Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
RESEARCH
Emmanuel Gyamf
(PhD., MSc., PgDip, BSc.)
1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
2
QUESTION
What is Research?
3
CONCEPTS AND NATURE OF
RESEARCH
Meaning of Research
Fact finding through the collection and interpretation
of data
To obtain a better understanding of such issues as
voting patterns, inflation rates, state of unemployment
in a country, etc., numerical facts and figures need to
be reviewed and interpreted.
The process of collecting relevant factual
information/data, analysing them, drawing conclusions,
and deciding further courses of action is known as
Research. 4
CONCEPTS AND NATURE OF
RESEARCH
Defnition
‘Something that people undertake in order to find
things out in a systematic way, thereby increasing
their knowledge’
Saunders et al. (2009)
Characteristics
Data are collected systematically
Data are interpreted systematically
There is a clear purpose to find things out
CONCEPTS AND NATURE OF
RESEARCH
Research is a serious academic activity with a set
of objectives to analyse problems and find
solutions by adopting a systematic approach in
collecting, organising and analysing the
information related to the problem.
Research Method
A research method consists of various steps that
are generally adopted by a researcher in studying
a problem together with the logic behind it, and
finding a solution for it. It is a way to systematically
solve a research problem. 6
TERMINOLOGY
Methods
The techniques and procedures used
to obtain data
Methodology
The theory of how research should
be undertaken
Saunders et al. (2009)
QUESTION
8
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
9
SCIENTIFIC METHOD…CON’T
Statistics
The application of scientific method in the analysis of
numerical data for the purpose of making rational
decisions.
After data is collected, statistical methods are
available to summarize and describe the prominent
features of the data. These statistical methods are
commonly known as descriptive statistics.
Descriptive statistics
can be defined as those methods involving the
collection, presentation, and characterization of a set
of data in order to properly describe the various
features of that set of data. 11
QUESTION
12
RESEARCH PURPOSES
To achieve status
13
QUESTION
14
TYPES AND NATURE OF RESEARCH
Types of Research
a) Qualitative Research
Qualitative means a non-numerical data collection or
explanation based on the attributes of the graph or source
of data.
Qualitative research is a method of inquiry employed in
many different academic disciplines, traditionally in the
social sciences, but also in market research and in other
contexts.
Qualitative researchers aim to gather an in-depth
understanding of human behaviour and the reasons that
govern such behaviour. 15
TYPES AND NATURE OF RESEARCH
b) Quantitative Research
In the social sciences, quantitative research refers to
the systematic empirical investigation of quantitative
properties and phenomena and their relationships.
19
TYPES AND NATURE OF RESEARCH
20
QUESTION
21
TYPES AND NATURE OF RESEARCH
23
NATURE OF RESEARCH
25
PART TWO
26
BUSINESS RESEARCH DEFINED
27
BUSINESS RESEARCH…CON’T.
Acquiring
Information; and
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BUSINESS RESEARCH
Middle
Tier
Base
Tier
34
HIERARCHY OF INFORMATION-
BASED DECISION MAKERS
The top tier organizations
see research as the fundamental first step in any venture.
go beyond the tried-and-true methodologies and use
creative combinations of research techniques to gain deep
insights to aid in their sophisticated decision making
36
DETERMINING WHEN TO CONDUCT
BUSINESS RESEARCH
Time constraints
Availability of data
Nature of the decision
Benefits versus costs
37
DETERMINING WHEN TO CONDUCT
BUSINESS RESEARCH
Availability of Data Benefits vs.
Nature of the Decision Costs
Time Constraints
No No No No
39
VALUE SHOULD EXCEED
ESTIMATED COSTS
Costs
Value •Research expenditures
•Decreased uncertainty •Delay of business
decision and possible
•Increased likelihood of
disclosure of information
a correct decision
to rivals
•Improved business
•Possible erroneous
performance and
research results
resulting higher profits
BUSINESS RESEARCH IN THE 21ST
CENTURY
Increased globalization
42
THE INTERNET
IS TRANSFORMING SOCIETY
Time is collapsing.
44
ANSWER
Yes.
Researchers are often asked to respond to
problems that managers need to solve.
Factors to consider
The impact of your personal feelings and beliefs
Access to data
Time and other resources
Validity and reliability of the data
Ethical issues
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
And finally……..
49
SUMMARY
Aristotle Onassis
END
END OF LECTURE.
QUESTIONS???
1-52