Sheet 1 of 9

442312076.xlsx.xls

ENGR. ABDUL AZIZ Steel in Columns with

Compression-Wiggins
method
ENGINEERING MAKES THE DIFFERENCE Original Date:May 12, 1969
A B C D E F G H I
1-GENERAL You may send your comments to: Engr.Abdul.Aziz@TLEng
Traditionally, transmission line foundations were cast in plain concrete. The first designs that I used were made by Montaca
Then SAE of Italy became the turn key contractor in Pakistan. They designed almost all foundations for transmission lines
Even WAPDA had adopted their design for their in-house projects. The first Mangla 220 kv lines (Mangla-kalashah kaku, K
Kot Lakhpat and Kalashah Kaku-Nishatabad) were designed by Commonwealth Associates Inc. and were erected by ICC
the project Manager. The general design of spread foundations was vertical circular anchors 10 to 14 ft. deep with a belled
recall the diameter but it was nearly 3 to 4 ft. There was no reinforcement except 3 rings near top, so called temperature st
near the middle of the, I requested their project manager, Mr. Glen V. Peek to get me technical papers for designing such f
He was kind enough to get me quite a few ones on the subject, including one by their chief designer (I think the name was
and WIGGINS paper titled, "Analysis and design of tower foundation", by Richard L. Wiggins, published in the Journal of A
division March, 1969. Don sandals paper did not mention about reinforcement and gave out some drawings used for testin
testing of foundations, that showed no reinforcement just as their Pakistani lines did not include as mentioned above.

In transmission lines, for so called "BAD SOILS", the governing condition may be COMPRESSION. ACI code requires rein
in columns. The vertical circulr anchors of tower foundations are dealt as short columns. And the Commonwealth design w
compliant. At that time, I had an ACI 318, Probably 1965 edition. I was unable to use the code without the help of SP(Spec
publications), that I did not have. So Wiggins paper was timely as it had a design methodology both for the geotechnical an
design, with a section on foundations subject to Horizontal loads from wind as well as the vertical load of the equipment or
Compression leg of the tower. If the project specifications allow separate design for compression and uplift leg a deffinite e
be achieved.This can be the case of heavy angle towers.

This methodolgy is particularly suited to steel poles, narrow base towers, bus supports, Lightening arrestor supports. In all
there is a single column like foundation.

The purpose of present workbook is to design a template to give just the structural part of it. I did not use this methodology
used CP-110 for quite some length of time. Latter this document was converted to BSS-8110 and has charts for design of c
Unfortunately they did not include circular section in the standard and CP-110 remained in use for circular columns. The pr
is being made for the first time, Only for the sake of recalling memories of old technology. I do not have access to the CRS
(old edition) that was recommended by Wiggins to check against. Thus I cannot check the results. When used in actual de
one can link the inputs with the geotechnical design, with proper unit conversion, and the rest is a peace of cake.

Around August 1986, a fresh graduate from Nigeria Mr. Khalid Usman Chaudhry was appointed as a civil engineer in my d
interview, I asked him if he could automate the structural design of circular column. His reply indicated that he was quite fa
CP-110. So I gave him an assignment to write a BASIC program. He had a commodore computer and did a good job and t
appointed. In ICC his first assignement was to write BASIC program both for Rectangular and Circular column. ICC had the
computer with 8 inch 160 KB floppy disc. Although storage space and computer time given to our section was very very lim
an excellent job. His programs were used but for a short time as the HP computer soon became out of order. I still have thi
documentation and intend to design two workbooks, God willing of course.

As the luck would have, Mr. Usman left us for better prospects, not as a civil engineer but as an ISO-9000 quality manager
company. We lost a good designer. He has been regularly seeing me until I retired. I wish him a all the best.

Sometimes in 1988, Mr. Azhar Bhatti had written a BASIC prgram for column design. I used this program almost to the end
 Sheet 2 of 9
442312076.xlsx.xls

ENGR. ABDUL AZIZ Steel in Columns with

Compression-Wiggins
method
ENGINEERING MAKES THE DIFFERENCE Original Date:May 12, 1969
A B C D E F G H I
God willing I also plan to put it in a worksheet. I used this in my FRAMEWORK worksheets as an off line input for KESC 5t
projects.

PCA column was available also afterwards and was mostly used by my junior colleages. It in fact is a professional software
prefered over other methods.

2-THEORY
WIGGINS writes on page 96:
"It is very difficult, if not impossible, to find design charts for combined bending and axial compressive load in circular sectio
incorporate eccentricity ratios > 3. Therfor, the structural design of the shaft is accomplished by considering the bending an
compression separately and combining the results."

Some approximations are made to compose a model that conforms to the established theory of reinforced concrete design
represents such a model in which an attempt has been made to construct an equivalent rectangular section. The effective
rectangular beam is assumed to be the core diameter of the circular section, D'. The effective width of rectangular may also

assumed as D'. It may be noted that the model is based on eight bars in the circular section, two of which are not effective
bending. It should also be recognised that the extreme bars will be stressed higher than the selected working stress for ste
Because of the simplifying assumptions made to create the model, it is recommended that fS not exceed 20,000 psi and
working stress in concrete, not to exceed 1,350 psi. The coefficients applying to Fig. 12 are the result of committee work by
American Concrete Institute, "Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook",Detroit, 1955. The reinforcing steel required for ben
doubled in order to account for bending in any direction. This extra steel will generally be adequate for the axial compressiv
Column tables from CRSI handbook can be consulted to verify and additional steel required for column action.
 Sheet 3 of 9
442312076.xlsx.xls

ENGR. ABDUL AZIZ Steel in Columns with

Compression-Wiggins
method
ENGINEERING MAKES THE DIFFERENCE Original Date:May 12, 1969
A B C D E F G H I
The following calculations refer to Fig. 12, as outlined previously:

D' D' f s  20,000 psi f c  1,350 psi

r1  , r2  sin 450
2 2

D' D' D' D'

r1  2r2  2 sin 450
 1  2sin 45 0
  1  2  0.707105Thus
  D '  1  1.41421
r  2 2  2  2   D '  2.41421
6 
3 3 3 3 6
Thus 2r  0.80472  54 D '

 D '
3
2M M  KF
As  a = 1.44 A 's  (for check only) F
aD ' CD ' 12,000
In the formula for A 's It is obvious that compression steel is not needed if M  KF But Wiggins did not give a meth
the compression steel as is obvious from his remarks,"(for check only)"

NOTE ON UNITS: D' is in inches, M is in kip-ft. Resulting stel areas will be in Sq. Inches.
NOTE on Steel strength: I guess the constant a depends upon Steel strength and concrete strength. Thus the values are
in-built and other values cannot be used. As the derivation is not avaialble, I cannot say with confidence, if the area can
be adjusted linearly.

NOTE ON UNITS: D' is in inches, M is in kip-ft. Resulting stel areas will be in Sq. Inches.
 Sheet 4 of 9
442312076.xlsx.xls

16-Oct-19
umns with 6:44 AM

n-Wiggins
F-14
od V 1.27
May 12, 1969 Template:F15-ColStlWgnComp.xlsx
J K L M N
ents to: Engr.Abdul.Aziz@TLEngr.com
that I used were made by Montacatini from Italy.
foundations for transmission lines up to 1975.
kv lines (Mangla-kalashah kaku, Kalashah kaku-
ates Inc. and were erected by ICC with myself as
hors 10 to 14 ft. deep with a belled bottom. I do not
near top, so called temperature steel. In fact,
chnical papers for designing such foundations.
ief designer (I think the name was Don Sandals)
ggins, published in the Journal of ASCE, Power
out some drawings used for testing actual row 20
include as mentioned above.

PRESSION. ACI code requires reinforcement

And the Commonwealth design was non-
code without the help of SP(Special
dology both for the geotechnical and structural
he vertical load of the equipment or loads in a
pression and uplift leg a deffinite economy can

row 30
Lightening arrestor supports. In all these cases

of it. I did not use this methodology. Instead I

8110 and has charts for design of columns.
in use for circular columns. The present effort
y. I do not have access to the CRSI handbook
he results. When used in actual design,
e rest is a peace of cake.
row 40
pointed as a civil engineer in my division. During
eply indicated that he was quite familiar with
computer and did a good job and thus was
ar and Circular column. ICC had then HP-87
en to our section was very very limited, he did
became out of order. I still have this

ut as an ISO-9000 quality manager in another

h him a all the best. row 50

used this program almost to the end of my carrier.

 Sheet 5 of 9
442312076.xlsx.xls

16-Oct-19
umns with 6:44 AM

n-Wiggins
F-14
od V 1.27
May 12, 1969 Template:F15-ColStlWgnComp.xlsx
J K L M N
ets as an off line input for KESC 5th. And 6th.

It in fact is a professional software and may be

row 60
compressive load in circular sections which
hed by considering the bending and

heory of reinforced concrete design. Fig. 12

rectangular section. The effective depth of the
ective width of rectangular may also be

row 70

row 80
tion, two of which are not effective in resisting
the selected working stress for steel, fS.
hat fS not exceed 20,000 psi and fC, the
are the result of committee work by the
e reinforcing steel required for bending, AS, is
e adequate for the axial compressive load.
ired for column action.
 Sheet 6 of 9
442312076.xlsx.xls

16-Oct-19
umns with 6:44 AM

n-Wiggins
F-14
od V 1.27
May 12, 1969 Template:F15-ColStlWgnComp.xlsx
J K L M N

row 90

K  236

D '  1  1.41421
 D '  2.41421
6   0.40236 D '
6

row 100

C = 0.86 I substituted C for c

But Wiggins did not give a method to compute

ete strength. Thus the values are

with confidence, if the area can
row 110

row 120
 Sheet 7 of 9
442312076.xlsx.xls

ENGR. ABDUL AZIZ Steel in Columns with

Compression-Wiggins
method
ENGINEERING MAKES THE DIFFERENCE Original Date:May 12, 1969
A B C D E F G H I
INPUTS You may send your comments to: Engr.Abdul.Aziz@TLEng
Data ued from the Wiggins solved example for a pole structure page 97 & 98

D = Diameter of the shaft = 24 in

hs = Shaft above G.L. = 0.00 ft.
CC = Concrete Cover = 3 in
L Length of Chimney = 11.5 ft
M = Max. Moment in the shaft = 103.5 Kip-ft
n Number ofvertical reinforcing bars = 8
HOLP Hoop overlap length = 1 ft

COMPTATION
D' = 24 - 2 X 3 = 18 in
F = 18 ^ 3 / 12,000 = 0.486
KF= (236) (0.486) = 114.696 kip-ft
Is KF > M Yes No compression steel is needed
AS = 2(103.5)/(1.44) /(18) = 7.9861 Sq. In
Area of one bar (Defined as "A") 7.9861/8= 0.9983 Sq. In
Main Bars Use 8 Bars of # 9 By looking up in the ASTM standard table on the right

Hoops Use 12 Bars of Dia 0.375 at 12 In By looking up in table on the ri

Bar cutting Schedule

Bar Size Length Unit wt. Qty Total wt. one footing
Description # or Dia ft. lb/ft lb. kg
Main #9 11.00 3.4 8 299.2 135.692
Hoops 0.375 Dia 57.55 0.376 12 259.6656 117.762
558.87 253.45
 Sheet 8 of 9
442312076.xlsx.xls

ENGR. ABDUL AZIZ Steel in Columns with

Compression-Wiggins
method
ENGINEERING MAKES THE DIFFERENCE Original Date:May 12, 1969
A B C D E F G H I

PREFACE ENDS
 Sheet 9 of 9
442312076.xlsx.xls

16-Oct-19
umns with 6:44 AM

n-Wiggins
F-14
od V 1.27
May 12, 1969 Template:F15-ColStlWgnCompBM.xlsx
J K L M N
ents to: Engr.Abdul.Aziz@TLEngr.com

Zero taken to conform to Wiggins

row 20

standard table on the right

By looking up in table on the right row 30

row 40