Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Window
When user opens any file or application (Software) then computer displays the window
on screen. This window helps to work within the file or application. Following is the
example of window.
Vertical
Scroll Bar
Horizontal
Scroll Bar
Tool Bar
- Menu Bar: Normally, it is the next line of the title bar. The commands available
in application can access using menu bar.
- Scroll Bar: Scroll bar is used to move the document window to the left, right, up
or down. Horizontal scroll bar is used to move the window left and right. Vertical
Scroll bar is used to move window up and down.
- Status Bar: It is the last line of the window. It shows the current status of the file,
cursor etc.
Types of windows:
1. Application Window: When user opens any application then one window is
opened. This window is known as application window. It is known as parent
window. Ex: MS Word, MS Excel window.
3. Folder Window: This window is opened when user opens folder. This window
displays the files and subfolders available in the opened folder. See the following
figure.
Operations of windows:
1. Moving a window with mouse:
Perform following steps:
- Select the window which you want to move from one place to another.
- Move the mouse pointer to the title bar of the window.
- Apply left click and hold it.
- Move the window to the location where you want to move.
- Release the mouse button after moving.
Icon:
Icon is the small graphical picture which represents file, application, folder, device and
other computers. The icon also displays the text as a name. Following are the examples:
Menu:
Menu is displayed from the Menu bar of the window. File menu, Edit menu, View menu
etc. are available in menu bar. Each menu contains many commands which are
displayed with some name. This name contains the underline to one letter. It helps to
access the same command using shortcut key. (Ex: File Menu -> New means Alt + F + N
is the shortcut key for it.)
Desktop:
The first screen of windows operating system is known as Desktop.
- It provides the interface between User and applications.
- The desktop contains many objects like recycle bin, my computer, my network
place, and task bar.
- It can show wallpaper.
- It also displays many shortcuts created by users.
- The applications which are available in computer can access using the start
button of the task bar.
- It contains many Icons as well as shortcuts.
Desktop Components:
1. Task Bar:
It is located at the bottom of the Desktop. It contains start button to the left
hand side. Right hand side it contains System date and time, Volume control and
other shortcuts. All the opened as well as minimized files are also displayed to
the task bar. Start Button is used to open any application available in computer.
User can even change the position of Task bar to the top, left or right of the
screen.
2. Icon:
User can keep many applications, files and folders on Desktop. All these display
with Icon. These icons are displayed normally to the left hand side of the
desktop. User can re-position the icon based on his liking.
o If the Tick mark is there to the left hand side of “Auto Arrange” option
then again click on it to remove the tick mark.
- Select the Icon which you want to move.
- Drag icon to the place where you want to place it on desktop screen.
- Release Mouse.
- Desktop shows this icon to the new place.
My computer:
My computer is used to display all the drives’ information. It is used to open the
stored files or folders of the selected drive.guiigkgkohiojho
- The window displays C, D, E, F drives information and DVD drive, Pen Drive etc.
User can open the My Computer using Start menu. Steps are as follows:
- Click on Start menu.
- Select the My computer option from the menu.
- Search Files:
From the right hand side of the My computer window, there is option for
“Search”. Using this option, any file can find from selected drive.
- Check property:
User can see the property of selected file, folder or drive. Select the drive, file or
folder and make right click, user is able to see the menu. Select the Property
option. It displays one window. It contains used space, free space, exact path of
the selected area,
Recycle Bin:
If My network place folder is not available on Desktop then user can access it from
the left part of the My computer window. (My network place or Network) option is
available. Make single left click and user is able to access the Network’s computers.
Windows Explorer:
Window Explorer is the file manager which manages the files and folders stored in
computer. It allows user to access files and folders from one location.
The window is divided into two parts: the Left part (pane) is used to display the
Directory tree and the right part (pane) is used to display the files and folders’
information of the selected folder.
- Select the path whose shortcut you want to create or you can type the path or
.exe file to the text box.
- Press next button and give name to the shortcut.
- Press finish button.
Folder:
Folder is also known as directory. It is the place where multiple files can store. User can
create many sub-folders in one folder. It helps user to keep similar files and folders to
one place.
The computer stores data in form of directory tree. It becomes easy to find any
information from computer because of its hierarchical structure of directory. Here in
root all drives are there and files and folders are there in next levels.
Copy File:
Using Mouse:
Following are the steps to copy files from one folder to another using mouse:
- Open Window Explorer.
- Open the folder whose file you want to copy.
- Select the file from right pane and apply right click of mouse.
- Select Copy option from menu.
- Select the folder where you want to copy the file.
- Apply right click of the mouse and apply paste option.
Using Keyboard:
Following are the steps to copy files from one folder to another using keyboard:
- Open Window Explorer.
- Select the folder whose file you want to copy.
- Select the file and press “Ctrl + C”.
- Select the folder where you want to copy the file.
- Press “Ctrl + V”.
Moving File:
Using Mouse:
Following are the steps to move files from one folder to another using mouse:
- Open Window Explorer.
- Open the folder whose file you want to move.
- Select the file from right pane and apply right click of mouse.
- Select Cut option from menu.
- Select the folder where you want to move the file.
- Apply right click of the mouse and apply paste option.
Using Keyboard:
Following are the steps to move files from one folder to another using keyboard:
- Open Window Explorer.
- Select the folder whose file you want to move.
- Select the file and press “Ctrl + X”.
- Select the folder where you want to move the file.
- Press “Ctrl + V”.
Control Panel:
Control panel is used to control the computer system. Ex: Display of the window can be
changed, any program can be removed or installed, printer can be set etc.
To open control panel perform following steps:
- Select the Start Button from task bar.
- Select the Control Panel option from this menu.
- It displays one window.
- Select the icon which you want to perform. To see the detailed information of
the icon, click on it.
- It allows you to change the setting of the system.
First dialog box contains the button for “Change date and time”. Click on this
button, to change date and time.
It shows the second dialog box which displays the calendar as well as
clock from where the date and time can be changed.
3. Desktop Gadgets:
Select Control Panel and “Desktop Gadget” option to display gadgets on desktop.
It displays the dialog box which consists of many gadgets. Select any of it to
display on Desktop.
4. Mouse:
Select the Control Panel and “Mouse” option. It displays the property dialog box
of the Mouse.
- Using this dialog box, user can switch the left and right button’s working.
- Using Pointer option, the pointer can be changed.
- User can change the speed of double click.
- The visibility of the pointer can be changed.
DOS commands:
The full of DOS is Disk Operating System. It is an operating system which allows the user
to interact with computer using commands. It provides CUI to the user.
It is the single user, single task operating system.
Following are the steps to move to MS-DOS from Windows operating system:
- Click on Start Button from taskbar.
- Select Program + Accessories + Command Prompt options.
-
Or
- Click on Start Button + Run + cmd command.
It displays following window. It is known as command prompt. Type the commands you
want to perform and get the result.
Internal Commands:
1. CD or CHDIR:
CD command is used to change directory.
Syntax: CD directory name
Ex: C:\cd fybca move the command prompt from C: to C:\fybca>
2. DIR:
DIR command is used to see the list of files and sub-directories of the currently
selected directory.
Syntax:
DIR [drive:\path\files] [/p] [/w] [/L] [/A[[:]attributes]] [/B] [/D][/O [[:] sort order]]
/p: Pause temporary when file list fill the screen.
/w: displays the file name with extension only.
/L: displays the files and directories in lower case letters.
/A: Displays files and directory based on attributes. The attributes are as follows:
Attributes:
D : Directories R : Read only files
H : Hidden Files S : System files
“-“ With attribute means NOT. Ex: /A-D: Displays only file list.
/B: Display bare format. (No heading information or summary)
/D: Display the list column wise.
/O: Display the list based on given sorted order. The sorted orders can be one of
the following:
Sort order:
N : By name (Alphabetical) S: By size (Smallest first)
E: By extension (Alphabetical) D: By date/time (Oldest first)
G: Group Directories first. “-“ Prefix to reverse order.
Ex: DIR /O-N Display the files and directory in descending order by name.
3. COPY:
COPY command is used to copy file from one place to another.
Syntax: COPY source destination
4. REN:
REN command is used to rename file.
Syntax: REN old_file new_file
5. DEL / ERASE:
DEL command is used to delete the file.
Syntax: DEL filename
DEL [/P] [/F] [/S] [/Q] [/A[[:]attributes]] names
or
ERASE [/P] [/F] [/S] [/Q] [/A[[:]attributes]] names
/P Prompts for confirmation before deleting each file.
/F Force deleting of read-only files.
/S Delete specified files from all subdirectories.
/Q Quiet mode, do not ask if ok to delete on global wildcard
/A Selects files to delete based on attributes
Attributes
R Read-only files S System files
H Hidden files A Files ready for archiving
“-“ Prefix meaning NOT.
Ex: DEL resume.doc This command deletes the resume.doc file from
current directory.
Ex: DEL *.doc This command deletes all the files whose extension is .doc.
Ex: DEL *.doc /A-R This command deletes all files whose extension is .doc
except Read only files.
6. Date:
This command displays or set the system date. It displays the date in the format
MM-DD-YY.
Syntax: DATE date
Ex: DATE Displays the system date and asks for new date.
Ex: DATE 12-25-2015 Sets the system date to given date.
7. Time:
This command displays or set the system time. It displays the time in the format
HH:MM:SS.
Syntax: TIME time
Ex: TIME Displays the system time and asks for new time.
TIME 12:23:23 Sets the system time to given time.
8. CLS:
This command is used to clear the screen.
Syntax: CLS
9. VER:
This command is used to display the window version of DOS.
Syntax: VER
Ex: VER Result is => Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601]
10. MD or MKDIR:
This command is used to create new directory or subdirectory.
Syntax: MD drive:/path directory
MD directory_name
Ex: MD C:/fybca result Create subdirectory (result) in FYBCA directory.
MD result Create subdirectory (result) in current directory.
MD a/b/c/d Create a, sub directory b, sub dir c, sub dir d.
11. EXIT:
This command is used to exit from command prompt.
Ex: C:/>EXIT
12. TYPE:
This command is used to open and read the saved file. It displays the content of
the file in command window. You can only read it but cannot edit it.
Syntax: TYPE <filename>
13. RD or RMDIR:
This command is used to remove the empty sub-directory. (First go to the drive
prompt and apply the command. It removes the directory if it is empty.)
Syntax: RD drive:\path\subdirectory [/S] [/Q]
14. PROMPT:
This command is used to change the DOS command prompt. You can set any
new special prompt you want. The combination of special prompt characters is
also possible. If you use prompt command without any option, the by default
prompt is displayed.
Syntax: PROMPT [prompt text] [option]
Following are the special code used to set the prompt to special characters:
$A & (Ampersand) $H Backspace (erases previous
character)
$B | (pipe) $L < (less-than sign)
$C ( (Left parenthesis) $N Current drive
$D Current date $P Current drive and path
$E Escape code (ASCII code 27) $Q = (equal sign)
$F ) (Right parenthesis) $S (space)
$G > (greater-than sign) $T Current time
$V Windows XP version number
15. VOL:
VOL command is used to displays the volume information about the designated
drive. It displays the volume label and serial number if they exist.
Syntax: VOL [drive:]
16. Help:
This command displays the help of the given command.
Syntax: HELP [command]
Ex: HELP dir Display the help for DIR command.
External Commands:
1. Attrib:
This command helps to change or display the attributes of the file. File can be
declared as read-only, read-write, archived, non-archived, hidden, system file.
Syntax: ATTRIB modes file_path /s
/s: used when file name contains the wildcard characters.
Modes:
+R : Read only mode
-R : Read-Write mode
+A : Archived mode
-A : Not Archived mode
+H : Hidden mode
+S : System file
-S : Remove system file settings.
2. EDIT:
This command is used to open the file in full screen. It allows you to do changes
in the file.
Syntax: EDIT <filename>
3. TREE:
This command displays the directory structure graphically of the specified drive.
Syntax: TREE [drive:][\path]
4. XCOPY:
This commands copies all files from one disk to another drive.
Syntax: XCOPY <drive> <drive>
Ex: XCOPY f: *.* c:\ Copy all f drives’ files to C: drive.
Note: COPY f:*.* c:\ and XCOPY f:*.* c:\ both are used to copy files from
one drive to another. But XCOPY command is more flexible and fast. Many options
can apply with XCOPY.
XCOPY f: c: /S Command copy all files including subdirectories.
XCOPY c:\fybca\*.doc f: /p This command prompts you Y/N to confirm while
copying all files to another disk.
5. Format:
This command erases all the files from the specified drive. User can store new
files in this drive.
Syntax: FORMAT drive
Ex: FORMAT c: Erase all files from c:
6. Label:
This command is used to view or change the label of the computer disk drives.
Syntax: LABEL [drive:] [label]
7. Diskcopy:
This command copies complete contents of one disk to another disk.
Syntax: DISKCOPY [drive1: [drive2:]] [/l] [/V] [/M]
/l: Copy only the first side of the disk.
/V: verify that the information is copied correctly.
/M: Force multi pass copy using memory only.
8. Doskey:
This command allows user to keep the history of commands used on the
computer. It allows frequently used commands to be used without having to
type the commands every time.
Syntax: DOSKEY macro = text
Create command macro named macro and sets its value to the text. After
defining macro, user can run the command by giving macro name directly on
command prompt.
Ex: DOSKEY bca=EDIT temp.txt This command creates bca macro
with given command.
Bca Now directly write macro name to execute same command.
(This command (macro) opens the temp file.)
9. COPY CON:
This command is used to create simple file from the DOS prompt. Ctrl + z is used
to save the file.
Syntax: COPY CON filename