BFT40303 Chapter2

Sustainability
1 BFT 40303 2
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Chapter 2
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION
BFT40303/BDD/FKAAS/UTHM
Sustainability in Transportation Sustainability in Transportation

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 Sustainability is …  According to OECD (1998), Environmentally Sustainable

 equity and harmony extended into the future, a careful Transportation (EST) is transportation that does not
journey without an endpoint, a continuous striving for endanger public health or ecosystems and meets needs for
the harmonious co-evolution of environmental, economic access consistent with
and socio-cultural goals (Mega and Pederson, 1998).  use of renewable resources at below their rates of regeneration
 the capacity for continuance into the long term future.  use of non-renewable resources at below the rates of
Anything that can go on being done on an indefinite development of renewable substitutes.
basis is sustainable. Anything that cannot go on being  A sustainable transport system is one that is accessible,
done indefinitely is unsustainable (Center for safe, environmentally-friendly, and affordable (European
Sustainability, 2004). Conference of Ministers of Transportation, 2004).
BFT40303/BDD/FKAAS/UTHM BFT40303/BDD/FKAAS/UTHM
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 1
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 According to CST (2005), a sustainable transport system is Sustainability Goals:

one that
 allows the basic access needs of individuals and societies to be Economic Social Environmental
met safely and in a manner consistent with human and ecosystem
Economic productivity Equity/Fairness Climate change
health, and with equity within and between generations. prevention and mitigation
 is affordable, operates efficiently, offers choice of transport Local economic Safety and security Air, noise and water
development pollution prevention
mode, and supports a vibrant economy.
 limits emissions and waste within the planet’s ability to absorb Resource efficiency Community development
Non-renewable resource
conservation
them, minimises consumption of non-renewable resources, limits
consumption of renewable resources to the sustainable yield level, Affordability Cultural heritage
preservation Open space preservation
reuses and recycles its components, and minimises the use of land
and the production of noise. Operational efficiency Public fitness and health Biodiversity protection

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 Livability reflects  Principles of livability:

sustainability impacts 1. Provide more transportation choices – Develop
that directly affect safe, reliable, and economical transportation choices
people in a community, to decrease household transportation costs, reduce
such as local economic dependence on fuel, improve air quality, reduce
development, greenhouse gas emissions, and promote public health.
affordability, public 2. Promote equitable, affordable housing – Expand
health and safety, and location-efficient and energy-efficient housing choices
for all people to increase mobility and lower the
local environmental
combined cost of housing and transportation.
impacts.
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 2
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3. Enhance economic competitiveness – Improve 5. Coordinate and leverage federal policies and
economic competitiveness through reliable and timely investment – Align federal policies and funding to
access to employment centers, educational remove barriers to collaboration, leverage funding,
opportunities, services and other basic needs by and increase the accountability and effectiveness of
workers, as well as expanded business access to
market segments. all levels of government to plan for future growth.
4. Support existing communities – Target federal 6. Value communities and neighbourhoods – Enhance
funding toward existing communities (through the unique characteristics of all communities by
strategies like transit oriented, mixed-use investing in healthy, safe, and walkable
development, and land recycling) to increase neighbourhoods.
community revitalisation and the efficiency of public
works investments, and safeguard rural landscapes.

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6. Value communities and neighbourhoods – Enhance Sustainable transport objectives

the unique characteristics of all communities by
investing in healthy, safe, and walkable Improved This generally means improving walking,
transport cycling, ridesharing, public transit,
neighbourhoods. carsharing, telework and local delivery
system services, and creating more walkable
diversity and transit-oriented communities.
Smart This includes land use policies that create

growth land more compact, mixed, connected, multi-
modal development, and provide more
use affordable housing in accessible, multi-
development modal locations.
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 3
Sustainability in Transportation Sustainability Planning Process
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Sustainable transport objectives Ultimate changes in

activities and impacts
This may include more fuel efficient vehicles,
Energy shifts to alternative fuels, and reductions in
Specific, reasonable,
Performance
measurable objectives
conservation total motor vehicle travel. This includes that we want to achieve Indicators
and emission improving the quality of energy efficient
modes including walking, cycling, Outcomes
reductions ridesharing, public transit and telework, and
Ways to achieve goals
Targets
increase land use accessibility. Specific factors that are
What we ultimately measured to indicate
want to achieve Objectives
Efficient This includes more cost-based pricing of
progress towards goals
transport roads, parking, insurance, fuel and vehicles. Vision

pricing and Goals
Sustainable Transportation Indicators Sustainable Transportation Indicators

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 Indicators are things that we measure to evaluate Economic Indicators

progress toward goals and objectives.
Indicator Description
 Indicators can reflect various levels of analysis:
User Satisfaction Overall transport system user satisfaction
Decision-making • Quality of planning, Pricing policies, etc. ratings
Commute Time Average door-to-door commute travel time
Responses • Travel patterns, Mode choice, Land-use patterns, etc.
Employment Number of job opportunities and commercial
Accessibility services within 30-minute travel distance
Cumulative impacts • Accident risks, Accessibility, Transport costs, etc.
Land Use Mix Average number of basic services within walking
Human and • Injuries and deaths, Ecological damages, etc. distance of homes
environmental impacts
Vehicle Travel Per capita motor vehicle-mileage
Economic impacts • Costs of damages, Mitigation and compensation costs, etc.
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 4
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Economic Indicators (continued) Social Indicators

Indicator Description Indicator Description
Transport Diversity Variety and quality of transport options User Rating Overall satisfaction of transport system by
available in a community disadvantaged users
Mode Share Portion of travel made by efficient modes Safety Per capita crash disabilities and fatalities
(walking, cycling, rideshare, public transit) Fitness Portion of population that walks and cycles
Congestion Delay Per capita traffic congestion delay sufficient for fitness and health (15 minutes or
Crash Costs Per capita cost of crashes more daily)
Cost Efficiency Transportation costs as a portion of total Community Livability Degree to which transport activities support
economic activity and per unit of GDP community livability objectives (local
environment quality)

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Social Indicators (continued) Environmental Indicators

Indicator Description Indicator Description
Cultural Preservation Degree to which cultural and historic values are Climate Change Per capita fossil fuel consumption and emissions
reflected and preserved in transport planning of CO2
decisions Air Pollution Frequency of air pollution standard violations
Non-drivers Quality of transport services and access for Noise Pollution Portion of population exposed to high levels of
non-drivers traffic noise
Affordability Portion of budgets spent on transport by lower Water Pollution Per capita vehicle fluid losses
income households
Land Use Impact Per capita land devoted to transportation
Non-motorised Quality of walking and cycling conditions facilities
Transport
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 5
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Environmental Indicators (continued) Example: Genuine Progress Index (GPI) Sustainable

Transportation Evaluation Framework (Canada)
Indicator Description
Habitat Protection Preservation of high-quality wildlife habitat OBJECTIVES INDICATORS
(wetlands, old-growth forests, etc.) Decrease economically • Motorised movement of people
Habitat Fragmentation Average size of roadless wildlife preserves excessive motor vehicle • Motorised movement of freight
transport, and increase use • Passenger automobiles per
Resource Efficiency Non-renewable resource consumption in the capita
of more sustainable modes
production and use of vehicles and transport
facilities
Decrease energy • Transport-related energy

consumption consumption

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OBJECTIVES INDICATORS OBJECTIVES INDICATORS
• Energy intensity of cars and • Polluting discharges by mode

Increase fossil fuel energy trucks Decrease water pollution
• Transport-related GHG • Number of tires recycled

Decrease greenhouse gas emissions by mode and per Increase recycling and reuse
(GHG) emissions capita of transportation components • Number of derelict cars recycled
• Total transport emissions of air • Space taken up by transport

Decrease emissions of air pollutants by mode and per
Decrease space taken up by facilities by mode
pollutants capita transport facilities • Total length of paved roads
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 6
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OBJECTIVES INDICATORS OBJECTIVES INDICATORS

• Average commuting distance
Increase access to basic • Percentage of children walking Decrease transport injuries • Number of injuries and fatalities
services and fatalities by mode
to school
• Quality of walking and cycling

Increase access to public • Percentage of population living Increase non-motorised conditions
transportation within 500m of transit station transportation • Total length of bike paths and
sidewalks
• Percentage of population with Increase percentage of net • Percentage of ground

Increase access to the internet home internet (working from government spending on transportation expenditure spent
home) public transportation on public transport
Social and Environmental Impacts of

Sustainable Transportation Indicators Transportation
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OBJECTIVES INDICATORS
Increase proportion of • Percentage of household
household transportation transport spending devoted to
spending devoted to public public transit
transit
Decrease cost of household • Percentage of low income

transportation expenditure in household expenditure
lowest income quantile dedicated to transportation
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 7
Social and Environmental Impacts of Social and Environmental Impacts of
Transportation Transportation
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ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES WITH CARS Health Impaired communication

Effects of
CO2 emissions and
High demand for fuel
refrigerant leaks impact
Traffic Disturbed sleep
increases offshore drilling
global warming
Noise
Difficulties with performance
Toxic fumes from
plastics and fabrics Annoyance
Lead wheel Increased aggression
weights and
copper brake dust
Heart disease and hypertension
Issues related to disposal
of used motor oil and Disposal of used tires
coolant and unrecyclable Hearing impairment
plastics
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 8
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Health Cause acute respiratory problems, temporary decreases Road The global annual cost is about US$230 billion
Effects of in lung capacity and inflammation of lung tissue Traffic
Traffic Air Impair the body’s immune system Accidents
Pollution (RTA) About 1.2 million people die each year
Reduce the release of oxygen to body tissues
Increase risk of cancer-related death About 50 million are injured every year
Contribute to birth defects, low birth weight and infant Every day, there are 3,300 deaths and 6,600 injuries in
deaths the world
Harm blood vessels
About 850,000 deaths involve those aged under 45
Make healthy active children 3 to 4 times more likely to years, who are sole breadwinners in their families
develop asthma
Social and Environmental Impacts of

Transportation
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BFT40303/BDD/FKAAS/UTHM
BDD/FKAAS/UTHM 9

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Sustainability

Sustainability in Transportation Sustainability in Transportation

 Sustainability is …  According to OECD (1998), Environmentally Sustainable

 According to CST (2005), a sustainable transport system is Sustainability Goals:

Sustainability in Transportation Sustainability in Transportation

 Livability reflects  Principles of livability:

Sustainability in Transportation Sustainability in Transportation

6. Value communities and neighbourhoods – Enhance Sustainable transport objectives

Smart This includes land use policies that create

Sustainable transport objectives Ultimate changes in

transport roads, parking, insurance, fuel and vehicles. Vision

Sustainable Transportation Indicators Sustainable Transportation Indicators

 Indicators are things that we measure to evaluate Economic Indicators

Economic Indicators (continued) Social Indicators

Sustainable Transportation Indicators Sustainable Transportation Indicators

Social Indicators (continued) Environmental Indicators

Environmental Indicators (continued) Example: Genuine Progress Index (GPI) Sustainable

Decrease energy • Transport-related energy

Sustainable Transportation Indicators Sustainable Transportation Indicators

OBJECTIVES INDICATORS OBJECTIVES INDICATORS

• Energy intensity of cars and • Polluting discharges by mode

• Transport-related GHG • Number of tires recycled

• Total transport emissions of air • Space taken up by transport

OBJECTIVES INDICATORS OBJECTIVES INDICATORS

• Quality of walking and cycling

• Percentage of population with Increase percentage of net • Percentage of ground

Social and Environmental Impacts of

Decrease cost of household • Percentage of low income

Social and Environmental Impacts of Social and Environmental Impacts of

ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES WITH CARS Health Impaired communication

Social and Environmental Impacts of

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