RDL REVIEWER
 defined as an examination of relevant
Quantitative research,
 according to Mendoza and Melegrito
(2017), is centered on collecting numerical
data and makes use of these data to
generalize conditions from across a group of
population.
 Essentially, the idea of quantitative research
is encapsulated as “about collecting
numerical data to explain a particular
phenomenon (ibid., 2017).”
Quantitative is describes as:
 Measured once
 Structured instruments
 Defined research questions
 Classify features, count them and
construct statistical
Qualitative research
 “is defined as an inquiry process of
understanding a social or human problem
based on building a complex, holistic
picture, formed with words, reporting
detailed views of informants, and
conducted in a natural setting
According to Barrot (2017), the following are
the strengths of Quantitative Research:
1. Replicable or repeatable;
2. Findings are generalizable;
3. Establishes causality more conclusively;
4. Make predictions based on numerical,
quantifiable data;
5. Data analysis using software is faster;
6. Data gathering technique is typically
less demanding;
7. Low degree of subjectivity; and
8. Validity and reliability can be measured.
LITERATURE REVIEW
books, scholarly articles, and any other
sources pertinent to an area of research.
 It is a comprehensive summary of various
journals, books, statistical data and other
documents that include the past and
current information that can be related to
the study.
CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
 composed of discussions, of facts and
principles to which the present study is
related.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
 Place each work in context of its
contribution to understanding the research
problem being studied
 Describe the relationship of each work to
the others under consideration
 Identify new ways to interpret prior
research
 Reveal any gaps that exist in the literature
 Resolve conflicts among seemingly
contradictory previous studies;
 Identify areas of prior scholarship to
prevent duplication of effort;
 Point the way to fulfilling a need for
additional research; and
 Locate your own research within the
context of existing literature
FORMS OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
• Integrative review- are simply
“summaries of past research”; largely
found in dissertation proposals and
dissertations.
• Theoretical Review – “wherein the
researcher focuses on extant theory
that relates to the problem being
studied”; demonstrated best in journal
articles.
• Methodological Review – “provides not
only a summary of the studies but also
an actual critique of the strengths and
weaknesses of the methods section;
founds in dissertations and review of
related literature sections in journal
article.”
Sources of your literature
 academically authoritative texts like:
 academic books
 Journals
 Research reports
 Government publication
 Electronic sources - searching electronic
data bases is probably the quickest way
to access a lot of material.
 References of references – checking
through references lists to see the
range of sources that they referred to.
 Hand searching of journals
– hand searching of journals will reveal
about focus, research questions,
methods, techniques, or interpretation
that had not occurred to you.
 issues from the last five years of the most
relevant journals for your research topic.
What are variables?
 Variables are concepts – a noun that stands
for variation within a class of objects.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CATEGORICAL AND
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
 Quantitative variables exist in some degree
(rather than all or none) along a continuum
from less to more, and we can assign
numbers to different individuals or objects
to indicate how much of the variable they
possess.
Example:
Height, weight, length
 Categorical variables on the other hand, do
not vary in degree, amount, or quantity but
are qualitatively different
Example:
Eye color, gender, occupation
DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
 Independent variables are those that the
researcher chooses to study in order to
assess their possible effect(s) on one or
more other variables
 Dependent variables are the variables that
the independent variable is presumed to
affect.
The dependent variable “depends on” what
the independent variable does to it, how it
affects it.
 MODERATING, MEADIATING AND
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
 A Moderator variable is a special type of
independent variables.
 A mediator variable is one that attempts to
explain the relationship between the two
other variables.
 An extraneous variables are independent
variables that have not been controlled.
CITATION
 A citation is the way you tell your
readers that certain materials in your
work came from another source.
DIFFERENT STYLES IN CITATING
 American Psychological Association
(APA) Styles
Three options for placing citations:
 Idea-focused - Place the author(s) and
date(s) in parentheses at an appropriate
place in or at the end of the sentence.
 Research-focused - Place only the date
in parentheses.
 Chronology-focused - Integrate both the
author and date into your sentence.
 How to Cite a Book in Print in APA
Structure:
Last, F. M. (Year Published) Book. City,
State: Publisher.
 How to Cite a Book Online in APA
Structure:
Last, F. M. (Year
Published) Book. Retrieved from URL
 How to Cite a Journal in APA
Structure:
Last, F. M. (Year Published). Article
title. Journal Name, Volume (Issue), pp.
Page(s). Retrieved from URL
 How to Cite a Thesis/ Dissertation from
a Database in APA
Structure:
Last, F.M. (Date
published). Title (Doctoral dissertation
or master’s thesis). Retrieved from
database name. (Accession or Order
no.)
 How to Cite a Thesis/ Dissertation from
the Web in APA
Structure:
Last, F.M. (Date
published). Title (Doctoral dissertation
or master’s thesis). Retrieved from URL.
 Modern Language Association (MLA)
Styles
 Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS).
Topic: Statistical test
Statistical test
 Test provides a mechanism for making
quantitative decisions about a process.
Conjecture: null hypothesis
 Data
- Information collected from the
population.
Quantitative Data
 Descriptive Statistic
 Describe the data or important
characteristics of the data. (e.g.
in a pet shop, 100 pets are sold
every day. 40 are dogs.)
EXAMPLE: -Central Tendencies
– mean, median, mode -
Measures of dispersion –
range, standard deviation, and
variance. -Representation –
chart, tables, graph
 Inferential Statistics
 Using data from sample then
making inferences about the
larger population from which
the sample is drawn or
generalization. (e.g. hypothesis
tests, analysis of variance)
 Continuous Data
 Consists of measurements
recorded on a scale (e.g.
parametric and nonparametric
tests).
 Parametric test
 Suitable for normally
distributed data or large
samples. interval or ratio
Statistical analysis: t-test,
anova, regression analysis and
correlation coefficient.
 Non-parametric test
 Independent of the scale and
distribution of data (small
sample size) Ordinal and rank
Statistical analysis: 1 sample
sign test, kruskal-wallis test,
spearman rank correlation)
 Central Tendencies
 Describes how data sets are
grouped together around a
central value (e.g. mean,
median, mode).
 Mean – average or
summarizing results
 Median – the midpoint of a
distribution
 Mode – the most reported case
 Measures of Variability is a
summary of statistic that
represents the amount of
dispersion in a data set (e.g.
range, standard deviation) low
dispersion: clustered tightly
around the center high
dispersion: fall further away
Importance: the variability
determines the consistency of
the values (low variability –
more consistent & higher
variability – more dissimilar).
 Range
 The difference between the
highest and the lowest values.
 Standard Deviation
 Tells how far apart the
measurements are from the
mean
 Correlational
 analysis that measures the
strength of association between
two variables and the direction
of relationship
 Pearson Correlation
 tests for the strength of the
association between two
continuous variables.
 Spearman Correlation
 Tests for the strength of the
association between two
ordinal variables.
 Chi-square correlation
 Tests for the strength
association between two
categorical variables.
 Comparison Means
 look for the difference between
the means of variables (e.g.
paired t-test, independent t-
test, ANOVA)
 Paired T-test tests for the difference
between two variables from the same
population
 Independent T-test
 tests for the difference
between the same variable
from different populations
  ANOVA Tests for the difference
between group means after any other
variance in the outcome variable is
accounted for
 Regression Assess if change in one
variable predicts change in another
variable.
 Simple Regression Tests how change in
the predictor variable predicts the level
of change in the outcome variable.
linear regression
 Multiple Regression Tests how changes
in the combination of two or more
predictor variables predict the level of
change in the outcome variable.
 Non-Parametric Test Used when the
data does not meet the assumptions
required.
 Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test difference
between two independent variables
magnitude & direction of difference
 Wilcoxon Sign-Rank Test difference
between two related variables
magnitude of the observed differences
and direction of difference
 Sign Test tests if two related variables
are different
Topic : Related Studies
Synthesizing
 A skill involves the review of several
references that talk about the same
subject and consolidating them into one
cohesive text.
Microlevel synthesis
 Consolidation of ideas to explain a
concept. Cluster the ideas shared
among the materials, determine those
that are distinct, and put them in a
separate list.
Macrolevel synthesis
 Performed when several studies are
consolidated to establish a research gap
and not just to explain a concept.
Note-taking
 Skill that involves writing information
from a source text and integrating this
information into your current study.
Summarizing
 a form of note-taking that involves
condensing a lengthy piece of source
material
Paraphrasing
 A form of note-taking that involves
rewording ideas from the original text
in a more detailed way
LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
 It refers to the values that an indicator
can take but they say nothing about the
indicator itself (Bhattecherjee, 2012)
Nominal
 Identifies variables whose values have
no mathematical interpretation.
Ordinal
 Refers to the order or rank of a
measurement.
Interval
 Represent fixed measurement units but
have no absolute, or fixed, zero.
Ratio
 Represent fixed measurement units and
an absolute, or fixed, zero.
 *Absolute Zero: No amount of whatever
variable indicated
  Ratio scales can be meaningfully added,
subtracted, multiplied, and divided.
Topic : Research Title
Title
 Summarizes the main idea of the whole
paper and is the most notable part of
the research paper.
Guidelines:
1. Avoid an overly general title.
2. Refrain from using abbreviations.
3. Avoid using phrases such as “A study of...” as
they show wordiness.
4. Refrain from indicating the year the study
has been conducted.
5. Employ either the declarative or question
form in formulating your title.
6. Use the current acceptable terminology in
the field of study when writing research title.
Scope and Delimitation
Format:
 specificity of research topic;
 intended research design;
 intended participants, as well as the
number of respondents;
 and statistical treatment to be used
Importance:
 A brief statement of the general
purpose of the study and the locale of
the study is stated.
Limitation
 are those elements that may limit what
you can say about the results
Delimitation
 are those characteristics and details
about a study that may limit the scope
or define the specific boundaries of a
study.
Topic : Research Problems and Questions
Research Problem
 are the issues, controversies, or
concerns that guide the need for
conducting a study.
Research Topic
 is the broad subject matter addressed
by the study (e.g. environmental,
nutrition and diet, medicine) Purpose is
the major intent or objective of the
study used to address the problem.
Research Question
 narrow the purpose into specific
questions that the researcher would
like answered or addressed in the
study.
 A research question should be
FEASIBLE, CLEAR, SIGNIFICANT,
ETHICAL, AND often SUGGEST
RELATIONSHIP.
Topic : Research Framework
Theoretical Framework
 general frame of reference used for
observation, defining concepts, developing
research designs, and interpreting and
generalizing findings.
Conceptual Framework
 refers to a system of ideas, beliefs,
assumptions, and theories that inform,
support, and cater specifically to your study.
Visual Forms

 explain the visual representation of

frameworks.

Significance of the Study

 details the contribution or benefit that a

study provides to different people and
organizations, including the academe and
other sectors of society.

Topic : Research Topic

Research Topic

 is a general idea of interest that a

researcher would like to pursue in his/her
research.

Exploratory – the research entails the discovery

of ideas and insights.

Descriptive – the research defines an opinion,

attitude, or behavior held by a group of people
on a given subject.

Causal – the research identifies a cause-and

effect relationship between variables.