BOTANY Fluid Mosaic Model- proposed by Singer and Nicholson (1972)

TABLE 3.1 Examples of Plant Cell Shapes and Sizes

- Like a mosaic, it is a complex structure made
Cell Shape Dimensions
up of different parts; relative amounts of these
Dividing cell in shoot or root Cube 12µm x 12µm x 12µm
components vary from membrane to membrane
Epidermal cell of lily (Lilium) Flat, paving stone 45µm x 143µm x 15µm
Photosynthetic cell in leaf of pear Short cylinder 7.4µm diam x 55µm - These molecules are constantly moving in
(Pyrus) two dimensions, in a fluid fashion
Water-conducting vessel cell in oak Short cylinder 270µm x 225µm
(Quercus) 3 main factors that influence fluidity:
Fiber cell in hemp ( Cannabis) Long cylinder 20µm diam x 60,000 µm temperature, cholesterol and fatty acids

Membrane
-to maintain the physical integrity of the cell - that
is to mechanically enclose the contents of the cell
-to control the movement of particles
Composition of Membranes
• 60% proteins; 40% lipid
• Phospholipid: a type of lipid
molecule, ade up of two fatty acids,
a phosphate group, and a glycerol
molecule
• Cholesterol: type of steroid
which is helpful in regulating molecules entering and
exiting the cell
• Proteins: - Integral proteins (intrinsic proteins),
segments are embedded in the phospholipid
bilayer, helpful for transporting larger molecules, like
glucose
Properties of Membranes
Impermeable membrane- nothing passes through; no
biological membrane is impermeable to everything.
Freely permeable membrane- Virtually anything can
pass through
Selectively permeable (differentially permeable)
membrane: Certain substances pass through slowly
Facilitated diffusion- The presence of large intrinsic
membrane protein allows hydrophilic, charged
molecules to diffuse through the membrane
Active Transport- Large intrinsic membrane proteins
bind a molecule and force it through the membrane, consuming energy in the process
Exocytosis- The fusion of a vesicle with the cell membrane, releasing the vesicle’s
contents to the cell exterior
Endocytosis- The invagination of the
cell membrane, forming a vesicle
that pinches off and carries external
material into the cell.

– Peripheral proteins (extrinsic

proteins), don’t extend across
the membrane, can be
attached to the ends of
integral proteins, or not, and help with transport or communication.
 Central vacuole- for storage; digestion
Cytoplasm

- organelles, cytosol,
inclusions

- factory area of the

cell

Mitochondria

- for cell respiration

cristae: folds

Matrix: spaces

have their own DNA

and ribosomes

- occupy between

1% and 25% of the

cell volume

Plastids
All cells are made of a substance called protoplasm
-perform diff. functions like photosynthesis
Plasma membrane
-found in all plants and algae
- selectively permeable but never occur in animals,
fungi, or prokaryotes

-site of synthesis of amino

acids

Nucleus Ribosomes

-serves as storage - responsible for protein synthesis

place for the
- aggregates of three molecules of RNA (ribosomal RNA) and
organism’s genetic
approximately 50 types of protein
information
Polysome- cluster of ribosomes
 Endoplasmic reticulum

RER: attached with

ribosomes

SER: lipid synthesis

Dictyosomes (Golgi apparatus)

A) Vesicles derived from ER migrate

a short distance to a dictyosome-
forming face. (B) At

the forming face, the vesicles fuse

into a new dictyosome vesicle, called
either a vesicle or a cisterna. (C) The
cisterna “moves through” the
dictyosome as more vesicles form on one side while other vesicles are released from the maturing
face (D)

Microbodies
-peroxisomes
-lysosomes

Microtubules