UNIVERSITATEA TRANSILVANIA DIN BRAȘOV

FACULTATEA DE INGINERIE MECANICA-AUTOVEHICULE

RUTIERE

Proiect la:

PROCESE SI CARACTRISTICI ALE MOTOARELOR CU

ARDERE INTERNA

Student :Avram Ioan Gabriel

Grupa :1161
Anul III

Anul universitar 2019/20

Semestrul II
Calculul termic al motorului cu aprindere prin comprimare

Puterea nominala Pn= 50 kW 68 CP

Turatia nominal nn= 4000 rot/min
Numarul de cilindrii i= 3

Parametrii initiali
T0= 293 K temperatura initiala
p0= 1.02 10^5 N/m2 presiunea initiala
Tr= 750 K {700-900} temperatura gazelor reziduale
pr= 1.1 10^5 N/m2 {1,05..1,25} presiunea gazelor reziduale
lambda= 1.28 {1,25...2,25} coeficientul de exces de aer
epsilon= 18.5 {14....23} raportul de comprimare

Parametrii procesului de schimbare a gazelor:

Se adopta:
pa= 0.9 10^5 N/m2 {0,85..0,93} presiunea la sfarsitul admisiei
deltaT= 15 K {10...25} preincalzirea amestecului
nup= 1.1 {1,05...1,2} coeficient de postumplere

Se determina prin calcule

Coeficientul gazelor reziduale

Gammar= (T0+deltaT)pr/Tr(epsilon*pa*nup-pr)= 0.026

{0,03..0,06}
Temperatura la sfarsitul admisiei

Ta=(T0+deltaT+gammarTr)/(1+Gammar)= 319.302 K
{310...330}
Coeficientul de umplere

EtaV=((paT0/p0Ta)*(epsilon/(epsilon-1))*(nup/(1+Gammar))= 0.94
{0,75...0,9}
Parametrii procesului de comprimare
Se adopta: n1= 1.38 {1,36...1,4} coeficient politropic de comprimare

Se determina

Presiunea la sfarsitul comprimarii

pc=pa*epsilon^n1= 50.459 10^5 {30..50} N/m2

Temperatura la sfarsitul comprimarii:

Tc=Ta*epsilon^(n1-1)= 967.669 {800...950} K

Parametrii procesului de ardere
Se adopta: c= 0.857 kg compozitia motorinei
h= 0.133 kg compozitia motorinei

o= 0.01 kg compozitia motorinei

Qi= 41868 kJ/kg
kcal/kg
ksi= 0.8 [0,75..0,9] coef de utilizare a caldurii
pi= 1.8 [1,3..2,5] coef de crestere a presiunii

Aerul minim necesar arderii combustibilului este

Lmin=1/0,21*(c/12+h/4-o/32)= 0.497 kmol aer/kg comb

Cantitatea reala necesara arderii combustibilului

L=lambda*Lmin= 0.636 kmol aer/kg comb

Coeficientul teoretic de variatie molara a incarcaturii proaspete este

mu0=(L+h/4+c/12)/L= 1.054

Coeficientul real de variatie molara a incarcaturii proaspete

muf=(mu0+gammar)/(1+gammar)= 1.052

Caldura specifica molara medie a amestecului initial

Cmv'=20+17,4*10^(-3)*Tc= 36.837 kJ/kmolK

Caldura specifica molara medie a gazelor de ardere pt lambda>1

Cmv"=(20+9,2/lambda)+(13,8/lambda+1,55)*10^(-4)Tz= 27.188 + 0.003 Tz

27.188 26.281 10^-4Tz
Temperatura la sfarsitul arderii

ksiQ/( lambdaLmin(1+gammar))+(Cmv'+Rm*pi)*Tc=(Cmv"+RM)*muf*Tz

-27.654 10^-4 Tz^2 -37.355 Tz + ######### :=0

DELTA= 2517.482

Tz1= 2317.846 K {1800...2400}

Presiunea la sfarsitul arderii

pz=pz'=pi*pc= 9082637.886 N/m2 90.826 10^5 N/m2 {45..80}

Gradul de destindere prealabila se calculeaza din

ro=Vz/Vc=muTz/piTc= 1.400

Parametrii procesului de destindere

Se adopta n2= 1.2 {1,18...1,28}

Gradul de destindere
 delta=Vb/Vz=epsilon/ro= 13.212

Presiunea la sfarsitul destinderii

pb=pz/delta^n2= 410235.900 N/m2 4.102 *10^5 N/m2 {2..4}

Temperatura la sfarsitul destinderii

Tb=Tz/delta^(n2-1)= 1383.210 K {900..1200}

Parametrii principali ai motorului

Se adopta: coef de rotunjire a diagramei mur= 0.95 {0,94..0,98}

randamentul mecanic etam= 0.85

Presiunea medie a ciclului teoretic se obtine din

pi'=pc/(epsilon-1)*{pi(ro-1)+pi*ro/(n2-1)*(1-1/(delta^(n2-1))-1/(n1-1)(1-1/delta(n1-1))]=

pi'= 11.986 *10^5{7,5...15} N/m2

Presiunea medie indicata

pi=mur*pi' 11.387 *10^5 N/m2

Randamentul indicat al motorului

etaI=RM*pi*M1*To/(po*etav*Qi)=8,314*pi*lambdaLminTo/poetavQi=

etaI= 0.441 {0,29...0,45}

Presiunea medie efectiva

pe=etm*pI 9.679 N/m2

Randamentul efectiv

Etae=etam*etaI= 0.375 {0,25...0,4}

Consumul specific efectiv de combustibil

ge=36000/etae*Qi= 0.229 {270...340} kg/kWh 229.371 g/kWh

Dimensiunile fundamentale ale motorului

Se adopta: FI=S/D= 1.1 {0,96...1,3}

Capacitatea cilindrica necesara

Vh=120000pn/pe*n*i= 0.517 litri

Se determina alezajul si cursa:

D=(4Vh/pi*FI)^(1/3)= 0.842 dm 84.246 mm

0.084 m
S=FI*D= 0.927 dm 92.671 mm
0.093 m
Viteza medie a pistonului

Wm=Sn/30= 12.356 m/s {10..12}

Cilindreea totala
 Vt=i*Vh= 1.550 litri

Puterea litrica

Pl=Pn/Vt= 32.264 kW/l {13 ... 19}

Diagrama indicata

Volumul la sfarsitul admisiei

Va=Vh*epsilon/(epsilon-1)= 0.546 dm3

Volumul la sfarsitul compresiei

Vc=Va/epsilon= 0.030

px=pa(Va/Vx)^n1
px=pz(Vz/Vx)^n2

Se adopta:
unghi de avans la aprindere {20...40oRAC} 35 oRAC 0.611 rad
unghi de avans la DSE alfas= 40 oRAC 0.698 rad
raportul dintre raza manivelei si lungim alfaev= Lambdab= 1/3,6 0.278

Xs=S/2{(1-cos(alfas))+lambdas/4(1-cos(2alfas))}= 10.497 mm

pc"={1,15...1,25}pc=1,2pc= 60.551 *10^5 N/m2

Xev=S/2{(1-cos(alfaev))+lambdas/4(1-cos(2alfaev))}= 13.499 mm

pa'=1/2(pa+pb)= 2.501 *10^5 N/m2

Vc'=PI()*D^2*Xs/4= 0.069 dm3

Vb'=Va-PI()*D^2*Xev/4= 0.457

Vz=roVc= 0.041

Vb=rodeltaVc= 0.546

Caracteristica externa

Puterea efectiva

Pex=Pn[anx/np+b(nx/np)^2-(nx/np)^3]=

Consumul specific

gex=gep[c-dnx/np+k(nx/np)^2]=
 Consumul orar

Gcx=Pex*gex*10^(-3)=

Momentul motor

Mex=3*10^4*Pex/(pi*n)=

Constante

Motor a b c d k
MAC unitara 0.87 1.13 1.55 1.55 1
cu divizata 0.6 1.4 1.35 1.35 1
camera de vartej 0.7 1.3 1.2 1.2 1

n [r/min] Pe [kW] ge [g/kWh] Ge [kg/h] Me [Nm]

1000 13.625 280.979 3.828 227.083
1200 16.785 269.511 4.524 233.125
1400 20.003 259.189 5.184 238.125
1600 23.240 250.014 5.810 242.083
1800 26.460 241.986 6.403 245.000
2000 29.625 235.105 6.965 246.875
2200 32.698 229.371 7.500 247.708
2400 35.640 224.783 8.011 247.500
2600 38.415 221.343 8.503 246.250
2800 40.985 219.049 8.978 243.958
3000 43.313 217.902 9.438 240.625
3200 45.360 217.902 9.884 236.250
3400 47.090 219.049 10.315 230.833
3600 48.465 221.343 10.727 224.375
3800 49.448 224.783 11.115 216.875
4000 50.000 229.371 11.469 208.333
4400 0.000 600.000 3.823 0.000
 Cinematica mecanismului biela-manivela

Alfa unghiul de rotatie al manivelei

Beta unghiul de inclinare al axei bielei
Omega viteza unghiulara de rotatie a arborelui cotit
S cursa pistonului
R raza manivelei
L lungimea bielei
Lambda raportul dintre raza manivelei si lungimea bielei

Omega=PI*n/30= 418.88
R=S/2= 46.33552
Lambda=R/L= 1/3,6 1/3,2 .. 1/4
0.277778
o
Beta max= 15 {12..18}

L=R/Lambda= 166.8079

Ap=piD^2/4= 0.005574 m2

Deplasarea pistonului

xp=R[(1-cos alfa)+1/lambda(1-cos beta)]

xp=R[(1-cos alfa)+-lambda/4(1-cos 2alfa)]

Volumul cilindrului la un moment dat

Vp=piD^2*Sx/4

Viteza pistonului

vp=Romega(sinalfa +-Lambda/2*sin2alfa)

alfavmax=arccos{sqrt((1/4lambda)^2+1/2)-1/4lambda} unghiul de viteza maxima

Acceleratia pistonului

ap=Romega^2*(cosalfa+-lambdacos2alfa)
Alfa [grd] Beta [grd] xp [mm] Vp [l] vp [m/s] ap [m/s2]
0 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 10388.35005
10 0.04825 0.89799 0.05006 4.29231 10128.64250
20 0.09515 3.54718 0.19773 8.37102 9369.69978
30 0.13934 7.81665 0.43573 12.03903 8169.96634
40 0.17951 13.49944 0.75250 15.13059 6620.10744
50 0.21443 20.32812 1.13316 17.52288 4833.71558
60 0.24295 27.99438 1.56050 19.14320 2935.83806
70 0.26408 36.17052 2.01626 19.97123 1050.64175
80 0.27709 44.53087 2.48230 20.03609 -710.38063
90 0.28148 52.77101 2.94163 19.40898 -2258.33697
100 0.27709 60.62303 3.37933 18.19213 -3533.90454
110 0.26408 67.86588 3.78307 16.50572 -4510.61472
120 0.24295 74.32989 4.14339 14.47413 -5194.17502
130 0.21443 79.89592 4.45366 12.21340 -5618.02777
140 0.17951 84.48957 4.70973 9.82111 -5835.79524
150 0.13934 88.07213 4.90943 7.36995 -5911.62938
160 0.09515 90.62947 5.05198 4.90550 -5909.72681
170 0.04825 92.16115 5.13737 2.44835 -5884.35733
180 0.00000 92.67104 5.16579 0.00000 -5871.67611
190 -0.04825 92.16115 5.13737 -2.44835 -5884.35733
200 -0.09515 90.62947 5.05198 -4.90550 -5909.72681
210 -0.13934 88.07213 4.90943 -7.36995 -5911.62938
220 -0.17951 84.48957 4.70973 -9.82111 -5835.79524
230 -0.21443 79.89592 4.45366 -12.21340 -5618.02777
240 -0.24295 74.32989 4.14339 -14.47413 -5194.17502
250 -0.26408 67.86588 3.78307 -16.50572 -4510.61472
260 -0.27709 60.62303 3.37933 -18.19213 -3533.90454
270 -0.28148 52.77101 2.94163 -19.40898 -2258.33697
280 -0.27709 44.53087 2.48230 -20.03609 -710.38063
290 -0.26408 36.17052 2.01626 -19.97123 1050.64175
300 -0.24295 27.99438 1.56050 -19.14320 2935.83806
310 -0.21443 20.32812 1.13316 -17.52288 4833.71558
320 -0.17951 13.49944 0.75250 -15.13059 6620.10744
330 -0.13934 7.81665 0.43573 -12.03903 8169.96634
340 -0.09515 3.54718 0.19773 -8.37102 9369.69978
350 -0.04825 0.89799 0.05006 -4.29231 10128.64250
360 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 10388.35005
370 0.04825 0.89799 0.05006 4.29231 10128.64250
380 0.09515 3.54718 0.19773 8.37102 9369.69978
390 0.13934 7.81665 0.43573 12.03903 8169.96634
400 0.17951 13.49944 0.75250 15.13059 6620.10744
410 0.21443 20.32812 1.13316 17.52288 4833.71558
420 0.24295 27.99438 1.56050 19.14320 2935.83806
430 0.26408 36.17052 2.01626 19.97123 1050.64175
440 0.27709 44.53087 2.48230 20.03609 -710.38063
450 0.28148 52.77101 2.94163 19.40898 -2258.33697
460 0.27709 60.62303 3.37933 18.19213 -3533.90454
470 0.26408 67.86588 3.78307 16.50572 -4510.61472
480 0.24295 74.32989 4.14339 14.47413 -5194.17502
490 0.21443 79.89592 4.45366 12.21340 -5618.02777
500 0.17951 84.48957 4.70973 9.82111 -5835.79524
510 0.13934 88.07213 4.90943 7.36995 -5911.62938
520 0.09515 90.62947 5.05198 4.90550 -5909.72681
530 0.04825 92.16115 5.13737 2.44835 -5884.35733
540 0.00000 92.67104 5.16579 0.00000 -5871.67611
550 -0.04825 92.16115 5.13737 -2.44835 -5884.35733
560 -0.09515 90.62947 5.05198 -4.90550 -5909.72681
570 -0.13934 88.07213 4.90943 -7.36995 -5911.62938
580 -0.17951 84.48957 4.70973 -9.82111 -5835.79524
590 -0.21443 79.89592 4.45366 -12.21340 -5618.02777
600 -0.24295 74.32989 4.14339 -14.47413 -5194.17502
610 -0.26408 67.86588 3.78307 -16.50572 -4510.61472
620 -0.27709 60.62303 3.37933 -18.19213 -3533.90454
630 -0.28148 52.77101 2.94163 -19.40898 -2258.33697
640 -0.27709 44.53087 2.48230 -20.03609 -710.38063
650 -0.26408 36.17052 2.01626 -19.97123 1050.64175
660 -0.24295 27.99438 1.56050 -19.14320 2935.83806
670 -0.21443 20.32812 1.13316 -17.52288 4833.71558
680 -0.17951 13.49944 0.75250 -15.13059 6620.10744
690 -0.13934 7.81665 0.43573 -12.03903 8169.96634
700 -0.09515 3.54718 0.19773 -8.37102 9369.69978
710 -0.04825 0.89799 0.05006 -4.29231 10128.64250
720 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 10388.35005
D= 0.0842 m p0= 102000 N/m2 lambda= 0.278
S= 0.0927 m pa= 90000 N/m2 n1= 1.380
Ap= 0.0056 m2 pr= 110000 N/m2 ro= 1.400
pz= 9082637.89 N/m2 n2= 1.200 R=S/2= 0.04633552
p'I= 1198645.88 N/m2
psi= 1803.14159265

Va= 0.546 omega=pin/30=419 rad/sec

n= 4000 Vc= 0.030

Vz= 0.041
Vt= 1.550
mb= 1.6723 kg 300 kg/m2
mp= 1.39358 kg 250 kg/m2 N=FtgBeta vp=Romega*(sinalfa+lambda/4cos2alfa
mAC= 1.6723 kg 300 kg/m2 S=F/cosBeta ap=Romega^2*(cosalfa-lambdacos2alfa)
T=Ssin(alfa+Beta) Beta=arcsin(lambdasin
mj=mp+mIb= 1.853464206 kg/m2 Z=Scos(alfa+beta)
m1b=0,275mb= 0.459882096 kg/m2 M=F*R
m2b=0,725mb= 1.212416436 kg/m2
Fg=(pg-p0)*Ap
Fj=-mjRomega^2(cosAlfa+lambdacos2Alfa
F=Fg+Fj
 alfa M1 M2 M3 Mt
[grd] [Nm] [Nm] [Nm] [Nm]
0 0.0 431.5 -334.5 97.0
10 -193.1 370.9 -335.3 -157.5
20 -348.7 292.5 -296.8 -353.1
30 -438.0 217.2 -215.4 -436.2
40 -446.9 140.9 -97.0 -403.0
50 -378.9 68.6 41.7 -268.6
60 -252.7 0.0 173.6 -79.0
70 -96.3 -67.3 265.9 102.3
80 59.9 -133.1 287.7 214.4
90 190.8 -194.8 220.6 216.7
100 281.0 -246.5 81.5 116.0
110 325.6 -280.6 -34.0 11.0
120 328.7 -289.0 0.0 39.7
130 300.1 -258.9 236.3 277.5
140 250.9 -183.4 196.7 264.3
150 191.0 -63.1 107.8 235.8
160 127.3 91.2 69.0 287.5
170 63.3 258.1 98.3 419.7
180 0.0 408.9 178.9 587.8
190 -63.4 513.2 281.9 731.8
200 -127.5 546.9 378.6 798.1
210 -191.6 498.8 447.6 754.8
220 -252.4 374.6 478.4 600.6
230 -303.2 197.4 470.7 364.9
240 -334.5 0.0 431.5 97.0
250 -335.3 -193.1 370.9 -157.5
260 -296.8 -348.7 292.5 -353.1
270 -215.4 -438.0 217.2 -436.2
280 -97.0 -446.9 140.9 -403.0
290 41.7 -378.9 68.6 -268.6
300 173.6 -252.7 0.0 -79.0
310 265.9 -96.3 -67.3 102.3
320 287.7 59.9 -133.1 214.4
330 220.6 190.8 -194.8 216.7
340 81.5 281.0 -246.5 116.0
350 -34.0 325.6 -280.6 11.0
360 0.0 328.7 -289.0 39.7
370 236.3 300.1 -258.9 277.5
380 196.7 250.9 -183.4 264.3
390 107.8 191.0 -63.1 235.8
400 69.0 127.3 91.2 287.5
410 98.3 63.3 258.1 419.7
420 178.9 0.0 408.9 587.8
430 281.9 -63.4 513.2 731.8
440 378.6 -127.5 546.9 798.1
450 447.6 -191.6 498.8 754.8
460 478.4 -252.4 374.6 600.6
470 470.7 -303.2 197.4 364.9
480 431.5 -334.5 0.0 97.0
490 370.9 -335.3 -193.1 -157.5
500 292.5 -296.8 -348.7 -353.1
510 217.2 -215.4 -438.0 -436.2
520 140.9 -97.0 -446.9 -403.0
530 68.6 41.7 -378.9 -268.6
540 0.0 173.6 -252.7 -79.0
550 -67.3 265.9 -96.3 102.3
560 -133.1 287.7 59.9 214.4
570 -194.8 220.6 190.8 216.7
580 -246.5 81.5 281.0 116.0
590 -280.6 -34.0 325.6 11.0
600 -289.0 0.0 328.7 39.7
610 -258.9 236.3 300.1 277.5
620 -183.4 196.7 250.9 264.3
630 -63.1 107.8 191.0 235.8
640 91.2 69.0 127.3 287.5
650 258.1 98.3 63.3 419.7
660 408.9 178.9 0.0 587.8
670 513.2 281.9 -63.4 731.8
680 546.9 378.6 -127.5 798.1
690 498.8 447.6 -191.6 754.8
700 374.6 478.4 -252.4 600.6
710 197.4 470.7 -303.2 364.9
720 0.0 431.5 -334.5 97.0
 Diagrama Indicata

10000000

9000000

8000000

7000000

6000000
p [N/m^2]

5000000

4000000

3000000

2000000

1000000

0
0.5
0.1

0.2

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.6
0.05

0.15

0.25

0.45

0.55
0

V [litri]
 Presiunea in cilindru

10000000

9000000

8000000

7000000

6000000
px*10^5 [N/m2]

5000000

4000000

3000000

2000000

1000000

0
180

270

360

450

540

630

720
90
0

alfa [grd]
12000 120

10000
100

8000
80

6000
60

4000

40
ap [m/s2]
2000 xp [mm]
vp [m/s]
20

0
0 90 180 270 360
0
-2000

-20
-4000

-40
-6000

-8000 -60
 Caracteristica externa

500 60

ge [g/kWh]
Me [Nm]
Pe [kW]
Ge [kg/h]
450

50

400

350

40

300

250 30

200

20

150

100

10

50

0 0
1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
60000

50000

40000

30000

20000
Fg [N]
Fj [N]

10000 F [N]

0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720

-10000

-20000

-30000
 Variatia fortelor N si S

25000

20000

15000

10000

N [N]
[N]

5000
S [N]

0
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720

-5000

-10000

-15000
[gradeRAC]
25000
T [N]
Z [N]
20000

15000

10000

5000

0
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25000
 M [Nm]

800

M [Nm]

600

400

200

0
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720

-200

-400

-600
 Mt [Nm]

1000

800
Mt [Nm]

600

400

200

0
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720

-200

-400

-600