ECE 520

DATA COMMNICATIONS
(Fundamentals of LANs)
IEEE 802 standards
IEEE 802.1 Bridging (networking) and Network Management
IEEE 802.2 Logical link control
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.4 Token bus (disbanded)
IEEE 802.5 Defines the MAC layer for a Token Ring
IEEE 802.6 Metropolitan Area Networks (disbanded)
IEEE 802.7 Broadband LAN using Coaxial Cable (disbanded)
IEEE 802.8 Fiber Optic TAG (disbanded)
IEEE 802.9 Integrated Services LAN (disbanded)
IEEE 802.10 Interoperable LAN Security (disbanded)
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification)
IEEE 802.12 demand priority
IEEE 802.13 Cat.6 - 10Gb lan (new founded)
IEEE 802.14 Cable modems (disbanded)
IEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN
IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth certification)
IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee certification)
IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX certification)
IEEE 802.16e (Mobile) Broadband Wireless Access
IEEE 802.17 Resilient packet ring
IEEE 802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG
IEEE 802.19 Coexistence TAG
IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handoff
IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Network
Ethernet

 Ethernet is the most widely-installed local area network

( LAN) technology.

 Specified in a standard, IEEE 802.3

 Ethernet was originally developed by Xerox from an earlier

specification called Alohanet (for the Palo Alto Research Center
Aloha network) and then developed further by Xerox, DEC, and Intel.

 An Ethernet LAN typically uses coaxial cable or special grades of

twisted pair wires.

 Media Access Method: CSMA/CD

 Ethernet Standards

Maximum
Category Standard Bandwidth Cable Type
Segment Length
10Base5 10 Mbps Coaxial (thicknet) 500 meters
10Base2 10 Mbps Coaxial (thinnet) 185 meters
Ethernet 10 Mbps (half
duplex) Twisted pair (Cat3,
10BaseT 100 meters
20 Mbps (full 4, or 5)
duplex)
 Ethernet Standards

Category Standard Bandwidth Cable Type Maximum Segment Length

100 Mbps
(half duplex) Twisted pair
100BaseTX 100 meters
200 Mbps (Cat5)
(full duplex)
100 Mbps
Fast (half duplex) Twisted pair
100BaseT4 100 meters
Ethernet 200 Mbps (Cat5)
(full duplex)
100 Mbps 412 meters (half duplex
(half duplex) multimode cable)
100BaseFX Fiber optic
200 Mbps 2,000 meters (full duplex
(full duplex) singlemode cable)
 Ethernet Standards

Category Standard Bandwidth Cable Type Maximum Segment Length

1,000 Mbps
1000BaseSX (half duplex) 220 to 550 meters depending on
Fiber optic
(short) 2,000 Mbps cable quality
(full duplex)
1,000 Mbps
1000BaseLX (half duplex) 550 to 5,000 meters depending on
Fiber optic
(long) 2,000 Mbps cable quality
Gigabit (full duplex)
Ethernet 1,000 Mbps
1000BaseCX (half duplex)
Special copper 25 meters, used within wiring closets
(short copper) 2,000 Mbps
(full duplex)
1,000 Mbps
(half duplex) Twisted pair
1000BaseT 100 meters
2,000 Mbps (Cat5e)
(full duplex)
Today’s most common types of Ethernet
UTP Based Ethernet LANs
Requirements:

 Computers that have an Ethernet network interface card

(NIC) installed

 Either an Ethernet hub or Ethernet switch

 UTP cables to connect each PC to the hub or switch

Ethernet LAN

Uses: File sharing, Printer sharing, File transfer, Gaming

CSMA/CD
 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection.

Media-access mechanism wherein devices ready to transmit

data first check the channel for a carrier. If no carrier is
sensed for a specific period of time, a device can transmit. If
two devices transmit at once, a collision occurs and is
detected by all colliding devices. This collision subsequently
delays retransmissions from those devices for some random
length of time. CSMA/CD access is used by Ethernet and
IEEE 802.3.
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Type Connector Description

Phone cable RJ-11 Used to connect a PC to a phone jack in a

wall outlet to establish a dial-up Internet
connection. Has two pairs of twisted cable (a
total of 4 wires).
Cat 3 RJ-45 Designed for use with 10 megabit Ethernet
or 16 megabit token ring.
Cat 5 RJ-45 Supports 100 megabit and 1 gigabit
Ethernet and ATM networking.
Cat 5e RJ-45 Similar to Cat 5 but provides better EMI
protection. Supports 1 and 10 gigabit
Ethernet (gigabit connections require the
use of all four twisted pairs).
Cat 6 RJ-45 Supports high-bandwidth, broadband
communications.
RJ-11 and RJ-45

RJ-11

• Has 4 connectors
• Supports up to 2 pairs of wires
• Uses a locking tab to keep connector secure in outlet
• Used primarily for telephone wiring

RJ-45

• Has 8 connectors
• Supports up to 4 pairs of wires
• Uses a locking tab to keep connector secure in outlet
• Used for Ethernet and some token ring connections
RJ-45 Connector Wiring Diagrams

There are two standards for creating straight-through cables:

 T568A --To use this standard, arrange the wires from pins 1 to 8 in each connector
in the following order: GW, G, OW, B, BW, O, BrW, Br.
 T568B --To use this standard, arrange the wires from pins 1 to 8 in each connector
in the following order: OW, O, GW, B, BW, G, BrW, Br.
It doesn't matter which standard you use, but once you choose a standard, you should
do all your cables that way to avoid confusion during troubleshooting.
Crossover Cable Construction

 The easiest way to create a crossover cable is to arrange the

wires in the first connector using the T568A standard and
arrange the wires in the second connector using the T568B
standard.

Straight-through and Crossover cable application

Hub Switch Router PC

Hub C C S S
Switch C C S S
Router S S C C
PC S S C C

* S - straight-through, C - crossover
Switch Facts
Switches provide functionality similar to bridges, but typically on a larger
scale and with higher performance.

 Switches are associated with the Data Link layer of the OSI Model.

 Switches build a forwarding database in a manner similar to bridges.


 Switches examine the source and destination Data Link (MAC) address in
each packet to build the database and make forwarding decisions.

 Switches connect multiple segments or devices and forward packets to

only one specific port.

 You can connect a single device to a switch port or multiple devices to a

switch port by using a hub.
Switch Facts
Switches offer the following advantages over a non-switched network.

 Switches create separate collision domains.

 Switches provide guaranteed bandwidth between devices (if dedicated

ports are used).

 Switches can be used to provide collision-free networking (i.e. if only one

device is connected to each switch port).

 Switches enable full-duplex communication.

 Switches induce less latency than other segmentation solutions.

 Switches can simultaneously switch multiple messages.

 Switches can mix 10 Mbps- and 100 Mbps-capable devices (if the switch
is a 100 Mbps switch).

 Ethernet switches can be implemented without re-cabling.

Ethernet Frame Types
Frame size = 64 to 1518 bytes (this is the same for all Ethernet standards)

Four frame types are supported:

 Ethernet 802.3--This frame type is the original Ethernet frame type.

 Ethernet 802.2--This frame type accommodates standards set by the IEEE

802.2 committee related to the logical link control (LLC) sublayer. It is a
more current frame type than 802.3.

 Ethernet II--This frame type provides the ability to use TCP/IP as a

transport/network layer protocol. Other Ethernet frame types operate
strictly with IPX/SPX as a transport/network layer protocol.

 Ethernet SNAP--This frame type (SubNetwork Address Protocol) is an

enhanced version of Ethernet 802.2 that allows for greater compatibility
with other network architectures such as Token Ring. This frame type also
supports TCP/IP.