4.2 Prestressed

Prestressing
© 2019 Modulus Structural Engineering Ltd 1
Eurocode 2 - Contents
1. General 7. Serviceability limit state
2. Basis of design 8. Detailing – general
3. Materials 9. Detailing – particular rules
4. Durability 10. Precast concrete
5. Structural analysis 11. Lightweight concrete
6. Ultimate limit state 12. Plain concrete
Stress limitations
Prestress during tensioning
The maximum force during prestressing is:

Pmax = Ap p,max
where
Ap = cross-sectional area of the tendon
p,max = maximum stress applied to the tendon
= MIN{0.8 fpk ; 0.9 fp0,1k}
Pmax can be increased to Ap0.95 fp0,1k with accurate jack
(±5%)
fp0,1k = 0.1% proof stress for prestressing strand (see table)
Maximum stress in concrete c ≤ 0.6 fck(t)
Where c > 0.45 fck(t) non-linearity of creep must be
considered.
Strand (BS 5896)
Prestress force
Pmax – Pi(x) ≤ Ap pm0(x)

Where:
Pi(x) = immediate losses
pm0(x) = tendon stress after tensioning/transfer
= MIN{0.75 fpk ; 0.85 fp0,1k}
Mean prestress force
Pm,t(x) = Pm0(x) - Pc+s+r(x).
where
Pm,t(x) = mean value of the prestress force at the time t
> t0
Pc+s+r(x) = change in prestress due creep, shrinkage and
the long term relaxation of the prestressing
steel
Losses
Immediate loses
• Short-term relaxation
• Friction loss in the tendon (PT)
• Anchorage slip (PT)
• Deformation of the structure (Elastic shortening)
Long-term losses
• Shrinkage of the concrete
• Creep of the concrete including the effects of the prestress
• Relaxation of the steel tendon
Most of the losses occur in first 2 years, and nearly all of the
losses will have occurred after 10 years
Immediate losses – relaxation
Relaxation loss may be obtained from the manufacturers test

certificates or from (for class 2: wire or strand low relaxation):
0.75 (1   )
 pr 9.1   t 
 0.66 1000e   10 5
 pi  1000 
Where
Δσpr = absolute value of the relaxation of the prestress
σpi = absolute value of the initial prestress
t = time after tensioning (hours)
μ = σpi/fpk
fpk = characteristic tensile strength of prestressing steel
ρ1000 = 2.5% for class 2 wire or strand
Immediate losses – elastic
shortening
Loss of prestress
Δσpe = fc(Es/Ecm(t))
Where:
fc = Concrete stress at the centroid of tendons
Es = Elastic modulus of prestressing steel
Ecm(t) = Elastic modulus of concrete at time, t
Long-term losses
A simplified method can be used: Cl. 5.10.6
Relaxation Creep
Shrinkage
Factor
Stress limitations
For reinforced concrete stress limitations need not be checked

It is recommended that compressive stress is limited to:
• 0.6fck in XD, XF and XS exposure classes
• 0.66fck in the presence of confinement
• 0.45fck if non-linear creep is to be ignored
Tensile stress in reinforcement should be limited to:

• 0.8fyk under characteristic combination
• 1.0fyk when stress caused by imposed deformation
Mean value of stress in prestressing tendon less than 0.75fpk
Ultimate limit state
In a cracked section b
prestressing steel begins

to act as conventional
d*
reinforcement
d
ULS behaviour is exactly
the same as a reinforced
concrete member
fcd = 0.85fck/1.5,
fyd = fpk/1.15
Fc = (0.85 fck / 1.5) b (0.8 x) = 0.453 fck b x
Fp = γP,favApfpk/ 1.15 = 0.9Apfpk/1.15 = 0.783Apfpk
Strain in prestressing steel b
after losses
εp,l = fp,l /Es d*
Strain in prestressing steel d
due to bending
εp,b = (d – x)εcc/x
Total strain, εsb = εp,l + εp,b
The total strain should not

exceed 0.9εuk (i.e. 0.031
for strand to BS 5896)
Lever arm, z = d – 0.4x b
Moment of resistance,
MR = Fpz = Fcz d*
Solution can it found by

estimated x and iterating
until Fp ≈ Fc
Worked example – bending
resistance
Worked example
Determine the capacity of a 203 mm hollowcore unit assuming

the following:
• Prestress after all losses = 972 MPa
• The depth to NA, x = 28 mm
• Effective depth, d = 178 mm
• Area of the strand, Ap = 478 mm2
• Tensile strength, fpk = 1770kN
• fck = 50 MPa
• Width, b = 1168 mm
Worked example - solution
Strain due to prestressing:

εp,l = 972/195 x 103 = 0.0050
Strain due to bending:
εp,b = (d – x)εcc/x = (178 – 25.5) x 0.0035 / 25.5 = 0.021
Total strain, εsb = εp,l + εp,b = 0.0050 + 0.021 = 0.026
Fp = 0.783Apfpk = 0.783 x 487 x 1770 x 10-3 = 675 kN

Fc = 0.453fck b x = 0.453 x 50 x 1168 x 25.5 x 10-3 = 675 kN
Moment of resistance, MR = Fc (d – 0.4x)

= 675(178 - 0.4 x 25.5) x 10-3 = 113 kNm
Prestressing effects
Owen Brooker
BEng CEng MICE MIStructE MCS
Technical Director
Outline
• Jacking forces
• Losses
• Stress limitations
• Worked example – losses
• Workshop session – losses
Jacking forces
Prestress during tensioning
The maximum force during prestressing is:

Pmax = Ap p,max Exp (5.43)
where
Ap = cross-sectional area of the tendon
p,max = maximum stress applied to the tendon
= MIN{0.8 fpk ; 0.9 fp0,1k}
Pmax can be increased to Ap0.95 fp0,1k with accurate
jack (±5%)
Maximum stress in concrete c ≤ 0.6 fck(t)
Where c > 0.45 fck(t) non-linearity of creep must
be considered.
Prestress force
Pmax – Pi(x) ≤ Ap pm0(x) Cl. 5.10.3(2)

Where:
Pi(x) = immediate losses
pm0(x) = tendon stress after tensioning/transfer
= MIN{0.75 fpk ; 0.85 fp0,1k}
Mean prestress force
Pm,t(x) = Pm0(x) - Pc+s+r(x).
where
Pm,t(x) = mean value of the prestress force at
the time t > t0
Pc+s+r(x) = change in prestress due creep,
shrinkage and the long term
relaxation of the prestressing steel
Losses
Losses
Immediate loses
• Friction loss in the tendon
• Anchorage slip
• Deformation of the structure (Elastic shortening)
Long-term losses
• Creep of the concrete including the effects of the prestress
• Relaxation of the steel tendon
Most of the losses occur in first 2 years, and nearly all of the
losses will have occurred after 10 years
Immediate losses – relaxation
Relaxation loss may be obtained from the manufacturers test

certificates or from (for class 2: wire or strand low relaxation):
0.75 (1  )
 pr 9.1   t 
 0.66 1000e   10 5
 pi  1000 
Where
Δσpr = absolute value of the relaxation of the prestress
σpi = absolute value of the initial prestress
t = time after tensioning (hours)
μ = σpi/fpk
fpk = characteristic tensile strength of prestressing steel
ρ1000 = 2.5% for class 2 wire or strand
Immediate losses – elastic

shortening
Loss of prestress
Δσpe = fc(Es/Ecm(t))
Where:
fc = Concrete stress at the centroid of tendons
Es = Elastic modulus of prestressing steel
Ecm(t) = Elastic modulus of concrete at time, t
Long-term losses
A simplified method can be used: Cl. 5.10.6
Relaxation Creep
Shrinkage
Factor
Worked example – long term

losses
Workshop – long-term losses
For the example beam determine the initial losses due to long-
term losses, assume short-term losses are 99 MPa
Creep
Prestress force after initial losses:
σ s = 1284 – 99 = 1185 MPa
σc,QP = (Pt/Ac) + (Pe2/Ic)
= (2 x1185x38/14275) + (2x1185x38x33.72/28.4 x106)
= 6.31 + 3.60 = 9.91 MPa
From earlier calculation: ϕ (t,t0) = 2.21
Shrinkage
From earlier calculation: εcs = 0.495 x 10-3
Relaxation
μ = σpi/fpk = 1185/1605 = 0.74
0.75 (1   )
 pr 9.1   t 
 0.66 1000e   10 5
 pi  1000 
0.75 (1  0.74 )
 500000  5
 0.66  2.5 e 9.10.74
  10
 1000 
 0.0466  4.66%
Δσpr = 4.66% x 1185 = 55.2 Mpa
Other required data
Ep = 190 GPa
Ecm = 35 GPa
Ep
 cs E p  0.8  pr   (t ,t 0 ) c ,QP
E cm
 p ,c  s  r 
E p Ap A 2
1 (1  c z cp )[1  0.8 (t ,t 0 )]
E cm Ac Ic
195
0.495  10  3  195  10 3  0.8  55.2   2.21  9.91
 35
195 76 14275
1 (1  6
33.72 )[1  0.8  2.21]
35 14275 28.4  10
96.5  44.2  122.0
  232 MPa
1.13
Workshop session – initial losses
Workshop – initial loses
For the example beam determine the initial losses due to:
• Relaxation of the strand
• Elastic deformation
Initial losses
Prestress losses at transfer (1 day)

Relaxation:
Fpk = 61 kN, fpk = 61 x 103/38 = 1605 MPa
Fp0.1k = 61 kN, fp0.1k = 59 x 103/38 = 1552 MPa
p,max = MIN{0.8 fpk ; 0.9 fp0,1k}
= MIN{0.8 x1605 ; 0.9 x 1552}
= MIN{1284 ; 1397}
μ = σpi/fpk = 1284/1605 = 0.8
Initial losses
0.75 (1   )
 pr 9.1   t 
 0.66 1000e   10 5
 pi  1000 
0.75 (1  0.8 )
 24  5
 0.66  2.5 e   9.10.8
10
 1000 
 0.0136  1.36%
Δσpr = 1.36% x 1284 = 17.5 MPa
Shrinkage
Assume drying shrinkage is 2.5% εcd,∞
εcd(tran) = 2.5% εcd,0 = 2.5% x 0.42 x 10-3 = 0.011 x 10-3
Autogenous shrinkage
εca(∞) = 0.075 x 10-3
βas(t) = 1 – e(–0.2t 0.5) = 1 – e(–0.2 x 10.5) = 0.18
εca(t) = βas(t) εca(∞) = 0.18 x 0.075 x 10-3 = 0.014 x 10-3
Total shrinkage
εcs = εcd,∞ + εca(t) = 0.011 x 10-3 + 0.014 x 10-3 = 0.025 x 10-3
Δσpr = εcs x Ep = 0.025 x 10-3 x 190 x 10-3= 4.75 MPa
Elastic deformation
Prestress after shrinkage and relaxation losses
σs = 1284 – 17.5 - 4.75 = 1262 MPa
σc = (P/Ac) + (Pe2/Ic)
= (2 x1262 x38/14275) + (2x1262x38x33.72/28.4 x106)
= 6.71 + 3.84 = 10.55 MPa
Ecm(t) = (fcm(t)/fcm)0.3Ecm
fcm(t) = βcc(t) fcm1 2
 12
 28     28  
s 1     0.2 1    
 cc t   e   t    
1 

e  0.42
Ecm(t) = ((0.42 x 48)/48) 0.3 x 35 = 26.9 MPa
Δσpe = σc(Ep/Ecm(t))
= 10.55 (195/26.9)
= 76.5 Mpa
Total loss at transfer = 17.5 + 4.75 + 76.5 = 98.75 MPa
Application to pre-stressed
sections
In a cracked section b
prestressing steel begins

to act as conventional
d*
reinforcement
d
ULS behaviour is exactly
the same as a reinforced
concrete member
fcd = 0.85fck/1.5,
fyd = fpk/1.15
Fc = (0.85 fck / 1.5) b (0.8 x) = 0.453 fck b x
Fp = γP,favApfpk/ 1.15 = 0.9Apfpk/1.15 = 0.783Apfpk
Strain in prestressing steel b
after losses
εp,l = fp,l /Es d*
Strain in prestressing steel d
due to bending
εp,b = (d – x)εcc/x
Total strain, εsb = εp,l + εp,b
The total strain should not

exceed 0.9εuk (i.e. 0.031
for strand to BS 5896)
Lever arm, z = d – 0.4x b
Moment of resistance,
MR = Fpz = Fcz d*
Solution can it found by

estimated x and iterating
until Fp ≈ Fc
Worked example – bending

resistance
Worked example
Determine the capacity of a 203 mm hollowcore unit assuming

the following:
• Prestress after all losses = 972 MPa
• The depth to NA, x = 28 mm
• Effective depth, d = 178 mm
• Area of the strand, Ap = 478 mm2
• Tensile strength, fpk = 1770kN
• fck = 50 MPa
• Width, b = 1168 mm

εp,l = 972/195 x 103 = 0.0050
εp,b = (d – x)εcc/x = (178 – 25.5) x 0.0035 / 25.5 = 0.021
Fp = 0.783Apfpk = 0.783 x 487 x 1770 x 10-3 = 675 kN

Fc = 0.453fck b x = 0.453 x 50 x 1168 x 25.5 x 10-3 = 675 kN
Moment of resistance, MR = Fc (d – 0.4x)

= 675(178 - 0.4 x 25.5) x 10-3
= 113 kNm
Workshop – bending resistance
Workshop problem
For the 125 x 150 I-beam determine the moment of resistance

using the principles of Eurocode 2
Assume depth to NA, x = 65 mm

εp,l = (1185-232)/195 x 103 = 0.0049
εp,b = (d – x)εcc/x = (116 – 65) x 0.0035 / 65 = 0.0027
Fp = 0.783Apfpk = 0.783 x 76 x 1860 x 10-3 = 111 kN

Fc = 0.453fck b x = 0.453 x 40 x 100 x 65 x 10-3 = 118 kN
Moment of resistance, MR = Fp (d – 0.4x)

= 111(116 - 0.4 x 65) x 10-3
= 10.0 kNm

4.2 Prestressed

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4.2 Prestressed

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Prestressing

Prestress during tensioning

The maximum force during prestressing is:

Pmax – Pi(x) ≤ Ap pm0(x)

Immediate losses – relaxation

Relaxation loss may be obtained from the manufacturers test

A simplified method can be used: Cl. 5.10.6

For reinforced concrete stress limitations need not be checked

Tensile stress in reinforcement should be limited to:

Mean value of stress in prestressing tendon less than 0.75fpk

Ultimate limit state

prestressing steel begins

Strain in prestressing steel b

The total strain should not

Ultimate limit state

Lever arm, z = d – 0.4x b

Solution can it found by

Determine the capacity of a 203 mm hollowcore unit assuming

Strain due to prestressing:

Fp = 0.783Apfpk = 0.783 x 487 x 1770 x 10-3 = 675 kN

Moment of resistance, MR = Fc (d – 0.4x)

The maximum force during prestressing is:

Pmax – Pi(x) ≤ Ap pm0(x) Cl. 5.10.3(2)

Relaxation loss may be obtained from the manufacturers test

Immediate losses – elastic

A simplified method can be used: Cl. 5.10.6

Worked example – long term

Workshop – initial loses

Prestress losses at transfer (1 day)

Δσpr = εcs x Ep = 0.025 x 10-3 x 190 x 10-3= 4.75 MPa

Ecm(t) = ((0.42 x 48)/48) 0.3 x 35 = 26.9 MPa

Total loss at transfer = 17.5 + 4.75 + 76.5 = 98.75 MPa

prestressing steel begins

Ultimate limit state

Strain in prestressing steel b

The total strain should not

Lever arm, z = d – 0.4x b

Solution can it found by

Worked example – bending

Determine the capacity of a 203 mm hollowcore unit assuming

Worked example - solution

Strain due to prestressing:

Fp = 0.783Apfpk = 0.783 x 487 x 1770 x 10-3 = 675 kN

Moment of resistance, MR = Fc (d – 0.4x)

For the 125 x 150 I-beam determine the moment of resistance

Strain due to prestressing:

Fp = 0.783Apfpk = 0.783 x 76 x 1860 x 10-3 = 111 kN

Moment of resistance, MR = Fp (d – 0.4x)

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