SECOND-ORDER FILTERS

2.1 Objectives... 2-1

2.2 Discussion Of Fundamentals.-.

"""
"""" 2-1

2.3 Equipments Required-..- .:""" " 2-9

2.4 Experiments And Records' """""' 2-9
Experiment 2-1 Second-order Low-pass Filter
Experiment 2-2 Second-order High-pass Filter
2.5 Qtlestions..-'.. ""' 2-16
 Second€rder Filters

2, The high input impedance and low output impedance of the operational
amplifier means that the filter circuit is excellent in isolation characteristic
and suitable for cascade. '

3. Because active components provide amplification, therefore active filters

have gain.

ln the following sections, we will focus on the characteristics of the

second-order low-pass and high-pass active filters.

Second-Order Low-Pass Filter

A low-pass filter is an electronic circuit that has a constant output

voltage from dc up to a cutoff frequency. As the frequency increases
above the cutoff frequency, the output voltage is atienuated. The
cutoff frequency, also called the 0-707 frequency, the 3dB frequency,
or the corner frequency, is the frequency where the output voltage is
reduced to 0.707 times its pass band value. A typical active low-pass
filter circuit, shown in Fig. 2-1, is comrnonly called inverting integrator
or Miller integrator. lts transfer function can be expressed by

V',,{S) .9C R"C

= -*o,s
v,,ts) (2-r)
where

to: 1

RC

2-2
 )
Second"Order Filters

Fig.2-1 Millerintegrator

Inpu!
(v,,)
OuSul
( Vout)

FiS.2-2 Block diagram of a second-order low-pass filter

From Eq.(2-1), we can find that the Miller integrator circuit is a

first-order low-pass filter. Therefore, a second-order low-pass
filter can be easily constructed by cascading two Miller integrators
with an inverting amplifier.

The block diagram of second-order low-pass filter, shown in Fig' 2-2, is

consisted of two Miller integrators, a unity-gain inverting amplifier and adder.
Therefore, the transfer function is

2-?
Itft2 Second-Order Filters

V",,(S) Ko' 0

v,,(s)
s2 .(zl'.,, '(
2-2 )

This is a general form of second-order low-pass filter. Following this block

diagram, a practical second-order low-pass filter is indicated in Fig. 2-3. ln this
circuit, the operational amplifier Ur:A perforrns the functional combination of the
adder and the first Miller integrator in Fig. 2-2.|f

C1=Q,r=g
Ro=Rs-&

the transfer function will be

I1,,, ('s)
&
Rr
r_
R.R4C2
&1
Rr R..R4Cl
Ir (2-3)
S'+ Sr s'*!4-n.,-
",,,('s) cR. R3R4C2
R- c^[R& "sr Rrn"cr

Comparing Eqs. {2-2) to (2-3), we yietd

r:& Rr
(2-4)

@o=
c'[R'r.^
(2-s)
R2
g= (2-6)
JR"R-

ln the circuit of Fig. 2-3, the components R,,, R, R:, cr and Ur:A form the Miller

integrator with the function of weighted adder. The adder is used to add the
input signalto the feedback signalfrorn the U.:c output. The combination of Rr.
 Second4rder Filters

c, and U.:B is the second miller integrator and the combination of q, Ru and

U.,:C is a unity-gain inverting amplifier. Since this circuit design satisfies the
Butterworth criteria, the response curve in its pass band is flat and no ripple-

R3 t5 k

R2 l0k

C2 1000 pF
R.o 15K
Vin
J
t2 Rs l5K
10
9 8

u1:C
LM]48
Vott

Fig.2-3 Second-order low-pass filter circuit

Q/K

Vout

Fig.2-4 Block diagram of a second-order high-pass filter

z-5
(
2 Second0rder Filte€
;

Second-Order High-Pass Filter

The frequency fesponse of a second-order high-pass filter is opposite to $at of

a second-order low-pass filter. A high-pass filter attenuates the output voltage
for all frequencies below the cutoff frequency. Above the cutoff frequency, the
magnitude of the output voltage is constant, The block diagram of Fig' 24
is a
inverting
second-order high-pass filter constructed by two Miller integrators, an
amplifier and two adders. lts transfer function can be given by

-KS2 {2-7 )
t",(s)
s'-.(ff)s.'z

This is a generalform of second-order high-pass filters. Following this block

diagram, a practical second-order high-pass filter is indicated in Fig- 2-5.

R7 15K

Ca
Rs 15K 0.0047uF

Vout

Fig.2-5 Second-order high-pass filter circuit

2-tr
 of
comparing these two figures, the ur:A performs the functional combination
the first adder and Miller integrator. The Ur:B performs the functional
amplifier. lf -
combination of the second adder and the unitygain invefting

C1:c2:c
Rz:Ro:Rs

the transfer function will be

R,^. Rr(l Rr)

z.(s) -i; '-c&t&-RS^)
ou|\ I
I',,,(S)
- r. *
(2-8)

#s. &#
and if

RrRa=RzRs

then

Y",,(S)
-&s,
R2
:
t',r(s) " 1-
s-+*s* I
n*c
R,
--\R, -,
: (2-e)
,' *' J&&
R. CJR4R. R4R5C'

Comparing Eqs. (2-7) to {2-9)' we yield

aa
 (
frr*t 2 $econd{rder Filters

R5
K_ (2-10 )
R.

0o (2-11 )
cJR.&
R.
o=-_=: (2-t2 )
JR*R,

ln the circuit of Fig. 2-5, the components of R1, R:, Rz, Cr and U-,:A are

connected as the first Miller integrator with the function of weighted adder. The
adder is used to add the input signal to the U1:C output signal. The second
adder, constructed by Rz, Ra, Rs and Ur:B, is used to add the input signal to the
Ur:A output signal. The components Ro, Cz and Ur:C forrn the second Miller
integrator circuit. Since this circuit design satisfies the Butterworth criteria, the
response curve in its pass band is flat and no ripple.

All of filter circuits discussed above are second-order filters. lf desired, higher
order filters can be constructed by connecting these filters in cascade and
moclifying component values to meet Buttenvorth or Chebyshev criteria. The
operational amplifier, used in our experiment circuits, is the LM34B that includes
four OP AMPs and has the unity-gain bandwidth of 1 MHz. To improve the
response in the band of high frequencies, the OP AMP [-M318 can be used
instead of LM348 in second-order high-pass filter circuit. The LM318 has the
unity-gain bandwidth of 15MHz.
L3 EQIJIPMENT REQUIRED

1- Module KL-92001
2 - Module KL-93001
3 - Oscilloscope

2.4 EXPERIMENTS AND RECORDS

Experiment 2-1 Second-Order Low-Fass Filter

[]1. Locate the Second Order LPF circuit on Module KL-93001.lnsert

connect plugs in J1 and J2 to set Cr - Cz= 0.O01pF.

[2. Connect a 10OmVp-p, 10Hz sine wave to the input (l/P). Using the
oscilloscope, observe the output signal and record the output
amplitude in Table 2-1.

[3. Observe and record the output amplitudes in Table 2-1 for input
frequencies of 100H2, 1KHz,2Kltrz,SKHz, BKHz, 10KHz, 2OKHz,
50KHz and 100KHz.

[4. Calculate each voltage gain for each input frequency and record
the results in Table 2-1.

[5. Using the r.esults of Table 2-1, sketch Bode'plot of voltage gain in
Fig. 2-6.

[6. Remove the connect p'lugs from J1 and J2 and then insert them in
J3 and J4 to set C3=Qo=0.01pF.

2-9
 Second-Oider Filters
!

I7. Observe and record the output amplitude in Table 2-2 for input
frequencies of 1OHz, 100H2, 2OOHz,500Hz, B00Hz, 1KHz, 2KHz'
5KHz, 10KHz and 100KHz.

f]B. Calculate each voltage gain for each input frequency and record

the results in Table 2-2.

)

I9. Using the results of Table 2-2, sketch Bode plot of voltage gain in
Fig. 2-7.

?.-1tt
 H2 Second€rder Filters

Experiment 2-2 Second-Qrder High-pass Fitter

f 1. Locate second order HpF circuit on Module KL-93001. lnsert

connect plugs in J1 and J2to set Cr = Cz= 0.0047pF.

r2. connect a 1O0mVp-p,10Hz sine wave to input (t/p). using the

oscilloscope, observe the output signal and record the output
amplitude in Table 2-3.

J3. observe and record the output amplitude in Table 2-3 for input
frequencies of 100H2, 1KHz, 2KHz, SKHz, BKHz, 10KHz. 2AKHz,
50 KHz and 100 KHz.

fl4. calculate each voltage gain for each input frequency and record
the results in Table 2-3

l-15. using the results of rable 2-3, sketch Bode plot of voltage gain in
Fig.2-8.

J3 and J4 to set C3=Ca=0.015p1F.

fl7. Observe and record the output amplitude in Table 2-4 for input
frequencies of 10H2, 100H2, 200H2,500H2, B00Hz, 1KHz, 2KHz.
5KHz, 1OKHz and 100KHz.

D8. calculate each voltage gain for each input frequency and record
the results in Table 2-4.

I9. using the results of rable 2-4, sketch Bode plot of voltage gain in
Fig. 2-9. '

2-i1

.<rL!
 Second€rder Filters

Table 2-1

(Cr = Cz= 0.001pF)

lnput
Frequency 10 100 1k 2k 5k. BK 10k 20k 50k 1 00k
(Hz\
Output
Arnplitude
{mV)
Voltage Gain
{dB)

Voltage
Gain
(dB)

Frequency( |12 )

Fig.2€
 Second€rder Filters

Table 2-2

(Cr = Cz= 0.01pF)

lnput
Frequency '10 100 200 500 800 1k 2k 5k 10k 1 00k
(Hz\
Output
Amplitude
(mV)

Voltage Gain
(dB)

Voltage
Gain
(dB)

Frequency (}Jr)

Fig.2-7
 Second0rder Filters

Table 2-3

(Cr=Cz=0.0047pF)

lnput
Freq uency 10 100 1k 2k 5k 8k 10k 20k 50k 1 00k
(Hz\
Output
Amplitude
{mV)

Voltage Gain
(dB)

Volta
Gain
(dB)

Frequency (Hz)
 Second€rder Filters

Table 24

(Cr=Cz=0.015pF)

lnput 'fa
Frequency 10 'to0 200 500 90ff' 1k 2k 5k 10k 1 00k
{Hz)
Output
Amplitude
{mV)

Voltage Gain
{dB)

Voltage
Gain
(dB)

Frequency ( Hz )

Fig.2-9
 Second€rder Filters

es QUESTTONS

1. Derive Eq. (2-2) from the circuit of Fig. 2-2.

2.ln Fig.2-5,if RlRa=R2R3, Cr=Cz-C and R5=Q6=Rz, derive the transfer

function of Eq. ( 2-g ).

3. What are the advantages of active filters with OP Amps?

4. lnspecting Eqs. (2-5) and (2-11), which of the components can you
change easily to vary the bandwidth of filter?

5. lf we want to change the bandwidth of the filter of Fig. 2-3 to SKHz,

what capacitance values of C1 and Cz should be?

2-16