RB Cagmat Review Center-Cs-Plant Breeding

Plant Breeding | Applied Genetics |
Crop Improvement | Crop Engineering

http://www.wageningenur.nl/upload_mm/8/6/1/599932c5-590e-4941-9bd6- http://www.sevita.com/assets/images/Plant_Breeding.jpg
2979b27f33e1_rose-f2-population_be2b6b32_674x362.jpg
Dr. Joy Membreve Jamago

Department of Agronomy & Plant Breeding | College of Agriculture
CMU, University Town, Musuan, 8710 Bukidnon
Email: jjamago@cmu.edu.ph
http://www.wageningenur.nl/upload_mm/8/6/1/599932c5-590e-4941-9bd6- http://www.sevita.com/assets/images/Plant_Breeding.jpg
2979b27f33e1_rose-f2-population_be2b6b32_674x362.jpg
“Hard does not mean impossible”
JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU
Agriculture
o Deliberate growing of living organisms (plants, animals,
microorganisms, others) for 4Fs & 1P
o Human invention
o PB, a branch of agriculture  controversial: because of
the development & application of (modern)
biotechnology to improve plant genetics such as
transgenesis (or genetic engineering) = transfer of
genes; breaking the natural biological barriers*

PB
o art, science and business of “engineering” plant species to
become more useful or beneficial to society
o better crops for food, feed, fiber, fuel & pharmaceuticals
o traditional & modern PB
o modern PB is firmly rooted in genetics (science)
o manipulating, enhancing, optimizing the genes or
genetics of plants  better crops, better varieties

Goals of PB
o Develop new/better varieties
 Better structure or architecture – e.g. better leaf angle, more
erect instead of creeping, resistant to lodging, semi-dwarf
 Better physiology – e.g. tolerant or resistant to biotic & abiotic
stresses
 Better composition – e.g. higher protein, better carbohydrates,
less saturated FAs, biofortified with Fe, Zn & vitamin A
 Better quality – e.g. better tastes, longer storability, aromatic
 Better yields – e.g. grains, sugars, fruits, flowers
 Others

Polyploidy
e
Diploid vs. tetraploid daylilies
Diploid vs. octoploid strawberries

Goals of PB
o Develop new tools or refine old methods
 more accurate (selection, evaluation)
 more precise (target effect of improved trait)
 more efficient (time, cost)
 more effective (stable genes across environments & years)

Why breed plants?
o To address food, feed, fiber, fuel, medical & nutritional
needs
o To adapt plants to environmental stresses
o To adapt plants to specific production systems
o To develop new varieties
o To satisfy industrial & other end-user requirements (e.g. less
toxins, delayed ripening, stronger tensile strength, etc.)
e

Important concepts
o Evolution = changes in allelic frequencies  genetic
variations  natural selection
o Domestication = genetic changes in wild plants brought
about by selection of farmers, influenced by both natural &
artificial selection
o PB = artificial selection, targeted evolution, accelerated
evolution; changing a gene or allele (qualitative traits e.g. A
to a or A to a) or changing allelic frequencies (quantitative
traits e.g. seed yield, plant height)
e

Acquaah (2012)

Pioneers of theories & practices of PB
e

o Yuan Long Ping: Father of hybrid rice
o Te Tzu Chang: semi-dwarf rice varieties, IRRI
Some Prominent Filipino PBs

o Dioscoro Umali: National Scientist, Father of PHL PB, Asst.
Director-General, FAO
o Ricardo Lantin: legume breeder (mungbean)
o Emil Javier: founded IPB-UPLB & CSSP
e

IARCs (16) | International Agricultural Founded Location Key Mandate
Research Centers supported by the Crop/Activity
Consultative Group on IAR (CGIAR)
International Rice Research Institute 1960 Los Baños, Rice
(IRRI) Philippines
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento 1966 El Batan, Mexico Wheat, maize
de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT) | International
Center for the Improvement of Maize &
Wheat
International Institute of Tropical 1967 Ibadan, Nigeria Maize, cassava,
Agriculture (IITA) cowpea, soybean,
yam
Centro Internacional de Agricultura de 1967 Cali, Columbia Cassava, beans,
Tropical (CIAT) | International Center for tropical forages,
Tropical Agriculture rice
Centro Internacionale de la Papa (CIP) | 1970 Lima, Peru Potato, sweet
International Potato Center potato, Andeat root
& tuber crops
Africa Rice Center (ARC) formerly West 1970 Bouake, Cote Rice improvement
Africa Rice Development Association d’Ivoire for Agrica
(WARDA)
International Crops Research Institute 1972 Patancheru, Groundnut, pearl
for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) India millet, sorghum,
pigeon pea
International Plant Genetic Resources 1974 Rome, Italy Genetic resources,
Institute (IPGRI) formerly International promotes
Board of Plant Genetic Resources (IBPGR) biodiversity
International Center for Agricultural 1975 Aleppo, Syria Barley, lentil, faba
Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) bean, wheat
International Food Policy Institute (IFRI) 1975 Washington, Food policy issues
DC, USA

International Service for National 1979 The Hague, Institutional devt, policy,
Agricultural Research (ISNAR) Netherlands dissemination of
information
International Water Management Institute 1984 Colombo, Sri Irrigation in developing
(IWMI) formerly Intl Irrigation Management Lanka countries
Institute (IIMI)
Center for International Forestry Research 1993 Bogor, Forestry issues in the
(CIFOR) Indonesia tropics
International Livestock Research Institute 1994 Nairobi, Livestock production
(ILRI) formerly Intl Livestock Center for Africa Kenya issues in Africa
(ILCA), Intl Lab for Research on Animal
Diseases (ILRAD)
World Fish Center (WFC) formerly Intl Center 2002 Penang, Fisheries & other
for Living Aquatic Resources Mgnt (ICLARM) Malaysia aquatic resources
World Agroforestry (WAC) formerly Intl 2002 Nairobi, Improved agroforestry
Center for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) Kenya systems
What scientific disciplines are involved in PB?
o Genetics
o Botany
o Plant or Crop Physiology
o Agronomy/Horticulture
o Plant Pathology/Entomology
o Statistics
o Biochemistry
o Soil Science
o Others
e

Basic Strategies in PB
o Trait discovery
o Gene discovery
o Gene recombination
o Evaluation
o Varietal Approval and Commercialization
(Poehlman and Sleper, 1995)

e

Basic Steps in PB
o Objectives – define, make very clear
o Germplasm – assemble, assess for usefulness
o Selection – gene donor(s) for population development
o Evaluation – superior or promising lines or genotypes
o Certification & Cultivar Release
(Acquaah, 2007)
e

Techniques/Technologies Associated With Creating
Genetic Variation
1. Artificial pollination
2. Hybridization
3. Tissue culture/embryo rescue Why is
4. Chromosome doubling (colchicine*) genetic
5. Bridge cross variation
6. Protoplast fusion necessary?
7. Hybrid seed technology/technique
8. Seedlessness technique
9. Mutagenesis
10. DNA technology (esp. recombinant DNA tech)
(Acquaah, 2012) *Colchicum autumnale
e JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU
Why is Any improvement on/in a crop
genetic that we do that is not genetic or
variation due to the use of better genes
necessary? cannot be inherited or passed
on to the next generation…
e

http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4055/4324930910_1855a71856.jpg, as of March 2014

http://www.isgtw.org/images/2009/Potatoes_L.jpg, as of March 2014

http://www.cgn.wur.nl/NR/rdonlyres/06241097-35F3-4237-AAA0-839B72458802/20724/variation_pepper1.jpg

What are (some) of the achievements of PB?
o Yield increase (for the harvested part/s of crops)
o Enhancement of compositional traits (e.g. biofortification)
o Crop adaptation – most crops are plants introductions* to
countries, modified physiology (e.g. SDP/LDP  DNP)
*Trivia: 3rd US President who was a great promoter of introducing

new crops into the US – Thomas Jefferson; the 2 most important
crops in the US, corn & soybean, are not indigenous to NA
(Acquaah, 2007)
e

Conventional PB
o Conventional PB: traditional or classical breeding; use
tried/proven/older tools e.g. hybridization
o Crossing 2 plants (hybridization) – primary technique to
create new variability in flowering species
o Selection for desired phenotypes (progeny)
o Evaluation of selected materials
o Approval (National Seed Industry Council or NSIC*) then
release as new varieties
*previously, Philippine Seed Board (PSB)

(Acquaah, 2007)
Unconventional PB
o Use of cutting edge technologies
o Needs more expertise, more expensive
o Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
o Gene transfer across natural barriers (e.g. Bt crops),
expansion of the “gene pool”
o use of molecular markers (“landmarks” in the DNA)
(Acquaah, 2007)

AFLPs
Microsatellites or Simple Sequence Repeats (SRRs)
What is a SNP?
(single nucleotide polymorphism)
L: elite inbred B73;
R: elite inbred Mo17
C: B73 x Mo17 F1
Good, but it takes

many years to get
done 

The debate however, about GMOs
(genetically modified organisms) is ironic…
Humans have modified (changed) crops since the

time of early domestication to suit our needs &
preferences. The crops we have now barely
resemble their wild ancestors. Genetic modification
had been done for more than 10,000 years…

https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-b-cQTTaO73o/Vs8bTDzN_-
I/AAAAAAAAQy8/DPF0wIfwMkI/s640/Teosinte-600x363.gif

https://molcyt.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/phh3995musabalbisianafruitsection http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2005/051230.tomatoes-i.jpg
s.jpg
http://www.teamcssi.com/images/grass.jpg JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Wa
termelon_seedless.jpg
http://image.slidesharecdn.com/selectivebreedingpowerpoint-130416182435-
phpapp01/95/selective-breeding-powerpoint-12-638.jpg?cb=1366136718
http://www.teamcssi.com/images/grass.jpg JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

Blue rose, with blue
pigment gene from
Delphinium
Through GE/rDNA

P= G + E+ GxE
P = Phenotype | G = Genotype | E = Environment

GxE = Interaction bet. G & E

First “GM” crops:
 FlavrSavr tomato – 1st commercial GM crop (in the US),
developed by Calgene in 1992, used antisense gene
technology to down-regulate the production of
polygalacturonase (enzyme) that degrades pectin in fruit
cell walls resulting to fruit softening
 Ripens slowly (delayed-ripening trait), can stay fresher in
the store shelves for a longer time

First “GM” crops:
 Bt corn in 1995, developed by Pioneer Hibred
Company – engineered to resist European corn borer
 RR soybean (Round up ready) in 1996 by Monsanto
 In the PHL, first approved was Bt corn on Dec 2002 by
BPI

PB | Applied Genetics | Crop Improvement
 Know the chromosome # of crops of interest = diploid
(2n=2x) or polyploid (>2x) ?
 Determine the “genetics” of the trait(s) of interest =
controlled by how many genes, where is/are the
controlling gene(s) be found (nucleus, chloroplasts or
mitochondria?)
 Nuclear inheritance vs. cytoplasmic inheritance
 Mendelian or non-Mendelian genetics
 Others
Acquaah, 2007

Sorghum 2n=2x=20
Adlai 2n=2x=20
Mungbean 2n=2x=22 E.g. Polyploids
Sunflower 2n=2x=34
Banana (3x)
Cowpea 2n=2x=22
Rye (4x)
Cassava 2n=2x=36 Alfalfa (4x)
Potato 2n=4x=48 Strawberry (8x)
Tobacco 2n=2x=48 Breadwheat (6x)
Sugarcane 2n=80 to >100 Tobacco
Cabbage 2n=2x=18 Cotton
Tomato 2n=2x=24 Hyacinth
Pepper 2n=2x=24 Dahlia
Onion 2n=2x=16
Plant Reproductive Systems
 Reproduction = process by which plants multiply themselves
 Genetic structure of plants depend on their mode of
reproduction
 PB makes use of this system, directs that the progeny of the
plants be better (than their parents)
 Mode of reproduction: determines suitable method of

breeding the species & how the product of breeding is
maintained for product identity preservation (e.g. if SPC or
CPC, both, or can be asexually propagated)
4 Reproductive Options in Plants
 Hermaphrodity vs. unisexuality: hermaphrodites have both
M & F organs, can self-fertilize, promote reduction in genetic
variation; unisexuals (staminate & pistillate flowers) are
compelled to cross-fertilize, promote increase in genetic
variation
 Self-pollination vs. cross-pollination: hermaphrodites that
are self-sterile may be self- or cross-pollinated; autogamous
(pollinated by own pollen) or allogamous (pollinated by
pollen from another flower on same plant)
http://www.life.illinois.edu/ib/335/BreedingSystems/25-Selfpollination.jpg
4 Reproductive Options in Plants
 Self-fertilization vs. cross-fertilization: not self-pollinated
flowers are successfully fertilized; could be self-incompatible
promoting outcrossing
 Sexuality vs. asexuality: sexually reproducing species can
provide seeds through sexual means; asexuality can be
either through vegetative propagation (no seeds are
produced) or agamospermy (seeds are produced without
fertilization)

http://www.aces.uiuc.edu/vista/html_pubs/PLBREED/fig15.gif
http://www.life.illinois.edu/ib/335/BreedingSystems/08Protogyny.jpg
http://www.life.illinois.edu/ib/335/BreedingSystems/12-Protandry.jpg
http://www.life.illinois.edu/ib/335/BreedingSystems/18-Polygamodioecious.jpg
http://www.life.illinois.edu/ib/335/BreedingSystems/28-Cleistogamous.jpg
Constraints of Sexual Biology in PB – used as tools for
breeding plants
1. Dioecy: pistillate & staminate flowers are on separate plant;,
promotes CP; e.g. date, spinach, asparagus, hemp
2. Monoecy: pistillate & staminate flowers are on same plant but on
different locations; promotes CP; e.g. corn, squash/pumpkin, bitter
gourd

http://www.life.illinois.edu/ib/335/BreedingSystems/14-Dioecy.jpg
http://www.life.illinois.edu/ib/335/BreedingSystems/16-Monoecy.jpg
3. Self-incompatibility: 2 types = heteromorphic (due to differences
in lengths of styles & stamens, i.e. heterostyly) & homomorphic
SI (2 kinds = sporophytic [a] & gametophytic [b] );

breeding plants
SI (2 kinds = gametophytic & sporophytic);
Gametophytic – more widespread, incompatible of pollen have

same alleles as the genotype of the style
Sporophytic – incompatibility is determined by the plant
(sporophyte); e.g. broccoli, radish, kale; exhibits dominance

http://www.life.illinois.edu/ib/335/BreedingSystems/23-Sporophyticincomp.jpg
http://www.life.illinois.edu/ib/335/BreedingSystems/24-Gametophyticincompat.jpg
breeding plants
SI (2 kinds = gametophytic & sporophytic);
4. Male sterility: anthers or pollen are non-functional, no need for
emasculation (removal of anthers);
o True MS – 3 types; nuclear or genic, cytoplasmic {CMS}, &
cytoplasmic-genetic
o Functional MS – anthers fail to release pollen even if fertile
o Induced MS – use of chemicals

Germplasm:
the sum total of all hereditary materials in a single (interbreeding) species
o Source of genetic variation for use in breeding; lifeblood of PB

o 5 major types of germplasm:
1. advanced (elite) germplasm
2. improved germplasm
3. landraces
4. wild or weedy relatives
5. genetic stocks

Germplasm:
o 3 major sources of variability for PB

1. domesticated plants: commercial varieties, breeding
materials, landraces, plant introductions (PIs), genetic
stock
2. undomesticated plants
3. other species or genera

Germplasm:
o Source of genetic variation for use in breeding

o Lifeblood of PB; GV = raw material for PB
o Types of variation among plants: genetic, environmental, GxE;
P=G+E+GxE
o Origins of genetic variation: genetic recombination, ploidy
modifications, mutation, & transposable elements (transposons
or “jumping genes”),

o Germplasm erosion: decline of genetic erosion due to loss of
genetic materials either due to natural or artificial factors
o Crop vulnerability: susceptibility to biotic & abiotic stresses due to
genetic similarity
o Plant genetic resources (PGR) conservation: PGRFA (PGR for
Food & Agriculture): in situ (onsite) or ex situ (off site)
E.g. of ex situ conservation: seed genebanks, field genebanks,
cryopreservation, in vitro culture, DNA storage, pollen storage, home
gardens
E.g. of in situ conservation: heritage parks, protected areas, on-farm

Svalbard Global
Seed Vault
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/KhRox1nXJWI/hqdefault.jpg

Some Important Concepts in PB
1. Inbreeding depression = poor performance because of similarity
in genes
2. Heterosis or hybrid vigor = superior performance of F1 than either
or both parents
3. Combining ability
4. Genetic gain
5. Wide hybridization = interspecific or intergeneric cross
6. Mutagenesis
7. Polyploidy = more than 2 sets of chromosomes
8. Gene pyramiding

Biotechnology in PB
 Study of tools from living organisms
 Use of techniques based on living systems to make products or
improve species
 E.g. use of microbes in fermentation
 Genetic engineering, a modern biotech
 Recombinant DNA technology (rDNA) – transfer of genes from
other organisms
 Molecular breeding: an array of tools for manipulating the DNA of
plants to improve them for specific use(s)
 Genetics vs. genomics (study of all genes of an individual
organism)
6 Types of cultivars that PBs develop:
1. pure-line cultivars = for highly self-pollinated species;
homogeneous & homozygous genetic structure; narrow genetic
base
2. open-pollinated cultivars = contrast to PLCs; for naturally CP
crops; heterogeneous & heterozygous genetic structure; 2 basic
types of OPCs (developed by recurrent selection & other is
synthetic cultivar from planned matings); broad genetic base
3. hybrid cultivars = produced by crossing inbred lines to produce
hybrids with superior vigor than parents; exploits hybrid vigor (or
heterosis); homogeneous but heterozygous genetic structure
6 Types of cultivars that PBs develop:
4. clonal cultivars = for asexually propagated crops; identical &
homogenous but highly heterozygous genotypes; F1 heterosis is
preserved by clonal propagation for some species
5. apomictic cultivars = apomixis is seed production without union of
sperm & egg cells; seeds are identical to mother plant; same
benefits as clonal cultivars; vegetative propagation through seeds;
common in perennial forage grasses
6. multilines = for SPCs; mixture of specially developed genotypes
called isolines (or near-isogenic lines); differ only in 1 single gene
(or a defined set of genes); usually for disease control
Classic Methods of Breeding SPS
 Mass selection: for a variable population; developed by Danish W.
Johansen (1903); oldest method
 Pure-line selection: also credited to W. Johansen; passive selection;
eliminates undesired genotypes
 Pedigree selection: also used for some CPCs; hybridization is done to
generate variability (for the base population); first described by HH
Lowe (1927)
 Bulk population: stringent artificial selection is done at later
generation; H. Nilsson-Ehle (Swedish) developed the method
 Single-seed descent: to speed up breeding program by rapidly
inbreeding a population; reduce loss of genotypes; proposed by CH
Goulden (1941)
Mass Selection vs Pure Line Selection
Line mixture
Mass selection Pure line selection
Single plant offsprings

Bulk of
phenotypically
similar plants
L1 L2 L3……. LN
Cultivar register
Register and market
and marketing
the best pure lines
Heterogenous cultivars Homogenous cultivars

104
Pedigree
Selection
during
inbreeding
Early
generations:
High heritability
traits
Late generations:
low heritability
traits
106
Bulk
Inbreed in bulk
to have homozygous
lines
Select superior lines

after F6
Crosses with no
high heritability
traits segregating
108
Single Seed Descent
Inbreed with one seed

from each plant in each
generation
Select superior line

after F6
Crosses with no
high heritability
traits segregating
109
Backcross
Breeding
- 1st proposed by
HV Harlan & MN
Pope in 1922;
gene
substitution; to
replace an
undesirable
gene

112
Backcross Breeding
Recovery of the recurrent parent genotype follows
this pattern:
% recurrent % donor
F1 50 50
BC1 75 25
BC2 87.5 12.5
BC3 93.7 6.3
BC4 96.9 3.1
BCm 1-(1/2)m+1 (1/2)m+1
113
Classic Methods of Breeding CPS
 Population improvement
 Intrapopulation improvement
 Interpopulation improvement

L: elite inbred B73;
R: elite inbred Mo17
C: B73 x Mo17 F1
Good, but it takes

many years to get
done 

Inbreeding – mating of individuals that are related by
descent, any system of mating that leads to an increase
in homozygosity; self-fertilization – most extreme & rapid form of
inbreeding
Consequences:
(1) increases homozygosity by bringing together identical
alleles at a locus;
(2) permits expression of recessive alleles previously masked
by a dominant allele in parents;
(3) when recessive alleles are unfavorable than dominant
alleles, overall desirability of individuals decreases
Population Improvement
i. Recurrent selection = designed to increase frequency of
desirable alleles for a particular QT character by frequent inter-
matings among superior genotypes within the population
ii. Multiple cross or convergent cross, produced by crossing pairs
of parents, then crossing pairs of F1s until all parents enter into a
common progeny
e.g. A x B CxD ExF GxH
AB x CD EF x GH
ABCD x EFGH
ABCDEFGH

Breeding methods for seed-propagated CPCs
= population improvement principles (i.e. increasing the
frequency of desirable genes)
1. Recurrent selection = involves repeated cycles of selection
 phenotypic RS (based on visual observation), or
 genotypic RS (based on progeny performance)
2.Mass selection = e.g. common practice of traditional
maize farmers

3. Half-sib selection with progeny test = plants or families
with a common parent (or pollen source) are selected
based from progeny performance rather than phenotypic
appearance
4. Half-sib selection with testcross = selection of half-sibs is
based on testcross performance rather than progeny
performance

5. Full-sib selection = crosses are made between selected pairs
of plants in the source population, & crossed seed are used
for progeny test & reconstituting the new population
6. Reciprocal recurrent selection = designed for corn breeders to
improve populations simultaneously for both GCA & SCA
RS for GCA = uses tester with a broad genetic base & identifies
mainly additive genetic effects
RS for SCA = relies on a tester with a narrow genetic base &
identifies both additive & non-additive gene action

7. Synthetic cultivar = an advanced generation of a
(seed) mixture of strains, clones, inbreds, or hybrids
among them; propagated for a number of limited
generations by open-pollination

Other strategies:
1.Polycross procedure – for population formation by
hybridization; to intercross parents as equally as possible &
obtain a similar genetic contribution from each parent in
the population that is formed
2. Topcross (or testcross) = to determine GCA
3. Diallel cross = mating a group of genotypes in all
possible combinations
4. Reciprocal cross: AxB & BxA
Cross-pollinated Crops
o Breeding of CP species exploits heterozygous nature of
individual plants
o In every generation, genes are reshuffled & regrouped into new
combinations
o PB focuses on the population as a whole & not on individual plants,
with more emphasis on quantitative inheritance
o due to extensive heterozygosity, there is an abundance of
phenotypic variation

Polygenic Traits & Selection
• controlled by many genes, each

contributes a small amount to the
phenotype; grain yield is a good
example:
• respond well to selection

• selection means using the best seeds
to start the next generation.
• If done consistently, the crop slowly
improves over many generations.

Breeding methods for clonally-propagated CPCs
Clone = vegetatively propagated plant population of genetically
identical plants
e.g. sugarcane, potato, sweet potato, cassava, taro, bermuda grass
1. Germplasm assembly and maintenance
2. Clonal selection
3. Hybridization = sexual reproduction is necessary to create
genetic variability through gene recombination
4. Selection

Breeding Hybrid Cultivars
Hybrid cultivars = 1st generation offspring of a cross between inbred parent
lines (homozygous) with different genotypes
HC is produced in 3 steps:
1. Development of inbred lines, normally by several generations of
inbreeding in a natural or segregating population of a CP species
2. Crossing pairs of unrelated lines to produce a single-cross F1 hybrid
cultivar with many heterozygous loci
3. Producing seed of the single-cross hybrid cultivar for distribution to
grower
6 Types of Hybrid Seeds
= function of number of parents (P) involved & the
relationship among parents
• Single cross P1 x P2
• Modified single cross (P1* x P1) x P2
• Double modified single cross (P1* x P1) x (P2* x P2)
• Three-way cross P1 x P2 x P3
• Modified three-way cross (P1 x P2) x (P3* x P3)
• Double cross (P1 x P2) x (P3 x P4)
CMS system:
rf F/S
N rf S Rf
B Line A Line R Line
RfRf F/S
rfrf N rfrf S RfRf S
B Line (F) A Line

All Rights (S)
Reserved © 2013.Hybrid (F)
JMJamago R Line (F)
Seed Certification Process
1. Application for certification (National Seed Quality Control
Services, NSQCS)
2. Source of seed
3. Site selection
4. Management in the field
5. Field inspection
6. Harvesting and processing

General Operations of the Seed Industry
1. Seed development
2. Seed production
3. Seed conditioning (preparing/readying the seed for market)
4. Seed marketing & distribution

Seed Testing | rules are developed & published by the
International Seed Testing Association (ISTA)
1. Seed germination test (viability)

2. Purity test
3. Vigor testing (accelerated aging technique)
4. Seed health
5. Noxious weed seed
AA: seeds subjected to high temp bet 40 to 45 oC, high humidity then
germination test

Production of conventional seed
1. Site selection
2. Field preparation
3. Management
4. Harvesting
5. Drying & storage
6. Conditioning
7. Packaging

Tagging Commercial Seed (US)
1. White = breeder or foundation seed

2. Purple = registered seed
3. Blue = certified seed
4. Green = for some uncertified seeds but have met the quality
standards

Tagging Commercial Seed (PHL)
1. White = breeder seed

2. Red = foundation seed
3. Green = registered seed
4. Blue = certified seed
5. (Yellow = for some uncertified seeds but have met the quality
standards)

NSQCS or National Seed Quality Control Services of
NSIC-BPI –DA: guidelines, rules, policies and other
protocols for seed certification
TWG on Seed Production, Storage & Distribution:

formulates guidelines, policies, IRR and recommends
pricing of seeds (planting materials) of crops

Hard does not mean impossible.

RB Cagmat Review Center-Cs-Plant Breeding

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RB Cagmat Review Center-Cs-Plant Breeding

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

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Plant Breeding | Applied Genetics |

Crop Improvement | Crop Engineering

Dr. Joy Membreve Jamago

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

Diploid vs. tetraploid daylilies

Diploid vs. octoploid strawberries

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JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

Some Prominent Filipino PBs

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

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(Poehlman and Sleper, 1995)

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

*Trivia: 3rd US President who was a great promoter of introducing

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

*previously, Philippine Seed Board (PSB)

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Good, but it takes

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

Humans have modified (changed) crops since the

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

http://www.teamcssi.com/images/grass.jpg JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

http://www.teamcssi.com/images/grass.jpg JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

P = Phenotype | G = Genotype | E = Environment

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JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

 Mode of reproduction: determines suitable method of

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

Gametophytic – more widespread, incompatible of pollen have

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

o Source of genetic variation for use in breeding; lifeblood of PB

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

o 3 major sources of variability for PB

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

o Source of genetic variation for use in breeding

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU

Single plant offsprings

Heterogenous cultivars Homogenous cultivars

Select superior lines

Inbreed with one seed

Select superior line

JMJamago © 2016 DAPB|CA|CMU