AMD

ACID MINE DRAINAGE

 PIT I BANKO BARAT
TANJUNG ENIM SUMATERA
SELATAN
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- IDHAM MUHAMMAD (17513115)

- RAUDATUN JANA (17513121)

- AJENG AININA S ( 17513125)

- DAENG TATA (1751328)

-WITIANTY PUTRI (17513132)

 Introduction

Tabel of
Process

contents Factors

Effects

Management
What's that AMD?

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is water that is of a nature acid as a result of

oxidation of the mineral sufide in rocks exposed by water and oxygen (as
the main factor) at the mining location with a pH <5. Test Kinetic is a
simulation of the oxidation (weathering) process which is the procedure
adjusted to get the information needed within a period of time which is not
too long (reasonable)
INTRODUCTION
Coal mining in Bangko Barat Pit 1, Tanjung Enim, has resulted in the formation of acid mine drainage
resulting in a decrease in the pH of the surrounding water. Therefore, water pH observations were
conducted on active acid mine water treatment and mine sump Pit 1 West Bangko and coal stockpiles in
West Bangko and ponds or rain puddles as a comparison. The results of observing the pH of water in coal
stockpiles (about5) are close to the pH in the rainwater pool. While the pH of water in treatment ponds,
sedimentation ponds, mine sump West Banko islower than the three, which is from 2-3.

SO42 content of lake water and coal stockpile is lower than that
in the treatment pool of pit 1 West Banko.
The low pH, between 2 and 3 at the water treatment output indicates
that this facility must be improved by the process, such as increasing
the quantity and continuity of the process of adding lime
as a material needed to improve the performance of the existing water
treatment process
Process of Formation AMD

MINERAL OXYGEN (O2) AMD

SULFIDES + WATER

(H2O)
PROCESS

FeS2 + 7/2 O2 + H2O → Fe2 + 2SO42- + 2H +Pyrite + Oxygen + Water → Ferrous Iron + Sulfate + Acid
The first reaction is the weathering reaction of pyrite (pyrite)
accompanied by an oxidation process. Sulfur is oxidized to sulfate and
iron-ferrous is released.

Fe2 + + ¼ O2 + H + → Fe3 + + ½ H2O Ferrous Iron + Oxygen + Acidity → Ferric Iron + Water
The second reaction is the conversion from ferrous to ferrous ferrous
materials which consume one mole of acidity. Slow reaction rate at pH <5 and abiotic conditions.
Thiobacillus bacteria will accelerate the oxidation process. Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans is a gram-
negative, acidophilic, autotropic bacterium capable of using iron or
various reduced sulfur compounds as an energy source

Fe3 + + 3H2O → Fe (OH) 3 + 3H + Ferric Iron + Water → Ferric Hydroxide (yellowboy) + Acid
The third reaction is hydrolysis of iron. Hydrolysis is a reaction that
separates water molecules. Three moles of acidity are produced from this
reaction. The formation of ferric hydroxide precipitation depends on pH,
more at pH above 3.5
 AMD FORMATIONS
FACTORS

• pH;

• Temperature

• Natural gas content of oxygen

phase, when saturation <100%

• Oxygen concentration in water

phase

• Degree of water saturation

 • Chemical activity of Fe3 +

• Surface area of exposed metal

sulfide

• Energy of chemical activation

energy needed in acid formation

• Bacterial activity
 EFFECTS

MECHANISMS SOIL WATER

 EFFECTS MECHANISMS

- Sulfide oxidation results are carried by water

to nearby locations, causing pollution
(especially downstream areas).
- The mechanism of pollution can be through
surface water and underground water.
 EFFECTS ON THE SOIL

-H2S, Al3 +, Fe2 +, Fe3 +, Mn2 +, and H + can directly poison plants
- Al 3+ at 0.04-0.08 m mole / l is toxic
- Lack of basic elements Ca, Mg, and K
- Pathogens (microbes) disease increases
- Decreasing the amount of soil microbes that is useful for nitrogen
fixation.
 EFFECTS ON WATER

- TSS (Total Suspended Solid) concentration increase due to high runoff water which
carries eroded soils which can interfere with sunlight penetration in rivers
which has a further impact in the form of disturbance of photosynthesis process
of aquatic biota. In addition, due to particles that settles will disrupt the
process of basic biota respiration.
- Dissolved metal carried by ground water (run off) into public waters causes surface
water
pollution. If it seeps into the ground, groundwater pollution occurs. These
metals, if entered in the food chain will accumulate in plants and or animals,
resulting in bioaccumulation in the human body that eats it and has a negative
impact on health.
 Management of AMD
Prevention of the formation of AMD is better than process it (prevention is better than
treatment) because:
-More reliable in the long run
- Minimize risk
• The first step of prevention - identification of rocks that are potentially
acidic and potential forming acid - "characterization"
• By knowing the distribution of rock types based on its characteristics in the
formation of AMD - can be arranged good prevention planning
• This needs to be done since the exploration, planning & design,
construction, mining and post-mining
 Management of AMD
• As stated at the beginning, that once AAT has been raised will be very difficult
to stop it
→
• Main principles of AAT management wherever possible prevent the formation of
AAT = preventive efforts
• But in reality in mining activities open it cannot prevent it totally
→
occurrence ATA AAT that forms in the pit (both at wall or pit wall or at the
bottom or pit floor) no will probably be prevented - need to be addressed
(mitigation)
• Efforts that can be made are preventing the formation AAT in rock cover area –
plan overburden management (overburden management plan)
SCHEME OF MANAGEMENT AMD
AMD processing can be classified into:
ON-SITE

TREATMENT (IN SITU

TREATMENT)

PASSIVE

TREATMENT
ACTIVE

TREATMENT
 PASSIVE TREATMENT

• exploration and mine planning

• Mining operations, which are divided into stages of
active treatment, passive treatment
• Post-mining, which is divided into stages of active
treatment, passive treatment and no more water
treatment
ANY QUESTION?