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No
Write down the working steps that carried out by the solver in any CFD Code.
1.3
Write down the steps to carry out in order to derive governing equations of the flow.
(1) Choose the appropriate fundamental physical principles from the laws of
physics, such as
(a) Mass is conserved.
1.4
(b) F = ma (Newton’s 2nd Law).
(c) Energy is conserved.
(2) Apply these physical principles to a suitable model of the flow.
(3) From this application, extract the mathematical equations which embody such
physical principles.
Roll. No
1.5
The turbulent flows are governed by the Navier-Stoke (N-S) equations. In the approach called
“Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS)” the three-dimensional time dependent N-S equations are
solved using a very fine grid. In another approach, the flow variables are expressed as sum of the
1.6
time averaged value plus the fluctuating part e.g. U = U+u , V = V + u etc. This is known as
Reynolds decomposition. These are substituted in the N-S equations and time average is taken.
The resulting equations involve unknown correlation. Models of turbulence are needed to make
the equations a closed set. These unknown correlation results in the form of Reynolds Stresses.
What's the difference between Conservative form of governing equations and non conservative
form of the governing equations ?.
Total Derivative ( Substantial Derivative) terms in the LHS of the governing equations results the
non conservation form derived from the assumption that the Fluid model is moving with the
1.7 flow.
Using vector method of analysis , Substantial derivative terms can be converted into simple p.d.e
‘s which are Conservation form of the governing equations.
λ = −2/ 3 μ
1.8
where μ is the molecular viscosity coefficient and λ is the bulk viscosity coefficient. Stokes made
the hypothesis that
What are Eddies ?
Eddy, fluid current whose flow direction differs from that of the general flow; the motion of the
whole fluid is the net result of the movements of the eddies that compose it. Eddies can transfer
much more energy and dissolved matter within the fluid than can molecular diffusion in non
1.9 turbulent flow because eddies actually mix together large masses of fluid. Flow composed
largely of eddies is called turbulent; eddies generally become more numerous as the fluid flow
velocity increases. Energy is constantly transferred from large to small eddies until it is
dissipated. (See fluid mechanics.)
Roll. No
1.10 Deduce the Conservation form of the Momentum Equation by considering necessary
approximations with neat sketch.
1.11 a) Explain about the domain and boundaries for the solution of Parabolic form of the
PDEs with two examples.
The difference between the exact analytical solution of the partial differential equation and the
2.2
exact solution of the corresponding difference equation. Discretization error for the difference is
simply the truncation error for the difference equation plus any errors introduced by the
numerical treatment of the boundary condition.
Write One Dimensional conduction equation with heat generation.
2.3
At Nodes 2,3,4
Node 1
Node 5