D
L 2M P 2M P
Md Md
Figure 9 L L
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90 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
04.
Sol:
DS = 4 3 = 1
n = Ds + 1 = 2
N=3
I = N DS = 3 1 = 2 [Beam mechanism, sway mechanism]
Beam Mechanism:
1 1 10 kN/m
We 10 8 10 8 4 25kN MP
C M
2 2 B
P
Wi = 4MP
We = Wi
MP MP
160 = 4 MP
160
MP 40kN m
4
25kN
S way mechanism:- 8m MP
We = 25 = 25 4 = 100 MP
Wi = 2 MP
We = Wi
100 = 2MP
MP = 50 kN-m
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91 Structural Analysis
Combined mechanism:-
1 10
We 25 10 8 1
2 MP
25kN
1 MP
25 4 10 8 x
2
MP MP
100 40 x
Wi = MP + MP + MP + MP
Wi = 2 MP + 2MP
We = Wi
100 + 40 x = 2MP + 2MP
x = (8 x)
x
(8 x )
x
100 40x 2M P 2M P
(8 x )
x
100 40x 2M P 1
(8 x )
100 40x
MP
x
21
(8 x )
(100 40x )(8 x ) 800 320x 100x 40x 2
MP MP
2[(8 x ) x ] 16
800 220x 40x 2 M P
MP 0
16 dx
1 220
220 80x 0 x 2.75m
16 80
800 220 2.75 40 2.75 2
MP
16
MP = 68.906 kN-m
Note: - The required plastic moment will be the biggest of the three values
MP = 68.906 kN-m
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92 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
15 m 25 m
ab 15 25
=
40 ab
=9.375 m
= 9.375 m
02. Ans: (c)
Sol:
120 kN
Place 40 kN on section C
0.4L 0.6L
40
Avg load on LHS
25
The maximum B.M @ a section occurs if the 80 60 100 120 40
22.4 kN
point load is @ the section. 15 25
Allow to 40 kN to cross C and place 120 kN
Wab W 0.4L 0.6L on section C
Maximum B.M =
L L 80 60 100 40 120
= 0.24 WL 9.60 0
15 25
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93 Structural Analysis
Allow to 120 kN to cross C and place 100 kN Apply Muller Breslau’s principle. To draw
on section C I.L.D for support RC, apply unit vertical
80 60 40 120 100 displacement at ‘C’. To the left of hinge ‘B’,
= 1.06<0
15 25 simple support ‘A’ exists which cannot offer
Avg load LHS Avg load on RHS resistance against rotation but offers
resistance against vertical displacement only.
Place 100 kN on C and other load in their Hence hinge ‘B’ rises linearly as shown.
respective position maximum BM at C Support ‘D’ only can rotate. Free end ‘E’ can
have vertical deflection also. Ordinates are
06. Refer GATE Solutions Book proportional to distances as the I.L.D for
determinate structures are linear.
07. Refer GATE Solutions Book
11. Ans: (d) x
08. Refer GATE Solutions Book Sol: A B C D E
x
09. Ans: (c)
Sol:
x A
D
B
L 3L
0.25x 0.75x
4 4 At x-x the I.L.D has vertical ordinate with
Average load on AD = Avg load on BD
change in sign from one side to the other side.
The ratio of AD : DB =1:3 It is the character of I.L.D for shear force.
th
¾ of u.d. l has to cross the quarter section ‘D’. Using Muller Breslau’s principle, release the
shear constraint by assuming shear hinge at
10. Ans: (b) ‘x’. The deflected profile is the I.L.D shown.
Sol: A B C D A C
E 12. Ans: (a) B
+
Sol:
hinge 1/2 1/2
1.5 A B C
1.0
1.0 + 1/8
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94 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
For minimum positive moment at ‘x’ shown Design force for member CH
(mid point of second span), no load on second = Intensity of u.d.l area of I.L.D under
span but u.d.l on alternative spans shall be u.d.l
provided. 1
= (10 + 20) 18 1 = 270 kN (tension)
Positive moment at ‘x’ means sagging in the 2
second span. As minimum positive moment is
required, don’t place the load on the second 15. Ans: (d)
span. Further to counter sagging in second Sol: The frame shown is through type truss in
span place the u.d.l on alternative spans (1, 3 which loads will be transferred to the bottom
and 5) joints. Hence no load is possible at joint ‘E’.
concept can be easily understood by seeing Hence at ‘E’ three forces exists of which two
the deflection profile shown using pattern are in the same line, hence the third force
loading. ‘EJ’ is zero.
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95 Structural Analysis
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96 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
01.
Sol: For absolute maximum negative shear, the load position is a shown in Fig. 1.
16 14 11
Absolute maximum negative shear 80 1 60 80 100
18 18 18
For absolute maximum positive shear, the load position is as shown in Fig. 2.
11 13 15
Absolute maximum positive shear 80 60 80 100
18 18 18
= 258.889 kN
80 kN 60 kN 80 kN 100 kN
2m 2m 3m
16 14 11
18 18 18
l
80 kN 60 kN 80 kN 100 kN
2m 2m 3m
l
11 14 16
18 18 18
Load position for absolute maximum +ve SF
Figure 2
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97 Structural Analysis
80 kN 60 kN 80 kN 100 kN
2m 2m 3m
yC
y2 y3
y1
9m 9m
9.2188m 8.7812m
Note: No additional trials are made since, end loads are not light. For finding absolute
maximum moment, first C.G. of loads is to be found and the position of loads to be
determined.
80 y1 60 y 2 80 y c 100 y 3
02.
Sol: The beam is shown in Figure ILD for shear force at 8 m from left support is shown in Figure along
with possible load position for maximum negative shear force. Maximum negative SF at C.
15 kN 15 kN
8 kN 10 kN
2m 2m 2m
22
30
y4 y3 y2 +
8
y1
30
Load position for maximum ve FC
15 kN 15 kN
8 kN 10 kN
2m 2m 2m
22 20 18
30 30 16
30
30
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99 Structural Analysis
15 kN 15 kN
8 kN 10 kN
2m 2m 2m
y1 yC y2 y3
8m 22m
ILD for MC
= 10 y1 + 15 y2 + 15 y3 + 8 y4
8 6 4 2
= 10 15 15 8
30 30 30 30
= 8.2 kN
For maximum positive SF at C, load position is as shown in Figure S.F. at C
16 18 20 22
10 15 15 8
30 30 30 30
= 30.2 kN
Check for another position i.e., when WS = 15 kN load is on the section
18 20 22 6
S.F at C = 10 15 15 8
30 30 30 30
= 25.4 kN
Maximum positive shear force is = 30.2 kN
ILD for bending moment at C is as shown in Figure. The maximum ordinate
z(L z) 8(30 8)
yc
L 30
To find the load position for maximum moment, average load on portion AC and CB are to be
found as loads crosses section C one after another.
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100 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
AC BC
W1av W2av
38 10
10 kN W1av > W2av
8 22
23 25
15 kN W1av > W2av
8 22
8 40
15 kN W1av < W2av
8 22
04.
Sol: When the unit load is on AB, distant x from A.
Fixed end moments
A B C
8m 4m
x (8 x ) 2 x 2 (8 x )
M ab ; M ba
64 64
The distribution factors at B for BA and BC are respectively,
4 1 8 2
D ba and D bc
84 3 8 4 3
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101 Structural Analysis
x B
A 8m 4m C
B
1 2
3 3
A 2 2 C
x (8 x ) x (8 x ) 0 0
64 2 64
x (8 x ) 2
x (8 x )
64 128
2
0 x (64 x ) 0 0
128
2 2
x (64 x ) 2 x (64 x )
384 384
0 2 2
x (64 x ) x (64 x ) 0
192 192
The moment distribution is carried out and the final moments are calculated. See moment table. The
reactions at the supports are given by,
x (64 x 2 )
1(8 x )
x x (64 x 2 )
Va 192 1
8 8 1536
x (64 x 2 ) 1 x (64 x 2 )
Vc
192 4 768
x x (64 x 2 ) x (64 x 2 ) x (128 x 2 )
Vb 1 Va Vc 1 1
8 1536 768 512
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102 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
The ordinates of the influence lines for Va, Vb and Vc at 1 metre intervals as the unit load moves
from A to B are tabulated below.
Distance of x x (64 x 2 ) x (128 x 2 ) x (64 x 2 )
Va l Vb Vc
the unit 8 1536 512 768
load from
A (m)
0 1 0 0
1 0.8341 0.2480 -0.0821
2 0.6719 0.4844 -0.1563
3 0.5176 0.6972 -0.2148
4 0.3750 0.8750 -0.2500
5 0.2481 1.0058 -0.2539
6 0.1407 1.0781 -0.2188
7 0.0566 1.0801 -1.1367
8 0 1 0
A B C
8m 4m
The moment distribution is carried out and the final moments are calculated. See moment table.
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103 Structural Analysis
1
B x
A 8m 4m C
B
1 3
3 4
A 2 2 C
x (4 x ) x (4 x )
16 16 2
2 x(4 x )
x(4 x )
32 16
2
x (16 x )
32
2 2
x (16 x ) x (16 x )
96 40
2 2
x (16 x ) x (16 x )
96 96
0 0 0 1
1 0.0195 0.3086 0.7109
2 0.0312 0.5938 0.4374
3 0.0273 0.8322 0.1951
4 0 1 0
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104 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
A B C
8m 4m
10000
0.8314
0.6719
0.5176
0.3750
0.2481
0.1407
0.0566
Va
0.0273
0.0195
0.0312
0.0781
1.0801
1.0058
0.8750
1.0000
0.5972
0.8322
0.4814
0.5939
0.3086
0.2480
Vb
1.0000
0.7109
0.4373
0.1951
VC A B
C
0
0.0821
0.1367
0.1563
0.2148
0.2539
0.2188
0.2500
Above figure shows the influence line for Va, Vb and Vc.
05.
Sol: (a) I.L for RB
y XB
RB .................. (1)
y BB
To computer yXB, apply a unit vertical load at B, as shown in Fig. b.
At any section X distant x from B, we have
d2y
EI M x 1.x
dx 2
dy x 2
Integrating, EI C1
dx 2
dy
At x L, 0
dx
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105 Structural Analysis
L2 1
C1 A X B
2 (a)
2 2 x
dy x L L=10 m
Hence EI 1
dx 2 2
A X B
Integrating further, yXB
yBB (b)
x 3 L2
EI y x C 2 x
0.00 10.0 m
6 2
0.023 8.75
7.50
2.50
0.00
6.25
5.00
3.75
1.25
At x = L, y = 0
0.087
L3 L3 L3 (c)
0.185
C2
0.313
0.464
2 6 3
0.633
0.813
I.L for RB
1.00
x 3 L2 L3 1
Hence Ely x ............(2) x
6 2 3 A X B
Pin (d)
L3 AX
At x = 0, y y BB
3EI
1 kN-m x
At x = x A X B (e)
yXA
1 x L 3
L 2 3
AA
y y XB x x
EI 6 2 3
0.0 m
7.50
2.50
0.00
6.25
5.00
3.75
1.025 8.75
0.615 1.25
Substituting these in (1), we get (f)
1.172
1.875
1.63
x 3 L2 L3 3
1.9
1.61
R B x 3
6 2 3 L I.L for MA
1 x 3 3x
or R B 3 2
2 L L
1 x
R B (n 3 3n 2), where n
2 L
The ordinates of I.L for RB are computed in Table below.
Table
x(m) 0 1.25 2.50 3.75 5 6.25 7.5 8.75 10
C
8m 4m 10 kN/m
A HB
B A D
Vb 20 kN/m
20m 20m
5m VD
VA
Take moment about A MA = 0
As the support are at same level, the vertical
40 Vb = 100 8 8/2
reactions can be worked to similar to that of
Vb = 80 kN
S.S beam
MC = 0, from RHS
80 20 = HB 8 MD = 0 from left
HB = 200 kN 5VA = 10 4 2 = 80 kN VA = 16 kN
w
Mc = 0 l1
H.R = wR.R – wR. R/2 B
l2
wR 2
H R = wR2– = HR l
2
wR
H Equation for parabola can be taken as
2
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108 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
x2
= constant
y w
h1 h2
H
x h1 h2 2
constant
y
h1 h 2
h 1 h 2
1 1 2
h1
2
h2 h1 h 2
h1 h 2
H ( h1 h 2 ) h1 h 2 ( h1 h 2 ) w 2
2
h1 h2 w 2
1 and 2 H
h1 h 2 h1 h 2 2( h 1 h 2 ) 2
Taking moments on left portion about C
VA 1 H h 1 w ( 12 ) / 2 0 05. Ans: (b)
1 kN/m
w 1 Hh 1 Sol:
VA …….. (1) C
2 1
Similarly taking moments on right portion A
8m
5m
about C, 1m
VA
VB 2 H h 2 w ( 22 ) / 2 0 B
10m HB
h w 2 HB = 1500 N
VB H. 2 …….. (2)
2 2 VB
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109 Structural Analysis
H
A B
B H
8m R1 R2
16m VB = 40 kN
120 kN= VA MC = 0 from left
VA.R1= H.R1 VA = H
Similarly VB = H
160 12 160 4
VA = VB VA + VB = 2H = W
16 16
= 120 = 40 kN W
H=
2
Take Mc = 0 H 4 = 40 8
08. Ans: (d)
H = 80 kN.m
Sol: 1
Calculation of vertical ordinate at section ‘D’ x C
where the point load is acting h
A B
4h H H
y 2 ( x)(l - x)
l VA L
VB
4 4 L
(4) (16 4) 4h
16 2
1 ILD for H
= 4 12 3m
16
Assume a unit load rolls on the span from left
Note: The height at quarter of a parabola is to right. The horizontal and vertical reactions
= 3h/4 will change at the supports as the load moves
MD = 120 4 – 80 3 = 480 – 240 on the span.
= 240 kN-m Assume the unit load be at a distance x from A.
Then
Lx x
VA = and VB =
L L
y
09. Ans: (d) H x H
Sol: When resolved it can be axial force A B
Va VX C
P2 Vb
P1
y
H x H
A B
Catenaries shape Va Vb
If load is along
Parabolic shape S
If load is along
the length M Pn
horizontal span
wl 20 16
The component of reacting forces at X along Sol: V 160 kN
2 2
the tangent X is called the Normal thrust at X.
wl 2 20 16
H
8h 8 4
Normal thrust at X = Pn = HXcos +VXsin
= 160 kN
(HX = H) from F.B.D
(Neglecting sign) Tmax V 2 H 2 160 2 kN
Tmin = H = 160 kN
11. Ans: (c)
w l wl
Sol: H max .h . H max s 13. Ans: (c)
2 2 4h
Sol: When unit load is in b/w A and C
(due to rolling point load)
Considering RHS of C.
In the problem, here. Place 20 kN at
L
centre. H h = VB
10 20
2
x L 1 x
H
L 2 h 2h
5 4m
When unit load is in b/w C and B.
Considering LHS
L
12.5 kN
VA Hh
12.5 kN 2
(L x ) L L x
Mc = 0 H
L 2h 2h
12.5 10 = H 4
12.5 10 C
H= = 31.25 kN
4
12. Ans: (b) HA A HB
V TMax B
VA VB
H H
L/4h
TMin= H
20 kN/m
16 m
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112 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
h
H A B H
Mc = 0, from left
Va Vb
VA 8 = H 2 + 10 8 4 l
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113 Structural Analysis
d dy
For maximum B.M x x 0 tan
dx dx at x 10
w
2x 2w2 2x 3x 2 0
4 10
40 2 10
40 2
(l – 2x) (l) – 2(2 lx – 3x2) = 0 120 1
l2 – 2xl – 4lx + 6x2 = 0
40 2
6x2 – 6lx + l2 = 0 = tan-1(1/2)
6 6 2 46 2 Statement 1 is correct
x
26 Taking moments about point A, MA = 0
6 12 2 6 2 3 –Vb 40 + 2 20 10 = 10
x x
12 12 Vb = 10 kN
x
62 3
and x
62 3 VA = 2 20 – 10
12 12 VA = 30 kN
= 0.788l and 0.211 l Taking moments about right hand portion of
Absolute maximum B.M occurs from hinge C, Mc = 0
0.211 l from both supports –Vb 20 + H 10 = 0
10 20
H 20kN
18. Ans: (c) 10 10 kN
2 kN/m
Sol: 2 kN/m
20 kN
C 10 m
10 m
10 m
20 kN
H A B H
30 kN
VA 40 m VB
Net horizontal load at D = 20 kN ()
We know that equation of arch is Net vertical load at D = – 2 10 + 30
4hx ( x ) = 10 kN ()
y
2 Normal thrust at D = 20 cos + 10 sin
dy 4h
2x 20
2
10
1
dx 2 5 5
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114 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
40 10 Apply V = 0
=
5 5 w
VA + VB =
50 2
=
5 w w
VA
= 10 5kN 2 8
3
Statement 2 is incorrect VA w
8
Shear force (S) = (20) sin – 10cos
1 w 2 w 2
1 2 H
20 10 =0 2 8h 16h
5 5
wx 2
Statement 3 is correct. B.M XX VA x Hy
2
Bending moment (B.M)
= 30 10 – 20 yat x = 10 – 2 10 5 3wx wx 2 w 2 4hx x
8 2 16h 2
4 10 1040 10
y at x 10 = 7.5 m 3wx wx 2 wx x
40 2
(B.M)x=10 = 30 10 – 20 7.5 – 2 10 5 8 2 4
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115 Structural Analysis
wx wx 2 H = W/2
8 4 HA = HB = H/2
at x = 0 (B.M)y–y = 0 and VA = VB = H/2
w 2 Resultant load at A =
2
VA H A
2
at x = l/4 (B.M)y-y =
64
2 2
at x = l/2 (B.M)y-y = 0 H H H H
= 2
(B.M)y-y is hogging moment between C and B 2 2 2 2
C Inclination angle with horizontal
+ve VA H / 2
–ve tan = =1
HA H / 2
= 45o
A B.M.D (kNm) B
21. Ans: (d)
20. Ans: (c) Sol: In three hinged arches
W
Sol: H h
C
H h
2R H Where, H = Horizontal thrust
R B
2R H = Change in Horizontal thrust
H
A VB h = Rise of an arch
VA h = change in rise of an arch.
Taking moments about point C on right hand In three hinged arches as temperature
portion Mc = 0 increases, horizontal thrust decreases.
–VB R + H R = 0 Statement (I) is incorrect
VB = H As temperature increases, change in length
Taking moments about point C on left hand occurs as there is a free moment at hinge C.
portion, Mc = 0 Statement (II) is correct.
(VA) (2R) – H 2R = 0
VA = H 22. Ans: (a)
But we know that Sol: Due to temperature rise in two hinged arches,
VA + VB = W horizontal thrust will be generated at each
H+H =W supports.
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116 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
EIT
Horizontal thrust, H
y ds
2
23. Ans: (a)
Sol: (B.M)x–x in arch = Beam moment – ‘H’
Bending moment on arch is due to
moment.
horizontal thrust H .
‘H’ moment (or) moment due to “H” will
B.M = (–H) (y)
reduces the bending moment in arch. This is
Shape of bending moment diagram will
called arching action. Due to this cross-
correspond to shape of arch
section of arch reduce, which is practically
Statement (I) and (II) are correct and
used in the construction of dams in irrigation
Statement (II) is the correct explanation of
field.
statement I.
50 kN
30kN/m
VA 24 30 12 18 50 6 = 0
12 m
VA = 282.50 kN 18 m
VB = 30 12 + 50 282.50 = 127.5 kN
Taking moment about crown C,
YD 4m
VB 12 H 4 50 6 = 0
127.5 12 H 4 + 50 6 = 0 H B
A H
H = 307.5 kN
At 6 m from the left support, 6m
2 VA 24 m VB
6
M VA 6 Hy D 30
2
4hx( L x)
In the parabolic arch, y
L2
4 4 6(24 6)
Therefore, at x = 6 m yD 3m
24 2
62
M 282.5 6 - 307.5 3 - 30 = 232.5 kNm
2
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117 Structural Analysis
Vertical shear at D,
V = VA 30 6
= 282.5 30 6 = 102.5 kN
Equation of crown is given by
4hx(L x)
y
L2
dy 4h ( L 2 x )
tan
dx L2
Therefore, at x = 6 m,
4 4(24 2 6)
tan
24 24
= 18.4350
N = V sin + H cos
= 102.5 sin 18.4350 + 307.5 cos 18.4350
= 324.133 kN
and radial shear
Q = V cos H sin
= 102.5 cos 18.4350 307.5 sin 18.4350
=0
02.
Sol: Referring to figure below,
L = 20 m, h = 3m , z = 5m
z(L z) 5(20 5)
ILD ordinate are 3.75
L 20
Maximum bending moment occurs when the load is on the section and its value is given by
= Load ILD ordinate
5
= 3003.75 3.75
10
= 562.5 kNm
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118 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
C
D
h = 3m
A z =5m B
L L
10m 10m
2 2
-ve
+ve 3.75
5m 5m 10m
ILD for MD
Maximum negative moment occurs when the load is on the central hinge and its value
= W ordinate at centre
10
300 3.75 3.75
15
= 375 kNm
Absolute maximum positive moment occurs at section
= 0.2113 L
= 0.2113 20
= 4.226 m, from either support
Therefore, absolute maximum positive moment = 0.096225 WL
= 0.96225 300 20
= 577.35 kNm
Absolute maximum negative moment occurs when the load is at the quarter span and its value
WL 300 20
16 16
= 375 kNm
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119 Structural Analysis
03.
Sol: Figure shows the parabolic arch carrying the load W at D at a distance ‘a’ from the end A. Let the
vertical reactions at A and B be V1 and V2 respectively. Let H be the horizontal thrust, at each
support.
Above figure shows the same arch, but carrying the load W at E, at a distance of a from the right
end B.
W
C a
E
h
H H
A l B
V2 V1
The vertical reaction at A and B will now be V2 and V1 respectively. But the horizontal thrust would
still be H, at each support.
Below figure shows the same arch carrying two concentrated loads each of magnitude W one at D,
the other at E.
For this load system the horizontal thrust would be 2H, at each support.
Let us consider this case
Each vertical reaction = W.
At any section distant x from A (x < a) the beam moment at the section = M = Wx
But any section X distant x from A (x > a and < l/2) the beam moment
= M = Wx – Wx (x – a) = Wa = constant
4h
y x x
2
Horizontal thrust 2H
Mydx
y dx
2
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120 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
W W
a C a
x
E
y
h
x
2H 2H
A l B
W W
a 4h
/2
4h
2 Wx. 2 x x dx Wa. 2 x x dx
2H 0 /2
0
2
16h 2
0 4 x x dx
2
a /2
4Wh 2 4Wha
2 x x dx x x dx
0 2
2H 2 /2
a
---------- (1)
16h
x x dx
2 2
4 0
4Wh a 3 a 4 4Wha 2 1
2 2 a 2
3 4 2 4 3
4Wha a a 3 3 a 2 3 a 2
2 3 4 8 2 24 3
4Wha 1
. 8a 2 6a 3 3 3 12a 2 8a 3
2 24
Wha 3
6 2
2 4a 2 2a 3
Wha
6 2
.2 3 2a 2 a 3
Wha 3
3 2
2a 2 a 3
Wha 3
3 2
a 2 a 2 a 3
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121 Structural Analysis
Wha
3 2
2 a 2 a 2 a
N
Wha
3 2
a 2 a a 2
Denominator of equation (1)
/2 /2
16h 2 16h 2
D 4 x x dx 4
2 2 2
x 2 2x 3 x 4 dx
0
0
16h 2 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 4 2
. 2 . . . h
4 3 8 4 16 5 32 15
Horizontal thrust
2H
N Wha
D 3 2
a 2 a a 2 152
4h
=
5 W
. 3 .a a 2 a a 2
4 h
horizontal thrust when one of the two point loads is present.
5 W
H . 3 a a 2 a a 2
8 h
Horizontal thrust = 20 m
a = 3 m, h = 6 m, W = 10 kN
5
H
10
8 6 20 3
320 3 20 2 20 3 32
= 2.99 kN
H 3 kN
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122 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
A B C D
11. Matrix Methods 3EI 0.5EI
4mk
01. Ans: (b) 0.54m
EI 2EI
1 03. Ans: (d) 1
Sol: d
EI Sol: 2
B
A
d1 EI 2 L C L
d 2 EI 1
6EI 6EI 6EI
d1 2EI 2 0
l2 l2 l
d2 EI
6EI 6EI
d2 = d1/2 l2 l2
6EI 3EI 3EI
2 2
l2 l l
02. Ans: (d)
Sol: 2I I 2I
A D
B C For portion AC () RB
6EI 6EI
4m 4m 8m 2
l 2
l 12EI
=
Assume restrained structure at 1 & 2
l l3
A B C D 3EI 3EI
For portion BC( ) RB = 3
l3 l
12EI 3EI 15EI
K11 = 3 3
Restrain at ‘C’. Apply unit rotation at B l3 l l
3EI
Consider BC K21 =
l2
4EI C
EI 6EI
4
0.5 EI l2
B 6EI 3EI
l2 l2
k21 = force developed at 1 due to unit rotation
at 4EI
l 3EI
l
k21 = k12 = 0.5 EI
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123 Structural Analysis
311 (d)
240 (c)
120
321 172
257
126.4 199.3 34.3 321
(e) (f)
In this problem the only two independent displacement components are the rotation at and C.
hence the degree of freedom is two. Coordinates 1 and 2 many be assigned to the rotations at B and
C as shown in Fig. b. Locking joints B and C, the fixed-end moments due to the applied loads are
240 5 5 2
'
M AB 300kN.m
10 2
240 5 5 2
M ' BA 300kN.m
10 2
120 5 5 2
M ' BC 150kN.m
10 2
120 5 5 2
M ' CB 150kN.m
10 2
As the supports are unyielding, there are no additional fixed-end moments due to the settlement of
supports. Hence,
M " AB M " BA M " BC M " CB 0
Therefore forces P'1 and P'2 at coordinates 1 and 2 for the fixed-end conditions are
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126 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
2EI 107.14
M BA 300 2 257 kN.m
10 EI
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127 Structural Analysis
02.
Sol:
1 2
(b)
25.5
19.3
(c)
(d) (e)
As the frame cannot sway, rotations at B and C are the two independent displacement components.
Hence coordinates 1 and 2 may be chosen as shown in Fig. (b). Forces P1' and P2' at coordinates 1
and 2 respectively, due to the external loads other than those acting at the coordinates when no
displacement is permitted at the coordinates, may be computed first. Considering member AB as
fixed ended, the end moments are
50 2 32
M ' AB 36 kN.m
52
50 3 2 2
M ' BA 24 kN.m
52
Similarly, considering member BC as fixed ended, the end moments are
160 2 2 2
M ' BC 80 kN.m
42
160 2 2 2
'
M CB 80 kN.m
42
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128 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
Hence,
P '1 M ' BA M ' BC 24 80 56 kN.m
P ' 2 M ' CB 80 kN.m
As there are no external forces at coordinates 1 and 2,
P1 = P2 = 0
The stiffness matrix may now be developed. To generate the first column of the stiffness matrix,
give a unit displacement at coordinate 1 without any displacement at coordinate 2 as shown in Fig.
(c) and compute the forces at coordinates 1 and 2.
4EI 4E (2I)
k 11 2.8EI
5 4
2 E ( 2 I)
k 21 EI
4
Similarly, to generate the second column of the stiffness matrix, give a unit displacement at
coordinate 2 without any displacement at coordinate 1 as shown in Fig. (d) and compute the forces at
coordinates 1 and 2.
2 E ( 2 I)
k 12 EI
4
4 E ( 2I)
k 22 2EI
4
Hence, the stiffness matrix [k] is given by the equation.
2.8EI EI
k
EI 2EI
Substituting into Eq. (6.11),
1
1 2.8EI EI 0 56
EI
2 2EI 0 80
41.74
EI
60.87
EI
Knowing the displacements, the end moments are obtained by using the slope – deflection equation.
2EI 41.74
M AB 36 0 19.3kN.m
5 EI
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129 Structural Analysis
2EI 2 41.74
M BA 24 0 57.4 kN.m
5 EI
2E( 2I) 2 41.74 60.87
M BC 80 57.4kN.m
4 EI EI
2E(2I) 2 60.87 41.74
M CB 80 0
4 EI EI
The bending-moment diagram drawn on the compression side is shown in Fig. (e).
03.
Sol: The beam is statically indeterminate to the second degree. The released structure may be obtained
by inserting hinges at B and C as shown in Fig. (b). So that the released structure comprises a
series of three simply supported beams. The chosen coordinates 1 and 2 correspond to the
released bending moments at B and C respectively. The displacements in the released structure
at coordinates 1 and 2 due to the applied loads.
1 2
D
(b)
40kN/m 120 kN
20kN/m
A B C D
38
174
450
5.06m 5.06m 5.28m 5.28m
(d)
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130 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
40 12 3 2880
The rotation at B is span AB (Counter clock wise)
24EI EI
120 4 8 20
The rotation at B in span BC
6 12EI
3200
(Colckwise)
3EI
Hence, the displacement at coordinate I due to the applied loads,
20 12 3 1440
The rotation at C in span CD (Clockwise)
24EI EI
Hence, the displacement at coordinate 2 due to the applied loads,
2560 1440 6880
2L
3EI EI 3EI
The flexibility matrix may be developed by applying a unit force successively at coordinates 1 and 2
and using Table 2.16.
12 12 8
11
3EI 3EI EI
12 2
12 21
6EI EI
12 12 8
22
3EI 3EI EI
Substituting into Eq. (5.3)
1
8 2 11840
P1 EI EI 3EI 450
P 2 8 6880
2 174
EI EI 3EI
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131 Structural Analysis
Hence, P1 = - 450 kNm and P2 = - 174 kN m. All the reaction components may now be computed
by using the equations of static equilibrium. Hence, the free - body diagram shown in Fig. (c) can be
drawn. The bending-moment diagram for the continuous beam drawn on the compression side
is shown in Fig. (d).
04.
Sol: The frame is statically indeterminate to the third degree. The released structure may be obtained by
removing the support at D and thereby releasing three reaction components. Coordinates 1, 2 and 3
may be assigned to these reaction components as shown in Fig. (b). The displacements at the chosen
coordinates in the released structure due to the applied loads may be calculated by using any one of
the methods discussed.
1
3
2
(b)
111.2kN
152.6 174.4
174.4
76.3 207.1
207.1
34.9 196.3
32.7
(c) 196.3
32.7 (d)
6950
1L
3EI
13900
2L
EI
1390
3L
EI
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132 ESE-Postal Coaching Solutions
Next, the flexibility matrix for the frame with reference to the chosen coordinates may be developed.
750 375 150
1
375 2000 225
6EI
150 225 60
As the supports are unyielding, ,
6950
375 150
1 3EI 76.3
P1 750 13900
P 6EI 375 2000 225
32.7
2 EI
P3 150 225 60 1390 207.1
EI
Knowing the reactive forces at D, the reactive forces at A can be calculated by statics. Hence the
free- body diagram of the entire frame as shown in Fig. (c) may be drawn. Fig. (d) shows the
bending- moment diagram for the frame drawn on the compression side.
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