BIO 30: LECTURE 4 –

LECTURE 4: LINKAGE AND RECOMBINATION X-linked mutants

- Percent of recombination is used as a
Linkage
measurement of distance
 Linear arrangement of non-allelic genes on the - One map unit (1cM) = distance of 1%
same chromosome recombination
 Genes located on one chromosome coding
GENE / LINKAGE MAPPING IN DIPLOIDS
for diff. traits
 Genes do not assort independently 1) Do 3-point test cross
 Genes can be separated by crossing over at Genes:
pachytene C – colored endosperm
 Crossing over is the source of recombinants Sh – shrunken
 Number of gene per species exceed its wx – waxy
number of chromosome pairs
Parentals: ShshCcWxwx x shshccwxwx
Linkage in Sweet Peas

 Discovered by William Bateson, ER Saunders, 2) Observe test cross data (get the gametes’
RC Punnett genotypes and its frequency)
 Exception to the principle of independent - To determine gene order and compute
assortment distance

2 TYPES OF LINKAGE genotypes frequency

Sh C Wx 4
1. Complete Linkage
sh C Wx 2358
- Genes are very close to each other, thus
transmitted together Sh c wx 2708
- Only parental types are obtained in the Sh C wx 116
testcross sh c Wx 113
(double heterozygous x double recessive) 2
sh c wx
Sh c Wx 626
2. Incomplete Linkage
- Genes are far from each other sh C wx 601
- Recombination types are obtained
through crossing over 3) Find parental types (most frequent)
- There is a non-sister chromatid exchange
sh C Wx 2358
Linkage Group
Sh c wx 2708
 Physical association of genes on a
chromosome 4) Find DCO types (less frequent)
 Number of linkage group = haploid
chromosome number (n) Sh C Wx 4
e.g. Humans: 2n = 46 / n = 23 sh c wx 2
Fruit flies: 2n = 8 / n = 4
5) Establish the gene order
Genetic / Linkage Map
- Get the 2 genes that are always together
 Linear arrangement of non-allelic genes on the in the parental and DCO types
chromosome
 Distance between genes is based on % of
recombination parental DCO
sh C Wx Sh C Wx
Linkage in Drosophila
Sh c wx sh c wx
- Studied by Thomas Hunt Morgan
- Proper gene order (following the parental
- X-linked traits in Drosophila (1910)
types):
Phenomenon of CO (crossing over)
I II
- Alfred Sturtevant, Hermann Muller, Calvin C sh Wx
Bridges
- Used to construct chromosome maps c Sh wx
- Higher % of recombination = genes are far
from each other
 6) Find SCO I. ADCO =
ADCO (actual DCO)
total progeny
(C Sh wx – 116) (c sh Wx – 113)
I II
C sh Wx EDCO = CO I x CO II (decimal form)

c Sh wx
Interference
- Will only range to 0-1
7) Find SCO II.
*if 0 = genes are far from each other / no
(C sh wx – 601) (c Sh Wx – 626)
interference
I II
*if 1 = genes are close to each other / there
C sh Wx
is complete interference
c Sh wx
I = 1 – CC
8) Establish gene distance by % recombination
>>>>>
CO at Region 1 = (SCO I + DCO / total) x 100
Computing for the frequencies of DCO, SCO I, SCO II,
= (116 + 113 + 2 + 4)/6708 X 100
and Parentals
= 3.5%
Given:
CO at Region 2 = (SCO II + DCO / total) x 100
= (601 + 626 +2 + 4)/ 6708 x 100 CC = 0.6
= 18.5 % Total = 1000
A B C
Linkage Map 20% 30%

- Use the top parental type

1) Computing for DCO frequency
- There will always be 2 DCOs in the test cross
C sh Wx
data
3.5% 18.5%

*NOTES ON ESTABLISHING GENE ORDER = CC x CO I x CO II x Total

= 0.6 x 0.2 x 0.3 x 1000
parental DCO = 36
abc ABc = 18 and 18
ABC abC
2) Computing for SCO I frequency
- There will always be 2 SCO I in the test cross
Proper Gene Order: acb
data
ACB
= (CO I x Total) – Total DCO
parental DCO = (0.2 x 1000) – 36
DNA DnA = 164
= 82 and 82
dna dNa

3) Computing for SCO II frequency

Proper Gene Order:
- There will always be 2 SCO II in the test cross
Already in proper gene order because walang same data
genes sa parentals at DCO.
= (CO II x Total) – Total DCO
= (0.3 x 1000) – 36
= 264
Strength of Linkage = 132 and 132
 Measured by Coefficient of Coincidence (CC)
4) Computing for Parentals frequency
- Will only range to 0-1
- There will always be 2 Parentals in the test
*if 0 = genes are close to each other /
cross data
complete interference
*if 1 = genes are far from each other / no
- = Total – (DCO + SCO I + SCO II)
interference
- = 1000 – (36+164+264)
ADCO (actual DCO) - = 536
CC = - = 268 and 268
EDCO (expected DCO)
 GENE / LINKAGE MAPPING IN HAPLOIDS c) Presence of Multiple genes
 Boniellia
1) First division segregation 4 sex gene loci
al al al+ al + = 129 F – 7 to 8 alleles
(no crossing over) M – 7 to 8 alleles
Hermaphrodite – equal number
Second division segregation of male and female alleles
al al+ al al+ = 141
2) Environmental sex determination
2) Consider % recombination - Marine worms
3) Establish distance between centromere If free swimming at larval stage, F
and the gene If larval attaches to F, it becomes M due to
masculinity hormones secreted by the
=½(
2nd division
) =% females
2nd division+1st division
- Coral reef fish (labroides dimidiatus)
= ½ (141/ (129+141)) One male in several females
= 26% When male dies, the most dominant F will
take over
If successful, there will be sex reversal in 2
Sex Linkage weeks

 Sex chromosomes carry other genes aside

3) Chromosomal sex determination
from genes responsible for sex determination
- McClung
2 TYPES OF SEX LINKAGE - Association of sex chromosomes with a
particular chromosome
1) X-linked - For XX – XY system,
- Due to sex-linked recessive genes  Females of human, cats, and
- A female becomes a carrier of the mice
recessive allele when she is heterozygous  w/ Barr body at interphase
- Colorblindness, hemophilia, absence of  Discovered by Murray Barr
central incisors, congenital deafness,  Barr body = no. of X
congenital cataract chromosome - 1
 If 1 barr body, F (inactive x
𝑋𝐻𝑋ℎ 𝑥 𝑋𝐻𝑌 chromosome)
 If 0 barr body, M
X^H Y
- Inactive X
X^HX^H
X^H X^HY(normal)  For dosage compensation
(normal)
(Lyonization)
X^HX^h X^hY
X^h  Discovered by Mary Lyon
(carrier) (hemophilia)

2) Y-linked
- Genes on Y chromosome
- Transition is from father to son
- (Shows holandric transmission)
- Webbing of toes, hypertrichosis (hairy ears)

Sex Determination

1) Genetic sex determination

- A genetically regulated process
a) Specific genotypes
 Neurospora, chlamydomonas
b) Presence of Multiple Alleles
 Hymenoptrans (9 alleles)
F – heterozygous
M – homozygous
 LECTURE 5: CHEMICAL BASIS OF HEREDITY FIG 5.27STRUCTURE OF NUCLEOTIDE AND
POLYNUCLEOTIDES
Concept of a Gene
1) Nucleotide components
 Mendelian Concept 2) Nucleotides
- Mendelian factor “elementen”/bivalent 3) Polynucleotides
factor
 Ronald A. Fisher
- A qualitative geneticist FIG 16.5 DOUBLE HELIX H BOND
- 2 view points about genes
1) Hypothetical entity
EVIDENCES TO SHOW THAT DNA IS A GENETIC
2) Gene is a chemical compound
MATERIAL
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE CHROMOSOME
1) Relative constancy of DNA in all diploid tissues
1) Lipids - Starvation, DNA unchanged
2) Proteins 2) Haploid all has half the amount of DNA in
- Histones/protamine (basic proteins) diploid cell
- Non-histones chromosomal proteins (acid - Diploid = 2n
proteins) - Haploid = n
3) Nucleic Acid
- DNA
- RNA
Activity.ntsec.gov.tw

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GENETIC MATERIAL

 Points by Hermann Muller

1) DNA can duplicate itself with extra fidelity

(replication).
- Can occur 1/1M copies
2) It is a stable molecular structure
- Very low frequency of mutation
3) Mutation is duplicated
- Another source of genetic variation
- Inheritance of mutation
4) Can carry all necessary biological information
5) Can transmit information from generation to
generation (replication at S-phase occurs)
6) Stored information must be decoded and
translated into action
- Involves 2 processes:
 Transcription
 Translation

COMPONENTS OF THE DNA

 DNA is a polymer composed of repeating

nucleotides (building blocks of nucleic acid)

Insert table of nucleotides

FEATURES/MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF THE DNA

1) Composed of 2 polynucleotide strands

2) 2 strands are anti-parallel
3) Specific pairing of nitrogen bases (A=T and
C=G)
4) Forms a helical coil
5) Sugar is 2-deoxy-D ribose