RADAR Navigation, Radar Plotting and

use of ARPA
Model Course – 1.07.

14. Radar Navigation, Radar Plotting

Plotting
Course Framework

1. Aims
The course provides training in the basic theory and use of radar for officers in charge of a navigational
watch. It is based in the guidance on training in radar observation and plotting and un the operational use of
ARPA in section B-I/12 of the international convention on standards of training, certification and
watchkeeping for seagarers, as amended in STCW. This model course aims to meet the minimum training
standations annexed to resolutions A.482 (XII) and A.483 (XII) adopted by IMO in 1981.
The course also covers the recognition of critical targets, the measurement of bearings and distances, and
the use of these for fixing the ship’s position and maintaining a plot of the movement of other ships as an aid to
collision avoidance. Exercises in the application of the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea
(COLREG) make use of the resulting plots.

2. Objectives
Objectives
A trainee successfully completing this course and meeting the required performance standards will
recognize when radar should be in use; will select a suitable mode and range setting for the circumstances; will
be able to set the controls for optimal performance; and will be aware of the limitations of the equipment in
detecting targets and in terms of accuracy.
When within range of the coast, the trainee will be able to compare the radar display with the chart, select
suitable conspicuous land targets and use these targets to his position.

3. Entry standards
standards
The course is designated both for candidates for certification as officers in charge of a navigational watch.
Before entering the course, trainees should have completed a minimum period of six months at sea and
preferably have dained some experience of bridge warchkeeping.
Trainee officers for certification as officer in charge of a navigational watch should have completed, or be
following a planned and structured programme of training. Shipboard training should include tasks or projects
relating to bridge work and watchkeeping duties. Instructors may find evidence of the standard attained by
trainees in the prospective officer’s training record book.
The course would also be of value to others using radar, e.g. those working in such craft as harbor and
customs patrol launches, in which case the entry standards may be adjusted to suit the particular
circumstances. However, the intake of trainees for each course should normally have similar backgrounds.

4. Course certificate
On successful completion of the course and assessments, a document may be issued certifying that the holder
has successfully completed a curse of training which meets or exceeds the level of knowledge and competence
specified in table A-II/1 of STCW.
A certificate may be issued only by centres approved by the administration.

5. Course intake limitations

Course intake should be limited to not more than two or three trainees per available radar display to allow
each trainee sufficient practice in the operation of the equipment.

6. Staff requirements
 RADAR Navigation, Radar Plotting and
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Model Course – 1.07.

The instructor shall have appropriate training in instructional techniques and training methpds (STCW
Code section A-I/6). Depending on the complexity of the exercises set, an assistant instructor with similar
experience is desirable if more than four own-ship stations are in use for practical exervises.

7. Training facilities and equipment

The course requires a marine radar simulator with an instructor station and sufficient own-ship displays to
accommodate the munber of trainees.
The equipment must incorporate at least two-ship stations (STCW code A-I/12 part 1 paragraph 4.3). it
must be capable of simulating the operational capabilities of navigational radar equipment which meets all
applicable performance standards of IMO. The performance standards for radar equipment are given in
Assembly resolutions A.222(VII), A.278(VIII), A.477(XII) and A.832(19).
A plotting table, plotting charts and instruments should be provided adjacent to each set. A classroom
equipped with a blackboard or flipchart and an overchead projector, slide projector or viewgraph, as
appropriate, is also needed for teaching the theoretical part of the course.
 RADAR Navigation, Radar Plotting and
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Model Course – 1.07.

Function: Navigation at the Operational Level

Competence: Use of radar and ARPA to maintain safety of navigation

Course Outline
Knowledge, understanding and proficiency Lecture Demonstration Simulator
Hours ours Hours
1. Describe the Basic Theory and Operation of a Marine Radar System
1.1 Fundamental principles of radar 4,0 1.0
1.2 Safe distances 0,25
1.3 Radiation hazards and precautions 0,25
1.4 Characteristics of radar sets and factors affecting performance 3,0
1.5 Factors external to the radar set affecting detection 2,0
1.6 Factors which might cause faulty interpretation 1,0
1.7 Performance standards – Resolution A.477(XII) 1,0
Total 11.5 1.0
2. Set Up and Operate Radar in Accordance with Manufacturer
instructions
2.1 Set up and maintain radar display 2.0 2.0 1.0
2. 2 Measure ranges and bearings 1.0 1.0 1.0
Total 3.0 3.0 2.0
3. Perform Manual Radar Plotting
3.1 Construct the relative motion triangle 2.0 0.5
3.2 Determine course, speed and aspect of other ships 2.0 1.0
3.3 Determine CPA and TCPA 1.0 1.0
3.4 Recognize the effect of course and speed changes 1.0 1.0
3.5 Report radar plot data 0,5 1.0
Total 6.5 0.5 4.0
4. Use Radar to Ensure Safe Navigation
4.1 Fix vessels position by radar 0,5 1,0
4.2 Identify aids to radar navigation and safety 0,5
4.3 Use parallel indexing in radar navigation 1.0 1.0 1.0
Total 2.0 1.0 2.0
5. Use Radar to Avoid Collisions or Close Encounters
5.1 Application of COLREGS to avoid collision or close encounters 2.0 4.0
Total 2.0 4.0
Subtotal 1-5 (Radar Navigation and Radar Plotting) 25.0 5.5 12.0
6. Describe an ARPA System
6.1 ARPA system display characteristics 0.5
6.2 IMO performance standards for ARPA 0.5
6.3 Acquisition of targets 0.25
6.4 Tracking capabilities and limitations 0.25 0.2
6.5 Processing delays 0,5
Total 2.0 0.2
7. Operate an ARPA System
7.1 Set up and maintain an ARPA display 0.5
7.2 Obtain target information 0.5
7.3 Errors of interpretation of target data 1.0
7.4 Errors in displayed data identified and explained 1.5 0.5
7.5 System operational tests to determine data accuracy
7.6 Risks of over-reliance on ARPA 0.5
7.7 Obtain information from ARPA displays 0.5
7.8 Application of COLREGS 1.0 14.0
Total 4.0 16.0
Subtotals 6-7 (Use of ARPA) 6.0 0.0 18.0
Totals 1-7 (Whole course) 31.0 5.5 30.0
TOTAL 66.5
Since required performance 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5 and 7.3. 7.6 7.7 and 7.8 are handled simultaneously, it is impractical to recommend separate simulator time
for each performance element.
The lecture hours and simulator hours are for guidance only. Instructors may wish to reduce the time allocated to lectures, and uncrease the time spent
on demonstrations and the simulator depending on the needs of the trainees.

Function: Navigation at the Operational Level

 RADAR Navigation, Radar Plotting and
use of ARPA
Model Course – 1.07.

Competence: Use of radar and ARPA to maintain safety of navigation

Course Outline
Knowledge, understanding and proficiency Lecture Demonstration Simulator
Hours ours Hours
8. Describe the Basic Theory and Operation of a Marine Radar System
1.1 Fundamental principles of radar 0.5 1.0
1.2 Safe distances 0,0
1.3 Radiation hazards and precautions 0,0 1.0
1.4 Characteristics of radar sets and factors affecting performance
0,5
1.5 Factors external to the radar set affecting detection
1.6 Factors which might cause faulty interpretation 1,0 0.5
1.7 Performance standards – Resolution A.477(XII)
Total 2.0 1.0 2.5
9. Set Up and Operate Radar in Accordance with Manufacturer
instructions
2.1 Set up and maintain radar display 0.5 1.0 0.5
2. 2 Measure ranges and bearings 0.5 0.5 0.5
Total 1.0 1.5 1.0
10. Perform Manual Radar Plotting
3.1 Construct the relative motion triangle 1.0 0.5
3.2 Determine course, speed and aspect of other ships 1.0 1.0
3.3 Determine CPA and TCPA 0.5 1.0
3.4 Recognize the effect of course and speed changes 1.0
1.0
3.5 Report radar plot data 1.0
0,5
Total 4.0 0.5 2.0
11. Use Radar to Ensure Safe Navigation
4.1 Fix vessels position by radar 0,5 0,5
4.2 Identify aids to radar navigation and safety 0,5
4.3 Use parallel indexing in radar navigation 1.0 1.0 0.5
Total 2.0 1.0 1.0
12. Use Radar to Avoid Collisions or Close Encounters
5.1 Application of COLREGS to avoid collision or close encounters 1.0 1.0
Total 1.0 1.0
Subtotal 1-5 (Radar Navigation and Radar Plotting) 10.0
10 3.0
0 2.5
13. Describe an ARPA System
6.1 ARPA system display characteristics 0.5 1.0
6.2 IMO performance standards for ARPA 0.5
6.3 Acquisition of targets 0.25
6.4 Tracking capabilities and limitations 0.25 1.0
6.5 Processing delays 0,5
Total 2.0 2.0
14. Operate an ARPA System
14.1 Set up and maintain an ARPA display 0.0
14.2 Obtain target information 0.5
14.3 Errors of interpretation of target data 1.0
14.4 Errors in displayed data identified and explained 1.5 1.0
14.5 System operational tests to determine data accuracy
14.6 Risks of over-reliance on ARPA 1.0
14.7 Obtain information from ARPA displays 0.5
14.8 Application of COLREGS 1.0
Total 4.0 2.5
Subtotals 6-7 (Use of ARPA) 5.0 3.0 5
4.5
Totals 1-7 (Whole course) 15.0
15 3.0 12.0
TOTAL 30.0
Since required performance 6.3, 6.4 and 6.5 and 7.3. 7.6 7.7 and 7.8 are handled simultaneously, it is
impractical to recommend separate simulator time for each performance element.
 RADAR Navigation, Radar Plotting and
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Model Course – 1.07.

The lecture hours and simulator hours are for guidance only. Instructors may wish to reduce the time
allocated to lectures, and uncrease the time spent on demonstrations and the simulator depending on
the needs of the trainees.

Course Timetable – Example

Day
Day 1st period 2nd period 3 rd period 4 th period
(11/2 hours)
hours) (11/2 hours)
hours) (11/2 hours)
hours) (11/2 hours)
hours)

Day
Day 1 1. Fundamental 1.1 Fundamental 1.1 Fundamental 1.1 Fundamental
Theory principles (continued) principles (continued) principles (continued)
1.2 Safe distances
1.3 Radiation hazards
1.4 Radar set
characteristics
Day
Day 2 1.4 Radar set 1.4 Radar set 1.5 External Factors 1.6 Factors which
characteristics characteristics affecting detection might cause faulty
(continued) (continued) interpretation
1.5 External Factors 1.7 Performance
affecting detection standards
Day
Day 3 2. Set Up and 2.1 Set up and 2.1 Set up and 2.1 Set up and
Manufacturer maintain radar display maintain radar display maintain radar
instructions (continued) (continued) display (continued)
2.1 Set up and
maintain radar
display
Day
Day 4 2. 2 Measure ranges 2. 2 Measure ranges 3.1 relative motion 3.2 Determine course,
and bearings and bearings (continued) speed and aspect of
3. Plotting other ships
3.1 relative motion
Day
Day 5 3.2 Determine 3.2 Determine course, 3.3 Determine CPA 3.4 Recognize the
course, speed and speed and aspect of and TCPA effect of course and
aspect of other ships other ships 3.4 Recognize the speed changes
3.3 Determine CPA effect of course and
and TCPA speed changes
Day
Day 6 3.5 Report radar 4. Use Radar to 4.2 Identify aids to 4.3 Use parallel
plot data Ensure Safe radar navigation and indexing in radar
Navigation safety navigation
4.1 Fix vessels 4.3 Use parallel (continued)
position by radar indexing in radar
navigation
Day
Day 7 4.3 Use parallel 5.1 Application of 5.1 Application of 5.1 Application of
indexing in radar COLREGS to avoid COLREGS to avoid COLREGS to avoid
navigation collision or close collision or close collision or close
(continued) encounters encounters encounters
5. Use Radar to
Avoid Collisions or
Close Encounters
5.1 Application of
COLREGS to avoid
collision or close
encounters
Day
Day 8 5.1 Application of 6. Review and Final 6. Review and Final 6. Review and Final
COLREGS to avoid Assessment Assessment Assessment
collision or close (continued) (continued) (continued)
encounters
6. Review and Final
Assessment
 RADAR Navigation, Radar Plotting and
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Model Course – 1.07.

Used literature:

1. Manual for instructor

2. Video CD
3. ARPA - video materials
4. Manual for using maneuvering sheets
5. Using ARPA for safe navigation
6. Manual for navigator E.Bogavichenko
7. www. Moryak.BIZ
 RADAR Navigation, Radar Plotting and
use of ARPA
Model Course – 1.07.

Part C1: Detailed Teaching Syllabus introduction

introduction

Radar Navigation, Radar Plo

Plotting and use of ARPA

Knowledge, understanding
understanding and proficiency
1. Descried the Basic Theory and Operation of a Marine Radar System (12, 5 hours)
Required performance:
1.1 Fundamental principles of radar are described
described correctly (5 hours)
.1 explains the principles of range and bearing measurement
.2 states the function and sitting of components
Required performance:
1.2 Safe distances are explained correctly (0.25 hour)
.1 explains the importance of not storing radar spares nearer to magnetic compasses than the specified safe
distances
Required performance:
1.3 radiation hazards and precautions are stated correctly (0.25 hour)
.1 states the safety precautions necessary in the vicinity of open equipment and the radiation hazard near antennae
and open waveguides
Required performance:
1.4
.4 characteristics of radar sets and factors affecting performance and accuracy are explained with reference to
detection of targets (3 hours)
.1 states the relationship between maximum range and pulse recurrence frequency
.2 states the relationship between detection range and transmitted energy (power and pulse length)
.3 states the relationship between minimum range and pulse length
.4 explains the effects on bearing and range accuracy of beam width, heading marker error, centring error, yawing,
parallax, variable range marker, gyro error
.5 explains the effects on bearing and range discrimination of beam width, sport size, plan position indicator tube
size, pulse length, gain
Required
Required performance:
1.5 factors external to the radar set affecting radar detection are clearly identified (2 hours)
.1 uses the equation for the distance to the radar horizon and explains the relationship between antenna location
and detection ranges
.2 explains the effect of variations in refraction on radar detection range (super refraction, sub refraction, surface
duct, elevated duct)
.3 states the effect of precipitation on radar detection ranges (rain, hail, snow, fog)
.4 identifies blind areas and shadow areas, permanent blind and shadow sectors and their relationships to the
antenna location
.5 states how characteristics of targets influence their detection range (aspect, shape, composition, size)
.6 explains how clutter may mask targets (sea clutter, rain clutter)
Required performance:
1.6 Factors which might cause faulty interpretation of the radar picture are correctly identified and explained (1
hours)
.1 explains the cause and effect of interference
.2 explains the cause and effect of side echoes
.3 explains the cause and effect of indirect echoes
.4 explains the cause and effect of multiple echoes
.5 explains the cause and effect of second trace echoes
.6 states the effect on radar performance of power lines and bridges crossing rivers and estuaries
.7 explains the effect of the ship in seaway
Required performance:
1.7 Performance standards for radar equipments are outlined the context of resolution A.477 (XII) (1 hours)
.1 lists the performance standards contained in Res. A.477(XII)
.2 states required accuracy (range and bearing measurement)
 RADAR Navigation, Radar Plotting and
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Model Course – 1.07.

.3 states required discrimination (range and bearing)

2. Set Up and Operate Radar in Accordance with Manufacturer’s Instructions (8 hours)
Required performance:
2.1 set up and maintain optimum radar display
display (5 hours)
.1 operates main controls (power, antenna)
.2 operates transmitter controls (standby/transit, pulse length, PRF)
.3 adjusts receiver controls to give an optimal picture (tuning, gain, linear/logarithmic gain, sensitivity time control,
fast time control)
.4 adjusts display controls (brilliance, illumination, focus, shift, range selector, range ring, VSM, EBM, mechanical
cursor, heading marker, clearscan, anti-clutter )
.5 demonstrates correct order of making adjustments and states the criteria for optimum setting of the controls
.6 states that small or poor echoes may escape detection
.7 describes the effects of saturation by receiver noise
.8 states the importance of frequent changes in range scale
.9 identifies different types of display mode (true motion, relative motion – unstabilized, relative motion –
stabilized, north up, course up, ship’s head up )
.10 explains the advantages and limitations of the different types of display mode
.11 explains the need for compass input for relative stabilized display, and compass and log input for true motion
display
.12 identifies effects of transmitting compass error on stabilized and true motion display
.13 identifies effects of transmitting log error on true motion display manual speed input error
.14 operates special controls (presentation, speed, re-set, course made good correction, compass repeater)
.15 identifies maladjusted controls and explains their effects and dangers
.16 detects and corrects maladjustments
.17 states effects of incorrect speed setting and CMG correction on true motion displays
.18 describes the purpose and use of the performance monitor
.19 records radar date: (performance monitor readings modifications, blind and shadow sector diagram)
.20 explains how propagation conditions can affect target detection
Required performance:
2.2 Measure ranges and bearings accurately (3 hours)
.1 states methods and accuracy of measuring ranges (fixed range markers, VRM )
.2 measures ranges with emphasis on accuracy
.3 explains the methods and accuracies of measuring bearings (rotatable cursor, EBL)
.4 measures bearings with emphasis on accuracy
.5 checks and corrects error in range and bearing
3. Perform Manual Radar Plotting (11 hours)
Required performance:
3.1 Construct the relative motion triangle (2.5 hours)
.1 explains a relative motion triangle, various vectors and angles
.2 constructs a relative motion on a plotting chat
.3 constructs a relative motion triangle on a reflection plotter, where available

Required performance:
3.2 Determine the course, speed and aspect of other ships (3 hours)
.1 determines course, speed and aspects of other ships from a relative presentation (stabilised and unstabilised )
.2 determines course, speed and aspect of other ships from a true presentation
.3 takes ranges and bearings at frequent, regular intervals
.4 states the factors affecting the accuracy of derived course, speed and aspect
.5 determines set and rate of current from observations of fixed target
.6 explains the track made over the ground by own ship
Required performance:
3.3 Determine the closest point of approach (CPA) and time to closest approach (TCPA) (2 hours)
.1 determines CPA and TCPA with relative presentation (stabilized and unstabilisad)
.2 determines CPA and TCPA with true presentation
.3 states the factors affecting the accuracy of CPA and TCPA obtained by plotting
Required performance:
3.4 Recognise the effect of course and speed changes(2 hours)
 RADAR Navigation, Radar Plotting and
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Model Course – 1.07.

.1 recognizes the effects of changes of course and/or speed by other ships

.2 compares between visual and radar observations
.3 explains the delay between change in the course or speed and detection of that change
.4 states the advantages of compass stabilization of a relative display
.5 explains the effect of changes in own-ship course or speed on the observed movement of targets (stabilized
re/true; or unstabilised)
.6 states the hazards of small changes of course and/or speed in relation to accuracy and direction
Required performance:
3. 5Report radar plot data (1,5 hours)
.1 makes a report stating the elements: bearing, range, CPA, TCPA, course, aspect, speed
4. Use Radar to Ensure Safe Navigation (5 hours)
Required performance:
4.1 Fix a vessel’s position by radar (1,5 hours)
.1 states the characteristics of good, radar conspicuous objects
.2 states the characteristics of objects which give poor radar responses
.3 fixes the position fixing based on radar bearing and radar ranges
.4 explains possible errors and how to minimize them
.5 cross checks the accuracy of radar against other navigational aids
.6 compares features displayed by radar with charted features
Required performance:
4.2 identify aids to radar navigation and safety (0,5 hours)
.1 passive aids (corner reflector) (recognition and use)
.2 active aids (ramark, recon, echo enhancers, transponders) (recognition and use)
.3 SARTS (recognition and use)
.4 data source information on active and passive aids
Required performance:
4.3 Use parallel indexing technique in radar navigation (3 hours)
.1 sets up and uses a PI line by electronic means
.2 constructs and uses a PI line on a reflection plotter, where fitted
.3 takes correct action when an echo departs from the PI line
.4 uses more than one PI line
.5 constructs and uses lines for two range scales (construction and use)
.6 states the importance of “wheel over”
.7 demonstrates use of “wheel over”
.8 states the importance of safety margins
.9 demonstrates use of safety margins
.10 interprets real motion of vessel from a tracked echo
.11 takes appropriate action to counteract for current:
- On a straight course
- When vessel of manoeuvring
.12 demonstrates use of a line of turn
.13 constructs and uses PI for radial turns
5. Use Radar to Avoid Collisions or Close Encounters (6 hours)
Required performance:
5.1 Apply
Apply COLREG to avoid collision or close encounter (6 hours)
.1 uses the radar as a means of lookout, and states importance of continuous plotting
.2 lists the factors which determine a safe speed, with emphasis on factors related to radar
.3 lists factors which provide a good plot to avoid collision /close encounter
.4 makes substantial alteration of course or speed to avoid collision/close encounter
.5 states times when radar is to be used in clear weather by day, at night when are indications that visibility may
deteriorate, and at all times in congested waters
6. Describe an ARPA System

Required performance:
6.1 ARPA systems display characteristics are described correctly (0, 5 hours)
.1 decribes different display characteristics:
 RADAR Navigation, Radar Plotting and
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Model Course – 1.07.

- Vectors
- Graphics
- Digital read-out
- Potential points of collision (PPC)
- Predicted areas of danger (PAD)
.2 describes different ways in which targets may be acquired

Required performance:
6.2 IMO performance standards for automatic radar plotting aids (ARPA) are outlined correctly (0.5 hour)
.1 states IMO performance standards for ARPA relating to accuracy
.2 states the equipments for acquisition and tracking of targets
.3 lists operational warnings required
.4 states which data which should be available in alphanumeric form
.5 describes the effects of sensor errors for ARPA equipment complying with IMO performance standards
.6 states the performance standards for gyro and log inputs
.7 states the performance standards for range and bearing accuracy and discrimination of radar
Required performance:
6.3 Criteria for acquisition of targets are outlined correctly (1 hour)
.1 states the criteria for target acquisition
.2 states the criteria for automatic selection of targets given in the set’s instruction manual
.3 lists the criteria to used for manual acquisition of targets
.4 states the maximum number of targets which may be acquired
.5 states that targets may be deleted if not posing a potential threat (when tracking limit has been reached)
.6 describes appropriate use of suppression of target acquisition over certain areas
.7 states that targets fist appearing closer than guard ring will not be acquired
Required performance:
6.4 Tracking capabilities and limitations are described correctly (1 hours)
.1 describes target tracking by ARPA
.2 describes how targets are lost and alarm activated
.3 states common circumstances leading to “target swop”
.4 describes the effect of “target swop” on displayed date
Required performance:
6.5 Processing delays are outlined correctly (1 hours)
.1 explains the delay in the display of processed ARPA date after target acquisition
.2 explains delay in the display of new date when the target ship manoeuvres
.3 states that there may be a delay of up to three minutes before full accuracy of derived information may be
attained after acquisition or manoeuvre of the target
7.Operate
7.Operate an ARPA System
Required performance:
7.1 Set up and maintain an ARPA display correctly (0,5 (0,5 hours)
.1 sets up an appropriate display presentation for the required task and current situation (stabilised relative motion
and true motion displays)
.2 adjusts radar controls for the optimum display of echoes
.3 uses log and gyro compass inputs
.4 manually selects, acquires and monitors critical targets
.5 sets up automatics acquisition and exclusion areas
.6 uses the appropriate time scale for vectors or graphics to produce information required
.7 identifies differences between information shown in des stabilized mode and ground stabilized mode
.8 Selects appropriate mode for the circumstances
.9 sets up echo-referencing in the true motion mode
Required performance:
7.2 Operate ARPA to obtain target information (0,5 hours)
.1operation display in true and relative modes to obtain true and relative vectors in each display mode
.2 states the benefits of switchings between true and relative vectors
.3 uses graphic display of PPCs and PADs
.4 determines threat of collision by forward extrapolation of vectors and by the use of PADs
.5 uses target history display
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Model Course – 1.07.

.6 uses trial manoeuvre (approximations depending on the model of own-ship manoeuvring characteristics)
.7 refers to equipment manual for a description of the manoeuvring characteristics model used
.8 sets and acknowledges operational warnings
.9 states benefits and limitations of operational warnings
.10 sets area rejection boundaries to avoid spurious interference
Required performance:
7.3 Outline possible errors of interpretation of target
target data
.1 identifies consistently vectors in the wrong mode (a common error)
.2 derives information from vectors with numeric display
.3 explains that re-acquired “lost target” may temporarily show a course and speed suggesting alteration when none
has occurred
.4 states date from PADs and PPCs displayed apply only to own-ship and targets do not indicate mutual threats
between targets
.5 states that the length of line from target to PAD or PPC is not an indicator of target speed
.6 states that history displays may not be in same mode as vectors
.7 states that a change of dissection in the relative history display does not necessarily imply that the target has
altered course
.8 explains that incorrect interpretation of ARPA may lead to dangerous misunderstanding
Required performance:
7.4 Factors which might cause errors in displayed date are identified date are identified and clearly explained (2
hours)
.1 identifies bearing errors in the radar installation due to:
- backlash
- ship motion
- asymmetrical antenna beam
- azimuth quantization
.2explains errors in range generated by:
- rolling of own-ship
- range quantization
.3 explains that unreliable indications are given when smoothing filter in the tracker combines with alterations in
own-ship course/speed
.4 explains the effects of heading and speed errors on derived information
.5 states that smoothness of the displayed history track is an indication of satisfactory tracking by ARPA
Required performance:
7.5 Use system operational tests to determine date accuracy (1 hours)
.1 uses self-diagnostic routines
.2 operates test programmes to check performance against known solutions
.3 demonstrates performance check, including trial manoeuvre by manual plotting
.4 takes correct action after malfunction of ARPA
Required performance:
7.6 Risks of over reliance an ARPA are identified and explained correctly (1 hours)
.1 demonstrates use of ARPA and explains the need to comply with basic principles in keeping a navigational
watch
.2 reacts correctly to operational alarms (new target, collision warning)
.3 avoids small predicted passing distances (CPA and bow crossing ranges)
.4 explains that sensor input alarms only operate on failure of input and do not respond to inaccurate inputs
Required performance:
7.7 Obtain information from ARPA displays
.1 obtains information in both true and relative modes
.2 identifies critical targets
.3 determines relative course and speed of targets
.4 determines CPA and TCPA of targets
.5 determines true course and aped of targets
.6 uses displays of past positions for detecting changes in course or
.7 uses trial manoeuvre facility to check validity of intended alteration of course and speed of target
.8 identifies effects of changes in own-ship course and/or speed
Required
Required performance:
 RADAR Navigation, Radar Plotting and
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Model Course – 1.07.

7.8 Apply COLREG to vessels in sight of each other and in restricted visibility
.1 takes correct action to avoid close quarters situations or potential collision situations
.2 monitors subsequent situation and resumes original course and speed only when safe to do so

Used :
1.Instructor manual
2.Video-cassette player
3.Manual book using arpa for safe navigation
4.VIDEO-DISK E.Bogavichenko “Manual for navigator”
5.Simulator Navy-trainee 5000,Tranzas marine
6.www. Moryak. biz
RADAR Navigation, Radar Plotting and
use of ARPA
Model Course – 1.07.