1.

Vacutainer tubes in low temperature Increased volume of blood aspirated

2. UV light source Mercury/Sodium vapour lamp
Xenon lamp
Deuterium/Hydrogen lamp
3. Visible to near infrared Tungsten
4. Visible and UV Mercury/Sodium vapour lamp
Hollow cathode lamp (AAS)
5. Osmolal gap
mOsm= 2 Na + Glucose + BUN
5-10 mOsm/kg (Bishop)
kg 20 3
0-10 mOsm/kg (L&R, Polansky)
6. Low anion gap Decrease in unmeasured anion, increase in unmeasured
cation
7. Enzyme that is significant when decreased Cholinesterase
TOTAL CHOLESTEROL Desirable: <200
Borderline high: 200-239
High: ≥240
LDL-CHOLESTEROL Optimal: <100
Near-optimal: 100-129
Borderline high: 130-159
High: 160-189
Very high: ≥190
HDL CHOLESTEROL Low: <40
High: ≥60
TAG Normal: <150
Borderline high: 150-199
High: 200 – 499
Very high: ≥500
8. Disinfection of centrifuge Done weekly
9. Analyte that assess liver synthesis and renal
Albumin
excretion
10. Body mass index Underwieght: <18.5kg/m2
Normal: 18.5-24.9kg/m2
Overweight: 25-29.9 kg/m2
Obese: ≥30 kg/m2
11. Increased plasma renin results to Hypertension
12. Separates colloid from crystalloid Utrafiltration/Dialysis
13. Glomerula Filtration: Cockgroft-gault:
A. Clearance Tests: CrCl = (140-age) (body wt. in kg)
1. Urea – old 72 x serum crea (mg/dl)
2. Creatinine – most common *** multiply to 0.085 if female
3. Inulin – gold standard/reference method
MDRD-IDMS:
GFR = 175 x serum crea-1154 x age-0.203
*** multiply to 0.742 if female
*** multiply to 1.202 if African/American
14. Tubular reabsorption test: A. Concentration test
1. Fishberg (obsolete): no water intake for 24 hours
(SG = 1.026)
2. Mosenthal(obsolete): compares the SG of day and
night
urine samples
15. ≥50mg/dl ascorbic acid may inhibit reaction Glucose
16. Oxidizing contaminants, ≥5mg/dl ascorbic
Blood
acid may inhibit reaction
17. ≥25mg/dl of ascorbic acid may inhibit
Nitrite
reaction
18. Anticoagulant for synovial fluid Liquid heparin
 ***Powdered AC should not be used because they may
produce artifacts that interfere with crystal analysis
19. Stain for neutral fat 95% ethanol with Sudan III
20. MANY sperm in urine of male Report as it may have significance
21. In parasitology lab, how many stool samples
3 stool samples
are needed to be examined?
22. Metachromatic stain Stain for mucopolysaccharides
(+) blue spot
23. ROWR: RBC, OFC, WBC, RTE Average/10 HPF
24. CrAbCa: abnormal crystals, casts Average/10 LPF
25. TTBYN: Transitional EC, Trichomonas, Bacteria,
Rare, few, moderate, many/ HPF
Yeasts, Normal crystals
26. MucuSECS: Mucus strands, Squamous EC Rare, few, moderare, many/ LPF
27. Sperm motility grading:
4 ------ a ------- Rapid, straight line motility -------- mobile, strong linear progression
3 ------ b ------- slower speed, some lateral movement ----- Mobile, moderate linear progression
2 ------ b ------- slow forward progression, noticeable lateral movement --- Mobile, slow non-directional
motility
1 ------ c ------- no forward progression ------ Mobile, no forward progression
0 ---- d ------- no movement ------- immobile

28. SUMMARY OF URINARY CRYSTALS

CRYSTAL pH COLOR SOLUBILITY
Cystine Acid Colorless Ammonia, dilute HCl
Cholesterol Acid Colorless, notched Chloroform
rectangles
Leucine Acid, neutral Yellow Alkali and heat, alcohol
Tyrosine Acid, neutral Colorless-yellow Alkali or heat
Bilirubin Acid Yellow Acetic acid, HCl NaOH,
ether, chloroform,
acetone
Sulfonamides Acid, neutral Colorless, yellow-brown
Ampicillin Acid, neutral Colorless
Radiographic dye Acid Colorless
29. Calcium phosphates vs. Sulfonamides Urine + dilute acetic acid
Calcium phos = soluble
Sulfonamides = insoluble
30. Urine transported in ice pack produced pink Warm the urine
precipitate. What is the remedy? *** Pink precipitate = amorphous urates
***White precipitate = amorphous phosphate
31. Gastric acid secretion G cells ---food- Gastrin - Parietal cells -- HCl
HCl - pepsinogen to pepsin
***pepsin then digests proteins
32. Pernicious anemia Achlorhydria/Anacidity (No HCl)
BAO: MAO = 0 Anti-parietal cell Ab
Anti-IF Ab
33. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Hyperchlorhydria/Hyperacidity
Highest BAO:MAO Non-beta islet cell adenoma of pancreas
Malignant; produces gastrin
34. Sperm concentration ***Sperm/ul = sperm counted x DF (20) x area factor (1/2) x
depth factor (10)
***Sperm/ml = sperm/ul x 1,000
35. Sperm count Sperm/ejaculate = sperm concentration (sperm/ml) x
specimen volume (ml)
36. Sigma by Counting Methodology
Sigma Defects per Efficiency Performance
Level/Metric million (DPM)
 1 sigma 690, 000 31.0000% Poor
2 sigma 308,000 69.2000% Poor
3 sigma 66,800 93.3200% Good
4 sigma 6,210 99.3790% Good
5 sigma 200 99.9770% Excellent
6 sigma 3.4 99.9997% World Class
37. BIOSAFETY CABINETS
TYPE AIRFLOW
CLASS I In at front, rear and top through HEPA filter
CLASS IIa 70% reticulated through HEPA, exhaust through HEPA
CLASS IIb-1 30% reticulated through HEPA, exhaust via HEPA and
hard-ducted
CLASS IIb-2 No recirculation: total exhaust via HEPA and hard-
ducted
CLASS B3(now designated Class Same as IIA, but is surrounded by plenums under
IIA2) negative pressure
CLASS III Exhaust air is incinerated and HEPA filtered or double
HEPA filtered (2 HEPA filters) prior to being exhausted)
38. Hyponatremia (<135mmol/L)
Increased Sodium loss Increased H2O retention Water imbalance
Hypoadrenalsim Renal failure Excess water intake
Potassium deficiency Nephrotic syndrome SIADH
Diuretic use Hepatic cirrhosis Pseudohyponatremia
Ketonuria Congestive Heart failure
Salt-losing nephropathy
Prolonged vomiting or
diarrhea
Severe burns
Hyponatremia can also be classified according to plasma/serum osmolality