Statistical Treatments

The following statistical tests were utilized by the researchers in this

study: (You can have your own way of this introductory part)

1. To determine the profile of the respondents, percentage distribution

was employed.

𝑓
% = (100),
𝑛

where:

f = frequency, and

n = number of respondents

2. For problem (state the no/nos.), the weighted mean was utilized.

Σx𝑊
WM = ,
Σ𝑊

where:

WM = weighted mean,

X = each of the item value,

W = weight of each item, and

 = “the sum of”

3. For problem (state the no/nos.) the t-test for two independent samples

was utilized.
 𝑥̅ 1 −𝑥̅ 2
𝑡 = ,
𝑠2 𝑠2
√ 1 + 2
𝑛1 𝑛2

where:

t = computed t-test,

𝑥̅1 = mean of the first group,

𝑥̅2 = mean of the second group,

s1 = standard deviation of the first group,

s2 = standard deviation of the second group,

n1 = number of sample for the first group, and

n2 = number of sample for the second group.

4. For problem (state the no/nos.), the Pearson Product Moment

Correlation Coefficient, r , was employed.

𝑛 (Σ𝑥𝑦)− (Σ𝑥)(Σ𝑦)
𝑟 = ,
√[𝑛(Σ𝑥 2 )−(Σ𝑥)2 ][𝑛(Σ𝑦 2 )−(Σ𝑦)2 ]

where:

r = Pearson Product Moment of Correlation

Coefficient,

n = number of sample,

x = independent variable,

y = dependent variable, and

 = “the sum of”

 The following are the interpretations for the different values of r:
r (±) Interpretation
1.00 PERFECT POSITIVE/ PERFECT NEGATIVE
CORRELATION
0.81 – 0.99 VERY STRONG/ VERY HIGH
0.61 – 0.80 STRONG/HIGH
0.41 – 0.60 MODERATE/ SUBSTANTIAL
0.21 – 0.40 LOW/ SLIGHT
0.01 – 0.20 VERY LOW/ NEGLIGIBLE
0 NO CORRELATION

To test the significance of r, the formula below was used.

𝑟𝑥𝑦 √𝑛−2
𝑡 = ,
√1−𝑟𝑥 2 𝑦

where:

t = test statistic for the significance of r

r = product moment correlation coefficient, and

n = number of respondents.

5. For problem (state the problem no./s), ANOVA was utilized.

To find the degrees of freedom:

𝑑𝑓𝑏 = 𝑘 − 1,

𝑑𝑓𝑤 = 𝑁 − 𝑘,

where:

dfb = degree of freedom between,

 dfw = degree of freedom within,

k = number of groups, and

N = number of samples.

To compute for the sum of squares of group variance:

(Σ𝑥)2
𝑆𝑆𝑇 = Σ𝑥 2 − ,
𝑁

𝑇12 𝑇22 𝑇𝑚2 (Σ𝑥)2

𝑆𝑆𝑏 = ( + + ⋯+ )− ,
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑛𝑚 𝑁

𝑆𝑆𝑤 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇 − 𝑆𝑆𝑏 ,

where:

SST = total sum of squares,

SSb = sum of squares of between group,

SSw = sum of squares of within group,

x = each of the item value,

N = total number of samples,

T1 = total values in group one,

T2 = total values in group two,

Tm = total values in group “m”,

n1 = number of samples in group one,

n2 = number of samples in group two,

nm = number of samples in group “m”

 2
= “square of”, and

 = “the sum of”.

To find the mean squares of group variance:

𝑆𝑆𝑏
𝑀𝑆𝑏 = ,
𝑑𝑓𝑏

𝑆𝑆𝑤
𝑀𝑆𝑤 = ,
𝑑𝑓𝑤

where:

MSb = mean squares of between group,

MSw = mean squares of within group,

SSb = sum of squares of between group,

SSw = sum of squares of within group,

dfb = degree of freedom between, and

dfw = degree of freedom within.

To compute the value of F – statistic:

𝑀𝑆𝑏
𝐹𝑐𝑣 = ,
𝑀𝑆𝑤

where:

Fcv = F – statistic ratio value

MSb = mean squares of between group,

MSw = mean squares of within group

 6. For problem (state the no/nos.), McNemar’s Test of Change was

employed.

2
(|𝑏 − 𝑐| − 1)2
𝑥 =
𝑏+𝑐

where:

x2 = McNemar’s test computed value

b = first row second column entry

c = second row first column entry

Statistical calculations were done using manual counting and statistical

software. For all computations, 5% level of significance ( = .05) was

devised.