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R ES E A RC H

◥ early Holocene populations of Iran and South


RESEARCH ARTICLE SUMMARY Asia that we detect in outlier individuals from
two sites in cultural contact with the Indus
Valley Civilization (IVC), making it plausible
HUMAN EVOLUTION
that it was characteristic of the IVC. After the
IVC’s decline, this population mixed with north-
The formation of human populations ON OUR WEBSITE

western groups with Steppe
ancestry to form the “An-

in South and Central Asia Read the full article


at http://dx.doi.
cestral North Indians” (ANI)
and also mixed with south-
org/10.1126/ eastern groups to form the
Vagheesh M. Narasimhan et al. science.aat7487 “Ancestral South Indians”
..................................................
(ASI), whose direct descend-
RATIONALE: To elucidate the extent to which ically documented dispersal of domesticates ants today live in tribal groups in southern
the major cultural transformations of farming, was accompanied by the spread of people from India. Mixtures of these two post-IVC groups—
pastoralism, and shifts in the distribution of multiple centers of domestication. the ANI and ASI—drive the main gradient of
languages in Eurasia were accompanied by The main population of the BMAC carried no genetic variation in South Asia today.
movement of people, we report genome-wide ancestry from Steppe pastoralists and did not
ancient DNA data from 523 individuals span- contribute substantially to later South Asians. CONCLUSION: Earlier work recorded mas-
ning the last 8000 years, mostly from Central However, Steppe pastoralist ancestry appeared sive population movement from the Eurasian

Downloaded from http://science.sciencemag.org/ on September 5, 2019


Asia and northernmost South Asia. in outlier individuals at BMAC sites by the turn Steppe into Europe early in the third millen-
of the second millennium BCE around the same nium BCE, likely spreading Indo-European
RESULTS: The movement of people follow- time as it appeared on the southern Steppe. languages. We reveal a parallel series of events
ing the advent of farming resulted in genetic Using data from ancient individuals from the leading to the spread of Steppe ancestry to
gradients across Eurasia that can be modeled Swat Valley of northernmost South Asia, we show South Asia, thereby documenting movements
as mixtures of seven deeply divergent popula- that Steppe ancestry then integrated further south of people that were likely conduits for the
tions. A key gradient formed in southwestern in the first half of the second millennium BCE, spread of Indo-European languages.
Asia beginning in the Neolithic and continu- contributing up to 30% of the ancestry of modern

ing into the Bronze Age, with more Anatolian groups in South Asia. The Steppe ancestry in
farmer–related ancestry in the west and more South Asia has the same profile as that in Bronze The list of authors and affiliations is available in the full
article online.
Iranian farmer–related ancestry in the east. Age Eastern Europe, tracking a movement of Corresponding authors: Vagheesh M. Narasimhan (vagheesh@
This cline extended to the desert oases of people that affected both regions and that likely mail.harvard.edu); Nick Patterson (nickp@broadinstitute.org);
Central Asia and was the primary source of spread the unique features shared between Indo- Michael Frachetti (frachetti@wustl.edu); Ron Pinhasi (ron.
ancestry in peoples of the Bronze Age Bactria Iranian and Balto-Slavic languages. pinhasi@univie.ac.at); David Reich (reich@genetics.med.
harvard.edu)
Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC). The primary ancestral population of modern Cite this article as V. M. Narasimhan et al., Science 365,
This supports the idea that the archaeolog- South Asians is a mixture of people related to eaat7487 (2019). DOI: 10.1126/science.aat7487

The Impact of Yamnaya Steppe Pastoralists ~3000 BCE


Yamnaya
Other ancestry Location of the
initial formation of K A Z A K H STA N
Flow of Yamnaya-derived ancestry Yamnaya ancestry
All arrows are approximate. is uncertain.
Eurasian Steppe ~1700 BCE
~1700 BCE
0 800 km
Yamnaya A S I A
~3300 BCE
Cas
E U R O P E pi ~1700 BCE
E
an

N IN ~2700 BCE
~2400 BCE ER CL
Se

a ~1000 BCE
O DE A N ck Se ~2000 BCE
a

Bla
RO M

P
Path by which
Ancestral
EU

this ancestry arrived


~2500 BCE North Indians
in South Asia is 2000–1000 BCE
M

uncertain.
OD

ATLANTIC
ER LIN
N E
C

OCEAN
IN
DI

ea
AN

ean S
M e d i ter ra n
Arabian
Sea Ancestral
~2300 BCE South Indians
A F R I C A 2000–1000 BCE

The Bronze Age spread of Yamnaya Steppe pastoralist ancestry into two subcontinents—Europe and South Asia. Pie charts reflect the
proportion of Yamnaya ancestry, and dates reflect the earliest available ancient DNA with Yamnaya ancestry in each region. Ancient DNA has not
yet been found for the ANI and ASI, so for these the range is inferred statistically.

Narasimhan et al., Science 365, 999 (2019) 6 September 2019 1 of 1

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