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2014
CE 5630
ADVANCED THEORY & DESIGN OF
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
Module 8
Design of Compression Members
Devdas Menon
Professor, Dept of Civil Engg
IIT Madras
DESIGN OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS
CLASSIFICATION OF COLUMNS BASED ON TYPE OF TRANSVERSE
REINFORCEMENT
tie spiral
longitudinal
bars
structural
steel section
centroidal axis
ELEVATION
Dx
D
X
CROSS ey
Dy Y Y
SECTION
e
ex
X
UNSUPPORTED LENGTH
x x
Dx (a) plan
Major axis
Dy Dy Dx
Minor axis Iy Ix
y
upper floor
slenderness ratios:
k xl x k yl y
,
Dx Dy
lx
ly
Dy
EFFECTIVE LENGTH (IDEALISED BOUNDARY CONDITIONS)
P
P P P
le = 0.7l
le = l l
le = 0.5l l le = kl
P P
P
0.5l
le = kl
l le = l
l
le = 2l
le = l
P P
P
P
(c) 1<k<
(a) both ends
both ends rotationally free
rotationally fixed (d)
both ends partially
restrained
(b) (rotational)
one end rotationally
fixed, the other free
300 × 400
250 × 600
Y
4.0 m × 3 250 × 400 X
= 12.0 m
A A
300
600 400
y 250
3500
400
x x ly = 2900 300 lx = 3100
y 600
The calculated minimum eccentricity (in any plane) does not exceed 0.05
times the lateral dimension (in the plane considered), the Code (Cl. 39.3)
permits the use of the following simplified formula, obtained by reducing
Puo by approximately 10 percent
ec plastic centroid
geometric (at ultimate loads)
centroid
SECTION
STRESS
Cs1 Cs2 Cs3 Cs4 (fsc – fcc)Asi
RESULTANTS
fcc fcc
Cs = Csi Cc = fcc Ac fcc Ag
= fsc Asc
(a) symmetrically (b) unsymmetrically
reinforced reinforced
28 mm
6 spiral
6–16
clear cover
to links spiral
300 40 mm
ties
longitudinal
bar
(a) (b)
common
closed tie
300
(c) (d)
75 mm 75 mm
48 t
closed
tie
open
(cross)
ties
(e) (f)
tied columns
axial
load
Po
o axial shortening
ELEVATION
D
D
highly
compressed e = eb 5 e=
edge
y xu, b tension
c, min 4 xu, min
3 e = eD compression
2
e=0 cu = 0.002
1 PIVOT
xu =
cu = 0.0035
3D/7
xu = D
xu > D
CROSS SECTION STRAIN PROFILES
D highly D
centroidal compressed centroidal
axis edge axis
d d d d
least
compressed
edge
b
COLUMN
SECTION
FAILURE
si si
STRAIN
PROFILE 0.002
PIVOT
cu
cu = 0.0035 3D/7 0.0035
D/14
Csi STRESS Csi
RESULTANT
S
0.447fck 0.447fck
Cc Cc
x
x
(a) xu D (b) xu > D
Pu
Puo 1
~
Puo 1
2
DESIGN INTERACTION CURVE
3 (Pu = PuR, Mu = MuR )
e = emin
e=0 1
e
e = eD e < eb „compression failure‟
„balanced failure‟ 4
Pub
e = eb
e > eb „tension failure‟
5
Mu = Pu e
e= Muo Mub
xu solved iteratively
EXAMPLE 13.5
For the column section shown in Fig., determine the design strength
components corresponding to the condition of ‘balanced failure’.
Assume M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel. Consider loading eccentricity
with respect to the major axis alone. Assume 8 ties and 40 mm clear
cover. 500
40
(a)
M 25
300 column
8 ties Fe 415
section
6–25
PuR
highly compressed
edge (b)
i=1
i=2 i=3
yi
xu, b
(c)
s1 = y s2 balanced strain
s3 cu = 0.0035 profile
0.447fck (d)
Cc stress resultants
0.416xu
32
33
EXAMPLE 13.6
For the column section shown in Fig., determine the design strength
components corresponding to a neutral axis location given by xu/D =1.2.
Consider loading eccentricity with respect to the major axis alone.
500
(a)
6–25
300
column
8 ties section
M 25
60.5 60.5 Fe 415
189.5 189.5
Pu
Mux
(b)
xu = 600
D = 500
(c)
s1 cu = 0.00311 ultimate
s2
s3 strain
profile
Cs1 Cs2 Cs3
0.447fck (d)
stress
Cc x resultants
35
36
37
EXAMPLE 13.7
For the column section shown in Fig., determine the design strength
components and corresponding eccentricity of loading with respect to the
minor axis alone, for the limiting condition of ‘no tension’ in the section
300
6–25
60.5 60.5
PuR
MuR,x
highly compressed
(b)
edge
i=1
i=2
yi
(c)
failure strain
s1 cu = 0.0035 profile (xu = D)
s2
Cs1 Cs2
(d)
stress resultants
Cc
0.416D
39
40
EXAMPLE 13.8
For the H-shaped column section shown in Fig., determine the design strength
components corresponding to a neutral axis location given by xu/D = 0.75.
Consider loading eccentricity with respect to the major axis alone. Assume M 30
concrete and Fe 415 steel 100
D = 400
200 100
6–20
(a)
column
300 100 section
M 30
Fe 415
50 PuR 50
MuR,x
y1 = – 100 y2 = +100
xu = 300
(c)
s1 50 cu = 0.0035 ultimate strain
s2 profile
Cs1 Cs2
Cc1 Cc2
3xu /7 = 128.6 (d)
> 100 stress resultants
100
100 area 2
100 area 1
200 100
EXAMPLE 13.9
For a column section shown in example 13.5, construct the design interaction
curve for axial compression combined with uniaxial bending about the major
axis. Hence, investigate the safety of the column section under the following
factored load effects:
(i) Pu = 2275 kN, Mux = 46.4 kNm (maximum axial compression);
(ii) Pu = 1105 kN, Mux = 125 kNm (maximum eccentricity).
xu, min /D = 0.284
Muo, x = 199.8 kNm
Interaction diagram
DESIGN CHARTS (FOR UNIAXIAL ECCENTRIC COMPRESSION) IN SP : 16
bending axis
D/2 D/2
NO
INNER b
0.5As 0.5As
ROWS
d d
bending axis
D/2 D/2
d
d
bending axis
D/2 D/2
bending axis
AT LEAST 6 BARS
(EQUAL DIA)
2–28 2–28
4–22
EXAMPLE 13.13
Referring to the column section shown in example 13.12, investigate the safety
of the column section under uniaxial eccentric compression with respect to the
minor axis, considering Pu = 1400 kN and Muy = 200 kNm. If the section is
unsafe, suggest suitable modifications to the reinforcement provided.
52
SHORT COLUMNS WITH BIAXIAL ECCENTRICITIES
Mu M u2x M u2y
Pu
Y resultant
Muy axis of Pu
Muy
bending
X X
Mux Mux 1 2
neutral axis
MuR,y
Y
PuR
possible MuR,x
(a) Y s1
neutral axis
Y
bending 3 4
axis
axis of Cs1 s2
X X bending
Pu
tension
ex s3
ey x x Cs2
Y
e
ex s4
Cs3
e e x2 e y2 ey compression
cu
Cs4
(b) Cc
resultant axis Y
(c) failure
of bending strains
neutral axis stress
resultants
(d)
Pu
INTERACTION SURFACE FOR A BIAXIALLY LOADED COLUMN
Y
y
X X
Pu
x ex
ey
Pu
Puo
MuR,y
PuR
MuR,x Muy1
Mux1
load
contour
0
Muy = Pu ey
Mu Mux
2
Muy
2
Mux = Pu ex
Code Procedure for Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns
The simplified method adopted by the Code (Cl. 39.6) is based on Bresler’s
formulation [Ref. 13.14] for the ‘load contour’
n
0.25
n = 1.0
2.0
0.50
1.0
0.75
n n
Mux Muy Pu/Puz
1
Mux1 Muy1
1.00 0 0.2 0.8 1.0
n = 2.0
Muy/Muy1
(a) (b)
CODE PROCEDURE
1. Given Pu, Mux, Muy, verify that the eccentricities ex = Mux/Pu and ey =
Muy/Pu are not less than the corresponding minimum eccentricities.
2. Assume a trial section for the column.
3. Determine Mux1 and Muy1, corresponding to the given Pu (using
appropriate design aids). Ensure that Mux1 and Muy1 are
significantly greater than Mux and Muy respectively; otherwise,
suitably redesign the section †
4. Determine Puz, and hence n.
5. Check the adequacy of the section [Eq. 13.38]; if necessary, redesign
the section and check again.
†This is usually achieved by increasing the percentage of
reinforcement and/or improving the grade of concrete; the dimensions
may also be increased, if required.
EXAMPLE 13.15
A corner column (400 mm × 400 mm), located in the lowermost storey of a
system of braced frames, is subjected to factored loads: Pu = 1300 kN,
Mux=190 kNm and Muy = 110 kNm. The unsupported length of the column is
3.5m. Design the reinforcement in the column, assuming M 25 concrete and
Fe 415 steel.
RC RECTANGULAR COLUMN SECTIONS UNDER BIAXIAL
ECCENTRIC COMPRESSION
Reference: S. Srinivasan
and Devdas Menon, RC
rectangular column
sections under biaxial
eccentric compression –
an improved design
recommendation, Journal
of Structural Engineering,
Vol. 29, No. 4, pp 205-211
and January-March 2003
DESIGN OF SLENDER COLUMNS
P Pmax Pe P OA short column
(material failure)
OB long column
(material failure)
M = P(e+)
l/2 Ps e OC very long column
A
Ps (instability failure)
max P1 e
B
e Mmax P1
l 1 P11
e
P2 interaction
C
(failure)
curve
primary
moment 0 M
P–moment
P
max
P1
l P1
2
1
2
1
M1 M1
M1 M1
P P
where le is the effective length and r the radius of gyration. Thus, the
slenderness ratio (le/r) limit for short columns lies in the range 22–34
in single curvature and 34–46 in double curvature.
UNBRACED SLENDER COLUMN: LATERAL DRIFT EFFECT
An ‘unbraced column’ is one which is subject to sideway (or ‘lateral drift’),
i.e., there is significant lateral displacement between the top and bottom
ends of the column. The lateral drift may occur due to the action of lateral
loads, or due to gravity loads when the loading or the frame is asymmetric.
The additional moments at the column ends caused by the action of the
vertical load acting on the deflected configuration of the unbraced column is
termed the lateral drift effect. P
P
2H
B
„rigid‟ beam
H total
member primary
P stability
A effect
H Mo
A M2 PA
P
The Code (Cl. 39.7) broadly recommends that when slender columns are
involved in a reinforced concrete structure, a detailed ‘second-order’
structural analysis should be carried out to determine the bending
moments and axial forces for which the slender columns are to be
designed. Indeed, such a rigorous analysis is particularly desirable for
slender columns in unbraced frames. Such analysis must take into account
all slenderness effects, viz. the influence of column and frame deflections
on moments, effects of axial loads and effects of sustained loads. Realistic
moment-curvature relationships should be made use of.
1
l/2 2
M
DEFLECTION CURVATURE
d D d
( cu st ) ( D d )
st
cu
ea/D ratio increases with the square of the slenderness ratio le/D; ea/D
has a minimum value of 0.072 for le/D =12 (transition between ‘short
column’ and ‘slender column’) and a maximum value of 0.450 for le/D = 30
(recommended limit for unbraced columns) and 1.800 for le/D = 60 (braced
column).
The derivation assumes that the column is braced and bent symmetrically
in single curvature: some modification is required when the primary
moments applied at the column ends are unequal and/or of different signs:
Mu = 0.4M1 + 0.6M2 0.4M2
In the case of unbraced columns, the lateral drift effect (hitherto not considered)
needs to be included. An approximate way of accounting for this is by assuming
that the additional moment Ma acts at the column end where the maximum
primary moment M2 is operational. Hence, for design purposes, the total moment
may be taken as:
Tu Cu
xu xu , purebending
cu 0.0035
st y
Pu 0( ) 0.87 f y Ast
78
EXAMPLE 13.19
79
80
EXAMPLE 13.20
For the column section shown in Fig., determine the design
strength components corresponding to an axial force
(tensile) applied at an eccentricity of 300 mm with respect to
the major axis. Assume M 25 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Assume 8 ties and 40 mm clear cover.
81
82
83
84
85
86
AXIAL TENSION AND SLENDERNESS EFFECTS
87
Axial Tension with Biaxial Bending
88
CONCRETE WALLS
Reading Assignment
89
Thank you