_1_____ T h e o r e tic a l lo w e r b o u n d a r y o f u n s ta b le z o n e

f o r m o d e l p il e s ( N = 1 0 0 )
P ile g r o u p s a rc in a c ir c u l a r c o n fig u ra tio n
w ith s p a c in g b e tw e e n a d ja c e n t p ile s = 3 d ia m e te rs
. 2 ___ T h e o r e tic a l lo w e r b o u n d a r y o f u n s ta b l e z o n e
f o r ty p i c a l f i e l d p ile s ( N = 1 0 0 )
P ile s a re flo a tin g in a h o m o g e n e o u s
, 3 ____ T h e o r e tic a l lo w e r b o u n d a r y o f u n s ta b le z o n e d e e p s o il la y e r

f o r e x a m p le o f f s h o r e p il e ( N = 1 0 0 )

O Tfest w ith n o f a i lu r e f o r N > 1 0 0 0 0

-, M c A n o y e t a l

A
j (1982)
Tfest w ith f a i lu r e a t N = 5 6 4

Tfest o f P u e s c h ( 1 9 8 2 ) - n o f a i lu r e

S te v e n s ( 1 9 7 8 ) - n o s e tt le m e n t
.2
1
S te v e n s ( 1 9 7 8 ) - c o n t in u in g s e tt le m e n t

□ S te v e n s ( 1 9 7 8 ) - " p lu n g i n g f a ilu r e "

▼ P o u lo s ( 1 9 8 1 ) - m o d e l te s t s , f a ilu r e a f t e r 3 - 1 8 0 c y c le s

N u m b e r o f P ile s
K a r ls r u d e t a l ( 1 9 8 6 ) - f a i lu r e a f t e r 1 0 0 c y c le s

F ig u re 5 .6 . G ro u p e ffe c t o n p r o p o r tio n o f c o n s o lid a tio n s e ttle m e n t.

Spread of load at 1 in 4

(a) (b) (c)

(a) Group of piles supported mainly by skin friction

(b) Group of piles driven through weak clay to combined skin
friction and end-bearing in stratum of dense granular soil
(c) Group of piles supported in end-bearing on hard incompressible
stratum (After Tomlinson, 1986)

F ig u r e 5 .7 . E q u iv a le n t r a f t ap p ro a c h .

VQc
|P ^.

F ig u re 5 .4 . C o m p a ris o n b e tw e e n fie ld te st d a ta a n d th eo ry . _c 3_

12 E j = 30 M Pa

2 E t = 3 M Pa

lT~
(T O tX /M

4 14 1 E 3 = 50 M Pa

— o — o — o ---------

F ig u re 5 .5 . E ffe c t o f g r o u p in g o n re la tiv e p ile stiffn e ss.

D E F P IG vs. eq u iv a le n t raft an aly sis

Figure 5.8. Example of pile group with soft layer about tip.

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