Vermont High School Prize Examination in Mathematics

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x = -- 2 or x = 17
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The number of 3-element subsets with three even elements is C(4 , 3) = = 4 and the number
of 3-elements subsets with two odd elements and one even element is C(5 , 2) · 4 = · 4 = 40. Then the
number of 3-element subsets with even sum is 4 + 40 = 44 and the probability of such a sum is = .
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Converted by Mathematica April 2, 2002
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UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 12, 2003
1 1
1) What rational number is equidistant from 2
and – 5
?
5ê3 3ê2 –1
2) Express J 86 – 1 –+ 29 – 2 N as a rational number in lowest terms.
3) Define the binary operation Ñ by a Ñ b = a 2 + ab – b 2 . Find all real numbers x such that 7 Ñ x = 59 .
1 1 1
4) Find the positive real number x which satisfies the equation = – .
x+2 x 2
5) 2000 different episodes of a talk show originally aired on television network A. Cable channel B then rebroadcast 200 episodes
of the show. Cable channel C later rebroadcast 460 episodes of the show, including all but 20 of the episodes previously shown
on cable channel B. What percentage of the show's episodes have been rebroadcast by at least one of the cable channels ?
6) On a balance scale, 3 green balls balance 6 blue balls, 2 yellow balls balance 5 blue balls and 6 blue balls balance 4 white balls.
How many blue balls are needed to balance a set of 4 green balls, 2 yellow balls and 2 white balls ?
7) The semicircle has radius 3 . Chord AB has length A E B

3 and is parallel to CD. If O is the center of the
semicircle and OE is perpendicular to AB, find the
length of OE.
C D
O
8) There are two candy jars, each of which contains the same number of pieces of candy. Bert takes 25 pieces of candy from the
first jar and gives the rest to Karla, while Karla takes 17 pieces of candy from the second jar and gives the rest to Bert.
When they are done, Karla discovers that Bert has more pieces of candy than she does. How many more pieces of candy does
Bert have ?
9) Last week, Earl took three quizzes in his algebra class. He earned 13 points out of 20 on the first quiz and 41 points out of
50 on the second quiz. There were 30 points available on the third quiz. When each quiz score was converted to a percent,
the average percent score for the three quizzes was 79%. How many points did Earl earn on the third quiz ?
500 2
10) Find the value of .
127 2 – 123 2
11) A square in the plane has a pair of opposite vertices at

the points (2 , 4) and (– 2 , 2). If the points (a , b) and
(c , d) are the other two vertices, determine the value
of a + b + c + d.
12) If you first multiply a number x by 4 and then subtract 12, you get twice as much as you get when you first subtract 12
from x and then multiply by 4. What is x ?
13) In the figure, line segment BD bisects — ABC, B

AB = 7, BC = 12 and AC = 16. Find AD.
A D C
14) Consider the arrangement AAABBBCC. In how many ways can the eight letters be rearranged so that each position in the
rearrangement is occupied by a type of letter which is different from the type of letter which occupied that position in the
given arrangement?
15) Statistics for road use in a certain county show that in the past year, there were 32 accidents per 100,000 miles driven on
rural roads and 18 accidents per 100,000 miles driven on city roads. Combined statistics for both rural and city roads show
that there were 24 accidents per 100,000 miles driven. Let x be the total number of accidents on rural roads and y be the total
x p
number of accidents on city roads. Determine the value of y . Express your answer in the form q where p and q are positive
integers having no common divisor other than 1.
a2 + b-2
16) How many pairs of positive integers ( a , b ) with a + b § 1000 satisfy = 121 ?
a-2 + b2
17) Find the coordinates of the point on the circle Hx + 1L 2 + Hy – 5L 2 = 10 that is closest to the line y = 3x + 20 .
18) If 4 balls are randomly drawn without replacement from a box containing 5 red balls, 4 blue balls, 4 green balls and 2 yellow
balls, what is the probability that for each color, the selection contains no more than 2 balls of that color ?
an–1
19) Define a 0 = 2 , a 1 = 8 and a n = for n ¥ 2. Find a 2003 .
an–2
20) In the isosceles trapezoid ABCD, BC and AD are 10
B C
parallel. If AD = 20, BC = 10 and AC = 25, find
CD.
25
A D
20
21) Seven congruent rectangles form a larger rectangle B C

ABCD. If the area of rectangle ABCD is 756 square
units, what is the perimeter of ABCD ?
A B
22) Find the degree measure of the acute angle b which satisfies the equation cos(81°) + cos(39°) = cos(b) .
23) Suppose that C 1 and C 2 are concentric circles, with C 1 being the larger circle. The length of a chord of C 1 which is
tangent to C 2 is 28 cm. What is the area of the region which lies between C 1 and C 2 ?
24) Suppose that S is a set of 5 distinct positive integers such that when any 4 of the integers are added together, the possible
sums are 169, 153, 182, 193 and 127. What is the largest integer in S ?
25) Suppose i = – 1 . Define a sequence of complex numbers by z 1 = 0 and z n + 1 = Hz n L 2 + i for n ¥ 1. Find z 2003 .
x Ilog 3 2M
2
26) If x log 3 2 = 81, find .
x 8
27) Find the sum of the real solutions to the equation 4 + x = 6 .
4
28) In the rectangle with vertices (0,0), (24,0), (24,32) and y

(0,32), form a triangle by connecting the midpoints of
the sides containing (24,32). Then inscribe a circle in
the triangle as indicated in the sketch. Find the
coordinates of the center of this circle.
29) Recall that for a positive integer n, n! = n · (n – 1) · (n – 2) · · · 3 · 2 · 1. Find the number of zeros at the end of 2003! .
30) On a test, the average score of those who passed was 75, the average score of those who failed was 35 and the average score
of the entire class was 60. What fraction of the class passed ? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
31) Find the sum of all of the real zeros of the function f (x) = 2 cos(2x) + 1 in the interval 0 § x § 100 p .
32) In D ABC, line segments DE and FG are parallel to C
AB and the three regions CED, DEGF and FGBA
CD
have equal areas. Find the value of .
FA
D E
F G
A B
33) The sum of all of the zeros of a cubic polynomial p (x) = x 3 + a x 2 + b x + c with c ∫ 0 is equal to twice the product of
all of its zeros. The sum of the squares of all of the zeros of p(x) is equal to three times the product of all of its zeros.
If p (1) = 1, find c.
xy 2 1 1 3
34) Find the minimum value of if §x§ and § y § 8.
x + y2
2 5 2 3
35) A circle is inscribed in D ABC where AB = 4, BC B

= 5 and AC = 3. Let t be the length of the line
segment joining the points where the circle is tangent
to sides BC and AC. Find t 2 .
A C
36) Suppose D ABC is inscribed in a circle whose radius is 10 cm. If the perimeter of the triangle is 31 cm, determine the value
of sin(A) + sin(B) + sin(C) .
37) In D ABC, the respective coordinates of A and B are (0 , 0) and (15 , 20) . It is known that C has integer coordinates.
What is the minimum positive area of D ABC ?
38) An obtuse isosceles triangle ABC with equal angles at D

B and C is inscribed in a circle. Tangents are drawn
through B and C which intersect at a point D. Sup- A
pose that 3 — ABC = — BDC. If x is the radian
measure of — BAC, determine the value of x. B C
39) If a and b are decimal digits (not necessarily distinct), let n(a,b) = aba + bab. For example, n(5,8) = 585 + 858 = 1443.
Find ⁄ n(a,b), where the sum is computed over all ordered pairs of decimal digits a and b .
40) If x is a real number, let [ x ] be the largest integer less than or equal to x. Define f (x) = [ x ] x . What is the largest possible
two digit integer value of f (x)?
41) A circle C 1 is inscribed in an equilateral triangle with
side length 1 unit. Construct a circle C 2 that is
tangent to C 1 and two sides of the triangle. Then
construct a circle C 3 that is tangent to C 2 and two
sides of the triangle. Continue constructing such
circles indefinitely. Find the sum of the areas of this
C1
infinite sequence of circles.
C2
FORTY-SIXTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 12, 2003
Solution 1
1)
1 1
– 10 5–2 3
2 5
2
· 10
= 20
= 20
2)
5ê3 3ê2
J 86 – 1 –+ 29 – 2 N
–1 1
+
1 1
+
1
6–1 + 2–2 6 4 6 4 12 2+3 1
= = = · = =
85ê3 – 93ê2 32 - 27 5 12 60 12
3)
a Ñ b = a 2 + ab – b 2 . 7 Ñ x = 59 .
72 + 7x – x 2 = 59
x 2 – 7x + 10 = 0
(x – 2)(x – 5) = 0
x=2,5
4)
= – M 2x (x + 2)
1 1 1
K
x+2 x 2
2x = 2(x + 2) – x(x + 2)
2x = 2x + 4 – x 2 – 2x
x 2 + 2x – 4 = 0
–2≤ 4 + 16 –2≤ 20 –2≤2 5

x= 2
= 2
= 2
x=–1± 5
x=–1+ 5 (positive solution)
5)
Number rebroadcast by C = 460, number rebroadcast by B and not by C = 20.
Total number rebroadcast = 460 + 20 = 480.
480
%= 2000
· 100 = 24%
6)
3G = 6B ï G = 2B
5
2Y = 5B ï Y = 2 B
3
4W = 6B ï W= 2 B
4G + 2Y + 2W = 4(2B) + 2 I 2 BM + 2 I 2 BM = 8B + 5B + 3B = 16B
5 3
7)
A E B
x r
C D
O
r2 3 3 3 3
x2 = r2 – 4
= 4
r2 ï x = 2
r= 2
3 = 2
8)
Let x be the number of pieces of candy in each jar.
Bert gets 25 + x – 17 = x + 8 pieces
Karla gets x – 25 + 17 = x – 8 pieces
Thus Bert has x + 8 – (x – 8) = 16 more pieces.
9)
13
Quiz 1 20
= 65% – 14% , below the 79% average
41
Quiz 2 50
= 82% + 3% , above the 79% average
x x
Quiz 3 30
must be + 11% , above the 79% average or 30
· 100 = 90%
Thus x = 27
10)
500 2 500 ÿ 500 500 ÿ 500

= H127 + 123L H127 – 123L
= = 2 · 125 = 250
127 2 – 123 2 250 ÿ 4
11)
Hc,dL
H2,4L
H−2,2L
Ha,bL
Equating the changes in the x and y coordinates of opposite sides of the square;
a–2 = –2–c
b–4 = 2–d
a + 2 = 2–c
b–2 = 4–d
Adding these four equations;
2a + 2b – 6 = – 2c – 2d + 6 ï 2a + 2b + 2c + 2d = 12
Thus a + b + c + d = 6
12)
4x – 12 = 2(x – 12) · 4
4x – 12 = 8x – 96
4x = 84 ï x = 21
Question 12
Solution 13
Solution 13
13)
B
α α
12
7
β π–β
A x D 16 –x C
By the law of sines
sinHaL sinH bL
x
= 7
(1)
sinHaL sinHp – bL sinH bL
16 – x
= 12
= 12
(2)
sinHaL
Solving (1) and (2) for sinH bL
sinHaL x 16 – x
sinH bL
= 7
= 12
112
12x = 112 – 7x ï 19x = 112 ï x = 19
14)
Number the positions 1 through 8 from left to right. First place the two C ' s.
Place the two C ' s in two of positions 1, 2 and 3. This can be done in 3 ways. This forces the three B ' s to be placed in positions 7, 8
and whichever of 1, 2 and 3 not occupied by a C. For example, CCBAAABB.
Place the two C ' s in two of positions 4, 5 and 6. This can be done in 3 ways. This forces the three A ' s to be placed in positions 7, 8
and whichever of 4, 5 and 6 not occupied by a C. For example, BBBCACAA.
Place one C in one of positions 1, 2 and 3 and the other C in one of positions 4, 5 and 6. This can be done in 3 · 3 = 9 ways. This
forces two of the B ' s into the two of 1, 2 and 3 not occupied by a C and two of the A ' s into the two of 4, 5 and 6 not occupied by a C.
The remaining A and B can be placed in positions 7 and 8 in two ways for a total or 2 · 9 = 18 ways. For example, CBBCAABA.
Thus the total is 3 + 3 + 18 = 24 ways.
15)
Let x = number of accidents on rural roads, mx = number of 100,000 miles driven on rural roads, y = number of accidents on city roads
and m y = number of 100,000 miles driven on city roads. The the given information is:
x
mx
= 3.2 (1)
y
my
= 1.8 (2)
x+ y
mx + m y
= 2.4 (3)
Solve (1) and (2) for mx and m y and substitute into (3)
x+ y
x y = 2.4
+
3.2 1.8
2.4 2.4
x+y= 3.2
x + 1.8
y
3 4
x + y = 4x + 3y
1 1 x 4
4
x = 3y ï y
= 3
16)
a2 + b-2
= 121 Factor as
a-2 + b2
a 2 I1 + a – 2 b - 2 M a2
= = 121
b Ia
2 -2
b –2
+ 1M b2
a
Thus b
= 11 ï a = 11b
a + b = 11b + b = 12 b § 1000
1000 1
12
= 83 + 3
Thus there are 83 choices for the pair (a , b).
17)
y=3x+20 10
y−5 = − Hx+1L

1
3 6
H−1,5L
4
-6 -4 -2 2
The closest point is the intersection of the circle and the straight line through (– 1 , 5) which is perpendicular to y = 3x + 20 .
1
The perpendicular straight line has equation y – 5 = – 3 (x + 1).
Thus, we solve simultaneously:
Hx + 1L H1L
1
y–5=– 3
Hx + 1L 2 + Hy – 5L 2 = 10 H2L
Substituting from (1) into (2)
Hx + 1L 2 + Hx + 1L 2 = 10 ï Hx + 1L 2 = 10 ï Hx + 1L 2 = 9
1 10
9 9
x + 1 = ± 3 ï x = – 4 or 2 The desired value is the smaller solution, i.e. x = – 4.
Substituting in (1) gives y = 6. Thus the closest point is (x , y) = (– 4 , 6)
18)
The total number of balls is 15. The total number of ways to pick 4 of the 15 balls is K O = 1365.
15
4
The desired count is the number of choices which contain 0, 1 or 2 balls of the same color.
We can find this count by subtracting from the total the number of choices which contain 3 or 4 balls of the same color.
4 of the same color: Red in K O = 5 ways, blue in 1 way and green in 1 way for a total of 7 ways.
5
4
3 of the same color: Red in K OK O = 100 ways, blue in K OK O = 44 ways and green in K OK O = 44 ways for a total of
5 10 4 11 4 11
3 1 3 1 3 1
188 ways.
Then the desired count is 1365 – 7 – 188 = 1170
1170 6
Thus the required probability is 1365
= 7.
19)
an–1
a 0 = 2 , a 1 = 8 and a n =
an–2
a1 8
a2 = a0
= 2
=4
a2 4 1
a3 = a1
= 8
= 2
1
a3 2 1
a4 = a2
= 4
= 8
1
a4 8 1
a5 = a3
= 1
= 4
2
1
a5 4
a6 = a4
= 1
=2
8
a6 2
a7 = a5
= 1
=8
4
1
Thus the sequence is periodic with period 6. 2003 ª 5 mod 6 . Thus a 2003 = a 5 = 4
20
Draw perpendiculars from vertices B and C to side AD.

10
B C
25 x
h
A 5 D
E 20 F
From triangle ACF h 2 = 25 2 – 15 2 = 400 ï h = 20
From triangle CFD x 2 = 20 2 + 5 2 = 425 ï x = 5 17 . Thus CD = 5 17
21)
B C
x x x
y y
x x
y y y y
A D
3
Area of each small rectangle is xy. The total area is 7xy = 756. By construction, 3x = 4y ï y = 4 x.
Thus 756 = 7x I 4 xM
3
21
756 = 4
x2
4 H756L 3
x2 = 21
= 144 ï x = 12 ï y = 4 · 12 = 9
The perimeter of ABCD is 5x + 6y = 5(12) + 6(9) = 114
22)
cos(81°) + cos(39°) = cos(b)
cos(A + B) = cos(A) cos(B) – sin(A) sin(B)
cos(A – B) = cos(A) cos(B) + sin(A) sin(B)
Solving for cos(A + B) + cos(A – B)
cos(A + B) + cos(A – B) = 2cos(A) cos(B)
Then A + B = 81° and A – B = 39°.
Solving gives A = 60° and B = 21°. Since 2cos(60°) = 1, B = 21°
23)
14 14
r R
If the radii of the circles C 1 and C 2 are R and r, the area between the circles if p ( R 2 – r 2 ). From the figure R 2 – r 2 = 14 2 = 196.
Thus the required area is 196 p.
24)
Let S = { x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 } with x1 < x2 < x3 < x4 < x5 .
There are 5 4–element subsets of S. Each element of S appears in 4 of these subsets. Thus the total of the 5 subsets is:
4( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 ) = 169 + 153 + 182 + 193 + 127 = 824 ï x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 206
By construction, the smallest sum is x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 127. Thus x5 = 206 – 127 = 79
25)
z 1 = 0 and z n + 1 = Hz n L 2 + i
z2 = 02 + i = i
z3 = i2 + i = – 1 + i
z 4 = H–1 + iL 2 + i = 1 – 2i – 1 + i = – i
z 5 = HiL 2 + i = – 1 + i
z 4 = H–1 + iL 2 + i = 1 – 2i – 1 + i = – i
Thus for n > 2 if n ª 0 mod, z n = – i and if n mod 2 = 1, z n = – 1 + i. Then z 2003 = – 1 + i .
26)
2 log 3 2
x log 3 2 = 81 ï x log 3 2 = 3 4 and K x
log 3 2
O = Kx
log 3 2
O ï
2
Kx
log 3 2
O = I3 4 M
log 3 2 4
= 3 4 log 3 2 = 3 log 3 2 = 16
27)
x 8
4 + x =6
4
Let t = 4 x . Then the equation is
8
t+ t
= 6 ï t 2 – 6t + 8 = 0
(t – 2)(t – 4) = 0 ï t = 2 or t = 4
1
4 x = 2 or 4 x = 4 ï x = 2
or x = 1
1 3
Thus the sum of the real solutions is 2
+ 1 = 2.
28)
y
AH12,32L x r
BH24,32L
r r
r
x r
y
y
CH24,16L
Construct perpendiculars from the center of the circle to the sides of the circumscribed triangle. Label as indicated above.
x + r = 12 and y + r = 16 ï x + y = 12 2 + 16 2 = 20
Then the perimeter of triangle ABC is 2x + 2y + 2r = 12 + 16 + 20 = 48 ï x + y + r = 24
Now x + y + r = 24 and x + r = 12 ï y = 12
Now x + y + r = 24 and y + r = 16 ï x = 8
If the center of the circle is (h , k), then (h , k) = (12 + 8 , 16 + 12) = (20 , 28)
29)
2003! = 2003 · 2002 · 2001 · · · 3 · 2 · 1
This product will end in one zero for each pair of factors 2 and 5 appearing in the product.
Since there are more occurrences of 2 than 5, we need only count the number of 5's in the product.
Let d x t = integer part of x.
Then the number of 5's in the product is:
e u +e u +e u +e u
2003 2003 2003 2003
5 25 125 625
= 400 + 80 + 16 + 3 = 499
30)
P
Let P = number who passed and F = number who failed. Find F+P
From the given information 75P + 35F = 60(F + P)

3
75P + 35F = 60F + 60P ï 15P = 25F ï F = 5 P
P P 1 5
F+P
= 3
= 8
= 8
P+P
5 5
31)
1
2 cos(2x) + 1 = 0 ï cos(2x) = – 2
2p 4p
Thus 2x = 3
+ 2kp or 3
+ 2kp for k = 0, 1, 2, · · · 99
p 2p
x= 3
+ kp or 3
+ kp for k = 0, 1, 2, · · · 99
p 2p
For each k, 3
+ kp + 3
+ kp = (2k + 1) p
Thus the sum of all the real zeros in [0 , 100p] is:
p + 3p + 5p + · · · + 199p = p(1 + 3 + 5 + · · · + 199) = p · 100 2 = 10000 p
32)
C
α
D E
α
F G
A α B
1
Area triangle CDE = 2 CD cos(a) DE = b (1)
1
Area triangle CFG = 2 CF cos(a) DE = 2b (2)
1
Area triangle CAB = 2 CA cos(a) AB = 3b (3)
H1L
ï J CF N =
CD ÿ DE 1 DE CD CD 2 1 CD 1
H2L
= CF ÿ FG
= 2
By similar triangles FG
= CF 2
ï CF
= ï CF = 2 CD
2
H1L
ï J CA N =
CD ÿ DE 1 DE CD CD 2 1 CD 1
H3L
= CA ÿ AB
= 3
By similar triangles AB
= CA 3
ï CA
= ï CA = 3 CD
3
CD CD CD 1
FA
= CA – CF
= = Rationalizing the denominator
3 CD – 2 CD 3 – 2
CD
FA
= 3 – 2
33)
Let r 1 , r 2 and r 3 be the zeros of the x 3 + a x 2 + b x + c. Then
x 3 + a x 2 + b x + c = (x – r 1 )(x – r 2 )(x – r 3 )
= x 3 – Hr 1 + r 2 + r 3 L x 2 + Hr 1 r 2 + r 1 r 3 + r 2 r 3 Lx + r 1 r 2 r 3
Thus a = – Hr 1 + r 2 + r 3 L b = Hr 1 r 2 + r 1 r 3 + r 2 r 3 L c = – r1 r2 r3
Given r 1 + r 2 + r 3 = 2r 1 r 2 r 3 ï a = 2c
r 1 2 + r 2 2 + r 3 2 = 3r 1 r 2 r 3 ï r 1 2 + r 2 2 + r 3 2 = – 3c
p(1) = 1 ï a + b + c = 0 ï b = – a – c
Hr 1 + r 2 + r 3 L 2 = r 1 2 + r 2 2 + r 3 2 + 2Hr 1 r 2 + r 1 r 3 + r 2 r 3 L Using the above:
H–2cL 2 = – 3c + 2(b) = – 3c + 2(– 2c – c)
9 9
4 c 2 = – 9c ï c(4c + 9) = 0 ï c = 0 or c = – 4
Since c cannot be zero (c = 0 would imply a = b = 0) c = – 4
34)
1
xy xy 1 2 1 1 3
Let f = · = if §x§ and §y§
x + y2
2 1
xy
x
y
+
y
x
5 2 3 8
x y 1 x
Then the minimum value of f is the maximum value of y
+ x
=a+ a
where a = y .
2 1
2 1 1 3 16 3
5
§x§ 2
and 3
§y§ 8
ï 5
3
§a§ 2
1
ï 15
§a§ 2
8 3
1 16 3 3
Since a + a
is increasing on 15
§ a § 2 , the maximum occurs when a = 2 .
1 3 2 13 xy 6
Thus the maximum of a + = + = and the minimum value of is .
a 2 3 6 x + y2
2 13
35)
r D
t
β
A C
1 E 2
1 1 1 1
The area of the triangle is 2 · 4 · 3 = 2 · 5 · r + 2 · 3 · r + 2 · 4 · r where r is the radius of the inscribed circle.
Thus r = 1. The line CD is a perpendicular bisector of line EF. If b is the angle at C, sinJ 2 N =
b 2
2
Then t = 4 · sinJ 2 N ï t 2 = 16 · sin 2 J 2 N = 16 ·

b b 1 – cosH bL 3 3
2
= 8(1 – 5 ) since cos(b) = 5
from the given right triangle.
2 16
t2 = 8 · 5
= 5
36)
B
C
A
r
r
D
Construct line CD through the center of the circle. Add line BD. The angles at A and D are the same since they subtend the same arc.
The angle DBC is a right angle since it is inscribed in a semicircle.
a
Thus sin(A) = sin(D) = 2r
. Similarly,
b c
sin(B) = 2r
and sin(C) = 2r
a+b+c 31
sin(A) + sin(B) + sin(C) = 2r
= 20
37)
CHm,nL
20 BH15,20L
15
10
5 10 15
A
The length of AB is 152 + 20 2 = 25 and an equation of the line containing AB is

4
y – 20 = 5 (x – 15) or 4x – 3y = 0.
4m–3n 4m–3n
The height h of the triangle is distance from C to this line. h = = 5
42 +32
1
If m and n are integers and C is not on the line, 4m–3n ¥1 ï h ¥ 5
1 1 1 5
Thus the minimum occurs when h = 5
and the minimum area is 2 · 25 · 5
= 2
38)
D
3α
A
x
B α C
β
O
Draw segments from points B and C to the center O of the circle.

These segments are perpendicular to the respective tangents to the circle.
From quadrilateral OBDC, 3a + p + b = 2p. Also by comparing arcs, b = 2p – 2x. These together give 2x – 3a = p.
2x–3α = π 4x–6α = 2π
From triangle BAC, x + 2a = p. Solve ; ï ;
x + 2α = π 3x + 6α = 3π
5p
ï 7x = 5p ï x = 7
39)
n(a,b) = aba + bab = 100 a + 10 b + a + 100 b + 10 a + b = (100 + 10 + 1)(a + b) = 111 (a + b)
There are 100 pairs (a,b) for a total of 200 digits. Each digit occurring 20 times.
Thus the total is 20(0 + 1 + 2 + · · · + 9)(111) = 20(45)(111) = 99900
40)
Let x = a + h where a is an integer and 0 § h < 1.
If x > 0, the largest value of [ x ] is 9 ï 9 § x < 10 and f(x) = 9x ï 81 § f(x) < 90 ï max(f(x)) = 89
If x < 0, the smallest value of [ x ] is – 10 ï – 10 < x § – 9 and f(x) = – 10x ï 90 § f(x) < 100 ï max(f(x)) = 99
Thus for all x max(f(x)) = 99
41)
r1
r2
Let r1 and r2 be the radii of two circles as indicated. From the right triangle in the sketch,
sinI 6 M =
p 1 r1 – r2 1
2
= r1 + r2
ï r2 = 3
r1
1 1
This pattern continues. Hence r3 = r2 = r1 · · · etc.
3 32
Then the sum of the areas is A = p r1 2 + p I 31 M + p I 12 M + · · ·

r 2 r 2
3
1 1 1 1 9
A = p r1 2 [ 1 + + + + · · · ] = p r1 2 = 8 p r1 2
9 92 93 1–
1
9
Again from the sketch, tanI 6 M = tanI 6 M =
p r1 1 p 1 1 3
1
ï r1 = 2 2
= 6
3
2
2
Thus A = 8 p K O =
9 3 9 3 3
6 8
· 36
·p= 32
p
test_04_Post_New.nb http://www.cems.uvm.edu/~lkost/web04/test_04_Post/test_04_Post.html
FORTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 4, 2004
1) Express + as a rational number in lowest terms.
Solution 1
2) Solve for n: = . Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
Solution 2
3) Express as a rational number in lowest terms.
Solution 3
4) If = 125, what is the value of ? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms .
Solution 4
Solution 5
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Solution 6
7) A triangle has angles α, β and γ. Angle γ is 10° larger than α and the difference between α and β is 40°. If β is the smallest
angle, find the degree measure of angle β.
Solution 7
8) Tank A contains a mixture of lime juice and water, where 80% is water and the rest is lime juice. Tank B contains pure
lime juice. If the contents of Tank A and Tank B are combined to fill a 200 liter tank with a mixture which is half lime
juice and half water, how many liters were in Tank A ?
Solution 8
9) Find the distance from the point (– 4 , 1) to the center of the circle whose equation is + + 2x + 6y = 15.
Solution 9
10) Find all values of x that satisfy + – =5.
Solution 10
11) The lengths of two opposite sides of a rectangle are each increased by 25% while the lengths of the other two sides are each
decreased by 40% . Find the percent decrease in the area of the rectangle.
Solution 11
12) When the two wheels shown in the figure are spun,
two numbers are selected. If the wheels are spun,
what is the probability that the sum of the two
numbers is even ?
Solution 12
13) Find the smallest positive integer divisible by each of 2, 6, 10, 15, 35 and 45.
Solution 13
14) Find the largest integer n such that + > + .
Solution 14
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15) As shown in the sketch, a line is tangent to a circle

centered at the origin. The point of tangency is
(4 , 3). The line intersects the x-axis at x = a.
Find a.
Solution 15
16) Find all positive real numbers a such that the points ( a , 12 ) and ( 5 , a ) lie on a straight line of slope a.
Solution 16
17) If a, b, c and d are real numbers such that = , = and = , determine the value of . Express your
answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
Solution 17
18) As shown in the sketch, a square is cut into three

congruent rectangles by two lines parallel to a side.
If each of the three rectangles has a perimeter of
40 cm, determine the area of the square.
Solution 18
19) Express + + 2004 as a rational number in lowest terms.
Solution 19
Solution 20
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21) As shown in the figure, six circles of radius 1 are

arranged so that each circle is tangent to two
others, while a seventh circle of radius 1 is tangent
to each of the other six. What is the area of the
shaded region ?
Solution 21
22) Let θ be an acute angle such that tan(θ) = 3. Find the value of cos(2θ). Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
Solution 22
23) Let x and y be positive real numbers such that =– . Find the value of – . Express your
answer
as a rational number in lowest terms.
Solution 23
24) Find all real numbers x that satisfy – = 16x – .
Solution 24
25) If x is a number such that 3x + = 4 , what is the numerical value of + ?
Solution 25
26) A function f satisfies f (x + y) = 4 f (x) f (y) for all real numbers x and y. If f (3) = 32, find f (1).
Solution 26
27) Express the product as an integer

.
Solution 27
28) Suppose that x and y are real numbers such that x y = 8 and y + x + y = 144.
Determine the value of + .
Solution 28
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29) Eve has a collection of 120 different sweaters. Each sweater is made of either cotton or wool, comes in one of three
styles (full length sleeve, three quarter length sleeve or sleeveless), displays one of four geometric patterns (squares,
triangles, stars, hexagons) and is one of five colors (red, green, blue, yellow, gray). How many of these sweaters
differ from the red, sleeveless wool sweater with the triangle pattern in exactly two ways ?
Solution 29
30) Find positive integers x and y such that – = with x as small as possible.
Solution 30
31) Let f (x) = . Find the largest value of n such that f (n) = f (2n).
Solution 31
32) If it takes 2004 digits to number the pages of a book, how many pages does the book contain ?
Solution 32
33) Express · · ··· as a rational number in lowest terms.
Solution 33
34) In a random arrangement of the letters AAAABBBCCD, what is the probability that no two A's are next to each other ?
Solution 34
35) After a difficult mathematics competition between two teams of nine students each, the eighteen competitors are ranked
1 through 18 (there are no ties). The team score is the sum of the ranks of the team members and the team with the
lower score is the winner of the competition. How many different winning scores are possible ?
Solution 35
36) Let be a square with side length 1. In one

of the triangles formed by the diagonals of
inscribe a square . In one of the triangles
formed by the diagonals of inscribe a square
. This process is continued indefinitely.
If is the area of square , find .
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Solution 36
37) Let ABC be a right triangle with

hypotenuse 4. On each side of ∆ ABC an
equilateral triangle is constructed outward
as shown in the figure. Find the sum of
the areas of the equilateral triangles.
Solution 37
38) For how many integers n, 1 ≤ n ≤ 2004, is the rational number NOT in lowest terms ?
Solution 38
39) From a point P which lies outside a circle of

radius r units, two secants are drawn. The first
secant intersects the circle at points A and B
and the second secant intersects the circle at
points C and D. Given that AB = 14, CD = 2,
PA = 6 and ∠APC = 60°, find .
Solution 39
40) Find the area of the region in the plane bounded by the straight lines y = x , y = 1 – x , y = x and y = 1 – 2x .
Solution 40
41) Find all ordered pairs (x , y) of real numbers such that .
Solution 41
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Solution 1
+ = + = + = + = + = + =
Question 1
Solution 2
= ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ 4n = 3n + 3 ⇒ n = 3
Question 2
Solution 3
= =2· =
Question 3
Solution 4
= 125 ⇒ = ⇒ =5 ⇒ = 25 ⇒ = 25 ⇒ =
Question 4
Solution 5
Question 5
Solution 6
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Question 6
Solution 7
Given γ = α + and α – β = 40°
(A) – (B) 3β = 90° ⇒ β = 30°
Question 7
Solution 8
Let x = number of liters in Tank A and y = number of liters in Tank B.
.8x = 100 ⇒ x = = 125
Solution 9
+ + 2x + 6y = 15 Complete the square
+ 2x + 1 + + 6y + 9 = 15 + 1 + 9 ⇒ + = 25 ⇒ center = ( – 1 , – 3)
Distance between ( – 4 , 1 ) and ( – 1 , – 3) d= = =5
Solution 10
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+ – =5 multiply by x (x + 3)
5 x (x) + (x + 2)(x + 3) – 6 = 5 x(x + 3) ⇒ + + 5x + 6 – 6 = + 15x
– 10x = 0 ⇒ x(x – 10) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 10 but x = 0 is extraneous so x = 10
Question 10
Solution 11
Original dimensions x × y new dimensions 1.25x × .6y
= = .75 ⇒ 25% decrease
Question 11
Solution 12
There are 16 possible pairs. The pairs with even sum are (2,8), (4,8), (3,1), (3,5), (3,9), (5,1), (5,5), (5,9) or eight pairs.
Thus the probability of an even sum = =
OR
P(E , E) + P(O , O) = · + · = =
Question 12
Solution 13
2 = 2, 6 = 2 · 3, 10 = 2 · 5, 15 = 3 · 5, 35 = 5 · 7, 45 = ·5
Thus the least common multiple = 2 · · 5 · 7 = 630
Question 13
Solution 14
+ > + ⇒ > + – ⇒ > ⇒ n> ⇒ n>6
Question 14
Solution 15
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Slope of line OP = . This is perpendicular to the
tangent line. Slope of tangent line = – . Thus
– = ⇒ 4a = 25 ⇒ a =
Question 15
Solution 16
= a ⇒ a – 12 = 5a – ⇒ – 4a – 12 = 0 ⇒ (a – 6)(a + 2) = 0
a = 6 or a = – 2 and a positive ⇒ a = 6
Question 16
Solution 17
· = · ⇒ · = · ⇒ = · · ⇒ =
Question 17
Solution 18
2x + = 40 ⇒
= 40 ⇒ x = 15.
Area = = = 225
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Question 18
Solution 19
+ + 2004 =
= = = 2(20040 = 4008
Question 19
Solution 20
Since sin(x) = =
s=
s=
s=1+1+1+1+1=5
Question 20
Solution 21
Area of an equilateral triangle of side 2 is = .

Area of the hexagon is = = .
Area of sectors of 6 outer circles 6 · · = 2π
Area of inside circle = π.

Then shaded area = – π – 2π = – 3π .
Question 21
Solution 22
tan(θ) = 3, θ acute
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cos(2θ) = 2 =2· –1= –1=–
OR
cos(2θ) = = – = – =– = –
Question 22
Solution 23
= (y) = – ⇒ =–4
– = (x) + – +
=1+ – 2(– 4) + =1– +8+ = =
Question 23
Solution 24
– = 16x – ⇒ x· – 16 – 16x + =0
x· (1 + ) – 16x (1 + )=0 ⇒ x· =0 ⇒
x = 0 or = ⇒ x = 0 or x =
Question 24
Solution 25
Given 3x + =4 ⇒ = 64 ⇒
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+3· · + · + = 64
+ + = 64
+ = 64 – (4) = 64 – 18 = 46
Question 25
Solution 26
f (x + y) = 4 f (x) f (y) for all real numbers x and y. f (3) = 32
f(3) = f(2 + 1) = 4 · f(2) · f(1)
f(2) = f(1 + 1) = 4 · f(1) · f(1)
32 = 4 · 4 · f(1) · f(1) · f(1)
= 2 ⇒ f(1) =
Question 26
Solution 27
=[ – 11 ] [ 11 – ]
= – – 121 +
= 11 [ 5 + +7+5– + 7 ] – 4 – 121
= 11(24) – 125 = 264 – 125 = 139
OR
12 + – 11 = 1 +
= 11 – (12 – )= –1
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= 4 · 35 – 1 = 139
Question 27
Solution 28
x y = 8 and y + x + y = 144.
x(xy + 1) + y(xy + 1) = 144.
(xy + 1)(x + y) = 144 ⇒ x + y = ⇒ x+y= = 16
= = 256
+ 2xy + = 256
+ = 256 – 2xy = 256 – 2(8) = 240
Question 28
Solution 29
There are 2 materials, 3 styles, 4 patterns and 5 colors. There are = 6 ways that a sweater could differ from the wool, sleeveless,
triangle red sweater in exactly two ways. For each of the 6 pairs of "differences" we count the number of such sweaters and add for
the total.
material style pattern color # different

1 2 2
1 3 3
1 4 4
2 3 6
2 4 8
3 4 12
35
Question 29
Solution 30
– = ⇒ (x – y)(x + y) = Since x and y are positive integers, the only possibilities are:
(x – y)(x + y) = 1 · or (x – y)(x + y) = ·
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Adding
2x = 1332 2x = 132
x = 666 and y = 665 x = 66 and y = 55
So the solution with minimal x is: (x , y) = (66 , 55)
Question 30
Solution 31
f (x) = . Find the largest value of n such that f (n) = f (2n).
f (n) = f (2n) ⇒ =
n (9 + ) = 2n (9 + )
n (9 + – 18 – )=0
n = 0 ⇒ n = 0 or n = Largest solution n =
Question 31
Solution 32
It takes 9 digits to number the pages 1 – 9, it takes 2(90) = 180 digits to number pages 10 – 99 leaving 2004 – 9 – 180 = 1815 digits
to number pages
100 – ??? Thus can number = 605 three digit pages for a total of 605 + 99 = 704 pages.
Question 32
Solution 33
· · ···
Note that each factor in the product is of the form for n = 1, 2, 3, · · · 1002
= = =
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= = Thus
· · ··· = · · · ··· = 1003
Question 33
Solution 34
There are = 5 · 5 · 7 · 8 · 9 ways total to arrange the 10 letters.
Now arrange BBBCCD in = 2 · 5 · 6 ways. For any such arrangement, e.g. BCBCDB we can place the 4 A's in 4 of the
7
indicated places
__B__C__B__C__D__B__. There are = = 5 · 7 choices. Thus the probability is =
Question 34
Solution 35
The total number of points is 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + · · · + 18 = = 171
The minimum score is 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 9 = = 45 ⇒ the maximum score is 171 – 45 = 126
Thus the number of possible scores for one team is 126 – 45 + 1 = 82. Of these scores = 41 are winning scores.
The minimum winning score is 45 and the maximum willing score is 85. To see that every score between 45 and 85 is attainable, let
< < < < < < < < be any set of rankings which add to a winning score and let
< < < < < < < < the rankings which add to the corresponding losing score. If we can show that
for any
such arrangement, there must be some values of i and j such that = + 1, then swapping and will increase the winning
score
by one. Suppose that no such i and j exist. Then we must have
= + 1, = +1= +2, · ·· = + 8. Now the only way that + 8 could fail to be one of the 's is if
= 18. This
would result in = 17, = 16 , · · · = 10 which is not a winning score. Now since 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 45 is
attainable,
we can continue to increase this score by 1 as above, until we reach the maximum winning score of 85.
Question 35
Solution 36
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Considering one step in the process. If the larger square has side s and the smaller square has side x, then x = s. See the figure.
Thus if the original square has side length 1,
A= + + + +· · · =1+ + + +· · ·= =
Question 36
Solution 37
The area of an equilateral triangle of side s is . Thus the of the areas of the three triangles is A =
From the right triangle + = ⇒ A= (16 + 16) = 8
Question 37
Solution 38
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By division =n–6+ Thus the original fraction will NOT be in lowest terms when n + 6 is an integer multiple
of the prime number 47.
For the values n = 1, 2, 3, · · · 2004, n + 6 is a multiple of 47 = 42 times.
Question 38
Solution 39
It is a fact that secant lines to a circle from a common point satisfy a (a + b) = c (c + d). See the above figure.
Thus x (x + 2) = 6 (6 + 14) ⇒ + 2x – 120 = 0 ⇒ (x – 10)(x + 12) = 0 ⇒ x = 10 or x = – 12. So PC = 10.
By the Law of Cosines in triangle PCB, = + – 2(10)(20) cos(60°) = 100 + 400 – 200 = 300
Since = – , triangle PCB must be a right triangle with right angle at C.
From right triangle CDB, = 300 + 4 ⇒ = 304 ⇒ = = 76
Question 39
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Solution 40
Solving the appropriate pairs of equations gives the points , , , .
The area bounded by the four straight lines can be computed by finding the area of the "dashed" rectangle and subtracting the areas of
the four right triangles.
A= –
= · – = – = – = –
Question 40
Solution 41
Compute (1) + (2) and (1) – (2)
Compute x (A) and y (B)
Compute + and –
⇒ adding and subtracting ⇒ 2x = 3, 2y = 1 ⇒ x = ,y=
(x , y) =
19 of 20 1/8/2016 6:30 PM
Question 41
Created by Mathematica (April 10, 2004)
20 of 20 1/8/2016 6:30 PM
FORTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 3, 2005
9
11
9
5 11
1 2 3 4
2) Express + + + as a rational number in lowest terms.
2 3 4 5
3) A vat is filled with 100 pounds of grapes, which are 99% juice. After workers stomp on the grapes and
juice is siphoned off, the grapes are 98% juice. How many pounds of juice were removed?
4) If A 1 = 3 and A n 1 = – 1 + 2 · A n for n 1 , what is A 7 ?
5) In the figure, ACEG is a parallelogram and BCDFGH is a regular C

hexagon. If CG = 10 feet, find AH.
B D
A E
H F
G
100 – 99 – 98
100 99 98
7) At the grocery store, Larry buys 2 apples, 3 grapefruit and 5 oranges. Larry pays $9. Karla buys 1 apple,
2 grapefruit and 1 orange. Karla pays $4. Jack buys 5 apples, 4 grapefruit and 3 oranges. Jack pays $10.
How much does one grapefruit cost? Express your answer in the form $a.bc where a, b and c are decimal digits.
8) I need 3 working flashlights for a camping trip. In my closet are 4 flashlights that are known to be
inoperative and 8 flashlights that are in good working order. If I randomly choose 3 flashlights from the
closet, what is the probability that all 3 are in good working order? Express your answer as a rational
number in lowest terms.
9) Express 7 4 3 + 7–4 3 as a rational number in lowest terms.

P
10) What is the perimeter of PQR if PM = 10 cm,
MN = 15 cm, PN = 17 cm , QM = QX and XR = RN ?
Q X R
M N
1 1
11) Express + 1 1 as a rational number in lowest terms.
2 3 1
4 5
12) Let E be the sum of the even numbers 2, 4, 6, · · ·, 1000. Let O be the sum of the odd numbers 1, 3, 5, · · ·, 999. Find E – O.
13) The degree measures of the four angles of a convex quadrilateral form an arithmetic progression. If the smallest angle has
degree
measure 75°, what is the degree measure of the largest angle?
14) Suppose that 4 Leghorn hens and 3 New Hampshire Red hens lay as many eggs in 15 days as 3 Leghorn hens and 5 New
Hampshire Red hens lay in 12 days. How many days would it take for a Leghorn to produce what a New Hampshire Red can
produce in 20 days?
15) A sphere of radius 1unit is inscribed in a right circular cylinder which is in turn inscribed in a sphere.
Find the surface area of the outer sphere.
16) Suppose that AB = BC = CD = DE = 7 ft and the area of the shaded y

region is 18 ft 2 . What is the slope of the line segment AF ? F
x
A B C D E
17) How many solutions does the equation sin(2x) = 2 · sin 2 (x) have in the interval [ 0 , 2 ] ?
18) If 1010101 2 is multiplied by itself, how many of the digits in the resulting base 2 number are ones ?
19) If the letters of BANANA are randomly rearranged, what is the probability that at least one of the six positions will be occupied
by the same letter of the alphabet as in the original arrangement? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
20) Let y = 6 x 2 + 9x + 1. For which values of x will the y-coordinate be 4 more that twice the x-coordinate?
3 2 4
21) Solve the equation + = 2 for x.
x2 7x 12 x2 – 9 x x – 12
22) Consider two circles of different radii. The difference in the circumferences of the two circles equals the radius of the smaller
circle and the difference in the areas of the two circles is 21 + 2 square units. What is the radius of the smaller circle?
23) Last year, Ed drove 20,000 miles and spent $1200 on gasoline. This year, Ed intends to reduce his driving mileage by 20% and
he estimates that the price per gallon of gasoline has increased by 40% over last year's price. How many dollars should Ed plan
to spend on gasoline during the current year? (Assume that the car's efficiency remains constant.)
24) Given two concentric circles, the radius of the larger circle is 60 units. E
If A is the sector OCD, B is the region CEFD and the area of B is
8 times the area of A, what is the radius of the smaller circle?
C B
A
O D F
25) Suppose that x and y are positive integers such that xy + 5x + y = 2000. Find y.
26) Find the area of the region bounded by y = | x – 1 | and y = 2 – | 2x – 2 | .
a–b
27) Define the operation by a b= . Find all values of c such that ( 1 2) c=1 (2 c).
a b
28) Find the smallest positive integer k such that 9! times k is a perfect square .
29) If the sum of the first n terms of a sequence is n 2 + 5n, what is the 2005 th term of the sequence ?
1 1 1
30) Let r 1 , r 2 and r 3 be the solutions of x 3 + 2 x 2 – 6x + 9 = 0 . Find + + .
r1 r2 r3
2
31) Find the shortest distance between the line y = 3
x + 11 and the circle x 2 + y 2 – 4x + 10y + 16 = 0 .
32) Suppose that C 1 is a circle of radius 1, square S 1 is inscribed in C 1 ,

circle C 2 is inscribed in S 1 and square S 2 is inscribed in C 2 .
This process continues indefinitely, alternating circles and
squares. The first 5 circles and squares are shown in the
figure. For n 1, let A n be the area of the region inside circle C n
and outside square S n .
Find An .
n 1
33) As shown in the sketch, an isosceles trapezoid is

inscribed in a semicircle. If each of the equal sides
has length 2 cm and the shorter of the two parallel sides has 7
length 7 cm, determine the length of the longer parallel
side. The longer parallel side is a diameter of the 2 2
semicircle.
34) A square of perimeter 52 cm is inscribed in a square of perimeter 68 cm. If d is the greatest distance between a vertex of the
inner
square and a vertex of the outer square, find d 2 .
35) Quadrilateral ABCD can be inscribed in a circle in
such a way that BD is a diameter of the circle. Let E
C
be the point on AC such that AC and DE are B
perpendicular. If AE = 6, EC = 10 and DE = 5, find the
perpendicular distance from B to chord AC.
E
D
36) Suppose that a and b are two integers, not necessarily distinct, chosen from the set S = { 1, 2, 3, · · · , 200 }. What is the
probability that the units digit of 3 a + 7 b is 6 ? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
37) Point A is chosen on the portion of the 1 A

2
ellipse x4 + y 2 = 1 that lies in the first quadrant.
Line AB is drawn perpendicular to the x-axis at point B.
Find the length of OB such that the area of triangle OAB
0.5
is as large as possible.
O B 1 2
1
38) If sin(x) + cos(x) = 2
, express sin 4 x + cos 4 x as a rational number in lowest terms.
39) In triangle ABC, AB = 130, AC = 200 and BC = 260. A

Point D is chosen on BC so that the circles inscribed in
triangles ABD and ADC are tangent to AD at the same point.
Find BD.
B D C
40) In ABC, a point P is chosen on side AB so that AP : PB = 1 : 4 and a point Q is chosen on side BC so that CQ : QB = 1 : 3.
MC
Segments CP and AQ intersect at M. Express the value of as a rational number in lowest terms.
PC
2 4
sin 9 sin 9 sin 9 sin 59
41) If t = 2 4 , express t 2 as a rational number in lowest terms.
cos 9 cos 9 cos 9 cos 59
test_05_Solutions.nb 1
FORTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 3, 2005
Solution 1
9
11 11 9 3 3
= = = 8
9 11 55 9 64
5 11
Solution 2
1 2 3 4 30 40 45 48 163
+ + + = =
2 3 4 5 60 60
Solution 3
99 – x 98
100 – x
= 100
100(99 – x) = 98(100 – x)
100(99) – 100x = 100(98) – 98x
100(99 – 98) = 2x
100 = 2x x = 50
Solution 4
A 1 = 3 and A n 1 = – 1 + 2 · A n for n 1
A 2 = 2(3) – 1 = 5
A 3 = 2(5) – 1 = 9
A 4 = 2(9) – 1 = 17
A 5 = 2(17) – 1 = 33
A 6 = 2(33) – 1 = 65
A 7 = 2(65) – 1 = 129
Solution 5
C
T
B D
A E
O
H F
1 5
Let O be the center of the hexagon. OC = 2
CG = 5. Angle TOC = 6
CT = 2
CB = 5.
Angles ABH and AHB are each 3

triangle ABH is equilateral AH = BH = CB = 5
Solution 6
100 – 99 – 98 98 100 99 – 99 – 1 9800 49

= = =
100 99 98 98 100 99 99 1 1000 50
Solution 7
2A 3G 5O 9 1
A 2G O 4 2
5A 4G 3O 10 3
2A 3G 5O 9 1
–2A – 4 G – 2 O –8 –2 2
–G 3O 1 a
5A 4G 3O 10 3
–5A – 10 G – 5 O –8 –5 2
–6G – 2 O –10 b
–2G 6O 2 2 a
–18G – 6 O –30 3 b
–20G –28 c
28 7
G= 20
= 5
= $1.40
Solution 8
8
8
Number good choices 3 3 5
8 7 6
8 7 6 14
= 12 = = 3 2
= =
Total number of choices 12
3 9
12 11 10
3 2 12 11 10 55
3
Solution 9
Let = 7 4 3 + 7–4 3
2
=7+4 3 +2 7 4 3 · 7–4 3 +7–4 3
2 = 14 + 2 49 – 48 = 14 + 2 = 16 =4
Solution 10
a X b R
Q
a b
M N
Perimeter PQR = 10 – a + a + b + 17 – b = 27
Solution 11
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 11 42 53
+ 1 1 = + 1 1 = + 1 4 = + 11 = + = + =
2 3 1
2 3 21
2 3 21
2 21
2 11 22 22 22
4 5 4
Solution 12
2 + 4 + · · · 1000 – (1 + 3 + · · · + 999) = 2 + 4 + · · · + 1000 – [ (1 + 3 + · · · + 999) + (2 + 4 + · · · + 1000) – (2 + 4 + · · · +

1000) ]
= 2 (2 + 4 + · · · + 1000) – (1 + 2 + 3 +· · · + 1000)
= 2 · 2 (1 + 2 + · · · + 500) – (1 + 2 + 3 +· · · + 1000)
500 501 1000 1001

=4 2
– 2
= 2 · 500 · 501 – 500 · 1001 = 500 · (2 · 501 – 1001) = 500 · (1002 – 1001) = 500
OR
2 + 4 + · · · 1000 – (1 + 3 + · · · + 999) = (2 – 1) + (4 – 3) + (6 – 5) + · · · + (1000 – 999) = 1 + 1 + 1 + · · · + 1 = 500
Solution 13
75 + 75 + d + 75 + 2d + 75 + 3d = 360
6d = 360 – 300 = 60 d = 10
75 + 3d = 75 + 30 = 105
Solution 14
eggs
Let L and R be the rate day
for the Leghorn hens and 3 New Hampshire Red hens respectively.
R 8
(4L + 3R) · 15 = (3L + 5R) · 12 L
= 5
L · x = 20 · R
R 8
x = 20 · L
= 20 · 5
= 32
Solution 15
r
1
r2 = 1 + 1 = 2 r= 2
S = 4 r 2 = 4 (2) = 8
Solution 16
y
F
x
x
A B C D E
x z z
7
= 28
x= 4
By similar triangles
1
2
(x + z) · 21 = 18 Area of trapezoid
1 z
2 4
z · 21 = 18
1 5
2 4
z · 21 = 18
18 8
z= 5 21
z 18 8 12
28
= 5 21 28
= 245
Solution 17
sin(2x) = 2 sin 2 x
2 sin(x) cos(x) – 2 sin 2 x = 0
2 sin(x) (cos(x) – sin(x)) = 0
sin(x) = 0 x = 0, , 2
3
cos(x) = sin(x) tan(x) = 1 x= 4
or 4
Number of solutions = 5
Solution 18
10101012 = 64 + 16 + 4 + 1 = 85
852 = 7225
7255 = 2(3612) + 1
3612 = 2(1806) + 0
1806 = 2(903) + 0
903 = 2(451) + 1
451 = 2(225) + 1
225 = 2(112) + 1
112 = 2(56) + 0
56 = 2(28) + 0
28 = 2(14) + 0
14 = 2(7) + 0
7 = 2(3) + 1
3 = 2(1) + 1
1 = 2(0) + 1
7225 = 11100001110012
Number of 1's = 7
Solution 19
It is easier to count the number of permutations in which no letter is in a position originally occupied by the same letter. In
such an arrangement, the A's must occupy the positions originally occupied by the B and two N's. Then place the B in one
of the three remaining positions and the positions of the N's are forced. Thus there are 3 such arrangements.
6 60 – 3 57 19
The total number of permutations is 3 2
= 60. So the required probability is 60
= 60
= 20
Solution 20
y = 6 x 2 + 9x + 1 and y = 2x + 4
2x + 4 = 6 x 2 + 9x + 1 6 x 2 + 7x – 3 = 0
(3x – 1)(2x + 3) = 0
1 3
x= 3
or – 2
Solution 21
3 2 4
+ = 2
x2 7x 12 x2 – 9 x x – 12
3 2 4
+ = Multiply by (x + 3)(x – 3)(x + 4)
x 3 x 4 x–3 x 3 x 4 x–3
3(x – 3) + 2(x + 4) = 4(x + 3)
3x – 9 + 2x + 8 = 4x + 12
x = 13
Solution 22
Let r be the smaller radius and R the larger radius.
1
2 R–2 r r and R2 – r2 2
2
1 2
From the first equation R r 2
Substitute into the second equation
1 2 2 1
r 2
– r2 2
2
2 2
1 2 –4 1 4
r2 4 2
1 4 1 4
r2 4 2
r2 2
r= 2
Solution 23
dollars 1200 3
Let D = cost of driving the car last year in mile
. Then 20000 D = 1200 D= 20000
= 50
4 7 4 7 3
For this year the cost will be 5
· 20000 · 5
·D= 5
· 20000 · 5
· 50
= 1344
Solution 24
Let r be the radius of the smaller circle and the central angle in radians.
1 1 1
Area of CEFD = 2
60 2 – 2
r 2 = 8 · area of A = 8 2
r2
3600 – r 2 = 8 r 2
9 r 2 = 3600 r 2 = 400 r = 20
Solution 25
xy + 5x + y = 2000
y(x + 1) = 2000 – 5x
2000 – 5 x
y= x 1
Divide
2005 5 401
y=–5+ x 1
=–5+ x 1
For this to be an integer x + 1 = 5 or x + 1 = 401 x = 4 or x = 400
If x = 4, y = 396. If x = 400, y =0. The positive value of y is 396.
Solution 26
1.5
1 h
0.5
2–h
0.5 1 1.5 2
Find points of intersection.
1 2
If x < 1, 1 – x = 2 + 2x – 2 x= 3
and y = 3
5 2
If x > 1, x – 1 = 2 – 2x + 2 x= 3
and y = 3
5 1 4
The length of the horizontal dashed line = 3
– 3
= 3
1 4 1 4 4
The desired area = sum of the areas of two triangle = 2
·h· 3
+ 2
· (2 – h) · 3
= 3
Solution 27
(1 2) c=1 (2 c)
1–2 1
1 2= 1 2
=– 3
1
– –c 1 3c
(1 2) c= 3
1 = 1–3c
– 3 c
2–c
2 c= 2 c
2– c
1– 2 c–2 c c
1 (2 c) = 2 c
2–c = 2 c 2–c
= 2
1 2 c
1 3c c
1–3c
= 2
2 + 6c = c – 3 c 2
3 c 2 + 5c + 2 = 0
2
(3c + 2)(c + 1) = 0 c=– 3
or – 1
Solution 28
9! = 2 · 3 · 4 · 5 · 6 · 7 · 8 · 9 = 2 · 3 · 2 2 · 5 · 2 · 3 · 7 · 2 3 · 3 2 = 2 7 · 3 4 · 5 · 7
To be a perfect square the exponents of the prime factors must all be even. Thus the smallest multiple of 9! which is a
perfect square is 2 · 5 · 7 = 70
Solution 29
Let a n be the nth term of the sequence. Then S n = a 1 + a 2 + · · · + a n = n 2 + 5n
2
For any n a n = S n – Sn – 1 = n 2 + 5n – n – 1 – (n – 1) = 2n + 4
a 2005 = 2 · 2005 + 4 = 4014
Solution 30
1 1 1 r2 r 3 r1 r3 r1 r2
+ + =
r1 r2 r3 r1 r2 r3
Expanding (x – r 1 )(x – r 2 )(x – r 3 ) = x 3 – r 1 r2 r 3 x 2 + (r2 r 3 r1 r3 r 1 r 2) x + r 1 r 2 r 3
Comparing with x 3 + 2 x 2 – 6x + 9, r2 r 3 r1 r3 r 1 r 2 = – 6 and r 1 r 2 r 3 = – 9
1 1 1 r2 r 3 r1 r3 r1 r2 –6 2
+ + = = =
r1 r2 r3 r1 r2 r3 –9 3
Solution 31
2
y= 3
x + 11 and the circle x 2 + y 2 – 4x + 10y + 16 = 0 .
Find the center of the circle by completing the square x 2 + y 2 – 4x + 10y + 16 = x 2 – 4x + 4 + y 2 + 10y + 25 = – 16 + 4 +
25
2 2
x–2 + y 5 = 13 center = (2 , – 5) radius = 13
a b c
Given a straight line ax + by + c = 0 and a point ( , ), then distance from the point to the line is .
a2 b2
The given line can be written as 2x – 3y + 33 = 0.
2 2 –3 –5 33 52
Thus the distance from the center of the circle to the line is 2
=
22 –3 13
Then the distance from the line to the circle is distance to the center minus the radius of the circle.
52 52 13
d= – 13 = 13
– 13 = 4 13 – 13 = 3 13
13
Solution 32
s 2
s 2 R
2 2
Let R be the radius of a circle and s the side of the inscribed square. Then S4 + S4 = R2 S = 2 R. If s is the side
S
of a square and r the radius of the inscribed circle, then r = 2 . Let R n and S n the radii and side length of the indicated
circles and squares.
2 2
2 2 2
R1 = 1 , S1 = 2 , R2 = 2
, S2 = 2
, R3 = 22
,···
n n–1
2 1 2 1
Sn = 2n–1
= 2n 2–1
and R n = 2n–1
= 2n 2–1 2
1
If A n is the area between circle n and square n, then A n = R n2 – S n2 = 2n–1
– 2n–2
1 2
An = 2n–1
– 2n–2
= 1 – =2 –4
n 1 n 1 n 1 1– 2 1 – 12
Solution 33
r
2 h
7 2
From the two indicated right triangles,
7 2
r2 h2 2 1
2
Solving for h 2
7
4 h2 r– 2 2
49
h2 r2 – 4 1
2 Equating
7
h2 4 – r– 2 2
49 49
r2 – 4
= 4 – r 2 + 7r – 4
2 r 2 – 7r – 4 = 0
(2r + 1)(r – 4) = 0 r=4 d=8
Solution 34
v1 d 17–d v2
13
v4 v3
2
From the figure d 2 + (17 – d = 13 2 d 2 – 17d + 60 = 0 (d – 12)(d – 5) = 0 d = 5 and 17 – d = 12
The squares of the distances between the vertices are,
d - v1 = 25, d - v2 = 144 d - v 3 = 12 2 + 17 2 = 433 d - v4 = 5 2 + 17 2 = 314
So the maximum distance squared is 433 .
Solution 35
In the given figure, extend DE to the circle at G and drop a perpendicular from B to AC at F.
C
B
G
F
Since BD is a diameter of the circle, the angle at G is 90°. Since the angles at E and F are 90° by construction, the quadrilat-
eral GBFE is a rectangle. Hence BF = GE.
Since lines AC and GD intersect at E, AE · EC = GE · ED (See below).
Using the given information, 6 · 10 = GE · 5 GE = 12 = BF.
E
D
The angles at G and A subtend the same arc so are equal. The vertical angles at E are equal, hence the triangles GCE and
AED are similar. Thus the ratios of corresponding sides are equal. ED
EC
= AE
GE
ED · GE = AE · EC.
Solution 36
Consider the powers of 3 and 7 mod 10.

31 mod 10 3 71 mod 10 7
32 mod 10 9 72 mod 10 9
33 mod 10 7 73 mod 10 3
34 mod 10 1 74 mod 10 1
Thus there are 16 pairs of value of 3 a and 7 b mod 10. They are (3,7), (3,9), (3,3), (3,1), (9,7), (9,9), (9,3), (9,1), (7,7),
(7,9), (7,3), (7,1), (1,7), (1,9), (1,3), (1,1)
Of these only 3 have a sum which is 6 mod 10, namely (3,3), (9,7) and (7,9).
3
Thus the probability is 16
.
Solution 37
1 A
0.5
O B 1 2
x2 1 x2 1 x4
The coordinates of point A are x, 1 4
so the area of the triangle is 2
·x· 1– 4
= 2
x2 – 4
=
1 4 x2 – x4
2 4
This will be a maximum when 4 x 2 – x 4 is a maximum. Let t = x 2 . Find maximum value of 4 t – t 2 = – (t 2 – 4t). Com-
plete the square,
2
– t 2 – 4t + 4) + 4 = – (t – 2 + 4 . Thus the maximum occurs when t = 2 x= 2
Solution 38
1 1 3 3
sin(x) + cos(x) = 2
sin 2 x + 2 sin(x) cos(x) + cos 2 x = 4
2 sin(x) cos(x) = – 4
sin(x) cos(x) = – 8
2
sin 2 x cos 2 x =1 sin 4 x + 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x + cos 4 x = 1
–3 2 9 23
sin 4 x + cos 4 x = 1 – 2 sin 2 x cos 2 x = 1 – 2 8
=1– 32
= 32
Solution 39
z
x v
w
y
r
B r D r C
s t
Using the fact that tangents to a circle from an external point are equal,
x = v = z , s – r = y and t – r = w
x y AB
z w AC Using the above
s t AC
x s–r 130 1
x t–r 200 2 Combine (1) – (2) + (3)
s t 260 3
2s = 190 s = 95
Solution 40
Q
P M
A C
3 4
Let triangle ABC be a 3, 4, 5 right triangle with A = (0,0), B = (3,4) and C = (3,0). The P = 5
, 5
and Q = (3,1).
4
1 1
Line containing A and Q has equation y = 3
x and line containing P and C has equation y = 3
5
(x – 3) = – 3
(x – 3)
5 –3
1 1 3 1 3 1
Equating 3
x=– 3
(x – 3) x= 2
y= 2
. M= 2
, 2
.
3 2 1 2 9 1 10 10
MC –3 5
PC
= 2 2
= 4 4
= 4
= 4
2
= 8
3
–3
2 4 2 144 16 160
5 10
5 5 25 25 25
Solution 41
From trigonometric identities for sine and cosine of sum and differences,
sin sin cos cos sin

sin – sin cos – cos sin
sin sin – 2 sin cos
cos cos cos – sin sin

sin – cos cos sin sin
cos cos – 2 cos cos
sin 9 sin 29 sin 49 sin 59 sin x sin 2 x sin 4 x sin 5 x

t = = =
cos 9 cos 29 cos 49 cos 59 cos x cos 2 x cos 4 x cos 5 x
sin x sin 5 x sin 2 x sin 4 x
cos x cos 5 x cos 2 x cos 4 x
Letting + = 5x and – =x = 3x and = 2x
Letting + = 4x and – = 2x = 3x and =x
sin x sin 5 x sin 2 x sin 4 x

= 22cos
sin 3 x cos 2 x 2 sin 3 x cos x
= sin 3 x cos 2 x cos x
= sin 3 x
= tan(3x)
cos x cos 5 x cos 2 x cos 4 x 3 x cos 2 x 2 cos 3 x cos x cos 3 x cos 2 x cos x cos 3 x
Now with x = 9
, t = tan 3
= 3 t2 = 3
FORTY-NINTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 9, 2006
1 3 5 7
2 • 4 – 6 8
1) Express 1 3 5 7 as a rational number in lowest terms.
2 4 – 6 • 8
2 10 2 12
8 14 3
3) Using the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 without repetition, how many six–digit numbers can be formed that are divisible by 25 ?
2y
4) If x = z 11 , then solve xz = z 5 for y. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
2 2
50 49
5) Express 2 2 as a rational number in lowest terms.
50 49
1 4 3 y–4
6) Solve the equation – + = 0 for y.
y 2 2y 1 2 y2 5 y 2
7) Find the exact value of log 2 40 + log 3 27 – log 2 5 . Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
8) Karla sells some eggs to Doug, Larry and Jack . Karla first sells half the eggs plus half an egg to Doug, then
sells half the remaining eggs plus half an egg to Larry and finally sells half the remaining eggs plus half an egg to Jack. At the end
of the 3 sales, Karla is out of eggs. The strange thing is that Karla never had to break an egg. How many eggs did Karla begin
with?
9) What is the smallest real number k whose distance from – 1 is equal to twice its distance from 3?
10) The base 3 representation of an integer n is 21121221211212212112. What is the leading (i.e. left–most) digit in the
base 9 representation of n?
11) In triangle ABC, the measure of ABC is 120°. Point D is B

chosen in the triangle so that line DA bisects BAC and
D
line DC bisects BCA. Find the degree measure
of ADC. A C
12) A messenger pigeon can fly at a constant speed of 25 miles per hour in a wind–free environment. What is its average speed on a
round trip where it faces a 5 mile per hour headwind on the way out and a 5 mile per hour tailwind on the return leg?
13) What is the area of the convex quadrilateral whose vertices are ( 9 , 7) , ( – 2 , – 3) , ( – 3 , 17) and ( 9 , 12) ?
14) Find all real solutions of 4 x + 4 x 1 = 160 .
15) At what fraction of an hour after 3 o'clock are the minute and hour hands of a twelve–hour clock pointing in the same direction?
16) Find the area of the region of the plane consisting of all points whose coordinates (x , y) satisfy the conditions 4 x2 y2 36
and y x .
1 a b2
17) If a, b and c are positive real numbers such that log b a 3
and log a c 4, find the value of log c .
c
Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
L m,n
18) If m and n are positive integers, let F m, n , where L m, n is the least common multiple of m and n and G m, n is
G m,n
the greatest common divisor of m and n. Find F 1400, 1760 .
3
19) The curves corresponding to the equations
x 2 + y 2 = 5 and 2 x 2 – y 2 = 4 intersect at four points. 2
These four points are the vertices of a rectangle.
Find the area of this rectangle. 1
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
-3
5
20) As shown in the diagram, region R in the plane has
vertices at (0 , 0), (0 , 5), (4 , 5), (4 , 1), (9 , 1) and 4
(9 , 0). There is a straight line y = m x that partitions 3
R into two subregions of equal area. Find m. 2

1
2 4 6 8
21) Tom and Doug begin their new jobs on the same day. Tom's schedule is 4 work days followed by 2 rest days and Doug's sched-
ule
is 7 work days followed by 3 rest days. In any period of 600 consecutive days, on how many of these days will Tom and Doug
have the same rest day?
22) In a convex polygon, the degree measures of the interior angles form an arithmetic progression. If the smallest angle is 159 °
and
the largest angle is 177 °, how many sides does the polygon have?
23) For each real number x, let g(x) be the minimum value of the numbers 4x + 1, x + 2 and – 2x + 4. What is the maximum value
of g(x) ?
24 ) In square ABCD, F is a point on side AD and E is a C

D
point on the extension of side AB such that CF and CE
are perpendicular. If each side of the square has length
20 and the area of CEF is 288 square units, what is
F
the area of AFE ?
A
B E
25) Find the minimum value of ( sin(x) – cos(x) – 1 ) ( sin(x) + cos(x) – 1 ) .

1 1
26) Define the operation by a b= + . Find all values of c such that ( 1 2) c=1 (2 c).
a b
27) Let the sequence a n be defined for all integers n by a n – (n + 1) a 2 – n = n 3 2 . Find a 7 .
28) In triangle ABC, AB = 8, AC = 6 and BC = 10. B

As indicated in the figure, lines are drawn parallel to AC
that are one unit apart. Find the area of the
shaded region.
A C
29) Let points A and B have coordinates (0,1) and (4,0)

C
respectively. There is a point C in the first quadrant 8
that lies on the line y = x + 1 and such that the area of
ABC is 20 square units. Find the coordinates of C.
4
A
2 B 8
30) Given positive integers x 1 x2 x3 x4 x 5 with pairwise sums of 7, 10, 11, 13, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19 and 20, find x 3 .
12
x2 2
31) Determine the coefficient of x 3 in the expansion of .
4 x
32) A parabola has equation 4 y = x 2 . There are

many circles with centers on the positive y – axis
that are tangent to this parabola at (0 , 0)
and that intersect this parabola only at (0 , 0).
What is the largest radius of such a circle?
1
33) Find all real values x such that 27 x – 9 x – 1 – 3 x 1 + 3
=0.
34) Suppose that p(x) is a polynomial with integer coefficients. The remainder when p(x) is divided by x – 1 is 1 and the remainder
when p(x) is divided by x – 4 is 10. If r(x) is the remainder when p(x) is divided by (x – 1)(x – 4), find r(2006).
35) Suppose that x and y are real numbers such that tan(x) + tan(y) = 42 and cot(x) + cot(y) = 49. What is the value of tan(x + y) ?
7 2
36) Suppose that a and b are positive real numbers such that log 27 a + log 9 b = 2
and log 27 b + log 9 a = 3
.
Determine the value of the product ab.
37) In right triangle ABC with right angle at B, an interior A
point F is located such that FA = 21, FB = 12 and
AFB = BFC = CFA. Find FC.
F
B C
38) Given real numbers a and r, consider the following 20 numbers: a r, a r2 , a r3 , a r 4 , · · · , a r 20 . If the sum of the 20 numbers is
2006 and the sum of the reciprocals of the 20 numbers is 1003, determine the product of the 20 numbers.
39) Let S 1 be a square of side length 1 unit, let S2 be the

square formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of
S 1 , let S3 be the square formed by joining the midpoints
of the sides of S 2 , etc. Let A 1 be the area inside
S 1 and outside S 2 , let A 2 the area inside S 3 and outside
S 4 , etc. ( A 1 and A 2 are shown in the figure.)
Find Ak .
k 1
40) Four congruent circles are inscribed in a square of side

length 1, as indicated in the sketch. Find the area
of the square formed by joining the centers of the
four circles.
41) In a circle of radius 10, M is a point on chord PQ A

such that PM = 5 and MQ = 10. Chords AB and CD are
drawn through M and points X and Y are the respective
points of intersection of chords AD and BC with chord
PQ. Given that XM = 3, find MY. Express your answer
C
P X M
Y
D Q
B
ANSWER SHEET (2006)
PLEASE PRINT CLEARLY
STUDENT'S FULL NAME_____________________________________________________________________
STUDENT'S ADDRESS________________________________________________________________________
STUDENT'S SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER_______________________________________________________
NAME OF SCHOOL__________________________________________________________________________
TOWN (OR CITY)___________________________________________________________________________
CHECK ONE: (1) FRESHMAN (2) SOPHOMORE (3) JUNIOR (4) SENIOR (5) OTHER
1. 4 5 22. 30 sides
2. – 3 16 23. 8 3
3. 48 numbers 24. 112 square units
4. 5 24 25. – 1 2
5. 2499 2501 26. – 6 7 , 1
6. 11 27. 4
7. 6 28. 27 2 square units
8. 7 eggs 29. 8,9
9. 5 3 30. 8
10. 7 31. 99
11. 150 degrees 32. 2 units
12. 24 mph 33. – 2 , 1 2
13. 145 square units 34. 6016
14. 5 2 35. 294
15. 3 11 hours 36. 243
16. 24 square units 37. 60 units
17. 5 4 38. 1024
18. 1540 39. 2 3 square units
19. 4 6 square units 40. 3 – 2 2 square units
20. 15 16 41. 30 7 units
21. 60 days
FORTY-NINNTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 9, 2006
1 3 5 7
2 • 4 – 6 8
1) Express 1 3 5 7 as a rational number in lowest terms.
2 4 – 6 • 8
Solution 1
1 3 5 7 3 5 7
2 • 4 – 6 8 8 – 6 8 48 18 – 40 42 20 4
1 3 5 7 = 1 3 35 • 48
= 24 36 – 35
= 25
= 5
2 4 – 6 • 8 2 4 – 48
2 10 2 12
8 14 3
Solution 2
2 10 2 12 2 10 1 –2 2 3 3
= =– =–
8 14 3 2 14 24 16
3) Using the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 without repetition, how many six–digit numbers can be formed that are divisible by 25 ?
Solution 3
Using the digits 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 to form a six digit number divisible by 25, the last two digits must be 25 or 75. The remaining 4 digits
can be arranged in any of 4! = 24 ways. Thus the desired number is 2(24) = 48.
2y
4) If x = z 11 , then solve xz = z 5 for y. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
Solution 4
2y 2y 5
x = z 11 and xy = z5 z 11 z = z5 z 24 y = z 5 24y = 5 y= 24
2 2
50 49
50 49
Solution 5
2 2
50 49 49 2
50 2 – 1 2500 – 1 2499
2 2 = 49 2 50 2 1
= 2500 1
= 2501
50 49
1 4 3 y–4
6 Solve the equation – 0 fory.
y 2 2y 1 2 y2 5 y 2
Solution 6
1 4 3 y–4
– 0
y 2 2y 1 2 y2 5 y 2
1 4 3 y–4
– 0
y 2 2y 1 2y 1 y 2
2y + 1 – 4(y + 2) + 3y – 4 = 0
2y + 1 – 4y – 8 + 3y – 4 = 0
y = 11
7) Find the exact value of log 2 40 + log 3 27 – log 2 5 . Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
Solution 7
log 2 40 + log 3 27 – log 2 5 = log 2 2 3 • 5 + log 3 3 3 – log 2 5
= log 2 2 3 + log 2 5 + 3 – log 2 5
= 3 + log 2 5 + 3 – log 2 5 = 6
8) Karla sells some eggs to Doug, Larry and Jack . Karla first sells half the eggs plus half an egg to Doug, then
sells half the remaining eggs plus half an egg to Larry and finally sells half the remaining eggs plus half an egg to Jack. At the end
of the 3 sales, Karla is out of eggs. The strange thing is that Karla never had to break an egg. How many eggs did Karla begin
with?
Solution 8
Start with E eggs.
1 1 1 1 1 1
Doug gets 2
E+ 2
leaving E – 2
E– 2
= 2
E– 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
Larry gets 2 2
E– 2
+ 2
leaving 2
E– 2
– 4
E– 4
= 4
E– 4
1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 7
Jack gets 2 4
E– 4
+ 2
leaving 4
E– 4
– 8
E– 8
= 8
E– 8
=0 E=7
9) What is the smallest real number k whose distance from – 1 is equal to twice its distance from 3?
Solution 9
The given condition leads to | k + 1 | = 2 | k – 3 |
k –1 –1 k 3 3 k
– k – 1 = – 2k + 6 k + 1 = – 2k + 6 k + 1 = 2k – 6
5
k = 7 (can't be) k= 3
k=7
5
Smallest k = 3
10) The base 3 representation of an integer n is 21121221211212212112. What is the leading (i.e. left–most) digit in the
base 9 representation of n?
Solution 10
Since 9 = 3 2 each base 9 digit corresponds to a pair of base 3 digits and the total number of digits in the given string is even,
the left-most digit in base 9 is 21 3 = 2 · 3 + 1 = 7
11) In triangle ABC, the measure of ABC is 120°. Point D is B

chosen in the triangle so that line DA bisects BAC and
D
line DC bisects BCA. Find the degree measure
of ADC. A C
Solution 11
B
120
D
y
x
x y
A C
From triangle ABC 2x + 2y + 120 = 180 (1)
From triangle ADC x + y + = 180 (2)
Multiplying (2) by 2,
2x + 2y + 2 = 360 (3)
(3) – (1) 2 – 120 = 180

2 = 300
= 150
12) A messenger pigeon can fly at a constant speed of 25 miles per hour in a wind–free environment. What is its average speed on a
round trip where it faces a 5 mile per hour headwind on the way out and a 5 mile per hour tailwind on the return leg?
Solution 12
Let v p = velocity of the pigeon = 25 mph, v w = velocity with the wind = 25 + 5 = 30 mph and v a = velocity against the wind = 25 – 5
= 20 mph.
distance distance
If d is the one way distance and v the average velocity, since velocity = time
and time = velocity
,
2d 2 2 60 120
v= d d = 1 1 = 2 3
= 5
= 24
30 20 30 20
13) What is the area of the convex quadrilateral whose vertices are ( 9 , 7) , ( – 2 , – 3) , ( – 3 , 17) and ( 9 , 12) ?
Solution 13
If A i is the area of triangle T i , then the D –3,17

area of ABCD = area of rectangle – A 1 – A 2 – A 3 =
20 · 12 – 12 · 20(1) – 12 · 10(11) – 12 · 5(12) = 145 15 T3
C 9,12
10
B 9,7
5
T1 T2
-2 2 4 6 8 10
A –2,–3
14) Find all real solutions of 4 x + 4 x 1 = 160 .
Solution 14
4x + 4x 1 = 160
4 x (1 + 4) = 160
160
4x = 5
5
4 x = 32 22x = 25 2x = 5 x= 2
15) At what fraction of an hour after 3 o'clock are the minute and hour hands of a twelve–hour clock pointing in the same direction?
Solution 15
Let m be the angle from the vertical of the minute hand and h be the angle from the vertical of the hour hand.
At 3 oclock m = 0 and h = 90°.
360 360 1
At t minutes after 3 oclock m = 60
t and h = 12 60
t + 90 = 2
t + 90
180
1 11 t 180 3
6t = 2
t + 90 2
= 90 t= 11
min = 11
60
hr = 11
hr
16) Find the area of the region of the plane consisting of all points whose coordinates (x , y) satisfy the conditions 4 x2 y2 36
and y x .
Solution 16
The inequalities 4 x2 y2 36 describe the region

6
between circles of radii 2 and 6. y x describes the
region below y = x . Thus the indicated region can be
4
viewed as the difference in the sectors of two circles.
The area of a circular sector of radius r and central angle
2
is 12 r 2 . The indicated are is 12 · 6 2 · 32 – 12 · 2 2 ·
3
2
= 12 · 32 (36 – 4) = 34 · 32 = 24
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6
-2
-4
-6
1 a b2
17) If a, b and c are positive real numbers such that log b a 3
and log a c 4, find the value of log c .
c
Solution 17
1 a b2
log b a 3
and log a c 4, find the value of log c
c
1 1
log a (c) = 4 log c (a) = 4
c 4 =a
1
log b (a) = 3
log a (b) = 3 a3 = b
1 3 3
c 4 = a and a 3 = b c 4 =b log c (b) = 4
a b2 1 1 3 1 5
log c = log c (a) + 2 log c (b) – 2
log c (c) = 4
+2· 4
– 2
= 4
c
L m,n
18) If m and n are positive integers, let F m, n , where L m, n is the least common multiple of m and n and G m, n is
G m,n
the greatest common divisor of m and n. Find F 1400, 1760 .
Solution 18
1400 = 2 3 · 5 2 · 7 and 1760 = 2 5 · 5 · 11
LCM(1400 , 1760) = 2 5 · 5 2 · 7 · 11 and GCD(1400 , 1760) = 2 3 · 5
LCM 1400 , 1760 2 5 5 2 7 11

GCD 1400 , 1760
= 23 5
= 2 2 · 5 · 7 · 11 = 1540
3
19) The curves corresponding to the equations
x 2 + y 2 = 5 and 2 x 2 – y 2 = 4 intersect at four points. 2
These four points are the vertices of a rectangle.
Find the area of this rectangle. 1
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
-3
Solution 19
x2 + y2 = 5 y 2 = 5 – x 2 substituting into 2 x 2 – y 2 3
=4 2 x – (5 – x 2 ) = 4
2
3 x2 = 9 x=± 3
2 2
x + y = 5 and x = ± 3 y=± 2 2
The area of the rectangle = 2x · 2y = 2 3 · 2 2 = 4 6 x,y
1
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
-3
5
20) As shown in the diagram, region R in the plane has
vertices at (0 , 0), (0 , 5), (4 , 5), (4 , 1), (9 , 1) and 4
(9 , 0). There is a straight line y = m x that partitions 3
R into two subregions of equal area. Find m. 2

1
2 4 6 8
Solution 20
By adding rectangles the total shaded area is 25. B5 C y mx

The area of the trapezoid ABCD = 12 (5 + 5 – 4m)(4) = 25
2 4
10 – 4m = 254
D 4,4m
4m =10 – 254
= 154 3
15
m = 16
2
2 4 6 8
A
21) Tom and Doug begin their new jobs on the same day. Tom's schedule is 4 work days followed by 2 rest days and Doug's sched-
ule
is 7 work days followed by 3 rest days. In any period of 600 consecutive days, on how many of these days will Tom and Doug
have the same rest day?
Solution 21
Tom's schedule repeats every 6 days and Doug's schedule repeats every 10 days. So both will repeat together every 30 days. Letting
W represent a work day and R a rest day:
Tom W W W W R R W W W W R R W W W W R R W W W W R R W W W W R R
Doug W W W W W W W R R R W W W W W W W R R R W W W W W W W R R R
Thus for every 30 days they have the same rest day 3 times, so for 600 days the have the same rest day 20(3) = 60 days.
22) In a convex polygon, the degree measures of the interior angles form an arithmetic progression. If the smallest angle is 159 °
and
the largest angle is 177 °, how many sides does the polygon have?
Solution 22
Let n be the number of sides in the polygon. The sum of the angles of the polygon is (n – 2) · 180.
Since the angles are in arithmetic progression the sum of the angles is
159 + (159 + d) + (159 + 2d) + · · · + (159 + (n – 1)d) = 159n + (1 + 2 + + · · · n – 1)d
n–1 n
= 159n + 2
d
The largest angle = 177 159 + (n – 1)d =177 (n – 1)d = 177 – 159 = 18
n–1 n
Then 159n + 2
d = (n – 2) · 180
n
Then 159n + 2
18 = (n – 2) · 180
159n + 9n = 180n – 360
12n = 360 n = 30
23) For each real number x, let g(x) be the minimum value of the numbers 4x + 1, x + 2 and – 2x + 4. What is the maximum value
of g(x) ?
Solution 23
By finding the points of intersection of the pairs of lines and plotting the lines (see below) we find:
1
4x 1 x 3
1 2
g(x) = x 2 3 x 3
2
–2x 4 x 3
8
Thus we can see that max(g(x)) = 3
4 4x 1
—2x 4 1
,3
2
3
x 2 2 8
2 1 7 ,
, 3 3
3 3
1
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

1.8
1.6
1.4
24 ) In square ABCD, F is a point on side AD and E is a C

D
point on the extension of side AB such that CF and CE
are perpendicular. If each side of the square has length
20 and the area of CEF is 288 square units, what is
F
the area of AFE ?
A
B E
Solution 24
C
Area CEF = 288 1
CE · CF = 288 20
1
2 D
2
CE 2 = 288
CE 2 = 576 CE = 24
24
DF = BE = 24 2 – 20 2 = 576 – 400 = 176 24
AF = 20 – DF = 20 – 176
AE = 20 + 176
F 45°
Area AFE = 1
2
AF · AE =
1
20 – 176 20 176
2 45°
= 12 (400 – 176) = 112 A
B E
25) Find the minimum value of ( sin(x) – cos(x) – 1 ) ( sin(x) + cos(x) – 1 ) .
Solution 25
(sin(x) – cos(x) – 1) (sin(x) + cos(x) – 1) = sin 2 x + sin(x)cos(x) – sin(x) – cos(x)sin(x) – cos 2 x + cos(x) – sin(x) – cos(x) + 1
= sin 2 x – cos 2 x – 2sin(x) + 1
= sin 2 x – (1 – sin 2 x ) – 2sin(x) + 1

= 2sin 2 x – 2sin(x)
Let t = sin(x) –1 t 1
The expression in t is 2 t 2 – 2t = 2t (t – 1)
1
This is a parabola which opens upward with intercepts 0 and 1. Hence its vertex occurs at t = 2
.
1 1 1
Thus the minimum value is 2 · 2 2
–1 = – 2
1 1
26) Define the operation by a b= + . Find all values of c such that ( 1 2) c=1 (2 c).
a b
Solution 26
1 1
a b= + . Find all values of c such that ( 1 2) c=1 (2 c).
a b
1 3 2 1
(1 2) c = (1 + 2
) c= 2
c= 3
+ c
1 1 1 2c
1 (2 c)=1 2 c
=1+ 1 1 =1+ c 2
2 c
2 1 2c
3
+ c
=1+ c 2
1 1 2c
c
= 3
+ c 2
Multiply by 3c (c + 2)
3c + 6 = c 2 + 2c + 6 c 2
6
7 c2 – c – 6 = 0 (7c + 6)(c – 1) = 0 c=– 7
or 1
27) Let the sequence a n be defined for all integers n by a n – (n + 1) a 2 – n = n 3 2 . Find a 7 .
Solution 27
a n – (n + 1) a 2 – n = n 3 2 . Find a 7 .
a 7 – 8 a – 5 = 100 a 7 = 100 + 8 a – 5
a – 5 – (– 4) a 7 = 4 a–5 = 4 – 4 a7
a 7 = 100 + 8 (4 – 4 a 7 ) a 7 = 100 + 32 – 32 a 7
132
33 a 7 = 132 a7 = 33
=4
28) In triangle ABC, AB = 8, AC = 6 and BC = 10. B
As indicated in the figure, lines are drawn parallel to AC
that are one unit apart. Find the area of the
shaded region.
A C
Solution 28
If we number the horizontal lines starting at the bottom as B

x 8 , x 7 . . ., then by similar triangles x = 68 = 34 .
The shaded area is the sum of the areas of trapezoids.
A = 12 1 x 8 x 7 + 12 1 x 6 x 5 + . . .
A = 12 · 34 ((1 + 2 + . . . + 8)
27
A = 38 · 8 29 = 2
A C
29) Let points A and B have coordinates (0,1) and (4,0)

C
respectively. There is a point C in the first quadrant 8
that lies on the line y = x + 1 and such that the area of
ABC is 20 square units. Find the coordinates of C.
4
A
2 B 8
Solution 29
The straight line containing A(0 , 1) and B(4 , 0) can be

written as C
8
x + 4y – 4 = 0. Let C have coordinates (a , a + 1). Using
the formula for the distance from a point to a line h =
a 4 a 1 –4
= 5a
17 17
4
since a is positive. The length of segment AB is 17 .
h
Thus the area of the triangle ABC = 12 17 5 a = 20.
17
5
Thus 2
a = 20 a = 8. So the coordinates of C are (8 A
, 9). 2 B 8
30) Given positive integers x 1 x2 x3 x4 x 5 with pairwise sums of 7, 10, 11, 13, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19 and 20, find x 3 .
Solution 30
Given positive integers x 1 x2 x3 x4 x 5 with pairwise sums of 7, 10, 11, 13, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19 and 20, find x 3 .
Each of the 5 numbers occurs 4 times in the ten pairwise sums. Thus
4( x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 ) = 7 + 10 + 11 + 13 + 13 + 14 + 16 + 17 + 19 + 20 = 140
140
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 4
= 35 (**)
Given the relative sizes of the x's, x 1 + x 2 = 7 and x 4 + x 5 = 20
Substituting into (**) 7 + x 3 + 20 = 35 x3 = 8
12
x2 2
31) Determine the coefficient of x 3 in the expansion of .
4 x
Solution 31
12
x2 2 12 x2 12 – k 2 k
= 12
4 x k 0 k 4 x
x 24 – 2 k
To find the appropriate value of k, x 3 = xk
= x 24 – 3 k 3 = 24 – 3k k=7
27 12 27 12 27 12 11 10 9 8
The desired coefficient is 12 · 45
= 7 5
· 45
= 7 5
· 2 10
= 5 4 3 2 23
= 99
7
32) A parabola has equation 4 y = x 2 . There are

many circles with centers on the positive y – axis
that are tangent to this parabola at (0 , 0)
and that intersect this parabola only at (0 , 0).
What is the largest radius of such a circle?
Solution 32
2
Any such circle has equation x 2 + y – a = a2
2
Using x 2 = 4y 4y + y – a = a2 4y + y 2 – 2 a y + a 2 = a 2 y 2 + (4 – 2a) y = 0
y (y + 4 – 2 a) = 0 Because the curves intersect only when y = 0 , it follows that 4 – 2 a = 0 a=2.
1
33) Find all real values x such that 27 x – 9 x – 1 – 3 x 1 + 3
=0.
Solution 33
1
27 x – 9 x – 1 – 3 x 1
+ 3
=0
1 1
33x – 9
32x – 3 ·3x + 3
=0
With = 3 x the equation can be written as:
3 1 2 1
– 9
–3 + 3
=0
3 2
9 – – 27 +9=0
1 1
Using the rational root theorem and checking, we find that 9
is a solution. Dividing by – 9
gives:
1 2
( – 9
)(9 – 27 ) = 0
1 1
The solutions are 9
, 3 and – 3 . Since we are looking for real solutions, the only values are 9
and 3.
1
3x = 9
x=–2
1
3x = 3 x= 2
34) Suppose that p(x) is a polynomial with integer coefficients. The remainder when p(x) is divided by x – 1 is 1 and the remainder
when p(x) is divided by x – 4 is 10. If r(x) is the remainder when p(x) is divided by (x – 1)(x – 4), find r(2006).
Solution 34
Dividing p(x) by the quadratic (x – 1)(x – 4) leaves a linear remainder r(x) = ax + b.
px
x–1 x–4
= q(x) + r(x) p(x) = (x – 1)(x – 4) q(x) + (ax + b)
p(1) = 1 1=a+b
p(4) = 10 10 = 4a + b
10 – 1 = 4a + b – a – b 9 = 3a a=3 b=–2
r(x) = 3x – 2 r(2006) = 6018 – 2 = 6016
35) Suppose that x and y are real numbers such that tan(x) + tan(y) = 42 and cot(x) + cot(y) = 49. What is the value of tan(x + y) ?
Solution 35
tan(x) + tan(y) = 42 and cot(x) + cot(y) = 49
tan x tan y
tan(x + y) = 1 – tan x tan y
1 1 tan y tan x tan x tan y 42 6

cot(x) + cot(y) = 49 tan x
+ tan y
= 49 tan x tan y
= 49 tan(x) tan(y) = 49
= 49
= 7
42 42
tan(x + y) = = = 294
1 – 67 1
7
7 2
36) Suppose that a and b are positive real numbers such that log 27 a + log 9 b = 2
and log 27 b + log 9 a = 3
.
Determine the value of the product ab.
Solution 36
7
log 27 a + log 9 b = 2
2
log 27 b + log 9 a = 3
1 1 7
3
log 3 a + 2
log 3 b = 2
1 1 2
3
log 3 b + 2
log 3 a = 3
Add the equations:
1 1 7 2 25
3
log 3 (ab) + 2
log 3 (ab) = 2
+ 3
= 6
5 25
6
log 3 (ab) = 6
log 3 (ab) = 5 ab = 3 5 = 243
37) In right triangle ABC with right angle at B, an interior A

point F is located such that FA = 21, FB = 12 and
AFB = BFC = CFA. Find FC.
F
B C
Solution 37
21
x y
120°
F 120°
120°
12
C
B z
1
Using the Law of Cosines with cos(120°) = – 2
1
x 2 = 21 2 + 12 2 – 2(12)(21)(– 2
) = 21 2 + 12 2 + 12(21)
1
y 2 = 21 2 + 2 – 2(21)( )(– 2
) = 21 2 + 2 + 21
1
z 2 = 12 2 + 2 – 2(12)(2 )(– 2
) = 12 2 + 2 + 12
From the right triangle y 2 = x 2 + z 2 Substituting
21 2 + 2 + 21 = 21 2 + 12 2 + 12(21) + 12 2 + 2 + 12
12 45
9 = 12( 2(12) + 21) = 12(45) = 9
= 60
38) Given real numbers a and r, consider the following 20 numbers: a r, a r2 , a r3 , a r 4 , · · · , a r 20 . If the sum of the 20 numbers is
2006 and the sum of the reciprocals of the 20 numbers is 1003, determine the product of the 20 numbers.
Solution 38
ar a r2 a r3 a r4 a r 20 2006
1 1 1 1 1 = 1003
=2 Multiply and divide by a 2 r 21
ar ar2 ar3 ar4 a r 20
a 2 r 21 ar a r2 a r3 a r4 a r 20
a 2 r 21 1 1 1 1 1 = 2
ar ar2 ar3 ar4 a r 20
a 2 r 21 a r a r2 a r3 a r4 a r 20
a r 20 a r 19 ar
=2
a 2 r 21 = 2
20 21 10
a r · a r 2 · a r 3 · · · a r 20 = a 20 · r 1 2 3 20
= a 20 r 2 = a 20 r 210 = a 2 r 21 = 2 10 = 1024
39) Let S 1 be a square of side length 1 unit, let S2 be the
square formed by joining the midpoints of the sides of
S 1 , let S3 be the square formed by joining the midpoints
of the sides of S 2 , etc. Let A 1 be the area inside
S 1 and outside S 2 , let A 2 the area inside S 3 and outside
S 4 , etc. ( A 1 and A 2 are shown in the figure.)
Find Ak .
k 1
Solution 39
2 Sn 2 Sn 2 1 2
For each pair of squares with sides S n and S n 1 , Sn 1 = 2
+ 2
= 2
Sn
2 2 1 2 1
S1 = 1 , S2 = 2
, S3 = 4
, ···
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
If A k is the area between consecutive squares A 1 = 1 – 2
= 2
, A2 = 4
– 8
= 8
, A3 = 16
– 32
= 32
, ···
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 2
A1 + A2 + A3 + · · · = 2
1 4 42 43
= 2
= 2
· = 2
· 3
=
1 – 14 3
4
3
40) Four congruent circles are inscribed in a square of side

length 1, as indicated in the sketch. Find the area
of the square formed by joining the centers of the
four circles.
Solution 40
r
r 1
= 8
tan 8
= 1 r= 2
tan 8
2
2
sin 2 sin 2 1 – cos 1– 2– 2
2r = tan 8
= cos
8
2r = cos 2
8
= 1 cos
4
= 2
2
=
8 8 4 1 2
2 2
2– 2 2– 2 4–4 2 2 6–4 2
2r 2 = = 4–2
= 2
=3–2 2
2 2 2– 2
41) In a circle of radius 10, M is a point on chord PQ A

such that PM = 5 and MQ = 10. Chords AB and CD are
drawn through M and points X and Y are the respective
points of intersection of chords AD and BC with chord
PQ. Given that XM = 3, find MY. Express your answer
C
P X M
Y
D Q
B
Solution 41
X x1
P M y2
x2 Y
y1
D Q
B
Note that angle A = angle C and angle B = angle D because each pair of angles is inscribed in the same arc. Draw lines from point X
perpendicular to AB and DC and lines from Y perpendicular to DC and AB (as shown in the figure). Using XM = 3 and MY = y, it
follows from similar triangles that
3
y
= xy11 = xy22 , xy12 = AX
CY
and xy21 = DX
BY
. It follows that y92 = xy11 xy22 = AX XD
CY YB
.
By the "Power of a point" theorem AX · XD = PX · XQ and CY · YB = PY · YQ.
Then y92 = PX XQ
PY YQ
. Using the given information and MY = y, this can be written as:
9 2 13
y2
= 5 y 10 – y
Expanding and cross multiplying :
9(50 + 5y – y2 ) = 26 y 2 35 y 2 – 45 y – 450 = 0 5 7 y 2 – 9 y – 90 = 0 5(7 y – 30) ( y + 3) = 0
30 30
Hence, y = 7
or – 3. Since y must be positive, y = 7
.
FIFTIETH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 13, 2007
x y+ yz+zx
1) Given real numbers x, y and z, define x, y, z = ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ
x2 + y2 + z2
ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ . Evaluate 3, 2, – 4 .
è!!!!!!! è!!!!
32 – 2
2) Simplify ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ
è!!!!!!! ÅÅÅÅ ÅÅÅÅ!Å .
è!!!
32 + 2
3) The midpoints of the longer sides of a 2 by 4

rectangle are joined to the opposite vertices as
indicated in the figure. Find the area of the
shaded quadrilateral.
4) Given three consecutive integers, the difference between the cubes of the two largest integers is 666 more than the difference
between the cubes of the two smallest integers. What is the largest integer ?
5) If w is 10% larger than x, x is 20% larger than y and y is 25% smaller than z, by what percent is w smaller than z ?
6) A ladder leans against a wall. The top of the ladder is 8 feet above the ground. If the bottom of the ladder is then moved 2 feet
farther from the wall, the top of the ladder will rest against the foot of the wall. How long is the ladder ?
7) ABCD is a square, ABE is an equilateral triangle and A B

êêêêê êêêêê
F is the point of intersection of AC and BE.
Find the degree measure of — EAF.
E
D C
8) Joe has a bag of marbles. Joe gives Larry half of his marbles and two more. Joe then gives Doug half of the marbles he has left
and two more. Finally, Joe gives Jack half of the marbles he has left and two more. Joe has one marble remaining in his bag. With
how many marbles did Joe start ?
9) The square AFGH is cut out of the rectangle B C
ABCD, leaving an area of 92 in 2 . If FB = 4 inches
and DH = 8 inches, find the original area of ABCD.
F G
A H D
10) Suppose that 60 percent of the population has a particular virus. A medical test accurately detects the virus in 90 percent of the
cases in which the patient has the virus, but falsely detects the virus in 20 percent of the cases in which the patient does not have
the virus. If the same patient is tested twice, the results are said to be inconsistent if the results of the two tests do not agree.
If the test is administered twice to all patients, how many patients out of 250 would expect to get inconsistent results ?
11) Find all real solutions of 9 x + 2 H3 x + 2 L = 243.
ÅÅÅÅ!ÅÅ . Express sin 4 HxL + cos 4 HxL as a rational number in lowest terms.
1
12) Suppose that sin(2x) = ÅÅÅÅ
è!!!!
7
13) For each positive integer k, let a k be the sum of the first k positive integers. If exactly x of the a k consist of one digit,
exactly y of the a k consist of two digits and exactly z of the a k consist of three digits, what is the product x · y · z ?
14) A rectangular solid has a top face with 28

surface area of 28 square feet, a front face with
surface area of 20 square feet and a side
70
face with surface area of 70 square feet.
What is the volume of this solid ?
20
15) John rolls two standard six-sided dice. Given that the sum of the numbers on the top faces is not 6, what is the probability that the
sum is 7 ? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
16) A hardware store sells three different kinds of widgets. Green widgets cost 25¢ each, blue widgets cost $1 each and red widgets
are $3 each. Traci bought 75 widgets for a total cost of exactly $75. What is the greatest number of green widgets she could have
bought?
17) Find the area of the convex polygon in the plane with vertices at the points whose coordinates are
H-2, 3L, H1, 10L, H5, 10L, H8, 7L and H4, 0L.
18) Let q be an acute angle such that tanH2 qL + cotH2 qL = 10. Express sinH4 qL as a rational number in lowest terms.
19) A box contains 6 red balls, 4 blue balls and 2 green balls. Three balls are randomly drawn (without replacement) from the box.
What is the probability that the three balls selected are all the same color? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest
terms.
20) Five members of a basketball team are weighed. An average weight is calculated after each player is weighed. If the average
weight increases by 2 pounds each time, how much heavier is the last player than the first ?
21) The lines x – 2y = 2, – 3x + y = 4 and 2x + y = 4 intersect in pairs to determine the vertices of a triangle.
Find the area of this triangle.
22) Rectangle A has vertices at (0 , 0), (0 , 6), ( – 4 , 6) and ( – 4 , 0). Rectangle B has vertices at (2 , 0), (20 , 0), (20, 8) and
(2, 8). A line divides each rectangle into two regions of equal area. What is the slope of this line ?
23) Suppose that P is a point that lies outside of two concentric circles C 1 and C 2 , with C 1 inside C 2 . Suppose that T is a point on
êêêê êêêê
C 1 such that PT is tangent to C 1 and PT = 17; suppose that S is a point on C 2 so that PS is tangent to C 2 and PS = 15. If Q is the
êêêê
point on C 2 that is on PT (with Q between P and T), find TQ.
24) Find the sum of all real numbers x such that | x – 2006 | + | x – 2007 | = 3.
a+b
25) Suppose that a, b and c are positive integers such that a log 144 (3) + b log 144 (2) = c . What is the value of ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ
c
ÅÅÅÅ ?
26) Let f (x) = a x + b. Find all real values of a and b such that f (f (f (1))) = 29 and f (f (f (0))) = 2.
27) Let S 1 be a square of side length 1. Let S 2 be a ª

square of side length ÅÅÅÅ12 centered on the top side of S 1 .
Construct triangles by joining the top vertices of squares
S3
S 1 and S 2 . Let S 3 be a square of side length ÅÅÅÅ14 centered
on the top side of S 2 . Construct triangles by joining the
top vertices of squares S 2 and S 3 . If this construction S2
is continued without end, find the sum of the areas of all
of the triangles.
S1
28) If N log 5 H7L = 25 , find N Hlog 5 H7LL .

2
29) Let C 1 be a circle of radius 1, let C 2 be a pair of congruent

circles inscribed in C 1 , let C 4 be four congruent circles inscribed
in circles C 2 and let C 8 be eight congruent circles inscribed in
circles C 4 . The centers of all circles are on a diameter of C 1 .
Find the area inside C 1 and outside C 2 plus the area inside
C 4 and outside C 8 .
30) Let S be the set of all five–digit positive integers formed from the digits in the set { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 } without
repetition. Find the number of these integers in which the digits 3, 5 and 7 appear in order (not necessarily consecutively) from
left to right. For example, 93157 is such an integer.
31) Alice, Bob, Carl and Dave decide to play a game in which they take turns spinning a wheel on which the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4
are equally likely to be selected. The winner is the first person who spins a 3. The order of play is Alice, Bob, Carl and Dave,
repeated until a winner is decided. Find the probability that Alice wins. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
êêêêê
32) In triangle ABC, AC = 12. If one of the trisectors of angle B is the median to AC and the other trisector of angle B is the altitude
êêêêê
to AC, find the area of triangle ABC.
33) Given a finite sequence of n real numbers, let S k be the sum of the first k terms of the sequence. The Cesaro sum of
S1 + S2 + ÿ ÿ ÿ + Sn
this sequence is defined to be ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ
ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ
n
ÅÅÅÅÅÅÅ . Suppose that the Cesaro sum of s = { a 1 , a 2 , · · · a 49 } is 100.
Find the value of a 0 so that the Cesaro sum of s* = { a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , · · · a 49 } is 101.
34) In a rectangular solid, let d be the distance from one vertex to the diagonally opposite vertex. If the total edge length is 124 and
the total surface area is 622, find d 2 .
35) Find the largest positive integer p such that 5 7 can be expressed as the sum of p consecutive positive integers.
36) Find the number of ordered pairs (a , b) of positive integers such that log a (b) + 10 log b (a) = 7 and 2 § a § b § 2007.
37) If f (x) = x 3 – 4 x 2 + 18x – 9, f HaL = 0 , f HbL = 0 , f (c) = 0 and a, b and c are all distinct, find f H ÅÅÅÅ1a + ÅÅÅÅ1b + ÅÅÅÅ1c L.
38) Find bases a and b such that 386 a = 272 b and 146 a = 102 b .
223
39) Let p(x) = x3 + x 12 + x 21 + x 30 + · · · + x 2010 = ‚ x 3 + 9 k and q(x) = x 6 – x 3 .
k=0
Find the remainder when p(x) is divided by q(x).
40) Let ABCD be a square with A= (0 , 0) , B = (5 , 0) , D C

C = (5 , 5) and D = (0 , 5). Let P be a point on the
line y = 2x. Find the value of x such that the sum
of the squares of the distances from P to the vertices
of the square is a minimum. P
A B
41) In D ABC, AB = 7, BC = 5 and CA = 6. C

Locate points P 1 , P 2 , P 3 and P 4 on BC so that
this side is partitioned into five congruent segments, P4
each of length 1. For k = 1, 2, 3 and 4 , let q k = AP k .
Find q 1 2 + q 2 2 + q 3 2 + q 4 2 . q4
P3
q3
P2
q2
q1 P1
A B
ANSWER SHEET (2007)
NAME OF SCHOOL__________________________________________________________________________
TOWN (OR CITY)___________________________________________________________________________
CHECK ONE: (1) Á FRESHMAN (2) Á SOPHOMORE (3) Á JUNIOR (4) Á SENIOR (5) Á OTHER
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¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
FIFTIETH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 13, 2007
x y+ yz+zx
1) Given real numbers x, y and z, define x, y, z = . Evaluate 3, 2, – 4 .
x2 + y2 + z2
3 H2L + 2 H–4L + H–4L H3L 6 – 8 – 12 14

3, 2, – 4 = = =–
3 2 + 2 2 + H–4L 2 9 + 4 + 16 29
32 – 2
2) Simplify .
32 + 2
2 2
32 – 2 32 – 2 32 – 2 32 –2 2 32 + 2
32 – 16 + 2 18 3
= = = = =
2 2 32 – 2 30 5
32 + 2 32 + 2 32 – 2 32 – 2
3) The midpoints of the longer sides of a 2 by 4

rectangle are joined to the opposite vertices as
indicated in the figure. Find the area of the
shaded quadrilateral.
Area = 2(4) – 2 I M H2L H2L – 2 I M H1L H2L = 8 – 4 – 2 = 2

1 1
2 2
4) Given three consecutive integers, the difference between the cubes of the two largest integers is 666 more than the difference
between the cubes of the two smallest integers. What is the largest integer ?
Let the integers be n – 1, n and n + 1
Hn + 1L3 – n3 = 666 + n3 – (n – 1L3
n3 + 3 n2 + 3n + 1 – n3 = 666 + n3 – n3 + 3 n2 – 3n + 1
6n = 666 ï n = 111 ï n + 1 = 112
5) If w is 10% larger than x, x is 20% larger than y and y is 25% smaller than z, by what percent is w smaller than z ?
w = 1.1x, x = 1.2y and y = .75z ï w = 1.1(1.2)(.75)z = .99z
Thus w is 1% smaller that z.
6) A ladder leans against a wall. The top of the ladder is 8 feet above the ground. If the bottom of the ladder is then moved 2 feet
farther from the wall, the top of the ladder will rest against the foot of the wall. How long is the ladder ?
L
8
L = x + 2 ï x = L – 2 and L2 = x2 + 82
L2 = (L – 2L2 + 64 ï L2 = L2 – 4L + 4 + 64 ï 4L = 68 ï L = 17
7) ABCD is a square, ABE is an equilateral triangle and A B

F is the point of intersection of AC and BE.
Find the degree measure of — EAF.
E
D C
ABE equilateral ï — EAB = 60°. AC a diagonal of the square ï — FAB = 45°
— EAF = — EAB – — FAB = 60° – 45° = 15°

8) Joe has a bag of marbles. Joe gives Larry half of his marbles and two more. Joe then gives Doug half of the marbles he has left
and two more. Finally, Joe gives Jack half of the marbles he has left and two more. Joe has one marble remaining in his bag.
With how many marbles did Joe start ?
Let J be the number of marbles Joe has to start.
1 1
After first gift: J - 2 J – 2 = 2 J – 2
I 2 J–2M – 2 = 4 J – 3
1 1 1 1
After second gift: 2
J –2– 2
I 4 J–3M – 2 = 8 J – ï J = 8 I 2 M = 36
1 1 1 1 7 1 9 9
After third gift: 4
J –3– 2 2
=1 ï 8
J = 2
9) The square AFGH is cut out of the rectangle B C

x
2
ABCD, leaving an area of 92 in . If FB = 4 inches
and DH = 8 inches, find the original area of ABCD.
F G
y
y–4
x−8
A D
H
y – 4 = x – 8 ï x = y + 4, xy – (y – 4L2 = 92 ï (y + 4)(y) – Iy2 – 8 y + 16M = 92

y2 + 4y – y2 + 8y – 16 = 92 ï 12y = 108 ï y = 9 ï x = 13 ï Area = 13(9) = 117
10) Suppose that 60 percent of the population has a particular virus. A medical test accurately detects the virus in 90 percent of the
cases in which the patient has the virus, but falsely detects the virus in 20 percent of the cases in which the patient does not have
the virus. If the same patient is tested twice, the results are said to be inconsistent if the results of the two tests do not agree.
If the test is administered twice to all patients, how many patients out of 250 would expect to get inconsistent results ?
Let H = number of the 250 who have the virus. H = (.6)(250) = 150
Let D = number of the 250 who don’t have the virus. D = (.4)(250) = 100
For those who have the virus the number with different results on the two tests is 2(.9)(.1)(150) = 27
For those who don’t have the virus the number with different results on the two tests is 2(.8)(.2)(100) = 32
Note that the factor of two accounts for the order of the results.
Thus, the number with different results on the two tests is 27 + 32 = 59
11) Find all real solutions of 9 x + 2 I3 x + 2 M = 243.
9 x + 2 I3 x + 2 M = 243 ï 32 x + 2 I32 M · 3 x = 243
Let y = 3 x ï y2 + 18 y – 243 = 0 ï (y + 27)(y – 9) = 0 ï y = – 27 , 9
y = 3x ï 9 = 3x ï x = 2
. Express sin 4 HxL + cos 4 HxL as a rational number in lowest terms.

1
12) Suppose that sin(2x) =
7
1 1
sin(2x) = 2sinHxL cosHxL = ï sin(x)cos(x) =
7 2 7
1 = Isin2 HxL + cos2 HxLM = sin4 HxL + 2 sin2 HxL cox2 HxL + cos4 HxL
2
sin4 HxL + cos4 HxL = 1 – 2 Hsin HxL cosHxLL2
2
sin4 HxL + cos4 HxL = 1 – 2 J N =1–
1 1 13
14
= 14
2 7
13) For each positive integer k, let a k be the sum of the first k positive integers. If exactly x of the a k consist of one digit,
exactly y of the a k consist of two digits and exactly z of the a k consist of three digits, what is the product x · y · z ?
k Hk+1L
ak = 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + k = 2
k Hk+1L
2
< 10 ï k(k+1) < 20 ï k 2 + k – 20 < 0 ï (k + 5)(k – 4) < 20 ï k < 4 ï k = 3 ï x = 3
k Hk+1L –1+ 1 + 800

2
< 100 ï k(k+1) < 200 ï k 2 + k – 200 < 0 ï k < 2
ï k º 13 ï y = 10
k Hk+1L –1+ 1 + 8000

2
< 1000 ï k(k+1) < 2000 ï k 2 + k – 2000 < 0 ï k < 2
ï k º 44 ï z = 31
x · y · z = 3(10)(31) = 930
14) A rectangular solid has a top face with
surface area of 28 square feet, a front face with
surface area of 20 square feet and a side
face with surface area of 70 square feet.
What is the volume of this solid ?
xy = 28, yz = 20 and xz = 70 Multiplying these three equations:
x2 y2 z2 = 28(20)(70) ï HxyzL2 = 22 ÿ 7 ÿ22 ÿ5 ÿ2 ÿ 5 ÿ7 = 25 ÿ52 ÿ 72 ï xyz = 4 2 ÿ 5 ÿ7 = 140 2
15) John rolls two standard six-sided dice. Given that the sum of the numbers on the top faces is not 6, what is the probability that the sum
is 7 ?
There are 6(6) = 36 possible pairs of numbers (x,y).
There are 5 pairs adding to 6 are (1,5), (2,4), (3,3), (4,2) and (5,1).
So total minus those adding to 6 is 36 – 5 = 31
The are 6 pairs adding to 7 are (1,6), (2,5), (3,4), (4,3), (5,2) and (6,1).
6
Thus the probability of a 7 given not 6 is 31
.
16) A hardware store sells three different kinds of widgets. Green widgets cost 25¢ each, blue widgets cost $1 each and red widgets
are $3 each. Traci bought 75 widgets for a total cost of exactly $75. What is the greatest number of green widgets she could have
bought?
Let G, B and R be the numbers of green, blue and red marbles purchased.
G + B + R = 75 ï B + R = 75 – G (1)
1 1
4
G + B + 3R = 75 ï B + 3R = 75 – 4
G (2)
1
(2) – 3(1) ï B – 3B = 75 – 4 G – 3(75) + 3G
11 11
– 2B = –2(75) + 4
G ï B = 75 – 8
G ¥ 0 ï G = 48
17) Find the area of the convex polygon in the plane with vertices at the points whose coordinates are
H-2, 3L, H1, 10L, H5, 10L, H8, 7L and H4, 0L.
H H
3
3
H
7
H1,10L H5,10L
3 3
3
H8,7L
7
7
H−2,3L
3
6 4
H4,0L
Area = area of the rectangle minus the area of the four triangles.
1 1 1 1 1 1
A = (10)(10) – 2 (7)(3) – 2 (3)(3) – 2 (7)(4) – 2 (3)(6) = 100 – 2 (21 + 9 + 28 + 18) = 100 – 2 (76) = 100 – 38 = 62
18) Let q be an acute angle such that tanH2 qL + cotH2 qL = 10. Express sinH4 qL as a rational number in lowest terms.
sinH2 qL cosH2 qL sin2 H2 qL + cos2 H2 qL 1 1

tan(2q) + cot(2q) = cosH2 qL
+ sinH2 qL
= sinH2 qL cosH2 qL
= sinH2 qL cosH2 qL
= 10 ï sin(2q)cos(2q) = 10
sin(4q) = sin(2(2q)) = 2 sin(2q)cos(2q) = 2 I 10 M =

1 1
5
19) A box contains 6 red balls, 4 blue balls and 2 green balls. Three balls are randomly drawn (without replacement) from the box.
What is the probability that the three balls selected are all the same color? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest
terms.
Total balls = 6 + 4 + 2 = 12
Number of ways to pick 3 = K O=

12 12! 12 ÿ 11 ÿ 10
9! ÿ 3!
= 3ÿ2
= 220
3
4
Number of ways to pick 3 of the same color = K O + K O = 20 + 4 = 24
6
3 3
24 6
Probability = 220
= 55
20) Five members of a basketball team are weighed. An average weight is calculated after each player is weighed. If the average
weight increases by 2 pounds each time, how much heavier is the last player than the first ?
Let wi = weight of player i.
Average 1 w1
w1 + w2
Average 2 2
= w1 + 2
w1 + w2 + w3 w1 + w2
Average 3 3
= 2
+ 2 = w1 + 2 + 2 = w1 + 4
w1 + w2 + w3 + w4 w1 + w2 + w3
Average 4 4
= 3
+ 2 = w1 + 4 + 2 = w1 + 6 ï w1 + w2 + w3 + w4 = 4 w1 + 24
w1 + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5 w1 + w2 + w3 + w4
Average 5 5
= 4
+ 2 = w1 + 6 + 2 = w1 + 8 ï w1 + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5 = 5 w1 + 40
w1 + w2 + w3 + w4 + w5 = 5 w1 + 40 ï 4 w1 + 24 + w5 = 5 w1 + 40
w5 = w1 + 16
21) The lines x – 2y = 2, – 3x + y = 4 and 2x + y = 4 intersect in pairs to determine the vertices of a triangle.
Find the area of this triangle.
H0,4L
4
H2,0L
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2
H–2,–2L
−4
Find the points of intersection:
x–2 y = 2 x–2 y = 2
K OïK O adding ï 5x = 10 ï x = 2 ï y = 0
2x+y = 4 4x+2y = 8
x–2 y = 2 x–2 y = 2
K OïK O adding ï –5x = 10 ï x = – 2 ï y = – 2
–3 x + y = 4 –6 x + 2 y = 8
2x+y = 4
K O subtracting ï 5x = 0 ï x = 0 ï y = 4
–3 x + y = 4
Area of the triangle = area of the rectangle minus the area of the three triangles.
1 1 1
A = 4(6) – 2 (4)(2) – 2 (4)(2) – 2 (2)(6) = 24 – 4 – 4 – 6 = 10
22) Rectangle A has vertices at (0 , 0), (0 , 6), ( – 4 , 6) and ( – 4 , 0). Rectangle B has vertices at (2 , 0), (20 , 0), (20, 8) and
(2, 8). A line divides each rectangle into two regions of equal area. What is the slope of this line ?
6
H11,4L
H−2,3L 4
5 10 15 20
Fact: Any straight line which divides a rectangle into two equal areas must pass through the centroid (center) of the rectangle.
4–3 1
Given this fact, the specified line must pass through the points (–2,3) and (11,4) with slope m = 11 –H–2L
= 13
If you didn’t know this fact, label the points where the specified line intersects the sides of the rectangle (see the sketch).
Equating the areas of the trapezoids and writing the slope of the line using two pairs of points:
1 1
2
(4)[a + b] = 2 (4)[6 – a + 6 – b]
1 1
2
(18)[c + d] = 2 (4)[8 – c + 8 – d]
b–a d–c
4
= 18
d–a c–b
24
= 2
41 37
37 41 43 61 b–a – 1
13 13
Solving gives: a = 13
, b= 13
, c= 13
and d = 13
m= 4
= 4
= 13
H20,8L
8−d
H−4,6L 8−c
H20,dL
6−a 6−b
H2,cL
H0,bL
H−4,aL d
a b c
23) Suppose that P is a point that lies outside of two concentric circles C 1 and C 2 , with C 1 inside C 2 . Suppose that T is a point on
C 1 such that PT is tangent to C 1 and PT = 17; suppose that S is a point on C 2 so that PS is tangent to C 2 and PS = 15. If Q is the
point on C 2 that is on PT (with Q between P and T), find TQ.
r2
T
r1 r2
S
C
Let r1 be the radius of C1 and r2 be the radius of C2 .
PC2 = r1 2 + 172 (1)

2 2 2
PC = r2 + 15 (2)
r2 2 = TQ2 + r1 2 (3)
(3) ï TQ2 = r2 2 – r1 2
(2) – (1) ï r2 2 – r1 2 = 172 – 152 = (17 – 15)(17 + 15) = 2(32) = 64

Thus TQ2 = 64 ï TQ = 8
24) Find the sum of all real numbers x such that | x – 2006 | + | x – 2007 | = 3.
»x–2007» 2007–x 2007–x x–2007

»x–2006» 2006–x x–2006 x–2006
»x–2006»+»x–2007»=3 4013–2x=3 1=3 2x–4013=3
2x=4010 2x=4016
x=2005 2008
2006 2007
Sum = 2005 + 2008 = 2013
a+b
25) Suppose that a, b and c are positive integers such that a log 144 (3) + b log 144 (2) = c . What is the value of ?
c
a log 144 (3) + b log 144 (2) = c
log144 H3a L + log144 I2b M = c
log144 I3a ÿ2b M = c
3a ÿ2b = 144c ï 3a ÿ2b = I24 ÿ32 M = 24 c ÿ32 c

c
a+b 2c+4c 6c
a = 2c and b = 4c ï = = =6
c c c
26) Let f (x) = a x + b. Find all real values of a and b such that f (f (f (1))) = 29 and f (f (f (0))) = 2.
f (f (f (1))) = 29
f (f (a+b)) = 29
f(a(a+b)+b) = 29 ï f Ia2 + ab + bM = 29
aIa2 + ab + bM + b = 29 ï a3 + a2 b + ab + b = 29
f (f (f (0))) = 2
f (f (b)) = 2
f(ab+b) = 2
aHab + bL + b = 29 ï a2 b + ab + b = 2
a3 + 2 = 29 ï a3 = 27 ï a = 3
2
9a + 3b + b = 2 ï 13b = 2 ï b = 13
2
a=3 b= 13
27) Let S 1 be a square of side length 1. Let S 2 be a
1
square of side length 2
centered on the top side of S 1 .
Construct triangles by joining the top vertices of squares
1
S 1 and S 2 . Let S 3 be a square of side length 4
centered
on the top side of S 2 . Construct triangles by joining the
top vertices of squares S 2 and S 3 . If this construction
is continued without end, find the sum of the areas of all
of the triangles.
A1 = 2 I 2 M I 4 M I 2 M = I 4 M I 2 M =
1 1 1 1 1 1
Level 1
23
A2 = 2 I 2 M I 8 M I 4 M = I 8 M I 4 M =
1 1 1 1 1 1
Level 2
25
A3 = 2 I 2 M I 16 M I 8 M = I 16 M I 8 M =
1 1 1 1 1 1
Level 3
27
Ak = 2 I 2 M I MI kM = I MI kM =
1 1 1 1 1 1
Level k
2k+1 2 2k+1 2 22 k+1
1 1
1 1 1 23 23 1 4 1
A1 + A2 + A3 + · · · = + + +· · · = = = ÿ3 =
23 25 27 1–
1 3 8 6
22 4
28) If N log 5 H7L = 25 , find N Ilog 5 H7LM .

2
N Ilog 5 H7LM = N Ilog 5 H7LM Ilog 5 H7LM = 25Ilog 5 H7LM = 52 Ilog 5 H7LM = 5Ilog 5 I7
2 2 MM
= 49
29) Let C 1 be a circle of radius 1, let C 2 be a pair of congruent
circles inscribed in C 1 , let C 4 be four congruent circles inscribed
in circles C 2 and let C 8 be eight congruent circles inscribed in
circles C 4 . The centers of all circles are on a diameter of C 1 .
Find the area inside C 1 and outside C 2 plus the area inside
C 4 and outside C 8 .
Let Ai be the area of Ci for i = 1, 2, 4 and 8.
A1 = pH1L2 = p
1 2
A2 = 2pI 4 M = 8 p
1
1 2
A4 = 4pI 8 M =
1
16
p
1 2
A8 = 8pI 16 M =
1
32
p
8–1+2–4 5p
E E
1 1 1
A = A1 – A2 + A4 – A8 = pA1 – 8
+ 16
– 32
= pA 8
= 8
30) Let S be the set of all five–digit positive integers formed from the digits in the set { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 } without
repetition. Find the number of these integers in which the digits 3, 5 and 7 appear in order (not necessarily consecutively) from
left to right. For example, 93157 is such an integer.
5
Pick 3 of the 5 places for 3, 5 and 7 in K O ways, pick 2 of the remaining digits in K O ways and arrange the two in 2 ways.
6
3 2
5
Number = K O·K O·2 =
6 5! 6! 5ÿ4 6ÿ5
3! ÿ 2!
· 2! ÿ 4!
· 2= 2
· 2
· 2 = 300
3 2
31) Alice, Bob, Carl and Dave decide to play a game in which they take turns spinning a wheel on which the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4
are equally likely to be selected. The winner is the first person who spins a 3. The order of play is Alice, Bob, Carl and Dave,
repeated until a winner is decided. Find the probability that Alice wins. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
1
The probability Alice wins on her first turn is 4 .
3 4
The probability Alice wins on her second turn is I 4 M I 4 M I 4 M I 4 M I 4 M = I 4 M I 4 M.
3 3 3 3 1 1
3 8 1
The probability Alice wins on her third turn is I 4 M I 4 M I 4 M I 4 M I 4 M I 4 M I 4 M I 4 M I 4 M = I 4 M I 4 M.
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1
3 4 k-4
Thus probability Alice wins on her k th turn is I 4 M I 4 M.
1
¶
⁄
1
3 4 k-4 1 3 4 3 8
I4M I4M = 4 B1 + I 4 M + I 4 M ÿ ÿ ÿF =
1 4 1 64
The probability Alice wins is 3 4
= 81
= 175
k= 1 1–J N 1–
256
4
32) In triangle ABC, AC = 12. If one of the trisectors of angle B is the median to AC and the other trisector of angle B is the altitude
to AC, find the area of triangle ABC.
C
C
3
α
D α B
α
6
DEDB º DDBA ï ED = DA = 2
= 3.
3
From DEDB tan(a) = DB
9
From DCDB tan(2a) = DB
3
2 tan HaL 2ÿ
DB 9
tan(2a) = = =
1 – tan2 HaL 1–
9 DB
DB
6 9 6 2 9 1
9
=9 ï 1– = = ï = ï DB2 = 27 ï DB = 3 3
1– DB2 9 3 DB2 3
DB2
1
Area = 2
· 12 · 3 3 = 18 3
33) Given a finite sequence of n real numbers, let S k be the sum of the first k terms of the sequence. The Cesaro sum of
S1 + S2 + ÿ ÿ ÿ + Sn
this sequence is defined to be n
. Suppose that the Cesaro sum of s = { a 1 , a 2 , · · · a 49 } is 100.
Find the value of a 0 so that the Cesaro sum of s* = { a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , · · · a 49 } is 101.
S1 +S2 +ÿÿÿ+Sn a1 +Ha1 +a2 L+Ha1 +a2 +a3 L+ÿÿÿ+Ha1 +ÿÿÿa49 L

For s = { a 1 , a 2 , · · · a 49 } n
= 49
= 100 ï
a1 + Ha1 + a2 L + Ha1 + a2 + a3 L + ÿ ÿ ÿ+Ha1 + ÿ ÿ ÿa49 L = 100(49) = 4900
S1 +S2 +ÿÿÿ+Sn a0 +Ha0 +a1 L+Ha0 +a1 +a2 L+ÿÿÿ+Ha0 +ÿÿÿa49 L

For s* = 8a0 , a 1 , a 2 , · · · a 49 } n
= 50
= 101 ï
50 a0 + a1 + Ha1 + a2 L + Ha1 + a2 + a3 L + ÿ ÿ ÿ+Ha1 + ÿ ÿ ÿa49 L = 101(50) = 5050 ï
50 a0 = 5050 – 4900 = 150 ï a0 = 3
34) In a rectangular solid, let d be the distance from one vertex to the diagonally opposite vertex. If the total edge length is 124 and
the total surface area is 622, find d 2 .
x
y
y
z x
z
z
z
x
y
y
x
Edge length = 4(x + y + z) = 124 ï x + y + z = 31
Surface area 2(xy + xz + yz) = 622
Hx + y + zL2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2 Hxy + xz + yzL = 312
312 = d 2 + 622 ï d 2 = 961 – 622 = 339
35) Find the largest positive integer p such that 5 7 can be expressed as the sum of p consecutive positive integers.
Let n be the first integer:

p –1 p –1 p –1
7
5 = ⁄ (n + k) = ⁄ n + ⁄ k = np + H p–1L2 p ï
k= 0 k= 0 k= 0
2 · 57 = 2np + p2 – p = p(2n – 1 + p) = pa
Since p is the smaller of the two factors, p | 2 · 57 and p § 2 5 53 ï p = 2 · 53 = 250
36) Find the number of ordered pairs (a , b) of positive integers such that log a (b) + 10 log b (a) = 7 and 2 § a § b § 2007.
10
log a (b) + 10 log b (a) = 7 ï log a (b) + log a HbL
=7
If x = loga HbL
10
x+ x
= 7 ï x2 – 7x + 10 = 0 ï (x – 2)(x – 5) = 0 ï x = 2 , 5
loga HbL = 2 ï a2 = b ï a2 § 2007 ï a = 2, 3, 4, ··· 44 43 values
loga HbL = 5 ï a5 = b ï a5 § 2007 ï a = 2, 3, 4 3 values
Number of pairs 43 + 3 = 46
37) If f (x) = x 3 – 4 x 2 + 18x – 9, f HaL = 0 , f HbL = 0 , f (c) = 0 and a, b and c are all distinct, find f I a + M.
1 1 1
b
+ c
ab + ac + bc
fIa + M
1 1 1
b
+ c
= f( abc
)
(x–a)(x–b)(x–c) = x3 – Ha + b + cL x2 + Hab + ac + bcL x–abc = x 3 – 4 x 2 + 18x – 9
ab + ac + bc = 18 abc = 9
ab + ac + bc
f Ia + M = fI M = f H2L = 23 – 4 ÿ 22 + 18 ÿ 2 – 9 = 8 – 16 + 36 – 9 = 19
1 1 1 18
b
+ c
= f( abc
) 9
38) Find bases a and b such that 386 a = 272 b and 146 a = 102 b .
386 a = 272 b ï 3 a2 + 8 a + 6 = 2 b2 + 7 b + 2 (1)
146 a = 102 b ï a2 + 4 a + 6 = b2 + 2 (2)
(1) – (2) ï 2 a2 + 4 a = b2 + 7 b (3)
Rewriting (1) 2 a2 + 4 a + a2 + 4 a + 6 = 2 b2 + 7 b + 2 (4)
Substitute (3) into (4) ï b2 + 7 b + a2 + 4 a + 6 = 2 b2 + 7 b + 2
Or a2 + 4 a + 4 = b2 ï Ha + 2L2 = b2 ï a + 2 = b (5)
Substituting (5) into (3) ï 2 a2 + 4 a = Ha + 2L2 + 7 Ha + 2L ï 2 a2 + 4 a = a2 + 4 a + 4 + 71 + 14
ï a2 – 7 a – 18 = 0 ï (a – 9)(a + 2) = 0 ï a = 9
a = 9 b = 11
39) Let p(x) = x3 + x 12 + x 21 + x 30 + · · · + x 2010 = ⁄223

k=0 x
3+9k
and q(x) = x 6 – x 3 .
Find the remainder when p(x) is divided by q(x).
pHxL rHxL
qHxL
= f(x) + qHxL
ï p(x) = f(x)q(x) + r(x)
p(x) = x3 + x 12 + x 21 + x 30 + · · · + x 2010 = x3 I1 + x 9 + x 18 + x 27 + ÿ ÿ ÿ+ x 2007 M = x3 PHxL
q(x) = x 6 – x 3 = x3 Ix3 – 1M = x3 Q(x)
PHxL R HxL
Consider dividing P(x) by Q(x). QHxL
= F(x) + QHxL ï P(x) = F(x)Q(x) + R(x)
Let y = x3 . Then P(y) = 1 + y 3 + y6 + y 9 + ÿ ÿ ÿ + y 669 and Q(y) = y – 1
Then P(y) = F(y)(y–1) + R degree R < degree Q(y) ï R = constant.
P(1) = F(1)(1–1) + R ï R = P(1) = 1 + 1 + 1 + ··· 1 = 224
r(x) = x3 R = 224 x3
D C
P
H
A B
40) Let ABCD be a square with A= (0 , 0) , B = (5 , 0) , DH0,5L CH5,5L
C = (5 , 5) and D = (0 , 5). Let P be a point on the
line y = 2x. Find the value of x such that the sum
of the squares of the distances from P to the vertices
of the square is a minimum. P
Hx,2xL
AH0,0L BH5,0L
S 2 = PA2 + PB2 + PC2 + PD2
S 2 = x2 + 4 x2 + Hx–5L2 + 4 x2 + Hx–5L2 + H2 x–5L2 + x2 + H2 x–5L2
S 2 = x2 + 4 x2 + x2 –10 x + 25 + 4 x2 + x2 –10 x + 25 + 4 x2 –20 x + 25 + x2 + 4 x2 –20 x + 25
3 2
S 2 = 20 x2 – 60 x + 100 = 20Ax2 –3 x + 5E = 20Ax2 –3 x + 4 – 4 + 5E = 20BIx– 2 M + F
9 9 11
4
3
Minimum occurs when x = 2
41) In D ABC, AB = 7, BC = 5 and CA = 6. C

Locate points P 1 , P 2 , P 3 and P 4 on BC so that 1
this side is partitioned into five congruent segments, q4 P4
each of length 1. For k = 1, 2, 3 and 4 , let q k = AP k . 1
Find q 1 2 + q 2 2 + q 3 2 + q 4 2 . 6 P3
q3 1
P2
q2 1
q1 P1
1
α
A B
7
Applying the law of cosines to DABC: 62 = 72 + 52 – 2 H7L H5L cosHaL ï cos(a) =

19
35
Applying the law of cosines to DABPk for k = 1, 2, 3 and 4:
q1 2 = 72 + 12 – 2 H7L H1L
19
35
q2 2 = 72 + 22 – 2 H7L H2L
19
35
q3 2 = 72 + 32 – 2 H7L H3L
19
35
q4 2 = 72 + 42 – 2 H7L H4L
19
35
Adding: q1 2 + q2 2 + q3 2 + q4 2 = 4 I72 M + 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 - 2 H7L I 35 M H1 + 2 + 3 + 4L

19
= 196 + 30 – 76
= 150
FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 12, 2008
1) At the beginning of the semester, Mr. Kost had 25 students in his class. At the end of the semester, he had 20 students in
his class. What was the percent decrease in the number of students in Mr. Kost's class over the semester?
2) On a map, a line segment of length 1 14 inches represents 40 miles. What distance is represented by a line segment of
length 2 inches?
3) Simplify I5 | 2 | 5 | 1 M I6 | 2 | 6 | 1 M. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
4) What rational number between 12 and 23 is three times as far from 12 as it is from 23 ?
5L Each small square in the given 10 x 10 square has an

area of one square unit.
Find the area of the shaded region.
6) If a, b and c are integers such that a + b + c = 91 and abc = 729, determine the value of a2 + b2 + c2 .
7) The ratio of boys to girls in Mrs. Brown's class is 3 to 2. In Mrs. Smith's class, the ratio of boys to girls is 4 to 3. If there
are 30 students in Mrs. Brown's class and 28 students in Mrs. Smith's class, what is the total number of boys in the two
classes?
8) The sixth grade class at Williston Central School is raffling off a turkey as a fundraising project. If the turkey costs $22 and
the tickets are sold at 75 cents each, how many tickets will have to be sold for the class to make a profit of $20 ?
9) A sweater, originally priced at $100, is successively discounted by 10%, 15% and 20%. What is the price of the sweater
after the third discount?
10) An integer n > 1 is abundant if the sum of its proper divisors (positive integer divisors smaller than n) is greater than n.
Find the smallest abundant integer.
11) A binary operation ¯ is defined by a ¯ b = a2 b − b2 a. Find 2ø(3ø4).

12) Larry's retirement portfolio consists of stocks and bonds. In 2000, 30% of the value of his portfolio was in stocks.
By 2008, the value of his stocks has doubled, while the value of his bonds has decreased by 13 . What fraction of the
value of Larry's 2008 retirement portfolio is in bonds? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
13) A day of skiing at Misty Valley costs $40. However, if you purchase a Misty Pass for $100, you receive a 30% discount on
each day that you ski. Suppose you purchase a Misty Pass at the beginning of the ski season. What is the fewest number of
days that you must ski so that your total cost is less than it would have been if you had not purchased a Misty Pass?
14) Find all real numbers x such that log3 HxL – 2 = log3 Ix3 M | 8 .
3
15) If x4 + x2 + 1 = 0, what is the value of Ix2 + 1
M ?
x2
16) Let f(x) be a function such that f(x) + 2 f(3 – x) = 4x + 5 for every real number x. What is f(1)?
17) Let p(x) be a cubic polynomial such that p(n) = n for n = 0, 1, – 1 and p(2) = 100. What is p(3)?
18) Ship A leaves port at 6:00 a.m. and travels due north at a steady speed of 40 mph. Sometime later, Ship B leaves the same
port and travels due east at a steady speed of 36 mph. At 10:00 a.m., the two ships are 200 miles apart.
How many minutes after Ship A left port did Ship B leave port?
19) What is the largest positive integer n such that 2008! is an integer multiple of 15n ?
2x 1
20) Find all ordered pairs of real numbers (x,y) satisfying both of the equations 3x 9y = 81 and = .
8y 128
an−1
21) A sequence 8an < is defined by a0 = 3, a1 = 6, and an = for n ≥ 2. Find a2008 .
an−2
22) A cube is inscribed in a sphere of radius 1. Find the surface area of the cube.
a+b − a =1
23) Find all ordered pairs of real numbers (a , b) such that : .
12 b2 −4a = 1
1 1 1 1
24) Express tanIarctan Å2 + arctan Å3 + arctan Å4 + arctan Å5 M as a rational number in lowest terms.
2008 2007 k k!
25) Find the number of positive integers n < 2008 such that is divisible by where = .
n n j j! Hk | jL!
26) In the next football season, the Flounders will play 16 games and the outcomes of the games will be recorded as a 16-letter
sequence of W's and L's (a W for each win and an L for each loss; there will be no ties). How many such sequences
correspond to winning exactly six games with no consecutive wins?
27) If f(x) = a x4 + b x2 + 3 x + 7 and f(– 4) = 2008, determine the value of f(4) .
28) Find the area of the region in the xy plane consisting of all points (x,y) whose coordinates satisfy the inequalities
| y | – | x | § 2 and | x | § 3.
d2 d3 d d5 d6 d
29) Suppose that 672!
=+
3!
+ 4 +
4! 5!
+
6!
+ 7 , where each dj is an integer such that 0 § dj < j .
7!
Find d2 + d3 + d4 + d5 + d6 + d7 .
30) Let q be an acute angle such that 8cos(2q) + 8sec(2q) = 65. Find the value of cos(q).
n
31L Let Cn be a circle of radius I 23 M centered at the
origin, for n = 0, 1, 2, ... and let An be the area of
the region that is inside circle C2 n and outside
circle C2 n+1 , for n = 0, 1, 2, ... The first three
regions are shown HshadedL in the figure.
∞
Find ⁄ An .
n= 0
32) In the plane, point A has coordinates H0, -2L and point B has coordinates H0, 2L. The region S is the set of points inside
the square with vertices at H-5, ≤5L and H5, ≤5L, and the region T consists of all points X in the plane such that the
triangle A B X is obtuse. Find the area of the region common to S and T.
33) A standard die with sides labeled 1 through 6 is rolled three times. Find the probability that the product of the three numbers
rolled is divisible by 8. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
a + b + c = 10
34) Suppose that a, b, c are real numbers such that : . Find the maximum value of a.
a2+ b2 + c2 = 50
35) Let r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 , r5 be the five roots of the equation x5 – 6 x4 + 6 x 3 + 7x – 5 = 0 .

5 5 2
Determine the value of ⁄ ⁄ Iri | r j L .
i= 1 j= 1
36) Jack and Doug run two races on a 200 yard track. For the first race, Doug lets Jack start 8 yards ahead and also gives him
a two second head start. Doug wins this race by 2 seconds. For the second race, Doug lets Jack start 16 yards ahead and
also gives him a 5 second head start. Doug loses this race by 20 yards. How many seconds does it take Doug to run the
200 yards?
37L ABC is an equilateral triangle of side length 1. A

Points D, E and F are chosen so that
AD = BE = CF = 14 . Lines CD, AE and BF
D
are drawn. These lines intersect at points G, H G
and I. Find the ratio of the area of DGHI to the

area of DABC. Express your answer as a rational
F
H
I
B C
E
38L ABC is an isosceles right triangle with CB = CA = 1. B
Point N is chosen inside the triangle so that
—NBC = —NCA = —NAB. Find the area of DNBC.
C A
39L ABCD is a rectangle with AB = 4 and AD = 3. Let P A P B
be any point on side AB. Let E be the point on

diagonal DB such that PE ¦ DB. Let F be the point
E
on diagonal AC such that PF ¦ AC.
F
Find PE + PF.
D C
1 1 1
40) If a + b + c = 3 , ab + ac + bc = 4 and abc = 5 , find + 2 + 2.
a2 b c
41L Lines l1 and l2 intersect in the plane as shown. Circles

A and B, each of radius 1 cm, are drawn tangent to l1
and l2 as shown. Circle C is then constructed tangent
to l1 , l2 , and A HexternallyL, and circle D is constructed
tangent to l1 , l2 , and B HexternallyL, as shown. If the
radius of circle C is 4 cm, find the radius of circle D,
l2
in cm. D
C
A B l1
ANSWER SHEET (2008)
NAME OF SCHOOL__________________________________________________________________________
TOWN (OR CITY)___________________________________________________________________________
1. 20 percent 22. 8 square units
2. 64 miles 23. H1ê4,2L or a=1ê4 , b=2
3. 1ê45 24. 14ê5
4. 5ê8 25. 7 integers
5. 60 square units 26. 462 sequences
6. 6643 27. 2032
7. 34 boys 28. 42 square units
8. 56 tickets 29. 11
9. 61.20 dollars 30. 3ê4
10. 12 31. 9πê13
11. |336 32. 4π + 60 square units
12. 7ê16 33. 1ê3
13. 9 days 34. 20ê3
14. 27 , 81 35. 168
15. | 1 36. 20 seconds
16. 17ê3 37. 4ê13
17. 395 38. 1ê5 square units
18. 40 minutes 39. 12ê5 units
19. 500 40. |14ê25
20. x = |2ê5 , y = 11ê5 41. 9 cm
21. 1ê6
FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 12, 2008
1) At the beginning of the semester, Mr. Kost had 25 students in his class. At the end of the semester, he had 20 students in
his class. What was the percent decrease in the number of students in Mr. Kost's class over the semester?
20 = 25(x)
20 4
x= 25
= 5
Decrease = 20%
1
2) On a map, a line segment of length 1 4 inches represents 40 miles. What distance is represented by a line segment of
length 2 inches?
5 40 miles 4 miles
4
inch = 40 miles ï 5 inch
ï 40 · 5
= 32 inch
ï 2 inches = 64 miles
4
3) Simplify I5 – 2 – 5 – 1 M I6 – 2 – 6 – 1 M. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
I 52 – M I 62 − M = I 25 – M I 36 – M = I− 25 M · I− 36 M =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 1
5 6 5 6 45
1 2 1 2
4) What rational number between 2
and 3
is three times as far from 2
as it is from 3
?
= 3 I 3 − qM ï q –
1 2 1 1 5 5
q– 2 2
= 2 – 3q ï 4q = 2 + 2
= 2
ïq= 8
5) Each small square in the given 10 x 10 square has an

area of one square unit.
1 1
A= 2
(1)(10) + 2
(9)(10) + 10 = 5 + 45 + 10(1) = 60
6) If a, b and c are integers such that a + b + c = 91 and abc = 729, determine the value of a2 + b2 + c2 .
abc = 729 = 36 ï a = 34 b = 32 c = 1 (81 + 9 + 1) = 91
(a + b + cL2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + ac + bc)
912 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + ac + bc) = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(81 · 9 + 81 · 1 + 9 · 1)
912 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(819) ï a2 + b2 + c2 = 912 – 2(819) = 6643
7) The ratio of boys to girls in Mrs. Brown's class is 3 to 2. In Mrs. Smith's class, the ratio of boys to girls is 4 to 3. If there
are 30 students in Mrs. Brown's class and 28 students in Mrs. Smith's class, what is the total number of boys in the two
classes?
In Mrs. Brown's class

B 3
G
= 2
3 5 3
2
G + G = 30 ï 2
G = 30 ï G = 12 ï B = 2
(12) = 18
In Mrs. Smith's class

B 4
G
= 3
4 7 4
3
G + G = 28 ï 3
G = 28 ï G = 12 ï B = 3
(12) = 16
Boys = 18 + 16 = 34
8) The sixth grade class at Williston Central School is raffling off a turkey as a fundraising project. If the turkey costs $22 and
the tickets are sold at 75 cents each, how many tickets will have to be sold for the class to make a profit of $20 ?
3
4
x = 42
4
x= 3
42 = 4(14) = 56
9) A sweater, originally priced at $100, is successively discounted by 10%, 15% and 20%. What is the price of the sweater
after the third discount?
9 85 80 9 ⋅ 17 ⋅ 8
P = 100 10 100 100
= 20
= 61.2
10) An integer n > 1 is abundant if the sum of its proper divisors (positive integer divisors smaller than n) is greater than n.
Find the smallest abundant integer.
n 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Divisors 1 1 1,2 1 1,2,3 1 1,2,4 1,3 1,2,5 1 1,2,3,4,6
Sum 1 1 3 1 6 1 7 4 8 1 16
n = 12
11) A binary operation ¯ is defined by a ¯ b = a2 b − b2 a. Find 2ø(3ø4).
2ø(3ø4) = 2ø(9 · 4 – 16 · 3) = 2ø(–12) = 4(–12) – 144(2) = – 48 – 288 = – 336
12) Larry's retirement portfolio consists of stocks and bonds. In 2000, 30% of the value of his portfolio was in stocks.
1
By 2008, the value of his stocks has doubled, while the value of his bonds has decreased by 3
. What fraction of the
value of Larry's 2008 retirement portfolio is in bonds? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
H70L
2
3 140 14 14 7
P= = = = =
H70L
2 180 + 140 18 + 14 32 16
60 +
3
13) A day of skiing at Misty Valley costs $40. However, if you purchase a Misty Pass for $100, you receive a 30% discount on
each day that you ski. Suppose you purchase a Misty Pass at the beginning of the ski season. What is the fewest number of
days that you must ski so that your total cost is less than it would have been if you had not purchased a Misty Pass?
Let n = number of days.
No pass Cn = 40n With pass Cw = 100 + .7(40)n = 100 + 28n
40n – (100 +28n) > 0

25
12n > 100 ï n > 3
ï n=9
14) Find all real numbers x such that log3 HxL – 2 = log3 Ix3 M– 8 .
Let y = log3 (x)
y–2= 3y–8
y2 – 4y + 4 = 3y – 8
y2 – 7y + 12 = 0 ï (y – 4)(y – 3) = 0 ï y = 3 , 4 ï x = 33 , 34 ï x = 27 , 81
15) If x4 + x2 + 1 = 0, what is the value of Ix2 + M ?

1 3
x2
Ix2 + M =J N
1 3 x4 + 1 3
x2 x2
x4 + x2 + 1 = 0 ï x4 + 1 = – x2
Ix2 + M =J N =–1
1 3 –x2 3
x2 x2
16) Let f(x) be a function such that f(x) + 2 f(3 – x) = 4x + 5 for every real number x. What is f(1)?
f H1L + 2 f H2L = 4 + 5 = 9
;
f H2L + 2 f H1L = 4 + 5 = 13
f H1L + 2 f H2L = 9
;
– 4 f H1L –2 f H2L = 13
17
– 3f(1) = – 17 ï f(1) = 3
17) Let p(x) be a cubic polynomial such that p(n) = n for n = 0, 1, – 1 and p(2) = 100. What is p(3)?
Let p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
p(0) = 0 ï d = 0
p H1L = 1 a + b + c = 1
; ï 2b = 0 ï b = 0
p H− 1L = − 1 − a + b − c = − 1
p H2L = 100 100 = 8 a + 2 c 100 = 8 a + 2 c

; ;
49
ï ï 98 = 6a ï a =
p H1L = 1 1 = a + c −2 = − 2 a − 2 c 3
49 46
1=a+c ï c=1– 3
ï c=– 3
H3L3 –
49 46 49 46
p(x) = 3
x3 – 3
ï p(3) = 3 3
(3) = 9(49) – 46 = 395
18) Ship A leaves port at 6:00 a.m. and travels due north at a steady speed of 40 mph. Sometime later, Ship B leaves the same
port and travels due east at a steady speed of 36 mph. At 10:00 a.m., the two ships are 200 miles apart.
How many minutes after Ship A left port did Ship B leave port?
Let t be the time n hours ship B has been traveling at 10:00.
H4 H40LL2 + H36 tL2 = 2002

362 t2 = 4 H100L2 – 16(16)(100) = 4(100)(100 – 64)
4 H100L H36L 400 20 10

t2 = 362
= 36
ït= 6
= 3
10 20 2 2
10 – 3
= 3
=6 3
ï t = 6:40 or ship B left 3
hour after ship A or 40 minutes
19) What is the largest positive integer n such that 2008! is an integer multiple of 15n ?
If 15n | 2008! then 3n | 2008! and 5n | 2008! Need to find the number times 5 divides the integers § 2008.
e u e u e u e u
2008 2008 2008 2008
5
= 401 25
= 80 125
= 16 625
=3
401 + 80 + 16 + 3 = 500
2x 1
20) Find all ordered pairs of real numbers (x,y) satisfying both of the equations 3x 9y = 81 and = .
8y 128
3x 9y = 81 ï 3x 32 y = 34 ï x + 2y = 4
2x 1
= ï 2x 2−3 y = 2−7 ï x – 3y = – 7
8y 128
x+2 y = 4
;
11 22 –2 2 11
ï 5y = 11 ï y = ï x=4– = (x , y) = (– , )
x − 3 y = −7 5 5 5 5 5
21) A sequence 8an < is defined by a0 = 3, a1 = 6, and an =

an−1
for n ≥ 2. Find a2008 .
an−2
a0 = 3
a1 = 6
6
a2 = 3
=2
2 1
a3 = 6
= 3
1
3 1
a4 = 2
= 6
1
6 1
a5 = 1 = 2
3
1
2
a6 = 1 =3
6
1
a2008 = a2008 mod 6 = a4 = 6
22) A cube is inscribed in a sphere of radius 1. Find the surface area of the cube.
If the center of the sphere is at the origin, the equation of the sphere is x2 + y2 + z2 = 1. A vertex of the cube ia at (x,x,x) ï
. The surface area of the cube is 6 J N = 6 I3M = 8

1 2 2 2 4
3 x2 = 1 ï x2 = 3
The length of a side of the cube is 2x =
3 3
a+b − a =1
23) Find all ordered pairs of real numbers (a , b) such that 1
.
2
b2 −4a = 1
a+b – a =1 square
a+b–2 a Ha + bL + a = 1
2a + b – 1 = 2 a Ha + bL square
4 a2 + b2 + 1 +4ab – 4a – 4b = 4 Ia2 + abM
b2 + 1 – 4a – 2b = 0
1
b2 + 1 + 1 – 2
b2 – 2b = 0 ï b2 – 4b + 4 = 0 ï (b – 2L2 = 0 ï b = 2
1 1 1 1
4a = 2
b2 – 1 ï 4a = 2
(4) –1=1 ï a= 4
(a , b) = I 4 , 2M
1 1 1 1
24) Express tanIarctan 2
+ arctan 3
+ arctan 4
+ arctan 5 M as a rational number in lowest terms.
tan HαL+tan HβL

tan(a+b) = 1 – tan HαL tan HβL
tan Jarctan N + tan Jarctan N

1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 + arctan + arctan
tanIarctan + arctan + arctan + arctan 5 M = 2 3 4 5
N tanJarctan N
2 3 4 1 1 1 1
1 – tanJarctan +arctan +arctan
2 3 4 5
1 1 5
+
tan Iarctan M= 2 1 31
1 1
2
+ arctan 3
= 6
5 =1
1– 2 3 6
1 1 9
+
tan Iarctan M= 4 1 51
1 1 9
4
+ arctan 5
= 20
19 = 19
1–
4 5 20
9 28
1 1 1 1 1+ 28 14
tanIarctan 2
+ arctan 3
+ arctan 4
+ arctan 5 M = 19
9 = 19
10 = 10
= 5
1−
19 19
2008 2007 k k!
25) Find the number of positive integers n < 2008 such that is divisible by where = .
n n j j! Hk – jL!
2008 2008! 2007 2007!

= n! H2008−nL!
= n! H2007−nL!
n n
2008
n 2008! n! H2007 − nL! 2008
2007
= n! H2008−nL! 2007!
= 2008 − n
n
2008 = 23 · 251 Number of divisors = (3 + 1)(1 + 1) = 8 Since n >0 must exclude 2008 as a divisor, so 7 values of n.
26) In the next football season, the Flounders will play 16 games and the outcomes of the games will be recorded as a 16-letter
sequence of W's and L's (a W for each win and an L for each loss; there will be no ties). How many such sequences
correspond to winning exactly six games with no consecutive wins?
Arrange the 6 wins and 5 of the losses as follows:
† WL † WL † WL † WL † WL † W †
5+7-1 11!
Can arrange he remainig 5 L's in the 7 spaces in = 5! × 6!
= 462 ways
5
27) If f(x) = a x4 + b x2 + 3 x + 7 and f(– 4) = 2008, determine the value of f(4) .

f(–4) = a H–4L4 + b H–4L2 – 12 + 7 = 2008 ï 44 a + 42 b = 2008 +12 – 7 = 2013
f(4) = a H4L4 + b H4L2 + 12 + 7 = 2013 + 19 = 2032
28) Find the area of the region in the xy plane consisting of all points (x,y) whose coordinates satisfy the inequalities
| y | – | x | § 2 and | x | § 3.
2
x y x + y =2
+ + y−x = 2
+ − −y − x = 2
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
− + y+x = 2
− − −y + x = 2
−2
−4
H4+10L
A=2 2
(3) = 42 Area of two trapezoids.
6 d d d d d d
29) Suppose that = 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 , where each dj is an integer such that 0 § dj < j .
7 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7!
Find d2 + d3 + d4 + d5 + d6 + d7 .
6 d d d d d d
= 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 Multiply by 7! and simplify:
7 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 7!
4320 = 2520 d2 + 840 d3 + 210 d4 + 42 d5 + 7 d6 + d7
At each step pick the largest possible value for each di
d2 = 1
1800 = 840 d3 + 210 d4 + 42 d5 + 7 d6 + d7
d3 = 2
120 = 210 d4 + 42 d5 + 7 d6 + d7
d4 = 0
120 = 42 d5 + 7 d6 + d7
d5 = 2
36 = 7 d6 + d7
d6 = 5
1 = d7
d2 + d3 + d4 + d5 + d6 + d7 = 1 + 2 + 0 + 2 + 5 + 1 = 11
30) Let q be an acute angle such that 8cos(2q) + 8sec(2q) = 65. Find the value of cos(q).
8
8cos(2q) + cos H2 θL
= 65 Let y = cos(2q)
8 1
8y + y
= 65 ï 8 y2 – 65y + 8 = 0 ï (8y – 1)(y – 8) = 0 ï y = 8
y = 8 (not possible for cosine)
ï 2 cos2 HθL − 1 =
1 1
cos(2q) = 8 8
cos2 HθL =
9 3
16
ï cos(q) = 4
31) Let Cn be a circle of radius I 3 M centered at the

2 n
origin, for n = 0, 1, 2, ... and let An be the area of

the region that is inside circle C2 n and outside
circle C2 n+1 , for n = 0, 1, 2, ... The first three
regions are shown (shaded) in the figure.
∞
Find ⁄ An .
n= 0
A0 = p (1 – I 3 M ) =
2 2 5
9
p
A1 = p JI 3 M − I 3 M N = p I 3 M J1–I 3 M N = I3M
2 4 2 6 2 4 2 2 5 2 4
9
p
A2 = p JI 3 M − I 3 M N = p I 3 M J1–I 3 M N = I3M
2 8 2 10 2 8 2 2 5 2 8
9
p
I3M
5 2 4n
An = 9
p
∞
⁄ An = 59 p 1
=
5
p
1
=
5 81
p 81 − 16 =
5 81
p 65 =
9π
1 − J3N
2 4 9 16 9 9 13
1−
n= 0 81
32) In the plane, point A has coordinates H0, -2L and point B has coordinates H0, 2L. The region S is the set of points inside
the square with vertices at H-5, ≤5L and H5, ≤5L, and the region T consists of all points X in the plane such that the
triangle A B X is obtuse. Find the area of the region common to S and T.
4 4
2 2
− − 2 4 − − 2 4
− −
− −
4 4
2 2
−4 −2 2 4 −4 −2 2 4
−2 −2
−4 −4
A = p H2L2 + 2(3)(10) = 4p + 60
33) A standard die with sides labeled 1 through 6 is rolled three times. Find the probability that the product of the three numbers
rolled is divisible by 8. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
Three 2' s 2 × 2 × 2 1
Two 2' s 2×2×4 3
Two 2' s 2×2×6 3
One 2 2 × 4 odd 3 × 3! = 18
One 2 2×4×4 3
One 2 2×4×6 6
One 2 2×6×6 3
No 2 4 × 4 odd 3 H3L = 9
No 2 4×4×4 1
No 2 4×4×6 3
No 2 4 × 6 odd 3 × 3! = 18
No 2 4×6×6 3
No 2 6×6×6 1
Total = 1 + 3 + 3 + 18 + 3 + 6 + 3 + 9 + 1 + 3 + 18 + 3 + 1 = 72
72 1
p= =
63 3
a + b + c = 10
34) Suppose that a, b, c are real numbers such that ; . Find the maximum value of a.
a2+ b2 + c2 = 50
c = 10 – a – b
b2 + c2 = 50 – a2
b2 + (10 – a – bL2 = 50 – a2
b2 + 100 + a2 + b2 – 20a – 20b + 2ab = 50 – a2
2 b2 + b(2a – 20) + 50 – 20a + 2 a2 = 0 If b is to be real then
(2a – 20L2 – 4(2)(50 – 20a + 2 a2 ) ¥ 0

4 a2 – 80a + 400 – 400 + 160a – 16 a2 ¥ 0
20
– 12 a2 + 80a ¥ 0 ï 4a(20 – 3a) ¥ 0 Largest a = 3
35) Let r1 , r2 , r3 , r4 , r5 be the five roots of the equation x5 – 6 x4 + 6 x 3 + 7x – 5 = 0 .

5 5
⁄ Iri – r j L .
2
Determine the value of ⁄
i= 1 j= 1
5 5 5
⁄ ri = – (–6) = 6 ⁄ ⁄ ri rj = 6
i= 1 i = 1 j = i+1
Iri – rj M = ri 2 – 2 ri rj + rj 2
2
5 5
⁄ Iri – r j L . These include 40 ri 2 terms, so each of the ri 2 terms occurs 8 times.
2
There are 20 non-zero terms in ⁄
i= 1 j= 1
There are 20 terms ri rj , so each of the 5 pairs occurs 4 times.
Hr1 + r2 + r3 + r4 + r5 L2 = r1 2 + r2 2 + r3 2 + r4 2 + r5 2 + 2 Hr1 r2 + r1 r3 + · · · r4 r5 )
5 5
62 = ⁄ ri 2 + 2(6) ï ⁄ ri 2 = 36 – 12 = 24
i= 1 i= 1
5 5 5 5 5
⁄ Iri – r j L = 8 ⁄ ri 2 – 4 ⁄
2
⁄ ⁄ ri rj = 8(24) – 4(6) = 168
i= 1 j= 1 i= 1 i = 1 j = i+1
36) Jack and Doug run two races on a 200 yard track. For the first race, Doug lets Jack start 8 yards ahead and also gives him
a two second head start. Doug wins this race by 2 seconds. For the second race, Doug lets Jack start 16 yards ahead and
also gives him a 5 second head start. Doug loses this race by 20 yards. How many seconds does it take Doug to run the
200 yards?
Let x = time for Doug to run 200 yds and y = time for Jack to run 200 yds.
800
200 192 – y
Race 1 Jack runs 200 – 8 – y
× 4 yds in 200 seconds
y
200
Doug runs 200 yds in 200 seconds
x
800
192 – 200
200
y
= 200 ï 192y – 800 = 200x
y x
1000
200 184 –
y
Race 2 Jack runs 200 – 16 – y
× 5 yds in 200 seconds
y
180
Doug runs 200 – 20 yds in 200 seconds
x
1000
184 – y 180
200 = 200 ï 184y – 1000 = 180x
y x
Solving gives y = 25 and x = 20

37) ABC is an equilateral triangle of side length 1. A
Points D, E and F are chosen so that
1
AD = BE = CF = 4
. Lines CD, AE and BF D
G
are drawn. These lines intersect at points G, H
and I. Find the ratio of the area of DGHI to the
area of DABC. Express your answer as a rational
F
H
I
B C
E
Area GHI GH2

Area ABC
= 12
= GH2
GH = CD – (DG + CH) = CD – (DG + AG)
By the Law of Cosines CD2 = I 4 M + 12 – 2 I 4 M H1L cos I 3 M =

1 2 1 π 13 13
16
ï CD = 4
—ACH = —DAG and —DAC = —DGA ï triangles ADG, CDA and CFH are all similar
Let —ACH = —DAG = a , —DAC = —DGA = b and —ADG = —CFH = g
sin HαL sin HβL sin HγL sin HαL sin HβL sin HγL
By similar triangles DG
= DA
= AG
and DA
= CD
= AC
J N
1 2
sin HβL DA CD DA2
From the above sin HαL
= DG
= DA
ï DG = CD
= 4
b
1
sin HβL DA CD DA ⋅ AC 1
Also from the above sin HγL
= AG
= AC
ï AG = CD
= 4
b
= 4b
GH = CD – (DG + AG) = b – I 16 b + M
1 1 13 2
4b
and b = 4
ï GH =
13
Area GHI 4
Thus Area ABC
= GH2 = 13
38) ABC is an isosceles right triangle with CB = CA = 1. B

Point N is chosen inside the triangle so that
—NBC = —NCA = —NAB. Find the area of DNBC. γ
γ
C
γ A
From óBAN, g + I 4 − γM+ —BNA = p ï —BNA =

π 3π π
4
. Similarly for —CNA. Then —BNC = 2
.
From óNBC, CN = sin(g)

sin J N
3π
sin HγL
By the Law of Sines AN
= 1
4
ï AN = 2 sin(g)
sin J N
3π
sin HγL
By the Law of Sines BN
= 4
ï BN = 2 sin(g)
2
Area of óABC = Area of óANB + Area of óANC + Area of óCNB
1 1 1 1
2
= 2
· AN sin(g) · 2 + 2
· CN sin(g) · 1 + 2
· BN sin(g) · 1
1= 2 sin(g) sin(g) · 2 + sin(g) sin(g) · 1 + 2 sin(g) sin(g) · 1
1 = 2 sin2 HγL + sin2 HγL + 2 sin2 HγL ï sin2 HγL =

1
5
· 2 sin(γL = sin2 HγL =

1 1 1
Area of óABC = 2
· CN · BN = 2
sinHγL 5
39) ABCD is a rectangle with AB = 4 and AD = 3. Let P A x P 4 – x B

be any point on side AB. Let E be the point on α
diagonal DB such that PE ¦ DB. Let F be the point
on diagonal AC such that PF ¦ AC.
Find PE + PF.
E
D C
3
From D ABC sin(a) = 5
PF 3 3
From D APF sin(a) = x
= 5
ï PF = 5
x
PE 3 3
From D ABC sin(a) = 4–x
= 5
ï PE = 5 (4 – x)
3 12
PE + PF = 5 (4 – x + x) = 5
1 1 1
40) If a + b + c = 3 , ab + ac + bc = 4 and abc = 5 , find + 2 + 2.
a2 b c
1 1 1 b 2 c2 + a 2 c2 + a 2 b 2
a2
+ b2
+ c2
=
HabcL2
(ab + ac + bcL2 = 42 = a2 b2 + a2 c2 + b2 c2 + 2 Ia2 bc + ab2 c + abc2 M
16 = a2 b2 + a2 c2 + b2 c2 + 2 abcHa + b + cL
16 = a2 b2 + a2 c2 + b2 c2 + 2 H5L H3L
a2 b2 + a2 c2 + b2 c2 = 16 – 2 H5L H3L = – 14
1 1 1 –14 14
a2
+ b2
+ c 2 =
H5L2
=– 25
41) Lines l1 and l2 intersect in the plane as shown. Circles

A and B, each of radius 1 cm, are drawn tangent to l1
and l2 as shown. Circle C is then constructed tangent
to l1 , l2 , and A (externally), and circle D is constructed
tangent to l1 , l2 , and B (externally), as shown. If the
radius of circle C is 4 cm, find the radius of circle D,
l2
in cm. D
C
A B l1
A B
Y
Z
G E X F
Let GX = y, YX = t, ZX = w, EX = x, —CXG = —YXH = a and —HXZ = —ZXF = b. Given CG = 4.
4 1
By similar triangles CGX and AEX, y
= x
ï y = 4x
A B
Y
Z
α β
α β
E X F
H
A B
Y
Z
α β
α β
E X F
t+1 4+2+t t+1 6+t 2

By similar triangles CGX and AEX, x
= y
ï x
= 4x
ï 4t + 4 = 6 + t ï t = 3
p
2a + 2b = p ï a + b = 2
1 3 4
From triangle AEX, sin(a) = 2
ï sin(a) = 5
ï cos(a) = 5 . Since a and b are complimentary,
1+
3
4 3
sin(b) = 5
and cos(b) = 5
.
1 4 1
From triangle XBF, sin(b) = 1+w
= 5
ï w= 4
R 4 4 R
So if R is the radius of circle D, sin(b) = 1
= 5
ï 5
= 9
ï 4R + 9 = 5R ï R = 9
R+2+ R+
4 4
FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 11, 2009
7 1 2
I 8
− 16 M
7 1
I 8
M −I 16 M
2) If x + 2 = 3, what is the value of Hx + 3L2 ?
3) A rectangle consists of 12 squares, each of

which has an edge length of 1 inch.
4) The hour hand of a certain clock is 5 inches long. The minute hand of the clock is 7 inches long. What is the distance
between the tips of the hands of the clock at 4 p.m.?
5) Find the value of sin2 H15 °L cos2 H15 °L. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
6) Express 4.81 as a rational number in lowest terms.
7) Krisan can rake her yard in seven hours. Patti can rake the same yard in half that time while Nick would take four times as
long as Patti to rake the yard. If they all work together, how long will it take them to rake Krisan's yard?
8) Let x, y and z be positive integers satisfying x2 + y2 + z2 = 6 . Find x + y + z.
9) When the integer 72009 is written as a binary number, what are the three rightmost digits of the binary number?
10) The Elk River Band is selling cheesecakes to raise money for a band trip to New Orleans. A large cheesecake sells
for $10.50 and a small cheesecake sells for $8.00. If the total sales were $945 and the ratio of large cheesecakes to small
cheesecakes was 2 to 3, how many large cheesecakes were sold?
11) Consider the operation ∆, where (A ∆ B) = AB + B – 1. Find P so that (2 ∆ 7) ∆ 5 = (6 ∆ 3) ∆ P .
2710 + 910
12) Determine the value of . Express your answer in simplest form.
911 + 274
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1– 2
+ – + – +⋅⋅⋅+ –
22 23 24 25 22008 22009
13) Evaluate 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
1+ 2
+ + + + + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅+ +
22 23 24 25 22008 22009
14) When three people are weighed two at a time, the weights are 280, 330 and 350 pounds. How much does the heaviest person weigh?
5
15) A circle with diameter AB has radius . The curves
π
AXB and AYB are formed from semicircles
2 3
of radii and with centers
π π
on AB. Find the area between the curves AXB and AYB.
Y
A B
X
16) Find the integer value of the expression log 3 (7) × A log 4 (9) + log 2 (3) ] × log 7 I 14 M.
17) In a group of 90 students, there are 48 who play football, 38 who play basketball and 54 who play baseball.
Twenty of the 90 students play all three sports. Each student plays at least one sport.
How many students play only one sport?
18) If H1 - i L 10 = a + b i where a and b are real numbers and i2 = – 1, what is the value of a + b ?
19) A quadrilateral with sides of length 4, 6, 8 and x is

inscribed in a circle of radius 5 (see the figure). 4
What is x?
6 x
20) ABC is an arc of a circle, AC is a chord of the circle, B

B is the midpoint of arc ABC, D is the midpoint of
A C
chord AC, AC = 20 and BD = 3. What is the D
diameter of the circle containing ABC?
1
21) Let f HxL = 1 – . Define the sequence of functions fn HxL by
x
f1 HxL = f HxL and fn HxL = f H fn-1 HxLL for n ¥ 2.
What is f50 H50L?
22) If S = { 4 , 1 , 12 , x , 7 }, find all real values of x such that the mean of S equals the median of S.
23) How many positive divisors does the integer 1440 have?
24) Define the sequence an by a0 = 0, a1 = 1 and an+1 = an + H–1Ln an-1 for n ¥ 1. Find all values of n such that an = 144.
25) Find all real numbers x such that | 2 x – 1 | + | x – 5 | = 8 .
26) The corners of a rectangle in the plane are located at the points (1,1), (1,10), (5,10) and (5,1). The line y = m x divides the
rectangle into two trapezoids of equal area. Find m.
27) A jar contains 5 different pennies, 6 different nickels, 7 different dimes and 8 different quarters. How many ways can a set
of 3 coins be selected so that the total value of the selected coins is less than 15 cents?
28) Semicircles are constructed on the legs and the base of

the right isosceles triangle as shown in the diagram.
If the length of the base is 4 units, find the sum of
the areas of the shaded regions.
2 2
29) If i 2 = – 1, determine the value of Ki + O . Express your answer in the form a + b i, where a and b are real numbers.
2+i
30) Find the radius of the circle whose locus is the set of all points Hx, y) whose distance from (2 , 0) is 5 times the distance
from (– 1 , 0).
31) Suppose that x1 , x2 , x3 , · · ·, x9 are real numbers with the following property: for k = 1, 2, 3, · · ·, 9, the sum of all of the numbers
except xk is k. For example, x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x6 + x7 + x8 + x9 = 5. What is x3 ?
1
32) Let z = 1 . If a, b, c, d and e are all either 1 or 2, what is the minimum value of z?
a+ 1
b+ 1
c+ 1
d+
e
33) ABC is a 3-4-5 right triangle. Side AB is Y

extended to point X so that B is the midpoint
of AX, side CA is extended to point Z so
that A is the midpoint of CZ and side BC C
is extended to point Y so that C is the
midpoint of BY. Find the area of triangle XYZ.
A B X
Z
34) Let two circles of radii 1 and 3 be tangent at point
A and tangent to a common straight line at points B
and C. Find AB2 + BC2 + CA2 .
B C
35) How many six-digit positive integers are there in which every digit occurs the same number of times as the value of the digit?
An example of such an integer is 133232.
36) An isosceles triangle whose sides are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 2 is inscribed in a circle of radius 1 and a second circle is inscribed in this triangle.
What is the radius of the second circle?
⁄ ⁄ K6 j + 1k O .
10 k
37) Determine the value of
k = 1 j= 1
38) Suppose that the lengths of the sides of a right triangle C

ABC are 10, 24 and 26. A circle with center D and
radius 1 rolls inside the triangle, always tangent to
at least one side. How far has D traveled when it
first returns to its original position?
D
A B
39) The line segment AB is tangent at A to a circle with A 10

B
center O. Point D is inside the circle and DB intersects
the circle at C. Given that BC = DC = 6, OD = 3 6
and AB = 10, find the radius of the circle.
C
O 6
3
D
40) Suppose that p, q and r are the distinct roots of x3 – 2 x2 + 2 x – 3 = 0. Find the value of p3 + q3 + r3 .
1
41) Express – 2 sinH50 °L in simplest form.
2 cosH20 °L
ANSWER SHEET (2009)
NAME OF SCHOOL__________________________________________________________________________
TOWN (OR CITY)___________________________________________________________________________
1. 13ê15 22. – 4, 6, 11
2. 100 23. 36 divisors
3. 3 square units 24. 21, 24
4. 109 inches 25. – 2ê3, 4
5. 1ê16 26. 11ê6
6. 53ê11 27. 215
7. 2 hours 28. 4 square units
7 24
8. 4 29. + i
25 25
9. 111 30. 3 5 ê4 units
10. 42 large cheesecakes 31. 21ê8
11. 5 32. 11ê30
12. 81 33. 42 square units
13. 1ê3 34. 24
14. 200 pounds 35. 82 integers
15. 5 square units 36. 3ê8 units
16. – 4 37. 1330
17. 60 students 38. 45 units
18. – 32 39. 37 units
19. 2 21 units 40. 5
20. 109ê3 units 41. –1
21. – 1ê49
FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 11, 2009
7 1 2
I 8
− 16 M
7 1
I 8
M −I 16 M
7 1 2 7 1 2 7 1
I 8
− 16 M 8
I
− 16 M 8
− 16 16 14 – 1 13
2 = = · = =
7 1 2 7 1 7 1 2 7 1 16 14 + 1 15
I M −I 16 M I − 16 M I 8 + 16 M 8
+ 16
8 8
2) If x + 2 = 3, what is the value of Hx + 3L2 ?
Squaring x + 2 = 9 ï x = 7 ï Hx + 3L2 = 102 = 100
3) A rectangle consists of 12 squares, each of

which has an edge length of 1 inch.
Shaded area A = area of rectangle minus the areas of the unshaded triangles.
H1L H6L – H2L H6L = 12 – 3 – 6 = 3

1 1
A = 12 – 2 2
4) The hour hand of a certain clock is 5 inches long. The minute hand of the clock is 7 inches long. What is the distance
between the tips of the hands of the clock at 4 p.m.?
5
120° x
By the law of cosines x2 = 72 + 52 –2 H7L H5L cosH120 °L = 49 + 25–70 I– 2 M = 74 + 35 = 109

1
x= 109
5) Find the value of sin2 H15 °L cos2 H15 °L. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
sin2 H15 °L cos2 H15 °L = HsinH15 °L cosH15 °LL2 = I 2 sinH30 °LM = I 2 I 2 MM =

1 2 1 1 2 1
16
6) Express 4.81 as a rational number in lowest terms.
s = 4.81
100s = 481.81
477 53
99s = 481.81 – 4.81 = 477 ï s = 99
= 11
7) Krisan can rake her yard in seven hours. Patti can rake the same yard in half that time while Nick would take four times as
long as Patti to rake the yard. If they all work together, how long will it take them to rake Krisan's yard?
1 1 2 1 1
Krisan’s rate = , Patti’s rate = = , Nick’s rate = =
4J N
7 7 7 7 14
2 2
M
1 2 1
If t is the time to complete the job tI 7 + 7
+ 14
= 1 ï t(2 + 4 + 1) = 14 ï 7t = 14 ï t = 2
8) Let x, y and z be positive integers satisfying x2 + y2 + z2 = 6 . Find x + y + z.
The maximum value for x, y or z is 2. At most one of x, y and z could be 2. Thus the only positive integer values
for x, y and z are 1, 1 and 2 ï x + y + z = 1 + 1 + 2 = 4
9) When the integer 72009 is written as a binary number, what are the three rightmost digits of the binary number?
The rightmost three digits of n in binary is n mod 8.
7 mod 8 = 7
72 mod 8 = 1
73 mod 8 = 7
···
72 k+1 mod 8 = 7 ï 72009 mod 8 = 7 = 1112
10) The Elk River Band is selling cheesecakes to raise money for a band trip to New Orleans. A large cheesecake sells
for $10.50 and a small cheesecake sells for $8.00. If the total sales were $945 and the ratio of large cheesecakes to small
cheesecakes was 2 to 3, how many large cheesecakes were sold?
Let L = number of large cheesecakes and S = number of small cheesecakes.
L 2 3
S
= 3
ï S = 2L
945 = 10.50 L + 8.00 S
3
945 = 10.50 L + 8.00 2 L
945
945 = (10.50 + 12)L ï 22.5 L = 945 ï L = 22.5
= 42
11) Consider the operation ∆, where (A ∆ B) = AB + B – 1. Find P so that (2 ∆ 7) ∆ 5 = (6 ∆ 3) ∆ P .
(2 ∆ 7) = 2(7) + 7 – 1 = 14 + 6 = 20
(6 ∆ 3) = 6(3) + 3 – 1 = 18 + 2 = 20
(2 ∆ 7) ∆ 5 = (6 ∆ 3) ∆ P ï 20 ∆ 5 = 20 ∆ P ï P = 5
2710 + 910
12) Determine the value of . Express your answer in simplest form.
911 + 274
2710 + 910 330 + 320 320 I310 + 1M

= = = 38 = 34 = 81
911 + 274 322 + 312 312 I310 + 1M
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1– 2
+ 22
–
23
+ 24 – 25 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 22008 – 22009
13) Evaluate 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
1+ 2
+ 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅+ 22008 + 22009
1–HH1ê2LL2010 N
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1–H–H1ê2LL2010 N
1– 2
+ 22
– 23 + 24 – 25 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + 22008 – 22009 H1 – H–H1ê2LL
3 1
1
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 1–H1ê2LL2010 N
= 1–H1ê2LL2010 N
= 3
= 3
1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅+ 22008 + 22009 2
H1 – H1ê2LL 1
2
14) When three people are weighed two at a time, the weights are 280, 330 and 350 pounds. How much does the heaviest person weigh?
Assume w1 § w2 § w3
w1 + w2 = 280 (1)
w1 + w3 = 330 (2)
w2 + w3 = 350 (3)
(2) – (1) ï w3 – w2 = 50 (4)

(3) + (4) ï 2w3 = 400 ï w3 = 200
5
15) A circle with diameter AB has radius . The curves
π
AXB and AYB are formed from semicircles
2 3
of radii and with centers
π π
on AB. Find the area between the curves AXB and AYB.
Y
A B
X
N – N F=9–4=5
1 3 2 1 2 2
Area = 2B 2 pJ 2
pJ
p p
16) Find the integer value of the expression log 3 (7) × A log 4 (9) + log 2 (3) ] × log 7 I 14 M.
log 3 (7) × A log 4 (9) + log 2 (3) ] × log 7 I 14 M = log 3 (7) × A 2 log2 32 + log2 H3LE × I–log 7 I 22 M
1
log 3 (7) × A log 4 (9) + log 2 (3) ] × log 7 I 14 M = log 3 (7) × A2 log2 3E × I–log 7 I 22 M
log 3 (7) × A log 4 (9) + log 2 (3) ] × log 7 I 14 M = log 3 (7) × B log F × I–log 7 I 22 M
2
3 H2L
log 3 (7) × A log 4 (9) + log 2 (3) ] × log 7 I 14 M = 2 log 2 (7) J– log N=–4
2
2
H7L
17) In a group of 90 students, there are 48 who play football, 38 who play basketball and 54 who play baseball.
Twenty of the 90 students play all three sports. Each student plays at least one sport.
How many students play only one sport?
Football Basketball
a b c
20
d f
Baseball
Football a + b + d + 20 = 48 ï a + b + d = 28 (1)
Basketball b + c + f + 20 = 38 ï b + c + f = 18 (2)
Baseball d + e + f + 20 = 54 ï d + e + f = 34 (3)
Total a + b + c + d + e + f + 20 = 90 ï a + b + c + d + e + f = 70 (4)
Ha + c + eL
1
(1) + (2) + (3) ï 2(d + e + f) + a + c + e = 80 ï b + d + f = 40 – 2
Ha + c + eL = 90 ï a + c + e = 60
1
From (4) a + c + e + 40 – 2
18) If H1 - i L 10 = a + b i where a and b are real numbers and i2 = – 1, what is the value of a + b ?
H1 - i L 2 = 1 – 2i – 1 = – 2i
H1 - i L 4 = ( – 2 iL2 = – 4
H1 - i L 8 = ( – 4L2 = 16
H1 - i L 10 = H1 - i L 8 H1 - i L 2 = 16(–2i) = – 32i ï a + b = – 32
19) A quadrilateral with sides of length 4, 6, 8 and x is
inscribed in a circle of radius 5 (see the figure).
What is x? 4
3
r
4 x
r2 = 32 + 42 ï r = 5
H2 rL2 = 42 + x2 ï 102 = 16 + x2 ï x2 = 84 ï x = 84 = 2 21
20) ABC is an arc of a circle, AC is a chord of the circle,

3
B is the midpoint of arc ABC, D is the midpoint of 10
chord AC, AC = 20 and BD = 3. What is the
diameter of the circle containing ABC?
r–3
r
r2 = Hr–3L2 + 102
r2 = r2 – 6r + 9 + 100
109 109
6r = 109 ï r = 6
ï d= 3
1
21) Let f HxL = 1 – . Define the sequence of functions fn HxL by
x
f1 HxL = f HxL and fn HxL = f H fn-1 HxLL for n ¥ 2.
What is f50 H50L?
f1 HxL = 1 –
1
x
f2 HxL = 1 –
1 1
1
=– x–1
1– x
f3 HxL = 1 –
1
1
=x
–
x–1
f3 k HxL = x
50 = 3(16) + 2 ï f50 HxL = – ï f50 H50L = –

1 1 1
x–1 50 – 1
=– 49
22) If S = { 4 , 1 , 12 , x , 7 }, find all real values of x such that the mean of S equals the median of S.
4 + 1 + 12 + x + 7 = 24 + x
24 + x
S = { x , 1 , 4 , 7 , 12 } 5
=4 ï x=–4
24 + x
S = { 1 , x , 4 , 7 , 12 } 5
=4 ï x=–4
24 + x
S = { 1 , 4 , x , 7 , 12 } 5
=x ï x=6
24 + x
S = { 1 , 4 , 7 , x , 12 } 5
= 7 ï x = 11
24 + x
S = { 1 , 4 , 7 , 12 , x } 5
= 7 ï x = 11
x = – 4 , 6 , 11
23) How many positive divisors does the integer 1440 have?
1440 = 25 ÿ32 ÿ5
number of divisors = (5+1)(2+1)(1+1) = 6(3)(2) = 36
24) Define the sequence an by a0 = 0, a1 = 1 and an+1 = an + H–1Ln an-1 for n ¥ 1. Find all values of n such that an = 144.
a0 =0
a1 = a1
a2 = a1 – a0 = a1
a3 = a2 + a1 = a1 + a1 = 2 a1
a4 = a3 – a2 = 2 a1 – a1 = a1
a5 = a4 + a3 = a1 + 2 a1 = 3 a1
a6 = a5 – a4 = 3 a1 – a1 = 2 a1
a7 = a6 + a5 = 2 a1 + 3 a1 = 5 a1
·· ·
Let 8 fn < be the Fibonacci sequence. 8 fn < = {0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, · · ·}
a2 k = fk ÿ a1 = fk and a2 k+1 = fk+2 ÿa1 = fk+2
a2 k = 144 = f12 ï 2k = 21
a2 k+1 = 144 = f12 = f10+2 ï 2k+1 = 21
n = 21 and 24
25) Find all real numbers x such that | 2 x – 1 | + | x – 5 | = 8 .
»x – 5» 5 – x 5 – x x – 5
»2x – 1» 1 – 2x 2x – 1 2x – 1
»2x – 1»+»x – 5» = 8 6 – 3x = 8 x + 4 = 8 3x – 6 = 8
3x = –2 x = 4 3x = 14
2 14
x = –
3 3
1
5
2
2
x=– 3
,4
26) The corners of a rectangle in the plane are located at the points (1,1), (1,10), (5,10) and (5,1). The line y = m x divides the
rectangle into two trapezoids of equal area. Find m.
H1,10L H5,10L
10
H5,5mL
2
H1,mL
H1,1L H5,1L
1 2 3 4 5 6
H4L H10 – m + 10 – 5 mL = H4L Hm – 1 + 5 m – 1L

1 1
2 2
22 11
20 – 6m = 6m – 2 ï 12m = 22 ï m = 12
= 6
27) A jar contains 5 different pennies, 6 different nickels, 7 different dimes and 8 different quarters. How many ways can a set
of 3 coins be selected so that the total value of the selected coins is less than 15 cents?
pennies nickels dimes ways
2 0 1 H LH L=
5
2
7
1
10H7L = 70
1 2 0 H LH L=
5
1
6
2
5H15L = 75
2 1 0 H LH L=
5
2
6
1
10H6L = 60
3 0 0 H L= 5
3
10
70 + 75 + 60 + 10 = 215
28) Semicircles are constructed on the legs and the base of
the right isosceles triangle as shown in the diagram.
If the length of the base is 4 units, find the sum of
the areas of the shaded regions.
2(a + b) = 2 I 2 M pI 2 M = 2p
1 2
1
2b + c = 2
pH2L2 = 2p
I2 2 M I2 2 M=4
1
c= 2
2b = 2p – c = 2p – 4
2a + 2b = 2p ï 2a = 2p – 2b = 2p – (2p – 4) = 4
2 2
29) If i 2 = – 1, determine the value of Ki + O . Express your answer in the form a + b i, where a and b are real numbers.
2+i
2
Ki + O =
iH2 + iL + 2 2i–1+2 1+2i
= =
2+i 2+i 2+i 2+i
1 + 2 i 2– i 2–i+4i+2 4+3i
2+i
· 2–i = 4+1
= 5
2 2
Ki + O = I 5 M =
4+3i 2 16 + 24 i – 9 7 24
= + i
2+i 25 25 25
30) Find the radius of the circle whose locus is the set of all points Hx, y) whose distance from (2 , 0) is 5 times the distance
from (– 1 , 0).
Hx–2L2 + y2 = 5 Hx + 1L2 + y2
Hx–2L2 + y2 = 5(Hx + 1L2 + y2 )
x2 – 4 x + 4 + y2 = 5 x2 + 10 x + 5 + y2
4 x2 + 14 x + 4 y2 = – 1
4 Ix2 + M
7 49 49
2
x+ 16
+ 4 y2 = – 1 + 4
Ix2 + M
7 49 1 49 45
2
x+ 16
+ y2 = – 4
+ 16
= 16
= r2
45 3 5
r= 16
= 4
31) Suppose that x1 , x2 , x3 , · · ·, x9 are real numbers with the following property: for k = 1, 2, 3, · · ·, 9, the sum of all of the numbers
1 2 3 9
except xk is k. For example, x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x6 + x7 + x8 + x9 = 5. What is x3 ?
Each of the xi appears in 8 of the 9 sums ï
8( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 + x8 + x9 ) = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 45
45
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 + x8 + x9 = 8
45 45 45 24 21
x3 = 8
– (x1 + x2 + x4 + x5 + x6 + x7 + x8 + x9 ) ï x3 = 8
–3= 8
– 8
= 8
1
32) Let z = 1 . If a, b, c, d and e are all either 1 or 2, what is the minimum value of z?
a+ 1
b+ 1
c+ 1
d+
e
To make the fraction as small as possible, pick a, b, c, d and e to make the denominator as large as possible.
Thus a = 2, b = 1, c = 2, d = 1 and e = 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11
z= 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 = 1 = 8 = 30
=
2+ 1
2+ 1
2+ 1
2+ 1
2+ 3 2 + 11 2 + 11 11
30
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ 8
1 +8
1 1 2 8
2+ 1
2+ 3
2+ 3
1+ 3
2 2
33) ABC is a 3-4-5 right triangle. Side AB is Y p3

extended to point X so that B is the midpoint 12
of AX, side CA is extended to point Z so
that A is the midpoint of CZ and side BC
is extended to point Y so that C is the
C
midpoint of BY. Find the area of triangle XYZ. 6 6
3 5
A 4 B
D X
3 3
4 8
p1 Z p2
The indicated dimensions are computed using similar triangles.
Area = 12(9) – 2 @9 H4L + 8 H3L + 6 H12LD = 108 – 836 + 24 + 72D = 108 – H132L = 108 – 66 = 42
1 1 1
2 2
34) Let two circles of radii 1 and 3 be tangent at point
A and tangent to a common straight line at points B
and C. Find AB2 + BC2 + CA2 .
B C
C2
π–α
3
2
A
1 γ
C1 β
E
α
β
γ
B C
Let —BC 1 A = a. From trapezoid BC1 C2 C —C 1 C2 C = p – a.
a
From triangle ACC2 p – a + 2g = p ï g = 2
From triangle BC1 A a + 2b = p ï b =

p–a
2
=
p
2
–
a
2
=
p
2
–g ï b+g=
p
2
ï —BAC = p
2
From triangle C1 C2 E BC2 = 42 – 22 = 12
AB2 + AC2 = BC2 ï AB2 + BC2 + CA2 = 12 + 12 = 24
35) How many six-digit positive integers are there in which every digit occurs the same number of times as the value of the digit?
An example of such an integer is 133232.
This corresponds to the partitions of 6 into distinct positive integers.
Partition Positions Number of Ways

1+5 886<, 81<< 6 6
1+3+2 8830<, 83<< 60 6
2+4 886<, 82<< 15 15
6 886<, 86<< 1 1
Total 82
Number of integers = 82
36) An isosceles triangle whose sides are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 2 is inscribed in a circle of radius 1 and a second circle is inscribed in this triangle.
What is the radius of the second circle?
A z D z B
β
β
r
α
F π–2α 4z
C
1
From triangle CDB, sin(a) = 4
By the law of cosines in triangle CFB, H4 zL2 = 12 + 12 – 2(1)(1)cos(p–2a)

16 z2 = 2 + 2cos(2a)
16 z2 = 2 + 2(1 – 2 sin2 HaLM = 2 + 2(1 – 2 I 4 M ) =
1 2 15
4
15 15
z2 = 64
ï z= 8
1
From triangle CDA, cos(2b) = 4
r
From triangle ADE, tan( bL = z
1 – cosH2 bL
1
sinH bL 2 1– 3
4
tan(b) = cosH bL
= = 1
= 5
1 + cosH2 bL 1+
4
2
3 r r 3 15 3
tan(b) = 5
= z
= ï r= 5
· 8
= 8
15
8
⁄ ⁄ K6 j + 1k O .
10 k
37) Determine the value of
k = 1 j= 1
⁄ ⁄ K6 j + 1k O = ⁄ K6 j + 1k O + ⁄ K6 j + 1k O + ⁄ K6 j + 1k O + · · · ⁄ K6 j + 1k O
10 k 1 2 3 10
k = 1 j= 1 j= 1 j= 1 j= 1 j= 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 6(1) + 1 + 6(1 + 2) + 2
+ 2
+ 6(1 + 2 + 3) + 3
+ 3
+ 3
+ · · · 6(1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10) + 10
+ 10
+
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10
+ 10
+ 10
+ 10
+ 10
+ 10
+ 10
+ 10
= 6(1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10) + 10(1)
= 6[10(1) + 9(2) + 8(3) + 7(4) + 6(5) + 5(6) + 4(7) + 3(8) + 2(9) + 10] + 10
= 6(10 + 18 + 24 + 28 + 30 + 30 + 42 + 24 + 18 + 10) + 10
= 6(220) + 10 = 1320 + 10 = 1330
38) Suppose that the lengths of the sides of a right triangle C

ABC are 10, 24 and 26. A circle with center D and
radius 1 rolls inside the triangle, always tangent to
at least one side. How far has D traveled when it
first returns to its original position?
D
A B
26
10
D
x E
A B
24
Triangles ABC and DEF are similar. ï the ratios of their corresponding sides is constant.
Let angle CAB = 2a ï angle DAB = a
1 10 5
tan(a) = x
and tan(2a) = 24
= 12
2 tan HaL
ï 24tan(a) = 5 – 5 tan2 HaL ï 5 tan2 HaL + 24tan(a) – 5 = 0
5
tan(2a) = =
1 – tan2 HaL 12
1 p 1
(5tan(a) – 1)(tan(a) + 5) = 0 ï tan(a) = 5
, – 5. Since 0 < a < 2
tan(a) = 5
1 1
Then tan(a) = x
= 5
ï x=5
18 3
DE = 24 – 1 – 5 = 18 ï ratio of sides of triangles ABC and DEF is 24
= 4
H10L = H26L =
3 15 3 39
EF = 4 2
and FD = 4 2
15 39
Distance traveled = DE + EF + FD = 18 + 2
+ 2
= 45
39) The line segment AB is tangent at A to a circle with A 10
B
center O. Point D is inside the circle and DB intersects
the circle at C. Given that BC = DC = 6, OD = 3
6
and AB = 10, find the radius of the circle.
r
C
O 6
3
D
x r–3
By the power of a point 6(12 + x) = 102 ï 6x = 28
By the power of a point 6x = (r + 3)(r – 3) ï 28 = r2 – 9 ï r2 = 37 ï r = 37
40) Suppose that p, q and r are the distinct roots of x3 – 2 x2 + 2 x – 3 = 0. Find the value of p3 + q3 + r3 .
x3 – 2 x2 + 2 x – 3 = (x – p)(x – q)(x – r) = x3 – (p + q + r) x2 + (pq + pr + qr) x – pqr ï p + q + r = 2, pq + pr + qr = 2 and pqr = 3
(p + q + rL3 = p3 + q3 + r3 + 3(p + q + r)(pq + qr + pr) – 3pqr = 23 ï 8 = p3 + q3 + r3 + 3(2)(2) – 3(3) ï p3 + q3 + r3 = 5
1
41) Express – 2 sinH50 °L in simplest form.
2 cosH20 °L
1 1 – 4 sin H50 °L cosH20 °L

– 2 sinH50 °L =
2 cosH20 °L 2 cosH20 °L
Using sin(A)cos(B) = 2 @sinHA + BL + sinHA – BLD

1
1 – 4 J N HsinH70 °L + sinH30 °LL cosH20 °L

1
1 2 1 – 2 sinH70 °L – 1 – 2 sinH70 °L
– 2 sinH50 °L = = =
2 cosH20 °L 2 cosH20 °L 2 cosH20 °L 2 cosH20 °L
1 – 2 sinH70 °L – 2 cosH70 °L
Since 70° and 20° are complimentary sin(70°) = cos(20°) ï – 2 sinH50 °L = = =–1
2 cosH20 °L 2 cosH20 °L 2 cosH20 °L
FIFTY-THIRD ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 10, 2010
1 3
2
– 4
6
– 8
3ê2
2) Simplify the expression I2-2 + 3-2 + 12-1 M . Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
10722 – 9382
20102
4) Larry has a sum of money that he would like to donate to charity. He wants to give $25 to each of his favorite charities,
but he will be short $10. He decides to give only $20 to each of his favorite charities, which will leave him with $25.
Find the sum of money Larry wishes to donate to charity.
5) If x + y = 4 and x y = – 12, find the value of x2 + 5 x y + y2 .
6) What is the smallest positive integer n such that 450n is a perfect cube?
n2 – 38
7) Find the largest integer n such that is an integer.
n+1
3 n+1
2
if n is odd
8) Define the function T(n) = n
. For example, T(13) = 20 and T(8) = 4.
2
if n is even
What is the smallest value of k such that Tk H113L = HT ë T ë ÿ ÿ ÿ ë TL(113) = 1 ?
k - iterations
9) Find the value of 3+ 3+ 3+ 3 + ... .
10) Mr. Kost has 20 students in his morning class and 30 students in his afternoon class. He gave the same test to both classes.
The average grade on the test for his morning class was 70%. The average grade for the two classes combined was 79%.
What was the average grade for his afternoon class?
11) Find all real values of x such that x lnIe 2 x + 7 M = 30.
a
12) Define the operation ≈ by a ≈ b = + a b. Find the value of a such that 2 ≈ 3 = a ≈ 2.
b
13) Find the positive integer base b such that H16 b L2 = 331b .
14) Find the exact value of cos3 H15 °L sinH15 °L – cosH15 °L sin3 H15 °L.
4 5
x
+ y2
= 12
15) Find all ordered pairs (x,y) that satisfy the system of equations .
3 7
x
+ y2
= 22
16L If the figure, AC = 6, BC = 8, AB = 10, D is the C

midpoint of AB and DE ¦ AB. Find the length DE. E
A B
D
17) What is the coefficient of a3 b2 c3 in the expansion of (a + b + cL 8 ?
18L An equilateral triangle is hollowed out by connecting the midpoints

of each side and removing the central triangle. The process is
repeated on each of the three new smaller equilateral triangles.
The shaded triangles represent the total area removed as a result of
the first two hollowing out actions. This removal process is repeated
twice more. If a random point is chosen from the original triangle,
what is the probability that it will be removed during the four hollowing
out actions? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
19) The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is increased by 6 cm to form a new equilateral triangle. If the area of the new
equilateral triangle is three times the area of the original equilateral triangle, find the length of a side of the new equilateral triangle.
20) Find all real roots of the equation (x – 2L4 – 25x(x – 4) + 44 = 0.
1 1 1
21) Let p, q, r ¥ 2 be integers such that p
+ q
+ r
< 1. What is the smallest value of p + q + r?
22) How many ways can the letters in NOODLES be arranged so that the consonants are in alphabetical order
(not necessarily consecutively)?
1
23) Let a, b, c and d be real numbers such that log a HbL = 6, log b HcL = 2
and log c HdL = 3.
Find the value of log d I abc M. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
24L How many different paths are there from point A to point B, B
travelling upward, to the right, or diagonally upward along

lines in the figure ? One such path is illustrated.
25) Find the area of the region in the plane consisting of all points (x,y) such that x + x - 4  y  8.
26) On three consecutive days, Tom left his house at 7:30 in the morning to drive to work. On the first day, he drove
at 40 mph and arrived 3 minutes late. On the second day, he drove at 60 mph and arrived 8 minutes early.
On the third day, he arrived exactly on time. How fast did Tom drive on the third day?
P Q
β B
A α
27L The figure displays a corner of a regular polygon that P Q
contains two consecutive vertices, P and Q. The corner β B
was removed from the polygon by cutting along the line α
A
segment from A to B, where A and B are points on the
boundary of the polygon. It is known that a + b = 40 °,
where a and b are the respective angles at A and B.
How many sides does the polygon have ?
28) Suppose that f(x) = x4 + a x3 + b x2 + c x + d where a, b, c and d are real numbers. If f(1+2i) = f(3i) = 0 ,
where i2 = – 1, what is the value of a – b + c – d ?
29) If k is a positive integer, let S(k) be the sum of the digits of k. For example, S(322) = 7 and S(8) = 8. For
how many two-digit positive integers n is S(S(n)) = 5 ?
30) For what real x is f(x) = | x – 1 | – | x – 4 | – | x – 8 | a maximum ?
31L Four lines parallel to the base of a triangle divide the other two sides
of the triangle into five equal segments and the triangle into five distinct
regions. If the area of the largest of these regions is 27, what is the
area of the triangle?
32L A 72 x 96 foot rectangular grass plot is cut diagonally by a 12 foot wide

paved walkway. If one edge of the walkway is along the diagonal of
the rectangular plot, what is the area of the paved walkway? The
walkway is the shaded region in the sketch.
12
q 1
33) If 0° < q < 90° and sinI 2 M = , find tan(q).
5
34L Let P be a point in the interior of a rectangle ABCD. If AP = 5, D C

BP = 10 and CP = 14, find the length DP.
14
P
5 10
A B
Hx + 1L2 + Hy + 1L2 = t2
35) For what values of t are the circles defined by the equations tangent?
Hx – 7L2 + Hy – tL2 = 52
36L Each edge of the tetrahedron ABCD has length 4. B
Point P is on edge AB and AP = 3. Point Q is the
midpoint of edge CD. A bug travels from P to Q,
P
always moving on the surface of the tetrahedron.
What is the shortest distance that the bug can travel?
A D
Q
C
37) How many ordered pairs (a , b) of real numbers satisfy the equation Ha + b iL2010 = a – b i , where i2 = – 1 ?
38L In triangle ABC, —ABC = 45 ° and BC = 3. C

Point D is on BC and BD = 1. If —DAB = 15 °,
what is the degree measure of —BAC ?
B A
39L Let A = H0, – 12L and B = H4 , 0L be points in the

C
plane. If C is a point on the parabola y = x2 , find x
so that the area of triangle ABC is a minimum.
40) If the sum of a list of an odd number of consecutive positive integers is 2010, what is the smallest possible integer
in any such list?
10
41) Find the value of ⁄ k
k4 + k2 + 1
. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
k= 1
ANSWER SHEET (2010)
NAME OF SCHOOL__________________________________________________________________________
TOWN (OR CITY)___________________________________________________________________________
1. 6 22. 105
2. 8ê27 23. 5ê9
3. 1ê15 24. 321
4. 165 OR 175 OR 140 dollars 25. 24 square units
5. – 20 26. 44 mph
6. 60 27. 18 sides
7. 36 28. –79
8. 10 29. 10 integers
9. H1+ 13 Lê2 30. 8
10. 85 percent 31. 75 square units
11. –6 , 5ê2 32. 1290 square feet
12. 8ê3 33. 4ê3
13. 7 34. 11 units
14. 3 ê8 35. –10ê3,5
1 1 1 1
15. H– ,– L,H– , L 36. 13 units
2 2 2 2
16. 15ê4 units 37. 2012 ordered pairs
17. 560 38. 60 degrees
18. 175ê256 39. 3ê2
19. 3+ 3 cm 40. 127
20. –2,–1,5,6 41. 55ê111
21. 10
FIFTY-THIRD ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 10, 2010
1 3
2
– 4
6
– 8
1 3
2
– 4 24 12 – 18
5 7 24
= 20 – 21
=6
6
– 8
2) Simplify the expression I2-2 + 3-2 + 12-1 M

3ê2
. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
I2-2 + 3-2 + 12-1 M = A4 + E = A E = I 36 M = I9M

3ê2 1 1 1 3ê2 9 + 4 + 3 3ê2 16 3ê2 4 3ê2 8
9
+ 12 36
= 27
10722 – 9382
20102
10722 – 9382 H1072 + 938L H1072 – 938L 2010 H134L 134 2 ÿ 67 1

= = = = =
20102 20102 20102 2010 2 ÿ 3 ÿ 5 ÿ 67 15
4) Larry has a sum of money that he would like to donate to charity. He wants to give $25 to each of his favorite charities,
but he will be short $10. He decides to give only $20 to each of his favorite charities, which will leave him with $25.
Find the sum of money Larry wishes to donate to charity.
Let x = amount and n = number of charities
25n = x + 10
20n = x – 25 subtract
5n = 35 ï n = 7
20(7) = x – 25 ï x = 165
5) If x + y = 4 and x y = – 12, find the value of x2 + 5 x y + y2 .
Hx + yL 2 = x2 + 2 xy + y2 = 42 = 16
x2 + 5 xy + y2 = x2 + 2 xy + y2 + 3 xy = 16 + 3(–12) = 16 – 36 = – 20
6) What is the smallest positive integer n such that 450n is a perfect cube?
450n = 52 ÿ 32 ÿ 2· n
Thus n = 5 ÿ 3 ÿ 22 = 15·4 = 60
n2 – 38
7) Find the largest integer n such that is an integer.
n+1
n2 – 38 n2 + 2 n + 1 – H2 n + 1L– 38 Hn+1L2 – 2 n – 1 –1 + 1– 38 Hn+1L2 – 2 Hn + 1L – 37

= = =
n+1 n+1 n+1 n+1
37
=n+1–2– n+1
To be an integer (n+1) must divide 37 ï n + 1 = 37 ï n = 36

3 n+1
2
if n is odd
8) Define the function T(n) = n
. For example, T(13) = 20 and T(8) = 4.
2
if n is even
What is the smallest value of k such that Tk H113L = HT ë T ë ÿ ÿ ÿ ë TL(113) = 1 ?
k - iterations
3 H113L + 1
T(113) = 2
= 170
170
T 2 (113) = T(170) = 2
= 85
3 H85L + 1
T 3 (113) = T(85) = 2
= 128 = 27
7 more steps gives a value of 1 ï k = 10
9) Find the value of 3+ 3+ 3+ 3 + ... .
x= 3+ 3+ 3+ 3 + ...
x2 = 3 + 3+ 3+ 3+ 3 + ... =3+x
1≤ 1–4 H–3L 1≤ 13
x2 – x – 3 = 0 ï x = 2
= 2
1+ 13
x¥0 ï x= 2
10) Mr. Kost has 20 students in his morning class and 30 students in his afternoon class. He gave the same test to both classes.
The average grade on the test for his morning class was 70%. The average grade for the two classes combined was 79%.
What was the average grade for his afternoon class?
Morning ave = 70 Afternoon ave = v
20 H70L + 30 v
50
= 79
20(70) + 30v = 50(79) ï 30v = 50(79) – 20(70) = 3950 – 1400 = 2550
2550
v= 30
= 85
11) Find all real values of x such that x lnIe 2 x + 7 M = 30.
x(2x + 7) = 30 ï 2 x2 + 7 x – 30 = 0
5
(2x – 5)(x + 6) = 0 ï x = 2
,–6
a
12) Define the operation ≈ by a ≈ b = + a b. Find the value of a such that 2 ≈ 3 = a ≈ 2.
b
2≈3= a≈2
2 a
3
+6= 2
+ 2a
40 8
4 + 36 = 3a + 12a ï 15a = 40 ï a = 15
= 3
13) Find the positive integer base b such that H16 b L2 = 331b .
(b + 6L2 = 3 b2 + 3 b + 1 ï b2 + 12 b + 36 = 3 b2 + 3 b + 1
5
2 b2 – 9 b – 35 = 0 ï (2b + 5)(b – 7) = 0 ï b = – 2
,7
b=7
14) Find the exact value of cos3 H15 °L sinH15 °L – cosH15 °L sin3 H15 °L.
cos3 H15 °L sinH15 °L – cosH15 °L sin3 H15 °L = sinH15 °L cosH15 °L (cos2 H15 °L – sin3 H15 °L)
cos3 H15 °L sinH15 °L – cosH15 °L sin3 H15 °L =

1 1 1 3 3
2
sinH30 °L cosH30 °L = 2 2 2
= 8
4 5
x
+ y2
= 12
3 7
x
+ y2
= 22
12 15
x
+ y2
= 36
add
– 12 28
x
– y2 =– 88
13 1 1
– = – 52 ï y2 = ï y=±
y2 4 2
4 5 4 1 1
Sub is first equation x
+ 1
= 12 ï x
+ 20 = 13 ï x
=3–5=–2 ï x=– 2
4
1 1 1 1
(x,y) = I– 2 , – 2 M , I– 2 , 2 M
16L If the figure, AC = 6, BC = 8, AB = 10, D is the C

midpoint of AB and DE ¦ AB. Find the length DE. E
6 8
A 5 5 α B
D
6 DE 30 15
tan(a) = 8
= 5
ï DE = 8
ï DE = 4
17) What is the coefficient of a3 b2 c3 in the expansion of (a + b + cL 8 ?
⁄
8
K O ak Hb + cL8–k
8
(a + b + cL 8 = Want k = 3
k= 0
k
⁄
5
5
K O a3 Hb + cL5 = K O a3 K O bj c5–j Want j = 2
8 8
3 3 j= 0
j
5
K OK O =
8 8! 5! 8! 8ÿ7ÿ6ÿ5ÿ4ÿ3! 8ÿ7ÿ6ÿ5ÿ4
3! ÿ 5! 2! ÿ 3!
= 3! ÿ 2! ÿ 3!
= 3! ÿ 2! ÿ 3!
= 6ÿ2
= 8·7·5·2 = 560
3 2
18L An equilateral triangle is hollowed out by connecting the midpoints
of each side and removing the central triangle. The process is
repeated on each of the three new smaller equilateral triangles.
The shaded triangles represent the total area removed as a result of
the first two hollowing out actions. This removal process is repeated
twice more. If a random point is chosen from the original triangle,
what is the probability that it will be removed during the four hollowing
out actions? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
Let A = area of the triangle.
1
Step 1 Remove 4 A
Step 2 Remove 4 A + 3 I 16 MA
1 1
Step 3 Remove 4 A + 3 I 16 MA + 9 I 64 MA
1 1 1
Step 4 Remove 4 A + 3 I 16 MA + 9 I 64 MA + 27 I 256 MA = I 4 + MA

1 1 1 1 1 3 9 27
16
+ 64
+ 256
=I MA
64 + 48 + 36 +27 175
256
= 256
A
175
A 175
256
p= A
= 256
19) The perimeter of an equilateral triangle is increased by 6 cm to form a new equilateral triangle. If the area of the new
equilateral triangle is three times the area of the original equilateral triangle, find the length of a side of the new equilateral triangle.
3
Area of equilateral triangle of side s = 4
s2
Hs + 2L2 = 3 ÿ
3 3
2 4
s2
s2 + 2 s + 4 = 3 s2
2 s2 – 4 s – 4 = 0
2≤ 4+8
s2 – 2 s – 2 = 0 ï s = 2
=1≤ 3
s=1+ 3 ï s+2=3+ 3
20) Find all real roots of the equation (x – 2L4 – 25x(x – 4) + 44 = 0.
Let y = x + 2
(x – 2L4 – 25x(x – 4) + 44 = 0 = y4 – 25 H y + 2L Hy–2L + 44
y4 – 25 Iy2 –4M + 44 = 0
y4 – 25 y2 + 144 = 0
Iy2 –9M Iy2 –16M = 0
y = ±3 , ±4
x=y+2 ï x=5,–1,6,–2
1 1 1
21) Let p, q, r ¥ 2 be integers such that p
+ q
+ r
< 1. What is the smallest value of p + q + r?
Take 2  p  q  r
If p = 2 the q ¥ 3, p = 2 and q = 3 ï r ¥ 7 ï p + q + r ¥ 12
If p ¥ 4 then p + q + r ¥ 12
Thus minimum value of p + q + r = 11
22) How many ways can the letters in NOODLES be arranged so that the consonants are in alphabetical order
(not necessarily consecutively)?
7
Place DLNS in K O ways. Place E in K O ways.
3
4 1
7
K O·K O =
3 7! 7ÿ6ÿ5ÿ4! ÿ 3
4! ÿ 3!
· 3= 4! ÿ 6
= 7·5·3 = 105
4 1
23) Let a, b, c and d be real numbers such that log a HbL = 6, log b HcL = and log c HdL = 3.
1
2
Find the value of log d I abc M. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
1
log a HbL = 6 ï a6 = b ï a = b 6
1 1
log b HcL =
1
2
ï b 2 = c ï b = c2 ï a = c 3
1 10
abc = c 3 ÿc2 ÿc = c 3
log c HdL = 3 ï log d HcL =

1
3
10 1 5
abc = logd Kc 3 ÿ 2 O = logd c 3 = logc HcL =
5 5 1 5
logd 3 3
ÿ3 = 9
24L How many different paths are there from point A to point B, B
travelling upward, to the right, or diagonally upward along

lines in the figure ? One such path is illustrated.
We can represent each path as a sequence of moves, U = up, R = right or D = diagonal. For example, the
illustrated path would be DRUDUR. We can see that the number of D’s could be 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. We will
specify the number of D’s, place the D’s then place the U’s. Note that each D decreases both the number
of U’s and the number of R’s by 1.
K O· K O = 70
8 8
0 D’s __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
0 4
7
K O· K O = 140
6
1D __ __ __ __ __ __ __
1 3
4
K O· K O = 90
6
2 D’s __ __ __ __ __ __
2 2
5
K O· K O = 20
2
3 D’s __ __ __ __ __
3 1
4
4 D’s __ __ __ __ K O =1
4
Number of paths = 70+140+90+20+1 = 321
OR
We can label each node with the number of ways to reach that node:
1 9 41 129 321
1 7 25 63 129
1 5 13 25 41
1 3 5 7 9
0 1 1 1 1
25) Find the area of the region in the plane consisting of all points (x,y) such that x + x - 4  y  8.
For x  0 | x | + | x – 4 | = – x + 4 – x = 4 – 2x 4 – 2x = 8 ï x = – 2
For 0  x  4 |x|+|x–4|=x+4–x=4
For x ¥ 4 | x | + | x – 4 | = x + x – 4 = 2x – 4 2x – 4 = 8 ï x = 6
1
Area = 2 · 4 · ( 4 + 8 ) = 24
26) On three consecutive days, Tom left his house at 7:30 in the morning to drive to work. On the first day, he drove
at 40 mph and arrived 3 minutes late. On the second day, he drove at 60 mph and arrived 8 minutes early.
On the third day, he arrived exactly on time. How fast did Tom drive on the third day?
Let t = on-time time, d = distance and r = third day rate.
It + M 40
3
60
=d
It - M 60
8
60
=d
It - M 60 = It + M 40
8 3 1
60 60
ï 60t – 8 = 40t + 2 ï 20t = 10 ï t = 2
I2 + M 40
1 1
20
= d ï d = 22
22
r= 1
= 44
2
27L The figure displays a corner of a regular polygon that P θ θ Q

contains two consecutive vertices, P and Q. The corner β B
was removed from the polygon by cutting along the line
α
segment from A to B, where A and B are points on the A
boundary of the polygon. It is known that a + b = 40 °,
where a and b are the respective angles at A and B.
How many sides does the polygon have ?
360 – 40
a + b = 40° ï q = 2
= 160°
Hn – 2L H180L
If n = number of sides, 160 = n
360
160n = 180n – 360 ï 20n = 360 ï n = 20
= 18
28) Suppose that f(x) = x4 + a x3 + b x2 + c x + d where a, b, c and d are real numbers. If f(1+2i) = f(3i) = 0 ,
where i2 = – 1, what is the value of a – b + c – d ?
f(x) = ( x – (1+2i) )( x – (1–2i) )( x – 3i )( x + 3i )
f(x) = x4 + a x3 + b x2 + c x + d ï f(–1) = 1 – a + b – c + d
f(–1) = ( –1 – (1+2i) )( –1 – (1–2i) )( –1 – 3i )( –1 + 3i ) = ( –2 – 2i )( –2 + 2i) )( –1 – 3i )( –1 + 3i )
f(–1) = ( 4 + 4 )( 1 + 9 ) = 8(10) = 80
f(–1) = 1 – a + b – c + d = 80 ï a – b + c – d = – 79
29) If k is a positive integer, let S(k) be the sum of the digits of k. For example, S(322) = 7 and S(8) = 8. For
how many two-digit positive integers n is S(S(n)) = 5 ?
10  n  99 ï 1  f(n)  18 and f(f(n)) = 5 f(n) = 5 or 14
If f(n) = 5, then n = 50, 14, 41, 23 or 32 5 times
If f(n) = 14, then n = 59, 95, 68, 86 or 77 5 times

Total number of n = 5 + 5 = 10
30) For what real x is f(x) = | x – 1 | – | x – 4 | – | x – 8 | a maximum ?
»x – 8» 8 – x 8 – x 8 – x x – 8
»x – 4» 4 – x 4 – x x – 4 x – 4
»x – 1» 1 – x x – 1 x – 1 x – 1
1–x–H4–xL–H8–xL x–1–H4–xL–H8–xL x–1–Hx–4L–H8–xL x–1–Hx–4L–Hx–8L
1−x−4+x−8+x x−1−4+x−8+x x−1−x+4−8+x x−1−x+4−x+8
x−11 3x−13 x−5 −x+11
2 4 6 8 10
−2
−4
−6
−8
−10
−12
Maximum when x = 8 Value = 3
31L Four lines parallel to the base of a triangle divide the other two sides
of the triangle into five equal segments and the triangle into five distinct
regions. If the area of the largest of these regions is 27, what is the
area of the triangle?
4ê5 b
hê5
I 5 M Ib +
1 h 4
ATr = 2 5
bM
1 9 1 9 1 25
27 = 10
hI 5 bM = 2 bh ä 25
ï 2
bh = 27 ä 9
= 75
32L A 72 x 96 foot rectangular grass plot is cut diagonally by a 12 foot wide

paved walkway. If one edge of the walkway is along the diagonal of
the rectangular plot, what is the area of the paved walkway? The
walkway is the shaded region in the sketch.
12
D
96 C
D
96 C
9
15
α
12
G
72 60
57
95
F
16 12
α 20 α 76
A B
E
72 3 3
From DABC tan(a) = 96
= 4
ï sin(a) = 5
ï AE = 12 I 3 M = 20 ï EB = 76
3 12 5
From DAEF sin(a) = 5
= AE
ï BG = 76 I 4 M = 57
3 BG 3
From DEBG tan(a) = 4
= 76
H96L H72L – H76L H57L

1 1
Area of walkway = area DABC – area D EBG = 2 2
Area of walkway = 3456 –2166 = 1290
33) If 0° < q < 90° and sinI 2 M =

q 1
, find tan(q).
5
cos(q) = cosI2 I 2 MM = 1 – sin2 I 2 M = 1 –

q q 1 4 16 9 3
5
= 5
ï sin(q) = 1– 25
= 25
= 5
3
5 3
tan(q) = 4
= 4
5
34L Let P be a point in the interior of a rectangle ABCD. If AP = 5, D C

BP = 10 and CP = 14, find the length DP.
d y 14
P
z x
5 w 10
A B
z2 + w2 = 52 H1L
x2 + w2 = 10 2
H2L
x2 + y2 = 14 2
H3L
z2 + y2 = d2 H4L
H L
H L
(1) + (3) = (2) + (4) ï 52 + 142 = 102 + d 2 ï d 2 = 121 ï d = 11
Hx + 1L2 + Hy + 1L2 = t2
35) For what values of t are the circles defined by the equations tangent?
Hx – 7L2 + Hy – tL2 = 52
5 10
H−1,−1L »t»
−2 5
H7,tL
−4
−6
−8
If t > 0, 82 + Ht + 1L2 = H5 + tL2 ï 64 + t2 + 2 t + 1 = 25 + 10t + t2 ï 8t = 40 ==> t = 5
If t < 0, 82 + Ht + 1L2 = H5 - tL2 ï 64 + t2 + 2 t + 1 = 25 – 10t + t2 ï 12t = – 40 ==> t = –

10
3
10
t=– 3
or 5
36L Each edge of the tetrahedron ABCD has length 4. B

Point P is on edge AB and AP = 3. Point Q is the
midpoint of edge CD. A bug travels from P to Q,
P
always moving on the surface of the tetrahedron.
What is the shortest distance that the bug can travel?
A D
Q
C
Flatten faces ABC and BCD along the line BC. Place the origin at A.
B
2
P
A πê6 D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−1
Q
πê3
−2
C
P =3K , 2 O, C = 4 K , – 2 O, Q = C + 2 K , 2 O = I3
3 1 3 1 3 1
2 2 2
3 , – 1M
PQ2 = I 2 3 M + I 2 + 1M = I– 2 3 M + I2M =
3 2 3 2 3 2 5 2 27 25 52
3 –3 4
+ 4
= 4
= 13
PQ = 13
Flatten faces ABC and ACD along the line AC. Place the origin at B.
A
2
1
P
B πê6 D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−1
Q
πê3
−2
C
P=K , 2 O, C = 4 K , – 2 O, Q = C + 2 K , 2 O = I3
3 1 3 1 3 1
2 2 2
3 , – 1M
PQ2 = I 2 3 M + I 2 + 1M = I– 2 3 M + I2M =
1 2 1 2 5 2 3 2 75 9 84
3 –3 4
+ 4
= 4
= 21
PQ = 21
Flatten faces ABD and ACD along the line AD. Place the origin at A.
B
2
P
A πê6 D
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
−1
Q
πê3
−2
C
P =3K , 2 O, C = 4 K , – 2 O, Q = C + 2 K , 2 O = I3
3 1 3 1 3 1
2 2 2
3 , – 1M
PQ2 = I 2 3 M + I 2 + 1M = I– 2 3 M + I2M =
3 2 3 2 3 2 5 2 27 25 52
3 –3 4
+ 4
= 4
= 13
PQ = 13
Thus the minimum distance is 13 .

37) How many ordered pairs (a , b) of real numbers satisfy the equation Ha + b iL2010 = a – b i , where i2 = – 1 ?
Let z = a + b i |z| = |z| ï z 2010

= |z| ï z I z 2009
– 1M = 0 ï |z| = 0 or 1
z2010 = z ï z · z2010 = z · z = 1 ï z2011 = 1 which has 2011 solutions.
|z| = 0 has one solution ï Total number of solutions to z2010 = z is 2011 + 1 = 2012
38L In triangle ABC, —ABC = 45 ° and BC = 3.

Point D is on BC and BD = 1. If —DAB = 15 °,
what is the degree measure of —BAC ?
30°
D
60°
1
120°
1 Q
30°
15° 15°
B A
Draw a perpendicular from C meeting DA at point Q. Connect B to Q.
From DBDA —BDA = 120° ï —CDQ = 60° ï —DCQ = 30°

From right triangle DQA DQ = 1 ï DBDQ is isosceles ï —DBQ =
180 ° – 120 °
2
= 30°.
Thus —QBA = 15° ï DBQA is isosceles ï BQ = QA
DBQC is also isosceles ï BQ = QC. Thus QA = QC ï DCQA is isosceles ï

—QCA = —QAC = 902 ° = 45°
Thus —BAC = 15° + 45° = 60°
39L Let A = H0, – 12L and B = H4 , 0L be points in the

C
plane. If C is a point on the parabola y = x2 , find x
so that the area of triangle ABC is a minimum.
30
20
30
CHx,x2 L
20
10
−2 2 4 6 8
BH4,0L
−10
AH0,–12L
−20
Hx - 4L x2 – 2 (12)(x+x-4) =
1 1 1 1 1
x¥4 2
xIx2 + 12M – 2 2
x3 + 6x – 2
x3 + 2 x2 – 12x + 24
= 2 x2 – 6x + 24
30
20
10 CHx,x2 L
−2 2 4 6 8
BH4,0L
−10
AH0,–12L
−20
x < 4 4 Ix2 + 12M – Ix2 + 12M x – 2 (4 – xL Ix2 ) – 4 H12L = 4 x2 + 48 –

1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
x3 – 6x – 2 x2 + 2
x3 – 24
= 2 x2 – 6x + 24
2 x2 – 6x + 24 = 2 Ix2 – 3 x + 12M = 2 Ix2 – 3 x + + 12M = 2 JIx– 2 M + N

9 9 3 2 39
4
– 4 4
3
Minimum when x = 2 .
40) If the sum of a list of an odd number of consecutive positive integers is 2010, what is the smallest possible integer
in any such list?
n + (n+1) + (n+2) + (n+3) + · · · +(n+2k) = 2010
(2k+1) · n + 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + 2k = 2010
H2 kL H2 k+1L
(2k+1) · n + 2
= 2010
(2k + 1)(n + k) = 2010
2010 = 2 · 3 · 5 · 67
2k + 1 odd ï
2k + 1 = 3 ï k = 1 ï 3(n+1) = 2010 ï n = 669
2k + 1 = 5 ï k = 2 ï 5(n+2) = 2010 ï n = 400
2k + 1 = 15 ï k = 7 ï 7(n+7) = 2010 ï n = 127
2k + 1 = 67 ï k = 33 ï 33(n+67) = 2010 ï n = – 3
Since n decreases as k increases, the smallest positive first integer is n = 127.
⁄
10
k
41) Find the value of . Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
k= 1
k4 + k2 + 1
k 4 + k 2 + 1 = k 4 + 2 k 2 + 1 – k 2 = Ik 2 + 1M – k 2 = Ik 2 + 1 – kM Ik 2 + 1 + kM
2
1 1 k 2 + k – 1 – Ik 2 + k – 1M 2k
2
– 2
= =
k +k–1 k +k+1 k4 + k2 + 1 k4 + k2 + 1
1 1
Let f(k) = ï f(k–1) =
k2 + k + 1 k2 – k + 1
⁄ k + k +1 = ⁄ [f(k–1) – f(k)] = 12 [f(0) – f(a)]

a a
k 1
4 2 2
k= 1 k= 1
⁄ [1 – a +1a + 1 ] = 12 B a a++a a++1 –1 1 F = 12 B a a++a a+ 1 F

a
2 2
1
= 2 2 2 2
k= 1
⁄ k + kk + 1 = 12 [ 100100+ +1010+ 1 E = 2 110

10
55
4 2 H111L
= 111
k= 1
FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 9, 2011
1 1 1 1
1) Evaluate I1 + 10
M I1 + 11 M I1 + 12 M I1 + 13 M. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
+ 2012!
I 2011!
2011! + 2010!
M
2) Simplify the expression . Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
2011
3) The difference of two positive numbers is 4 and the product of the two numbers is 19. Find the sum of the
two numbers.
4) Find the value of Ha + bL2 if ab = – 14 and a2 + b2 = 30 .
5L Consider the circle with diameter AD. If — ABC = 130 °, —CDA = 50 ° C

and —BCA = 20 °, find —BAD. Express your answer in degrees.
B
A D
6) If the length of a rectangle is increased by 40% and the width is decreased by 15%, what is the percentage change in the area of
the rectangle?
7) One day last month, Ray's Reasonably Reliable Repair Service offered the following Saturday special:
"Buy 3 shock absorbers at the regular price and receive an 80% discount on the fourth."
Jerome bought 4 shock absorbers on that day and paid a total of $176. What was the regular price of one shock absorber?
8) The two roots of the quadratic equation x2 - 85 x + c = 0 are prime numbers. What is the value of c?
9) For real numbers x, y and z, define FHx, y, zL = x y + y z + z x. For which real numbers a is FH2, a, a - 1L = FH5, a, a + 1L?
10) Michelle has a collection of marbles, all of which are either blue or green. She is creating pairs of 1 blue marble and 1 green marble.
2 3
After a while, she notices that 3
of all the blue marbles are paired with 5
of all the green marbles. What fraction of Michelle’s
marble collection has been paired up? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
1
11) Find the integer value of the expression log 7 I 8 M ä Ilog 8 25 + log 2 5M ä log 5 49 .
1
12) If sin(x) + cos(x) = 2 , find the value of sin3 HxL + cos3 HxL. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
13L Find the area of the region bounded by the lines x + 2 y = 2, – 4 x + y = 1,
x + 2 y = 11 and x – y = 2.
14L Find the area of the circle that contains the point Q H9, 8L and that is tangent
to the line x – 2 y = 2 at the point P H6, 2L.
15) If log x Iy2 M = 3, determine the value of log y Ix2 M. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
16) When a complex number z is expressed the form z = a + b Â where a and b are real numbers, the modulus (or absolute value)
of z is defined by z = a2 + b2 . Suppose that z + z = 3 + 9 Â. Determine the value of z 2 .
17) Twenty balls numbered 1 to 20 are placed in a jar. Larry reaches into the jar and randomly removes two of the balls.
What is the probability that the sum of the numbers on the two removed balls is a multiple of 3? Express your answer
18) The three vertices of a triangle are points on the graph of the parabola y = x2 . If the x-coordinates of the vertices are the roots
of the cubic equation x3 - 60 x2 + 153 x + 1026 = 0, find the sum of the slopes of the three sides of the triangle.
19) For how many real numbers x will the mean of the set 86, 3, 10, 9, x< be equal to the median?
20) Each side of square ABCD has length 3. Let M and N be points on sides BC and CD respectively such that BM = ND = 1
and let q = — MAN. Find sinHqL.
21) Find the value of the real number x such that 5 + x, 11 + x and 20 + x form a geometric progression in the given order.
22L Find the number of paths from the lower left corner to the
upper right corner of the given grid, if the only allowable moves
are along grid lines upward or to the right.
One such path is shown.
23) If x and z are real number such that 2 x –3 z = – 9 and x + z = 23 , find x + z.
1
24) If sin(a) = 4 , find sin(3a). Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
x– y
25) Let f (x,y) = . Define the sequence 8an < by a1 = f (3,1) and an+1 = f Han , 1L for n ¥ 1. Find a2011 .
x+ y
26) Find the sum of all of the positive real solutions of x2 – 4 – 4 = 1 .
27L Triangle ABC is a 3 - 4 - 5 right triangle with AB = 4. C

Construct the perpendicular AD1 and let AD1 = x1 . Construct the
perpendicular D1 D2 and let D1 D2 = x2 . Construct the perpendicular
D1
D2 D3 and let D2 D3 = x3 . If this process is continued forever,
¶
find ⁄ xk . x1
D3
k= 1 x2
x3
A D2 B
28) Let f (x) = 3 x2 – x. Find all values of x such that f (f(x)) = x .
29L In triangle ABC, —CAB = 30 °, AC = 2 and AB = 5 3 B

Find BC.
5 3
A 30° C
2
30) How many liters of a brine solution with a concentration of 30% salt should be added to 300 liters of brine with a concentration
of 23% salt so that the resulting solution has a concentration of 26% salt?
31) Four horses compete in a race. In how many different orders can the horses cross the finish line, assuming that all four horses
finish the race and that ties are possible?
32L As shown in the sketch, on each side of a square with side length 4, an
interior semicircle is drawn using that side as a diameter. Find the area of
the shaded region.
33) Two large pumps and one small pump can fill a swimming pool in 4 hours. One large pump and three small pumps can
fill the same swimming pool in 4 hours. How many minutes will it take four large pumps and four small pumps, working
together, to fill the swimming pool? (Assume that all large pumps pump at the rate R and all small pumps pump at the rate r.)
34) There are 40 students in the Travel Club. They discovered that 17 members have visited Mexico, 28 have
visited Canada, 10 have been to England, 12 have visited both Mexico and Canada, 3 have been only to
England and 4 have been only to Mexico. Some club members have not been to any of the three foreign
countries and an equal number have been to all three countries. How many students have been
to all three countries?
35) A bag contains 11 candy bars: three cost 50 cents each, four cost 1 dollar each and four cost 2 dollars each.
Three candy bars are randomally chosen from the bag, without replacement. What is the probability that the total
cost of the three candy bars is 4 dollars or more? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
1 1
36) If x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0 and x + > 0, determine the value of x + .
x x
37) Suppose that a and r are real numbers such that the geometric series whose first term is a and whose ratio is r has a sum of 1
and the geometric series whose first term is a3 and whose ratio is r3 has a sum of 3. Find a.
38L Points A = H0, 0L, B = H18, 24L and C = H11, 0L are the vertices of y
triangle ABC. Point P is chosen in the interior of this triangle so that the BH18,24L
area of triangles ABP, APC and PBC are all equal. Find the coordinates of P.
Express your answer as an ordered pair Hx , yL.
x
AH0,0L
CH11,0L
39L Find the distance between the centers of the inscribed and circumscribed circles C
of a right triangle with sides of length 3, 4 and 5.
A B
40) Let S be the set of all 11–digit binary sequences consisting of exactly two ones and nine zeros. For example,
00100000100 and 10000100000 are two of the elements of S. If each element of S is converted to a decimal
integer and all of these decimal integers are summed, what is the value of the sum? Express your answer
as an integer in base 10.
ì ì
41L As shown in the sketch, circular arcs A C and B C have respective centers at C
B and A. Suppose that S is a circle that is tangent to each of these arcs and also
to the line segment joining A and B. Find the radius of S if AB = 24.
A B
ANSWER SHEET (2011)
NAME OF SCHOOL__________________________________________________________________________
TOWN (OR CITY)___________________________________________________________________________
1. 7ê5 22. 474 paths
2. 2013ê2012 23. 265
3. 2 23 24. 11ê16
4. 2 25. – 2
5. 70 degrees 26. 4 + 7
6. 19 percent 27. 12
7. 55 dollars 28. 0 , 2ê3
8. 166 29. 7 units
9. – 7ê8 30. 225 liters
10. 12ê19 31. 75 orders
11. – 10 32. 8π – 16 square units
12. 11ê16 33. 100 minutes
13. 27ê2 square units 34. 4 students
14. 125πê4 square units 35. 14ê33
15. 4ê3 36. H–1+ 5 Lê2
16. 225 37. 3ê2
17. 32ê95 38. H29ê3,8L
18. 120 39. 5 ê2 units
19. 3 40. 20470
20. 4ê5 41. 9 units
21. 7
FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 9, 2011
1) Evaluate I1 + M I1 + 11 M I1 + 12 M I1 + 13 M.
1 1 1 1
10
I 10 M I 11 M I 12 M I 13 M =
11 12 13 14 14 7
10
= 5
I 2011! + 2012!
2011! + 2010!
M
2) Simplify the expression . Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
2011
I 2011! + 2012!
2011! + 2010!
M 2011! H1 + 2012L
2010! H2011+1L
2011 H2013L
2012 2013
= = =
2011 2011 2011 2012
3) The difference of two positive numbers is 4 and the product of the two numbers is 19. Find the sum of the
two numbers.
x–y=4 (1)
xy = 19 (2)
(1) ï y = x – 4 (2) ï x(x – 4) = 19 ï x2 – 4x – 19 = 0
4≤ 16 + 76 4≤ 4 H23L
x= 2
= 2
=2± 23
y=x–4 ï y=–2± 23
x+y= 2± 23 + (– 2 ± 23 ) = 2 23
4) Find the value of Ha + bL2 if ab = – 14 and a2 + b2 = 30 .
Ha + bL2 = a2 + 2 ab + b2 = 30 + 2(–14) = 2
5L Consider the circle with diameter AD. If — ABC = 130 °, —CDA = 50 ° C

and —BCA = 20 °, find —BAD. Express your answer in degrees.
20° 90°
B
130°
30°
50°
A D
—BAC = 180° – 130° – 20° = 30°
—CAD = 180° – 90° – 50° = 40°
—BAD = 30° + 40° = 70°
6) If the length of a rectangle is increased by 40% and the width is decreased by 15%, what is the percentage change in the area of
the rectangle?
(1.4L)(.85W) = 1.19LW
Change = 19%
7) One day last month, Ray's Reasonably Reliable Repair Service offered the following Saturday special:
"Buy 3 shock absorbers at the regular price and receive an 80% discount on the fourth."
Jerome bought 4 shock absorbers on that day and paid a total of $176. What was the regular price of one shock absorber?
1
3x + 5 x = 176
16
5
x = 176
5
x = 176 · 16
x = 55
8) The two roots of the quadratic equation x2 - 85 x + c = 0 are prime numbers. What is the value of c?
Let a and b be the roots of the quadratic ï x2 - 85 x + c = (x – a)(x – b) = x2 – (a + b)x + ab
Thus a + b = 85 and ab = c
a + b odd ï one is even and the other is odd . Thus one of a and b must be 2 ï the other is 83.
Hence ab = 2(83) = 166
9) For real numbers x, y and z, define FHx, y, zL = x y + y z + z x. For which real numbers a is FH2, a, a - 1L = FH5, a, a + 1L?
FH2, a, a - 1L = FH5, a, a + 1L ï 2a + a (a – 1) + 2 (a – 1) = 5a + a (a + 1) + 5 (a + 1)
7
2a + a2 – a + 2a – 2 = 5a + a2 + a + 5a + 5 ï 3a – 2 = 11a + 5 ï 8a = – 7 ï a = – 8
10) Michelle has a collection of marbles, all of which are either blue or green. She is creating pairs of 1 blue marble and 1 green marble.
2 3
After a while, she notices that 3
of all the blue marbles are paired with 5
of all the green marbles. What fraction of Michelle’s
marble collection has been paired up? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
Let B = number of blue marbles, G = number of green marbles, T = total number of marbles and x = fraction of total paired.
2 3
3
B = 5 G and B + G = T
2 3 3 3 9
3
B = 5G ï B = 2
· 5
G = 10
G
2 3 3 3 9
3
B + 5 G = xT ï 5
G + 5 G = x(B + G) = xI 10 G + GM
6 19 6 10 12
5
G =x· 10
G ï x= 5
· 19
= 19
11) Find the integer value of the expression log 7 I 8 M ä Ilog 8 25 + log 2 5M ä log 5 49 .
1
1 2 5
log8 25 = log23 25 = 3
log2 52 = 3
log2 5 ï log 8 25 + log 2 5 = 3
log2 5
log7 I 8 M = – log7 8 = – log7 23 = – 3 log7 2

1
2
log5 49 = log5 72 = 2 log5 7 = log7 5
log7 I 8 M · ( log 8 25 + log 2 5) · log5 49 = – 3log7 2 ·

1 5 2 log7 2 log2 5
3
log2 5 · log7 5
= – 10 log7 5
· log2 5 = – 10 log2 5
= – 10
12) If sin(x) + cos(x) = 2 , find the value of sin3 HxL + cos3 HxL. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
1
(sin(x) + cosHxLL3 = sin3 HxL + 3 sin2 HxL cosHxL + 3 sinHxL cos2 HxL + cos3 HxL
I2M = = sin3 HxL + cos3 HxL + 3 sinHxL cosHxL[sin(x) + cos(x)]

1 3 1
8
(sin(x) + cosHxLL2 = sin2 HxL + 2 sinHxL cosHxL + cos2 HxL
I 2 M = sin2 HxL + cos2 HxL + 2 sinHxL cosHxL ï

1 2 1 3
4
= 1 + 2sin(x)cos(x) ï sin(x)cos(x) = – 8
= sin3 HxL + cos3 HxL + 3 ÿ I–I 8 MMA 2 E ï sin3 HxL + cos3 HxL =
1 3 1 1 9 11
8 8
+ 16
= 16
13L Find the area of the region bounded by the lines x + 2 y = 2, – 4 x + y = 1,

x + 2 y = 11 and x – y = 2.
–4x+y=1
x+2y=11
H1,5L
1 4
2
4 H5,3L
H0,1L 3
H2,0L
1 3
2
x+2y=2
x–y=2
Solving the equations for the straight lines in pairs gives the intersection points (0,1), (2,0), (5,3) and (1,5).
Construct the rectangle with vertices (0,0), (5,0), (5,5) and (0,5).
The desired are is the area of the rectangle minus the area of the four right triangles as indicated.
1 1 1 1 1 1 50 – 23 27
Area = 5(5) – 2 (1)(2) – 2 (3)(3) – 2 (4)(2) – 2 (1)(4) = 25 – 2 (2 + 9 + 8 + 4) = 25 – 2 (23) = 2
= 2
14L Find the area of the circle that contains the point Q H9, 8L and that is tangent
to the line x – 2 y = 2 at the point P H6, 2L.
QH9,8L
CHa,bL
PH6,2L
b–2
a–6
= – 2 ï b – 2 = – 2a + 12 ï 2a +b = 14 (1)
(a – 9L2 + (b – 8L2 = (a – 6L2 + (b – 2L2
a2 – 18a + 81 + b2 – 16b + 64 = a2 – 12a + 36 + b2 – 4b + 4 ï – 6a – 12b = – 105 ï 2a + 4b = 35 (2)
2a +b = 14
2a + 4b = 35 subtract
7
3b = 21 ﬂ b = 7 ï a = 2
radius2 = I 2 – 9M + (7 – 8L2 = I– M + H–1L2 =

7 2 11 2 121 125
2 4
+1= 4
125
area = 4
p
15) If log x Iy2 M = 3, determine the value of log y Ix2 M. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
log x Iy2 M = 3 ï 2 logx y = 3 ï logx y =

3 2 4
2
ï log y x = 3
ï log y x2 = 3
16) When a complex number z is expressed the form z = a + b Â where a and b are real numbers, the modulus (or absolute value)
of z is defined by z = a2 + b2 . Suppose that z + z = 3 + 9 Â. Determine the value of z 2 .
z=a+bÂ ï z + |z|=a+ bi+ a2 + b2 = 3 + 9 i ï b = 9 and a + a2 + 81 = 3
a+ a2 + 81 = 3 ï a2 + 81 = 3 – a
a2 + 81 = 9 – 6a + a2 ï 6a = – 72 ï a = – 12
z 2
= a2 + b2 = H–12L2 + 92 = 144 + 81 = 225
17) Twenty balls numbered 1 to 20 are placed in a jar. Larry reaches into the jar and randomly removes two of the balls.
What is the probability that the sum of the numbers on the two removed balls is a multiple of 3? Express your answer
The total number of pairs chosen from 20 = K O=

20 20! 20 ÿ 19
2! ÿ 18!
= 2
= 190
2
i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
i mod 3 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2
The sum of the two number chosen is divisible by three if the sum = 0 mod 3. This can happen if both numbers are
0 mod 3 or one is 1 mod 3 and the other is 2 mod 3.
7 7
Thus the number of pairs is K O + K O · K O = 15 + 49 = 64
6
2 1 1
64 32
The probability that the sum is divisible by 3 = 190
= 95
18) The three vertices of a triangle are points on the graph of the parabola y = x2 . If the x-coordinates of the vertices are the roots
of the cubic equation x3 - 60 x2 + 153 x + 1026 = 0, find the sum of the slopes of the three sides of the triangle.
Let a, b and c be the roots. The corresponding point on the parabola are Ia, a2 M, Ib, b2 M and Ic, c2 M.
b2 – a2 c2 – b2 a2 – c2
The sum of the slopes is b–a
+ c–b
+ a–c = b + a + c + a + a + c = 2(a + b + c)
x3 - 60 x2 + 153 x + 1026 = Hx – aL Hx – bL Hx – cL = x3 – Ha + b + cL x2 + (ab + ac + bc)x – abc ï a + b + c = 60
Sum of the slopes = 2(a + b + c) = 2(60) = 120
19) For how many real numbers x will the mean of the set 86, 3, 10, 9, x< be equal to the median?
83, 6, 9, 10, x< ï 3 + 6 + 9 + 10 + x = 28 + x ï 9 =

28 + x
1) 5
ï 45 = 28 + x ï x = 17
2) 83, 6, 9, x, 10< ï 9=
28 + x
5
ï 45 = 28 + x ï x = 17 â
83, 6, x, 9, 10<
28 + x
3) ï x= 5
ï 5x = 28 + x ï 4x = 28 ï x = 7
4) 83, x, 6, 9, 10< ï 6=
28 + x
5
ï 30 = 28 + x ï x = 2 â
8x, 3, 6, 9, 10<
28 + x
5) ï 6= 5
ï 30 = 28 + x ï x = 2 ï x = 7
Thus there are 3 possible values of x.
20) Each side of square ABCD has length 3. Let M and N be points on sides BC and CD respectively such that BM = ND = 1
and let q = — MAN. Find sinHqL.
N
D C
1 2
3
N
D C
1 2
2 2 2
3 10
M
10
1
θ
A B
3
By the law of cosines I2 2 M = I 10 M + I 10 M – 2 ·

2 2 2
10 · 10 · cos(q)
12 3 4
8 = 10 + 10 – 20 cos(q) ï cos(q) = 20
= 5
ï sin(q) = 5
21) Find the value of the real number x such that 5 + x, 11 + x and 20 + x form a geometric progression in the given order.
11 + x 20 + x
5+x
= 11 + x
(11 + xL2 = (5 + x)(20 + x) ï 121 + 22x + x2 = 100 + 25x + x2 ï 21 = 3x ï x = 7
22L Find the number of paths from the lower left corner to the
upper right corner of the given grid, if the only allowable moves
are along grid lines upward or to the right.
One such path is shown.
1 7 13 39 105 237 474
1 6 6 26 66 132 237
1 5 20 40 66 105
1 4 10 20 20 26 39
1 3 6 10 6 13
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
OR
6+6 4+2 2+4 2+4 4+2
K O–K OK O–K OK O = 474
6 4 2 2 4
23) If x and z are real number such that 2 x –3 z = – 9 and x + z = 23 , find x + z.
Adding the given equations:
–5 y = –55 ï y = 11 ï x = 12 ï x + y = 144 + 121 = 265
1
24) If sin(a) = 4 , find sin(3a). Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
α
15
sin(3a) = sin(2a)cos(a) + cos(2a)sin(a) = 2sin(a)cos(a)cos(a) + Icos2 HaL –sin2 IaMM sinHaL
sin(3a) = sinHaLA3 cos2 HaL – sin2 HaLE = I3 µ M

1 15 1 1 44 11
4 16
– 16
= 4
ÿ 16 = 16
x– y
25) Let f (x,y) = x + y . Define the sequence 8an < by a1 = f (3,1) and an+1 = f Han , 1L for n ¥ 1. Find a2011 .
3–1 1
a1 = 3+1
= 2
1 –1
–1 1
2 2
a2 = 1
= 3
=– 3
+1
2 2
1 –4
– –1
3 3
a3 = 1
= 2
=–2
– +1
2 3
–2 – 1 –3
a4 = –2 + 1
= –1
=3
k = 0 mod 4 ï ak = 3
1
k = 1 mod 4 ï ak = 2
–1
k = 2 mod 4 ï ak = 3
k = 3 mod 4 ï ak = –2
2011 mod 4 = 3 ï a2011 = – 2
26) Find the sum of all of the positive real solutions of x2 – 4 – 4 = 1 .

»»x2 −4»−4» = 1
»x2 −4»−4» = 1 »x2 −4»−4 = −1

»x2 −4» = 5 »x2 −4» = 3
x2 −4 = 5 x2 −4 = 3 x2 −4 = −3
x2 −4 = −5
x2 = 9 x2 = 7 x2 = 1
x2 = −1
x = 3 x = 7 x = 1
Sum = 1 + 3 + 7 =4+ 7
27L Triangle ABC is a 3 - 4 - 5 right triangle with AB = 4. C

Construct the perpendicular AD1 and let AD1 = x1 . Construct the
perpendicular D1 D2 and let D1 D2 = x2 . Construct the perpendicular
D1
D2 D3 and let D2 D3 = x3 . If this process is continued forever,
⁄ xk .
¶
D3
find
k= 1
x1 x2
x3
A D2 B
C
α
D1
α
D3
x1 α
x2
x3
x4 x
5
α α
A B
D2 D4
3 x1 12
cos(a) = 5
cos(a) = 4
ï x1 = 5
I M
4 x2 4 12
sin(a) = 5
sin(a) = x1
ï x2 = 5 5
ï x3 = I 5 M I M
4 x3 4 2 12
sin(a) = 5
sin(a) = x2 5
ï x4 = I 5 M I M
4 x4 4 3 12
sin(a) = 5
sin(a) = x3 5
In general xn = I 5 M I5M
4 n – 1 12
⁄ xk = 125 +
¶
I5M I M + I5M I M + I5M I M
4 1 12 4 2 12 4 3 12
5 5 5
+· · ·
k= 1
⁄ xk = 125 (1 +
¶
I5M + I5M + I5M + · · · ) =
4 1 4 2 4 3 12 1
5 1– 4
= 12
k= 1 5
28) Let f (x) = 3 x2 – x. Find all values of x such that f (f(x)) = x .
f (f (x)) = x ï f I3 x2 –xM = x ï 3 I3 x2 –xM – I3 x2 –xM = x

2
ï
3 I9 x4 –6 x3 + x2 M – 3 x2 + x = x ï 9 x4 – 6 x3 = 0 ï x3 H9 x – 6L = 0 ï x = 0 ,
2
3
29L In triangle ABC, —CAB = 30 °, AC = 2 and AB = 5 3 B

Find BC.
5 3
A 30° C
2
By the law of cosines:
BC2 = 22 + I5 3 M –2· 2· 5
2
3 cos(30°)
3
BC2 = 4 + 75 – 20 3 · 2
= 79 – 30 = 49 ï BC = 7
OR
5 3
5 3
2
11
x = 2
30° 2
A
B D
CD 1 5 3
= sin(30°) = 2
ï CD = 2
5 3
2+x 3 15 11
= cos(30°) = 2
ï 2+x= 2
ï x= 2
5 3
2
BC2 = K O +I M
5 3 11 2 75 121 196
2 2
= 4
+ 4
= 4
= 49 ï BC = 7
30) How many liters of a brine solution with a concentration of 30% salt should be added to 300 liters of brine with a concentration
of 23% salt so that the resulting solution has a concentration of 26% salt?
9 900
0.3 B + 300(0.23) = (B + 300)(0.26) ï 0.3 B + 69 = 0.26 B + 78 ï 0.04 B = 9 ï B = 0.04
= 4
= 225
31) Four horses compete in a race. In how many different orders can the horses cross the finish line, assuming that all four horses
finish the race and that ties are possible?
0 tied: 4! = 24
4
2 tied: pick 2 from 4 arrange in 3! ways K O 3! = 6 · 6 = 36
2
4
3 tied: pick 3 from 4 arrange in 2! ways K O 2! = 4 · 2 = 8
3
4
4 tied: either all 4 or two and two all four 1 way, two and two pick two from 4 to be first 1 + K O=1+6
2
Total = 24 + 36 + 8 + 7 = 75
32L As shown in the sketch, on each side of a square with side length 4, an
interior semicircle is drawn using that side as a diameter. Find the area of
the shaded region.
4A + 4B = 42
2A + B = 2 p H2L2
1
A + B = 16
2A + B = 2p
A = 2p – 4
4 = 8p – 16
33) Two large pumps and one small pump can fill a swimming pool in 4 hours. One large pump and three small pumps can
fill the same swimming pool in 4 hours. How many minutes will it take four large pumps and four small pumps, working
together, to fill the swimming pool? (Assume that all large pumps pump at the rate R and all small pumps pump at the rate r.)
Let L = rate of a large pump and S = rate for a small pump.
1
2L+S
= 4 ï 8L + 4S = 1 (1)
1
L+3S
= 4 ï 4L + 12S = 1 (2)
1
(1) – 2(2) ï 1 = 20S ï S = 20
1 = 8L + 4 I 20 M = 8L +
1 1 1
5
ï L= 10
1 1 1 1 5
t= = = = = hours = 100 minutes
4 L+4S 4J N+4J N
1 1 2 1 3 3
+
10 20 5 5 5
34) There are 40 students in the Travel Club. They discovered that 17 members have visited Mexico, 28 have
visited Canada, 10 have been to England, 12 have visited both Mexico and Canada, 3 have been only to
England and 4 have been only to Mexico. Some club members have not been to any of the three foreign
countries and an equal number have been to all three countries. How many students have been
to all three countries?
Mexico Canada
a b c
d f
g
e
England
From the given information:
a + b + c + d + e + f + g + e = 40 (1)
a + b + e + d =17 (2)
b + c + e + f = 28 (3)
d + e + f + g = 10 (4)
b + e = 12 (5)
g=3 (6)
a=4 (7)
(2), (5) and (7) ï 4 + 12 + d = 17 ï d = 1 (8)
(3) and (5) ï 12 + c + f = 28 ï c + f = 16 (9)
(1), (7), (5), (9), (8) and (6) ï 4 + 12 + 16 + 1 + 3 + e = 40 ï e = 4
35) A bag contains 11 candy bars: three cost 50 cents each, four cost 1 dollar each and four cost 2 dollars each.
Three candy bars are randomly chosen from the bag, without replacement. What is the probability that the total
cost of the three candy bars is 4 dollars or more? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
Number of ways to pick 3 bars out of 11 = K O=
11 11! 11 ÿ 10 ÿ 9 ÿ 8! 11 ÿ 10 ÿ 9
3! ÿ 8!
= 3 ÿ 2 ÿ 8!
= 3ÿ2
= 11 · 5 · 3 = 165
3
Ways to get 3 bars costing $4 or more:
4
$2 + $2 + $2 K O=4
3
4 4
$2 + $2 + $1 K O · K O = 6(4) = 24
2 1
4
K O · K O = 6(3) = 18
3
$2 + $2 + $.5
2 1
4 4
$2 + $1 + $1 K O · K O = 4(6) = 24
1 2
Total number = 4 + 24 + 18 + 24 = 70
70 14
p= 165
= 33
1 1
36) If x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0 and x + > 0, determine the value of x + .
x x
x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 = 0
x2 Ix2 + x + 1 + M=0
1 1
+
x x2
x2 Ix2 +
1 1
+ 2 +x + – 1M = 0
x2 x
x2 JIx + M + Ix + M
1 2 1
x x
– 1N = 0
1 –1 ≤ 1+4 –1 ≤ 5
x+ x
= 2
= 2
1 1 –1 + 5
x+ x
>0 ï x+ x
= 2
37) Suppose that a and r are real numbers such that the geometric series whose first term is a and whose ratio is r has a sum of 1
and the geometric series whose first term is a3 and whose ratio is r3 has a sum of 3. Find a.
a
a + a r + a r2 + a r3 + · · · = 1–r
=1 (1)
a3
a3 + a3 r3 + a3 r6 + a3 r9 + · · · = =3 (2)
1 – r3
(1) ï a = 1 – r ï r = 1 – a
(2) ï a3 = 3 I1 – r3 M
Substituting r = 1 – a ï a3 = 3A1 – H1 – aL3 E
a3 = 3A1– 91 – 3 a + 3 a2 – a3 =E = 9a – 9 a2 + 3 a3
2 a3 – 9 a2 + 9a = 0
3
aI2 a2 – 9 a + 9M = 0 ï a(2a – 3)(a – 3) = 0 ï a = 0, 2
or 3
a = 0 ï series sums to 0 ×
a=
3
2
ï r=–
1
2

a = 3 ï r = – 2 series is divergent ×
3
Thus a = 2
38L Points A = H0, 0L, B = H18, 24L and C = H11, 0L are the vertices of y
triangle ABC. Point P is chosen in the interior of this triangle so that the BH18,24L
area of triangles ABP, APC and PBC are all equal. Find the coordinates of P.
Express your answer as an ordered pair Hx , yL.
x
AH0,0L
CH11,0L
25 BH18,24L
20
15
30 25
10
P "h2
"h3
5
"h1
CH11,0L
AH0,0L 5 10 15
H11L H24L = 132 ï Area DABP = DAPC = DPBC =

1 132
Area of DABC = 2 3
= 44
Let P = ( xp , h1 )
H11L Hh1 L = 44 ï h1 = 8
1
2
H30L Hh3 L = 44 ï h3 =
1 44
2 15
24 4
The line through A and B has equation y = 18
x or 3
x–y=0
4 4
xp – 8 44 xp – 8 44
3
Using the distance from a point to a line formula = 15
ï 3
5
= 15
J N + 12
4 2 3
3
4 5 44 116 3 116 29
3
xp = 3
ÿ 15 + 8 = 9
ï xp = 4
ÿ 9
= 3
29
(xp , h1 ) = I 3
, 8M
39L Find the distance between the centers of the inscribed and circumscribed circles C
of a right triangle with sides of length 3, 4 and 5.
A B
D
4
5
E
A 3 B
Let D be the center of the circumscribed circle, E the center of the inscribed circle and r the radius of the inscribed circle.
= I 2 , 2M
C–A 3
If A = (0,0), B = (3,0) and C = (3,4), then D = 2
1 1 1 1
The area of the triangle can be computed as 2
(3)(4) = 2 r(3) + 2 r(4) + 2 r(5) ï 12 = 12r ï r = 1
Thus E = (3 – 1 , 1) = (2 , 1).
DE2 = I2– 2 M + H1 – 2L2 =

3 2 1 5 5
4
+1= 4
ï DE = 2
40) Let S be the set of all 11–digit binary sequences consisting of exactly two ones and nine zeros. For example,
00100000100 and 10000100000 are two of the elements of S. If each element of S is converted to a decimal
integer and all of these decimal integers are summed, what is the value of the sum? Express your answer
as an integer in base 10.
11 H11 –1L 11 H10L

There are K O=
11
2
ways to place the two ones. The total number of ones is then 2· 2
= 11(10).
2
The ones are equally distributed in the n possible places, so each place will have 10 ones.
Sum = (10) A20 + 21 + 21 + ÿ ÿ ÿ 210 E
Sum = H10L A211 – 1E

Sum = H10L I211 –1M = (10)(2048 – 1) = 20470
ì ì
41L As shown in the sketch, circular arcs A C and B C have respective centers at C
B and A. Suppose that S is a circle that is tangent to each of these arcs and also
to the line segment joining A and B. Find the radius of S if AB = 24.
A B
r
r
x
12
A B
F
AE = AB = radius of circular arc BC = 24 ï 2r + x = 24 ï x = 24 – 2r
From triangle AFG Hr + xL2 = r2 + 122
Substituting for x Hr + 24 – 2 rL2 = r2 + 122 ï H24 – rL2 = r2 + 122
432
242 – 48r + r2 = r2 + 122 ï 576 – 48r = 144 ï 48r = 432 ï r = 48
=9
FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 14, 2012
1) What is the smallest positive integer n such that 2n + 1 and 3n + 1 are both primes?
2) Every student in Ms. Math’s class took the AP Calculus Exam and received a score of either a 4 or a 5. If 32 of the students earned
a 5 and that was 80% of the class, how many students earned a 4 on the AP Exam?
1
3) Express 3 as a rational number in lowest terms.
2+ 5
4+ 6
ëëë ë
4L M , A, B and N are collinear with MA = AB = BN. Arcs MA , AN , NB and MB
are all semicircles. If MN = 9, what is the perimeter of the shaded region ?
1 1
5) If p and q are the roots of the equation x2 – 6 x + 2 = 0, find the value of + .
p q
6) Among the 41 students in a class,

12 have a cat,
5 have a dog,
8 have a robot,
2 have a cat and a dog,
6 have a cat and a robot,
3 have a dog and a robot, and
1 has a cat, a dog and a robot.
How many students have neither a cat nor a dog nor a robot?
7) The total cost of tickets to the school play for one adult and 3 children is $27. If the cost of a ticket for an adult is $1 more than
the cost of a ticket for a child, what is the cost of an adult ticket?
8) A line passing through the points (3 , – 6) and (9 , 3) intersects the x-axis at the point (a , 0). What is the value of a ?
3 Hn !L f H4L
9) Let f (n) = . Find .
H3 nL! f H5L
1 1
10) For non-zero real numbers a and b, define a * b = a b – – . What is the value of (1 * 2) * 3 ?
a b
11L Two circles, one of radius 3 and the other of radius 5, are externally tangent and are
internally tangent to a larger circle. What is the area of the shaded region inside
the larger circle that is not contained in either of the two smaller circles?
12) Find all values of k so that the curves y = x2 – 3 k x –1 and y = 9 k x – 17 intersect in exactly one point.
13) Find all real numbers x such that 4–x + 4 + x = 2x.
2 2
14) Let x and y be two positive real numbers such that logx HyL + log y HxL = 3. Find the value of Ilogx HyLM + Ilog y HxLM .
15) Let g be a function such that 3g(x) + 2g(1 – x) = 9 + 2x. Find the value of g(2).
16) Find the exact value of cos3 (15°) sin(15°) – cos(15°) sin3 H15 °L .
17) What integer n satisfies n < 5+2 2 + 5–2 2 < n + 1?
18) In a random arrangement of the letters of GREENMOUNTAINS, what is the probability that the vowels are in alphabetical
order within the arrangement? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
19) If q is an acute angle such that tan(q) = 2, find the value of cos(4q). Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
20) Find the area of the region in the plane consisting of all points (x , y) that satisfy | 4x – 8 | § y § 12 .
21) Find all positive real numbers x such that log2 HxL + log2 Hx – 12L = 6 .
x
22) Let f be a function such that f I 5 M = x2 + x + 2 . Find the sum of all values of w such that f (5w) = 2012.
23) Suppose that 9a = 12, 12b = 15, 15c = 18, 18d = 21, 21e = 24 and 24 f = 27.
What is the value of a · b · c · d · e · f ?
24) If x, y and z are positive real numbers such that x y = 40, x z = 60 and y z = 96, what is the value of x + y + z ?
25) Let S = 95, 52 , 53 , ÿ ÿ ÿ , 510 =. Suppose that a and b are distinct integers chosen from S.
For how many ordered pairs Ha, bL is loga b an integer?
D C
A B
26L Square ABCD has side length 6. A semicircle whose diameter is AB is drawn D C
internally. The line that is tangent to the semicircle at T and passes through
vertex C intersects side AD at E. Find ET.
A B
27) Let S be the set of all three-digit positive integers, each of whose digits is 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 or 9. For example, 197 and 331 are two
elements in S. How many integers in S are divisible by 3?
28) Consider the binary sequence 01001000100001000001··· , where each block of 0’s contains one more 0 that the
preceding block of 0’s. Note that the first 1 appears in position 2. In what position does the 200th 1 appear?
1
29) Define the sequence 8a n < by a1 = 2012 and a n = 1 – a for n ¥ 2. Find a 2012 .
n–1
30) Let a1 , a2 , a3 and a4 be positive real numbers. If a0 = 20, a5 = 12 and ak = ak–1 ak+1 for k = 1, 2, 3 and 4, find a4 .
31) Let S = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 }. Let T be a subset consisting of three distinct elements chosen randomly from S.
What is the probability that the elements of T can be arranged to form an arithmetic progression with positive common
difference? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
32) Determine the integer m so that the equation x4 – H3 m + 2L x2 + m2 = 0 has four real roots in arithmetic progression.
33L Right triangle ABC has AB = 24, AC = 32 and BC = 40. Points D and E are C
chosen on sides BC and AC respectively so that triangle ADE is similar to
triangle ABC and AE > AD > DE. Find the area of triangle ADE.
E
A B
34) In how many ways can the squares in a 2 by 5 array be colored red (R), green (G) or blue (B) so that no two
squares with a common edge are the same color? One such example is
RBGBR .
BGBRB
2
35L Let S1 be a square with side length 8
. A sequence of smaller squares is
constructed by joining the midpoints of the sides of each previous square to
form a new square. That is, the corners of square S2 are the midpoints of the
sides of square S1 ; the corners of square S3 are the midpoints of square S2 ;
and so on. The first 5 such squares are shown in the figure. Let Pi be the
¶
perimeter of square Si . Find ⁄ Pk .
k= 1
¶
36) Express ⁄ k
11k
k= 1
37) If x + y + z = 2, xyz = 12 and xy + xz + yz = 5, find the value of x3 + y3 + z3 .
20122
38) Let s = ⁄ 2012 k . Find the remainder when s is divided by 7.
k= 0
39) How many positive perfect cubes divide the product 1! ä 2! ä 3! ä · · · ä 10! ?
40L Let S be the square with vertices H0, 0L, H3, 0L, H3, 3L and H0, 3L. H1,3L H2,3L
Each side of this square is trisected and the points of trisection H0,3L H3,3L
are joined as indicated in the sketch to form two overlapping
squares. Find the area of the region common to these two
squares.
H0,2L H3,2L
H0,1L H3,1L
H0,0L H3,0L
H1,0L H2,0L
41L Two circles of radius 16 have their centers on the

circumference of each other. AB is the diameter
of the right–hand circle that passes through the
centers of the two circles. A smaller circle is constructed
tangent to AB and the two given circles as in the sketch.
A B
Find the radius of the smaller circle.
ANSWER SHEET (2012)
NAME OF SCHOOL__________________________________________________________________________
TOWN (OR CITY)___________________________________________________________________________
1. 2 22. – 1ê25
2. 8 students 23. 3ê2
3. 29ê76 24. 25
4. 9π units 25. 17 ordered pairs
5. 3 26. 3ê2 units
6. 26 students 27. 41
7. 7.50 dollars 28. 20300
8. 7 29. – 1ê2011
9. 546 30. 3ê5
10. – 5ê6 31. 4ê21
11. 30π square units 32. 6
12. ± 2ê3 33. 150 square units
13. 15 ê2 34. 486
14. 7 35. 2 + 1
15. 5 36. 11ê100
16. 3 ê8 37. 14
17. 4 38. 2
18. 1ê360 39. 468
19. – 7ê25 40. 25ê6 square units
20. 36 square units 41. 4 3 units
21. 16
FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 14, 2012
1) What is the smallest positive integer n such that 2n + 1 and 3n + 1 are both primes?
n 2n+1 3n+1
1 3 4
2 5 7
n=2
2) Every student in Ms. Math’s class took the AP Calculus Exam and received a score of either a 4 or a 5. If 32 of the students earned
a 5 and that was 80% of the class, how many students earned a 4 on the AP Exam?
Let n = number of students.
32 320
0.8 n = 32 ï n = 0.8
= 8
= 40
Number scoring 4 = n – 32 40 – 32 = 8
1
2+ 5
4+ 6
1 1 1 1 29
3 = 3 = 18 = 76
= 76
2+ 2 + 29 2+ 29 29
5
4+ 6 6
4L M , A, B and N are collinear with MA = AB = BN. Arcs MA , AN , NB and MB

ëëë ë
are all semicircles. If MN = 9, what is the perimeter of the shaded region ?
P = 2 pI 2 M + 2p(3) = 3p + 6p = 9p
3
1 1
5) If p and q are the roots of the equation x2 – 6 x + 2 = 0, find the value of + .
p q
(x – p)(x – q) = x2 – H p + qL x + pq = x2 – 6 x + 2 ï pq = 2 and p + q = 6
1 1 p+q 6
+ = = =3
p q pq 2
6) Among the 41 students in a class,

12 have a cat,
5 have a dog,
8 have a robot,
2 have a cat and a dog,
6 have a cat and a robot,
3 have a dog and a robot, and
1 has a cat, a dog and a robot.
How many students have neither a cat nor a dog nor a robot?
Dog Cat
1 1 5
1
2 5
Robot
None = 41 – (1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 5 + 5) = 41 – 15 = 26
7) The total cost of tickets to the school play for one adult and 3 children is $27. If the cost of a ticket for an adult is $1 more than
the cost of a ticket for a child, what is the cost of an adult ticket?
A = cost of adult ticket and C = cost of child ticket.
30
A + 3C = 27 ï A + 3(A – 1) = 27 ï 4A = 30 ï A = 4
= 7.50
8) A line passing through the points (3 , – 6) and (9 , 3) intersects the x-axis at the point (a , 0). What is the value of a ?
H9,3L
Ha,0L
H3,−6L
3 6
9–a
= a–3
ï 3a – 9 = 54 – 6a ï 9a = 63 ï a = 7
3 Hn !L f H4L
9) Let f (n) =
H3 nL! f H5L
. Find .
3 ÿ 4!
f H4L 12! 3 ÿ 4! 15! 15 ÿ 14 ÿ 13
= 3 ÿ 14 ÿ 13 = 546
f H5L
= 3 ÿ 5! = · =
12! 3 ÿ 5! 5
15!
1 1
10) For non-zero real numbers a and b, define a * b = a b – – . What is the value of (1 * 2) * 3 ?
a b
1 1 3 1
1 * 2 = 1(2) – 1
– 2
=2– 2
= 2
1 1 1 1 3 1 3 7 9 – 14 5
2
* 3 = 2 (3) – 1
– 3
= 2
–2– 3
= 2
– 3
= 6
=– 6
2
11L Two circles, one of radius 3 and the other of radius 5, are externally tangent and are
internally tangent to a larger circle. What is the area of the shaded region inside
the larger circle that is not contained in either of the two smaller circles?
5+5+3+3
R= 2
= 8 = radius of the large circle
Area = pI82 M – pI52 M – pI32 M = p(64 – 25 – 9) = 30p
12) Find all values of k so that the curves y = x2 – 3 k x –1 and y = 9 k x – 17 intersect in exactly one point.
x2 – 3 k x–1 = 9 k x – 17
x2 – 3 k x - 9 k x – 1 + 17 = 0
x2 – 12 k x + 16 = 0
12 k ≤ H12 kL2 –4 H16L

x= 2
For a single solution H12 kL2 –4 H16L = 0 ï H12 kL2 = 4(16) ï 12k = ± 8 ï k = ±
2
3
13) Find all real numbers x such that 4–x + 4 + x = 2x.
Square both sides:
4–x+4+x+2 16 – x2 = 4 x2
2 16 – x2 = 4 x2 – 8 ï 16 – x2 = 2 x2 – 4
16 – x2 = 4 x4 – 16 x2 + 16
4 x4 – 15 x2 = 0
x2 I4 x2 – 15M = 0 ï x = 0 or ±
15
2
15
Checking yields the only solution is x = 2
14) Let x and y be two positive real numbers such that logx HyL + log y HxL = 3. Find the value of Ilogx HyLM + Ilog y HxLM .
2 2
Ilogx HyL + log y HxLM = 32

2
Ilogx HyLM + Ilog y HxLM + 2 logx HyL log y HxL = 9 Using logx HyL =
2 2 1
log y HxL
Ilogx HyLM + Ilog y HxLM + 2 = 9 ï Ilogx HyLM + Ilog y HxLM

2 2 2 2
=7
15) Let g be a function such that 3g(x) + 2g(1 – x) = 9 + 2x. Find the value of g(2).
Substituting x = 2 and x = – 1
3g(2) + 2g(–1) = 9 + 4
3g(–1) + 2g(2) = 9 – 2
3g(2) + 2g(–1) = 13
2g(2) + 3g(–1) = 7
Multiplying by 3 and 2
9g(2) + 6g(–1) = 39
4g(2) + 6g(–1) = 14
Subtract
5g(2) = 25 ï g(2) = 5
16) Find the exact value of cos3 (15°) sin(15°) – cos(15°) sin3 H15 °L .
Factoring cos3 (15°) sin(15°) – cos(15°) sin3 H15 °L = cos(15°) sin(15°)[cos2 (15°) – sin2 H15 °L]
Using the identities sin(2a) = 2cos(a)sin(a) and cos(2a) = cos2 HaL – sin2 HaL
cos3 (15°) sin(15°) – cos(15°) sin3 H15 °L = I2M K O=

1 1 1 3 3
2
sin(30°) cos(30°) = 2 2 8
17) What integer n satisfies n < 5+2 2 + 5–2 2 < n + 1?
Squaring
n2 < 5 + 2 2 + 5–2 2 +2 17 < Hn + 1L2
n2 < 10 + 2 17 < Hn + 1L2
Since 4 < 17 < 5 , n2 < 18 < 20 < Hn + 1L2 ï n = 4
18) In a random arrangement of the letters of GREENMOUNTAINS, what is the probability that the vowels are in alphabetical
order within the arrangement? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
There are 14 letters including 2 E’s and 3 N’s. 6 of the 14 letters are vowels.
14!
Let T = the total number of permutations of the 14 letters = 2! µ 3!
The vowels must appear in the order AEEIOU and can be placed in K O different positions.
14
6
8!
Arrange the remaining 8 letters in 3!
ways in the remaining positions.
14 8!
6 3! 14! 8! 2! µ 3! 2! 2 1
p= 14! = 6! µ 8! 3! 14!
= 6!
= 720
= 360
2! × 3!
19) If q is an acute angle such that tan(q) = 2, find the value of cos(4q). Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
θ
1
2 1 2 1 4
sin(q) = and cos(q) = sin(2q) = 2sin(q)cos(q) = 2 = 5
5 5 5 5
cos(4q) = cos(2(2q)) = 1 – 2 sin2 H2 qL = 1 – 2 I 5 M = 1 –

4 2 32 7
25
=– 25
20) Find the area of the region in the plane consisting of all points (x , y) that satisfy | 4x – 8 | § y § 12 .
Find points of intersection of y = | 4x – 8 | and y = 12
x § 2 ï 8 – 4x = 12 ï 4x = – 4 ï x = – 1
x ¥ 2 ï 4x – 8 = 12 ï 4x = 20 ï x = 5
15
H–1,12L H5,12L
10
−2 2 4 6
1 1
Area = 2 (base)(height) = 2 (5 + 1)(12) = 36
21) Find all positive real numbers x such that log2 HxL + log2 Hx – 12L = 6 .
log2 HxL + log2 Hx – 12L = 6
log2 HxHx–12L = 6
x(x – 12) = 26 = 64
x2 – 12 x – 64 = 0
(x – 16)(x + 4) = 0 ï x = 16
22) Let f be a function such that f I 5 M = x2 + x + 2 . Find the sum of all values of w such that f (5w) = 2012.
x
M = H25 wL2 + 25 w + 2 = 2012

25 w
f(5w) = f( 5
1 2012
625 w2 + 25 w – 2010 = 0 ï w2 + 25
w– 625
=0
Suppose the roots are a and b, then (w – a)(w – b) = 0 ï w2 – Ha + bL w + ab = 0
1
Comparing coefficients, a + b = – 25
23) Suppose that 9a = 12, 12b = 15, 15c = 18, 18d = 21, 21e = 24 and 24 f = 27.
What is the value of a · b · c · d · e · f ?
Using the given equations from last to first,
27 = 24 f = 21ef = 18def = 15cdef = 12bcdef = 9abcdef
3
33 = 32 abcdef ï 2abcdef = 3 ï abcdef = 2
24) If x, y and z are positive real numbers such that x y = 40, x z = 60 and y z = 96, what is the value of x + y + z ?
60 H96L
(xz)(yz) = 60(96) ï HxyL z2 = 60 H96L ï 40 z2 = 60 H96L ï z2 = 40
= 144 ï z = 12
12 x = 60 ï x = 5 and 12 y = 96 ï y = 8
x + y + z = 5 + 8 + 12 = 25
25) Let S = 95, 52 , 53 , ÿ ÿ ÿ , 510 =. Suppose that a and b are distinct integers chosen from S.
For how many ordered pairs Ha, bL is loga b an integer?
Let a = 5k and b = 5n with k and n in { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }
loga HbL œ Z + ï log5k H5n L œ Z + ï k divides n
k n number
1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 9
2 2, 4, 6, 8 4
3 6, 9 2
4 8 1
5 10 1
17
D C
A B
26L Square ABCD has side length 6. A semicircle whose diameter is AB is drawn D C
internally. The line that is tangent to the semicircle at T and passes through
vertex C intersects side AD at E. Find ET.
A B
Since CB and CT are tangents to the circle from the same point, CB = CT = 6. Similarly, ET = EA = x.
From triangle EDC, CD2 + DE2 = CE2
Substituting, 62 + H6 – xL2 = H6 + xL2
3
36 + 36 – 12 x + x2 = 36 + 12 x + x2 ï 36 = 24x ï x = 2
27) Let S be the set of all three-digit positive integers, each of whose digits is 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 or 9. For example, 197 and 331 are two
elements in S. How many integers in S are divisible by 3?
An integer is divisible by 3 in and only if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. So considering the possible sets of three allowed digits
and number of different arrangements:
Digits Arrangements
81, 3, 5< 6
81, 5, 9< 6
83, 5, 7< 6
85, 7, 9< 6
81, 1, 7< 3
83, 3, 9< 3
87, 7, 1< 3
89, 9, 3< 3
81, 1, 1< 1
83, 3, 3< 1
85, 5, 5< 1
87, 7, 7< 1
89, 9, 9< 1
Total = 41
Number = 41
28) Consider the binary sequence 01001000100001000001··· , where each block of 0’s contains one more 0 that the
preceding block of 0’s. Note that the first 1 appears in position 2. In what position does the 200th 1 appear?
Position 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Digit 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Let pk = position of k th 1
p1 = 2
p2 = 2 + 3
p3 = 2 + 3 + 4
···
Hk+1L Hk+2L
pk = 2 + 3 + 4 + · · · Hk + 1L = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + · · · Hk + 1L – 1 =
k 2 +3 k
2
–1= 2
2002 +3 (200) 200 H200+3L

p200 = 2
= 2
= 100(203) = 20300
29) Define the sequence 8a n < by a1 = 2012 and a n = 1 – a

1
for n ¥ 2. Find a 2012 .
n–1
a1 = 2012
1 1
a2 = 1 – 2012
=– 2011
1 2011
a3 = 1
= 2012
1+
2011
1 2012
a4 = 2011
= 2012 – 2011
= 2012
1–
2012
a3 k+1 = 2012
1
a3 k+2 = – 2011
2011
a3 k = 2012
1
2012 = 3(67) + 2 ï a2012 = – 2011
30) Let a1 , a2 , a3 and a4 be positive real numbers. If a0 = 20, a5 = 12 and ak = ak–1 ak+1 for k = 1, 2, 3 and 4, find a4 .
a1 = 20 a2 (1)
a2 = a1 a3 (2)
a3 = a2 a4 (3)
a4 = a3 H12L (4)
1
(1) & (2) ï a2 = 20 a2 a3 ï 1 = 20 a3 ï a3 = 20
(3) & (4) ï a3 = a2 H12L a3 ï 1 = 12 a2 ï a2 =

1
12
= a1 I 20 M ï a1 =
1 1 20 5
(2) ï 12 12
= 3
1 1 12 3
(3) ï 20
= 12
a4 ï a4 = 20
= 5
3
a4 = 5
31) Let S = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 }. Let T be a subset consisting of three distinct elements chosen randomly from S.
What is the probability that the elements of T can be arranged to form an arithmetic progression with positive common
difference? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
Number 3 element subsets = K O=

9 9ÿ8ÿ7
3ÿ2
= 84
3
diff subsets Number

1 123,234,345,456,567,678,789 7
2 135,246,357,468,579 5
3 147,258,369 3
4 159 1
16
16 4
p= 84
= 21
32) Determine the integer m so that the equation x4 – H3 m + 2L x2 + m2 = 0 has four real roots in arithmetic progression.
Let r1 , r2 , r3 and r4 be the roots. Expanding Hx–r1 L Hx–r2 L Hx–r3 L Hx–r4 L :
x4 -Hr1 + r2 + r3 + r4 L x3 + Hr1 r2 + r1 r3 + r1 r4 + r2 r3 + r2 r4 + r3 r4 L x2 - Hr1 r2 r3 - r1 r2 r4 - r1 r3 r4 - r2 r3 r4 L x + r1 r2 r3 r4
Since the roots are in arithmetic progression, r1 = r , r2 = r + d , r3 = r + 2 d and r4 = r + 3 d
Equating coefficients gives :
x3 : r + Hr + dL + Hr + 2 dL + Hr + 3 dL = 0 (1)
x0 : HrL Hr + dL Hr + 2 dL Hr + 3 dL = m2 (2)
x2 : rHr + dL + rHr + 2 dL + rHr + 3 dL + Hr + dL Hr + 2 dL + Hr + dL Hr + 3 dL + Hr + 2 dL Hr + 3 dL =–H3 m + 2L (3)
3
(1) ï 4 r + 6 d = 0 ï r = – 2
d
(2) ï I– dM I– d + dM I– d + 2 dM I– 2 d + 3 dM
3 3 3 3
2 2 2
= m2
I– dM I– dM I dM I 2 dM = m2 ï 16 d 4
3 1 1 3 9 4
2 2 2
= m2 ï d 2 = ≤ 3 m (A)
dM + I– dM I dM + I– dM I dM + I – 2 dM I dM + I– dM I dM + I dM I dM = – H3 m + 2L
3 1 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 3
(3) ï – 2
dI– 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
5
2
d2 = 3 m + 2 (B)
Using (A) & (B) :
I 3 mM = 3 m + 2 ï
4 5 4 10 10 1
d2 = 3
m ï 2 3
m=3m+2 ï 3
m–3 m = 2 ï 3
m=2 ï m=6
I– 3 mM = 3 m + 2 ï –
4 5 4 10 10 19 6
d2 = – 3 m ï 2 3
m=3m+2 ï – 3
m–3 m = 2 ï – 3
m = 2 ï m = – 19
m=6
33L Right triangle ABC has AB = 24, AC = 32 and BC = 40. Points D and E are C
chosen on sides BC and AC respectively so that triangle ADE is similar to α
triangle ABC and AE > AD > DE. Find the area of triangle ADE.
E
β
a
32 D
40
b h
α
β z 24 – z β
A B
F
32 4
From DABC, tan(b) = 24
= 3
h 4 4
From DAFD, tan(b) = z
= 3
ï h= 3
z
H24 – zL
h 4 4
From DFBD, tan(b) = 24 – z
= 3
ï h= 3
H24 – zL ï z = 24 – z ï 2z = 24 ï z = 12
4 4
3
z= 3
H12L = 16
4 4
h= 3
z ï h= 3
From DAFD, b2 = 122 + 162 = 400 ï b = 20
24 3
From DABC, tan(a) = 32
= 4
HbL = H20L = 15
a 3 3 3
From DADE, tan(a) = b
= 4
ï a= 4 4
H15L H20L = 150

1 1
Area = 2
ab = 2
34) In how many ways can the squares in a 2 by 5 array be colored red (R), green (G) or blue (B) so that no two
squares with a common edge are the same color? One such example is
RBGBR .
BGBRB
Let Nk be the number of colorings of a 2 by k grid.
Consider any coloring of a 2 by k grid and look at the last two squares. For example, suppose the are colored R and G.
R
G
For the 2 by k + 1 grid, the added top square could possibly be G or B and bottom added square could possibly be R or B.
R G R G R B R B
G R G B G R G B
One of these leads to matching colors, B and B. Thus for this “ending” choice of the 2 by k grid there are 3 possible new colorings.
Hence Nk+1 = 3 * Nk .
For k =1 there are 3 · 2 choices. So N1 = 2 · 3 , N2 = 2 · 3 · 3 = 2 · 32 · · · Nk = 2 · 3k
N5 = 2 · 3 5 = 2 · 243 = 486
2
35L Let S1 be a square with side length 8
. A sequence of smaller squares is
constructed by joining the midpoints of the sides of each previous square to
form a new square. That is, the corners of square S2 are the midpoints of the
sides of square S1 ; the corners of square S3 are the midpoints of square S2 ;
and so on. The first 5 such squares are shown in the figure. Let Pi be the
⁄ Pk .
¶
perimeter of square Si . Find
k= 1
Consider consecutive squares, one with side s and the next with side z.
sê2
z sê2
z2 = I 2 M + I 2 M =
s 2 s 2 s2 s2 s2 s
4
+ 4
= 2
ï z=
2
Starting with square of side s,

P1 = 4 s
s
P2 = 4
2
s
P3 = 4
J 2 N
2
ÿÿÿ
s
Pk = 4
J 2 N
k–1
⁄ Pk = 4s
¶
1 1 1 1
1+ + + + ÿ ÿ ÿ =4s
J 2 N J 2 N
2 3 1
k= 1 2 1–
2
⁄ Pk
¶
K O=
2 2 2 1 2 +1 2 +1
With s = , =4 = = = 2 +1
8
k= 1
8 2 –1 2 –1 J 2 –1N J 2 +1N 2–1
⁄
¶
k
36) Express S= as a rational number in lowest terms.
k= 1 11k
1 2 3 4 5
S= + + + + + ÿ ÿÿ
11 112 113 114 115
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + ⋅⋅⋅
11 112 113 114 115
1 1 1 1
+ + + ⋅⋅⋅
112 113 114 115
S= +
1
+
1
+
1
⋅⋅⋅
113 114 115
1 1
+ + ⋅⋅⋅
114 115
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅⋅
I1 + I1 + I1 +
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
S= + + + ÿ ÿ ÿM + + + + ÿ ÿ ÿM + + + + ÿ ÿ ÿM + · · ·
11 11 112 113 112 11 112 113 112 11 112 113
S = I1 +
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + ÿ ÿ ÿMI 11 + + + + ÿ ÿ ÿM
11 112 113 112 113 114
1
1 11 11 1 11
S= 1 1
= 11 – 1 11 – 1
= 100
1– 1–
11 11
37) If x + y + z = 2, xyz = 12 and xy + xz + yz = 5, find the value of x3 + y3 + z3 .
Hx + y + zL3 = x3 + y3 + z3 + 3 xy2 + 3 xz2 + 3 yx2 + 3 yz2 + 3 zx2 + 3 zy2 + 6xyz
Hx + y + zL3 = x3 + y3 + z3 + 3 xyHx + y + zL + 3 xzHx + y + zL + 3 yzHx + y + zL – 3xyz
Hx + y + zL3 = x3 + y3 + z3 + 3 Hx + y + zL Hxy + xz + yzL – 3xyz
23 = x3 + y3 + z3 + 3 H2L H5L – 3(8)
x3 + y3 + z3 = 8 – 3 H2L H5L + 3(12) = 14
⁄ 2012 k .
20122
38) Let s = Find the remainder when s is divided by 7.
k= 0
2012 mod 7 = 3
2012k mod 7 = 1 , 3 , 2 , 6 , 4 , 5 , 1 , 3 , 2 , · · · = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , · · ·
Each 6 add to 0 mod 7. (20122 + 1) mod 6 = 2 · 2 + 1 = 5
⁄ 2012 k
20122
mod 7 = (1 + 3 + 2 + 6 + 4) mod 7 = 16 mod 7 = 2
k= 0
39) How many positive perfect cubes divide the product 1! ä 2! ä 3! ä · · · ä 10! ?
k! Expanded 2's 3's 5's 7's

2! 2 1
3! 3⋅2 1 1
4! 2⋅2⋅3⋅2 3 1
5! 5⋅2⋅2⋅3⋅2 3 1 1
6! 3⋅2⋅5⋅2⋅2⋅3⋅2 4 2 1
7! 7⋅3⋅2⋅5⋅2⋅2⋅3⋅2 4 2 1 1
8! 2⋅2⋅2⋅7⋅3⋅2⋅5⋅2⋅2⋅3⋅2 7 2 1 1
9! 3⋅3⋅2⋅2⋅2⋅7⋅3⋅2⋅5⋅2⋅2⋅3⋅2 7 4 1 1
10! 5⋅2⋅3⋅3⋅2⋅2⋅2⋅7⋅3⋅2⋅5⋅2⋅2⋅3⋅2 8 4 2 1
38 17 7 4
P = 1! ä 2! ä 3! ä · · · ä 10! = 238 ÿ317 ÿ57 ÿ 74
If the positive perfect cube n divides P, it must have the form n = 23 s ÿ33 t ÿ 53 u ÿ 73 v
So must pick 0 § s § 12, 0 § t § 5, 0 § u § 2 and 0 § v § 1
Number of n = 13(6)(3)(2) = 468
40L Let S be the square with vertices H0, 0L, H3, 0L, H3, 3L and H0, 3L.
Each side of this square is trisected and the points of trisection
are joined as indicated in the sketch to form two overlapping
squares. Find the area of the region common to these two
squares.
1
Line (0,1) to (2,0) y = 1 – 2
x
Line (0,2) to (1,0) y = – 2(x – 1)
1 1 3 2 2
Intersect 1 – 2
x = – 2(x – 1) ï 1 – 2
x = – 2x + 2 ï 2
x =1 ïx= 3
ï y= 3
Line (0,1) to (1,3) y = 2x + 1

Line (0,2) to (1,0) y = – 2(x – 1)
1 3
Intersect 2x + 1 = – 2(x – 1) ï 2x + 1 = – 2x + 2 ï 4x = 1 ï x = 4
ï y= 2
Side if inscribed square = 1 2 + 22 = 5 Let A = area of square = 5.
I4M + I2M =
1 2 1 2 1 1 5
Length (0,1) to (1/4,3/2) = 16
+ 4
= 4
I3M + I3M =
2 2 1 2 4 1 5
Length (0,1) to (2/3,2/3) = 9
+ 9
= 3
K OK O=
1 5 5 5
Let T = area triangle ((0,1) - (1/4,3/2) - (2/3,2/3) = 2 4 3 24
Shaded area = area of square – 4 T = 5 – 4 I 24 M = 5 –

5 5 25
6
= 6
A D B
E
41L Two circles of radius 16 have their centers on the
circumference of each other. AB is the diameter
of the right–hand circle that passes through the
centers of the two circles. A smaller circle is constructed C
tangent to AB and the two given circles as in the sketch.
Find the radius of the smaller circle. A B
D E
Let the radius of each of the large circles be R and the radius of the small circle be r.
AD = R, AC = R + r DC = R – r
AE2 = (R + rL2 – r2 = R2 + 2Rr DE = (R – rL2 – r2 = R2 – 2Rr
AD = AE – DE
R= R2 + 2 Rr – R2 –2 Rr
R2 = R2 + 2Rr + R2 – 2Rr – 2 R4 – 4 R2 r2
R2 = 2 R4 – 4 R2 r2
R4 = 4 R4 – 16 R2 r2
R2 = 4 R2 – 16 r2
3
r2 = 16
R2
3
r= 4
R
3
r= 4
· 16 = 4 3
THE UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT
FIFTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 19, 2014
1
1 20
1 14
1
1 20 140 140 7 147 49
1 140 140 10 150
1 14
50
2) Express 8 4 3 2 3
9 12
 as a rational number in lowest terms.
8 4 3 2  16  8  16  
3 12 1 1 3 8 16 5 20 10
9 3 24 24 6 3
3) Express log 2 125 log 3 49 log 5 81 log 7 64 as an integer.

log 2 125 log 3 49 log 5 81 log 7 64 3 log2 5 2 log3 7 4 log5 3 6 log7 2
log2 7 log2 3 1
log 2 125 log 3 49 log 5 81 log 7 64 3 log2 5 2 log2 3
4 log2 5
6 log2 7
log 2 125 log 3 49 log 5 81 log 7 64 3 2 4 6 144

4) The formula for limeade calls for 4 ounces of lime juice for every 12 ounces of water.
Karla initially uses 18 ounces of water to make her limeade. If her limeade has
40% too much lime juice, how many ounces of water does she need to add to her
mixture to have the correct ratio of lime juice to water? Express the answer as a rational
4  
18 3 14 42
Original lime 12
4 1.4 2 5 5
18 x 3  
42
5
x 3 
42 126 90 36
5
18 5 5 5
5) During the winter, 60% of Vermonters ski and during the summer, 45% of Vermonters
hike. If 15% of Vermonters do both activities, what percent of Vermonters do neither?
Ski Hike
45 15 30
10
45 15 30 x 100 x 10
6 Find the total area of the shaded regions if the area of rectangle
ABCD is 40 square units. 12x
A B
12y
D C
x
2  2   2  x 2  y  4  x y  4  40
1 1 1 1 1
10
7) A candy store sold bags of 40 caramels for $3.20, bags of 40 chocolates for $4.00 and
mixed bags of chocolates and caramels for $3.50. If the mixed bags also have 40 pieces
of candy, how many caramels are in each mixed bag?

3.20 4.00
x 40
40 x 40
350
320 x 40 x 400 350 40

320 x 40 400 400 x 40(350)
80 x 40 350 400 40 50
40 50
x 80
25
6 fx
1
8) The function f satisfies 2 f x x2 for all x 0. Find f (2) and express the
answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
6 f2 4
1
2f 2
2 f2 6 f 2
1 1
4
3 f2 2
1
f 2
f2 3 f 2
1 1
8
3 f2 2
1
f 2
3 f2 9 f 2
1 3
8
19
8f 2 8
19
f 2 –
64
9) Find the real number x such that log 3 x 4 log x 9 4.
1
2
log3 x 8 logx 3 4
1 1
2
log3 x 8 log3 x
4
1 8
2
y y
4
16
y y
8
y2 8 y 16 0
2
y 4 0 y 4 log3 x 4 x 81
3
10) Suppose that f is a function such that f 3 x 3 x
for all real x 0.
Determine the value of f 10 .
f 3  
10 3 9 9
f 10 3 10 9 10
3 3
19
12510 2510
11) Express in simplest form.
1254 2511
12510 2510 530 520 520 510 1

58 54 625
1254 2511 512 522 512 510 1
12) In how many ways can 24 cents be paid using any combination of pennies,
nickels and dimes?
10 5 1
20 0 9
10 0 14
10 5 9
10 10 4
n 9
0 0 24
0 5 19
0 10 14
0 15 9
0 20 4
13) Find all real values of x such that x 2 3 4.

||x–2|–3|=4 |x–2|–3 =4 or |x–2|–3 =–4
|x–2|=7 | x – 2 | = – 1 Impossible
x – 2 = 7 or x – 2 = – 7
x = 9 or x – 5
13) If the number 15! written in base 12 ends in k zeros, what is the value of k?
14) The average of a set of 50 numbers is 45 and the average of a set of m numbers is 65.
If the average of the combined sets is 60, what is m?
50 45 m 65
50 m
60
50 45 65 m 50 60 60 m
5 m 50 15
m 3 150 150
1
15) Express sin2 19 cos2 26 2
sin 38 sin 52 sin2 26 cos2 19 as a rational
1
sin2 19 cos2 26 2
sin 38 sin 52 sin2 26 cos2 19
1
sin2 19 cos2 26 2
sin 2 19 sin 2 26 sin2 26 cos2 19
1
sin2 19 cos2 26 2
2 sin 19 cos 19 2 sin 26 cos 26 sin2 26 cos2 19
sin2 19 cos2 26 2 sin 19 cos 19 sin 26 cos 26 sin2 26 cos2 19

2
sin 19 cos 26 sin 26 cos 19
2
2 1 1
sin 45
2 2
1
16) The probability that Sheila hits the bullseye when playing darts is 4 . If she tosses
three darts, what is the probability she will hit the bullseye at least once?
Hits 1 3 14  34 
2 27
64
Hits 2 3 14   34 
2 9
64
 14 
3 1
Hits 3 64
37
64
37
p
64
17) Find the coordinates of the center of the circle that passes through the points
7, 0 , 2, 1 and 2, 5 . Express the answer as an ordered pair of real numbers a, b .
7 h2 0 k 2 r2
2 h2 1 k 2 r2
2 h2 5 k 2 r2
1 49 14 h h2 k2 r 2
2 4 4 h h 2 1 2 k k2 r 2
3 4 4 h h2 25 10 k k2 r 2
2 1 45 10 h 1 2 k 0
3 2 24 8 k 0 k 3 h 5
h, k 5, 3
1 1 1
18) If x and y satisfy x y 2
and xy 6, find the value of x3 y3 .
1 1 1 x y 1 1 1
x y 2 xy 2
x y 2
xy 2
6 3
 
x y 3 1
xy 8
x3 3 x2 y 3 xy 2 y 3 1
xy 3 8
1
x3 3 x2 y 3 xy2 y3 8
6 2
1
x3 y3 3 xy x y 8
6 3
63 666
x3 y3 8
3 xy x y 222
3 6 3 27 54 81
19) Ticket prices for a local community orchestra are $15 for adults, $12 for seniors and
$7 for students. At a recent concert, the orchestra sold 120 tickets for a total of
$1481. What is the maximum possible number of student tickets that were sold?
Let A, S and T be the numbers of adult, senior and student tickets sold.
A S T 120

15 A 12 S 7 T 1481
41 5 T 319 8 T
Solving for A and S A 3
and S 3
41 5 T 3 Α and 319 8 T 3 Β for non negative integers Α and Β

319 8 T 0 T 39
T 41 5T 319–8T
39 236 7
38 231 15
Thus T 38
2014
20) Let a0 2, a1 5 and an an 1 an 2 for n 2. Find an .
n 0
a0 2
a1 5
a2 3
a3 2
a4 1
a5 1
a6 0
a7 1
a8 1
a9 0
Thus, starting with a4 each 3 consecutive terms asum to 2.
2014 2014 2013
an a0 a1 a2 a3 an a0 a1 a2 a3 an a2014
n 0 n 4 n 4
2014
an 2 5 3 2 670 2 1 1353
n 0
9 25 t6
21) What is the minimum value of t3
, where t is a positive real number ?
9 5 t3  9 5 t3 
2 2
9 25 t6 30 t3
t3 t3 t3
30
Thus the minimum value occurs when 9 5 t3 0. Minimum = 30

22) Let R be the region in the x y plane bounded by the line segments joining
0, 0 , 0, 5 , 4, 5 , 4, 1 , 7, 1 , 7, 0 and 0, 0 , in the given order.
The line y k x divides R into two subregions of equal area. Determine the value of k.
2
0, 5 4, 5
5
1 7, 1
4, 1
0, 0 2 4 6 7, 0
Total area = 5 4 3 1 23
5 5 4k 23
From the upper trapezoid 4 2 2
17
4 10 4 k 23 40 16 k 23 16 k 17 k
16
23) When a complex number z is expressed in the form z a b i, where i2 1

and a and b are real numbers, the modulus of z, denoted z , is defined by
z a2 b2 . Find all complex numbers z of modulus 1 such that 3 4i z

is a real number. Express your answer(s) in the form c d i, where c and d are
real numbers.
3 4 i a bi 3a 4b 4a 3b i
3
For the product to be real 4 a 3 b 0 a 4
b
  16
3 2 9
z 1 a2 b2 1 4
b b2 1 1 b2 1
25 16 4
16
b2 1 b2 25
b 5
3 4 3 4
a bi i or i
5 5 5 5
24 In ABC, AB AC and point Q strictly between A and B A

is located on AB so that AQ QC CB. Determine the degree
Α
measure of angle A.
Q
Β
Α
Β Β Α
B C
AQ QC QAC QCA Α
QC CB CQB CBQ Β
AB AC ABC ACB Β QCB Β Α
Β an exterior angle of QAC Β 2Α
From QCB Β Β Β Α 180 3 Β Α 180 3 2Α a 180 5 Α 180
Α 36
25) For a real number x, define f x 16 x x2 30 x x2 224 .

Determine the largest possible positive value of f x .
16 x x2 30 x x2 224 x 16 x x 14 x 16
Both radicands are positive for 14 x 16. Max occurs when the first is
largest and the second smallest. i.e. x 14
f 14 14 16 14 14 2 2 7
26) In a list of the base 4 representations of the decimal integers from 0 to 1023,
the digit 3 appears a total of k times. Find k.
The decimal integers 0 to 1023 in base 4 can be represented as 00 0004 33 3334
Considering each of the base 4 integers as 5 digits, the total number of digits is 5(1024).
5 1024
Since each digit appears an equal number of times, the number of 3s is 4
1280
27 Circles CP and CQ with centers at P and Q are externally C

tangent and have radii 2 and 1, respectively. Line segment T
AC is tangent to circle CP at A and line segment BC is tangent
S
to CP and CQ at T and S, respectively. Find the length AC.
A 2 2 1 1 Β B
P Q x
Q S B sin Β
1
From 1 x
P T B sin Β
2
From 4 x
1 2
1 x 4 x
4 x 2 2x x 2
Q S B sin Β tan Β
1 1 1
From 1 2 3
8
AB C tan Β
AC AC 1 8
From 6 x 8
AC 8 2 2
8 8
Θ
28 Suppose that A and B are points on a circle with B
center O . If the perimeter of sector OAB is 10 units
r
and the area of sector OAB is 4 square units, find all s

possible values of the length of arc AB . O Θ
A
arc AB s r Θ
10 r Θ rΘ
10 2 r rΘ r 2
5 2
r2 Θ r rΘ
1
4 2
8
rΘ rΘ
5  rΘ 10 r Θ rΘ 8 rΘ 2
2
2
8 2
16 0 rΘ 2, 8
29) If the roots of x2 ax b 0 are the cubes of the roots of x2 x 2 0, find a and b.
Let r1 and r2 be the roots of x2 x 2 0 r1 r2 2 and r1 r2 1
r1 3 and r2 3 roots of x2 ax b 0 r1 3 r2 3 b and r1 3 r2 3  a
r1 3 r2 3 r1 r2 3
23 8
3
r1 r2 r1 3 3 r1 2 r2 3 r1 r2 3 r2 3 1
r1 3 r2 3 3 r1 r2 r1 r2 1 r1 3 r2 3 1 3 2 1 5
a, b 5, 8
30) How many positive integers x have the property that 14 is the remainder when
2014 is divided by x ?
2014 qx 14 qx 2000 so x divides 2000 and x 14.
4 3
2000 2 5 4 1 3 1 20 divisors. Of these 1, 2, 4, 8, 5, 10 are less than 14.
The number of x satisfying the given conditions is 20 6 14
cos x sin x
31) Find the smallest positive value of x (in radians) such that tan 2 x cos x sin x
.
cos x sin x
tan 2 x cos x sin x
sin 2 x cos x sin x cos x sin x cos2 x 2 sin x cos x sin2 x

cos 2 x cos x sin x cos x sin x cos2 x sin2 x
sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x
cos 2 x cos 2 x
1 Π Π
sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x 2 sin 2 x 1 sin 2 x 2
2x 6
x
12
32 How many paths are there from A to B, B
if at each intersection you can only move 90
in the indicated direction s ?

1 89
1 6 82
1 4 16 60
A1 2 6 22 22
Number of paths = 90
33) If x2 6 x 6 0 , what is the value of x3 7 x2 2014?
2 2
x 6x 6 0 x 6x 6
x3 7 x2 2014 xx2 6 x x 2014
x3 7 x2 2014 x 6 x 2014
3 2
x 7x 2014 6 2014 2020
20 n
34) For how many integers n is an integer?
14 n
20 n 6
1 14 n
14 n
14 n divides 6 14 n 1, 2, 3, 6
Thus 8 values of n.
35) The integer M consists of 500 threes and the integer N consists of 500 sixes.
What is the sum of the digits in the base 10 representation of the product M N ?
2  10500
10500 1 10500 1 2 2
M N 3 3 9
1
101000 1 2 10500
2
M N 9
1
M N 2 2 
101000 1 10500 1
9 9
M N 2 111 1 2 111 1
M N 222 2 – 444 4 1000 2s minus 500 4s
222 222 2222
– 444 4444
222 217 7778

From left to right: 499 twos, 1 one, 499 sevens and 1 eight.
499 2 1 499 7 8 499 2 7 9 499 9 9 500 9 4500
6
36) What is the smallest integer that is greater than 5 3 ?
                        
6 6 5 4 2 3 3 2 4 5 6
 5 3   5  6 5   3  15  5   3  20  5   3  15  5   3  6 5  3   3 
6 6 5 4 2 3 3 2 4 5 6
 5 3   5  6 5   3  15  5   3  20  5   3  15  5   3  6 5  3   3 
6 6 5 4 2 3 3 2 4 5 6
 5 3   5 3  2 5  15  5   3  15  5   3   3 
6 6 6 4 2 2 4 6
0 0 0
6 6
5 3 5 3 2 125 12 25 3 15 5 9 27
6 6
5 3 5 3 2 125 1125 675 27 2 1952 3904
6 6
Since 5 3 1 5 3 3904
37) The geometric mean of a set of k positive real numbers x1 , x2 , x3 , , xk is

1k
x1 x2 xk . Find the positive integer n such that the geometric mean of the
set of all positive integer divisors of n is 70.
If n has prime factorization n p1 Α1 p2 Α2 pj Αj , the number of divisors of n is
k Α1 1 Α2 1 Αj 1 .
If all of the Αi are even, k is odd and
k 1 n
2
of the divisors of n appear in pairs xi and x1
with the remaining
k2
divisor n . Then the product x1 x2 xk nk 1 2
n1 2 n and x1 x2 xk 1k
n1 2 .
If not all of the Αi are even, k is even and the divisors of n appear in pairs xi and
n
x1
Then the product x1 x2 xk nk 2 and x1 x2 xk 1k
n1 2 .
Thus n1 2 70 n 4900
38 An equilateral triangle with side length one is
divided into four congruent triangles and the
central triangle is shaded. Let the shaded area be
A1 . The remaining three triangles are similarly
divided and each central triangle is shaded; the area
of the three shaded triangles is A2 . This process is
continued . The shaded areas A1 , A2 and A3 are
shown. Find An
n 1
s2
The area of an equilateral triangle of side length S is A 4
3 . Assuming that the
original triangle has side lenght S,
2
S S 2 3
The first shaded triangle has side length 2
and A1 4
4
S S 2 3 3
The three shaded triangles in A2 have side length 4
and A2 4
8
S S 2 32 3
The nine shaded triangles in A3 have side length 8
and A3 4
Continuing this pattern:

"
! An 2 4 8
S 2 3 S 2 3 3 S 2 32 3
4 4 4
n 1
"
! An  Using the sum of the geormetric series with r
S2 3 32 3
3 1
42 22 24 4
n 1
"
! An
S2 1 s2 3
42
3 3 4
n 1 1
4
3
With s 1 An
n 1 4
39) How many different rectangles can be formed using edges in the left-hand figure below?
Two such rectangles are shown in the right-hand figure.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
15 12 9 0 6 3 0
21 17 13 3 8 4 0
27 22 17 12 10 5 0
75 66 51 24 30 15
Labeling each node with the number of rectangles with the node as lower left
corner and adding:
75 66 51 24 30 15 261
40 A grassy park in the shape of an equilateral
triangle is to be surrounded by a gravel
walkway whose outside edges form an equilateral
triangle. If the parallel sides of the walkway
are 2 meters apart and the area of the grassy park 2 2
is 30,000 3 square meters, what is the area
of the gravel walkway ?
2 2
S2 S1 2 3
30
Let the sides of the inside and outside triantles be S1 and S2 respectively.
3 3
The areas are respectively 4
S1 2 and 4
S2 2 . Hence the area of the walkway is
3 2 3
Aw 4
S2 4
S1 2 .
From the diagram above we can see that S2 S1 4 3.

2
S1 4 3 2
S1 3 2 2
Aw 4
3 4
3 4
S1 8 3 S1 48 S1
Aw 3 2 3 S1 12
3 2
Using the given area of the inside triangle: 4
S1 30, 000 3 S1 200 3
Aw 3 2 3 200 3 12 3 1200 12 1212 3

41 In a square of side length 2 , each side is divided into
10 equal pieces by inserting 9 equally spaced points. The
corresponding points on adjacent sides are connected by
straight line segments as indicated in the figure. Find the
sum of the lengths of these diagonal line segments.
s
10
s
L3 10
L2
s
L1 10
 10 2  10 2 =
s s s
L1 = 10
2
 10   10 
2s 2 2s 2 2s
L2 = = 10
2
 10   10 
ks 2 ks 2 ks
Lk = = 10
2 k = 1, 2, 3, 10
9

s 9 10
T=2 Lk + L10 = 2 2 10 2
1 = 10 2 s
k 1
s= 2 T = 20
FIFTY-SIXTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 13, 2013
1 2 3 4
1) Express 2
+ 3
+ 4
+ 5
8 4ê3 64 – 3ê2
2) Simplify the expression I 27 M I 81 M . Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
log2 H7L ÿ log4 H9L ÿ log6 H5L

log4 H5L ÿ log6 H7L ÿ log8 H3L
4) Larry and Jack are standing next to each other on a walking path. Jack begins walking north at a speed of 4 feet per second,
while Larry begins walking south at a speed of 3 feet per second. After 2 minutes, Jack turns around and begins walking south
at a speed of 5 feet per second. How far from the starting point will Larry have walked by the time Jack catches up to him?
5L Find the area of the polygon with vertices H1, 1L, H3, 2L, H2, 3L, H4, 4L 4
and H5, 0L. See the sketch. Express your answer as a rational number
in lowest terms. 3
1 2 3 4 5
6) To pass Mincle, a bridge troll, you must know his age and the number of his toes. He tells you that the product of these numbers
is 4378. You know that he is at least 150 years old and that bridge trolls do not live past 300. How many toes does he have?
7) Express 2013 as an integer in base 7.
8) Your two robots, Gort and Klaatu, can vacuum your house in 12 minutes if they work together. Gort can vacuum the house in 28
minutes if it works by itself. How long does it take Klaatu to vacuum the house by itself?
9) In Ms. Direction’s special topics class, 20% of the students are juniors and 80% are seniors. On a recent test,
the average score for the entire class was 85 and the average score for the seniors was 88.
What was the average score for the juniors ?
1 1 1 1
10) If x
+ y
= 5 and x
– y
= 1, find the value x + y.
11) Find the value of 8 sinH15 °L cos3 H15 °L - 8 cosH15 °L sin3 H15 °L.
1 1
12) Given that x
+ y
= 2 and xy = 6, find the value of x2 + y2 .
13) Larry has a sack containing 6 distinct objects. He draws one object and replaces it. He draws again, replaces the object and
draws a third time. What is the probability that he draws the same object exactly two times?
14L The area of a circle with center C is 72 p square units.
If the square ABCD has one vertex at C and the opposite
vertex A on the circle, what is the area of square ABCD?
C B
D A
15L An equilateral triangle with vertices A, B and C is inscribed in a

circle. If the perimeter of the triangle is 18 cm, find the length of C
the arc of the circle between two adjacent vertices of the triangle.
A
16L Chord AB in circle C has length 12 cm. If M is the midpoint of P
chord AB and P is a point on the circle such that PM is 3

perpendicular to AB and PM = 3 cm, find the diameter of A B
6 M 6
the circle.
17) Find the smallest real number c such that the equation | x – 2 | + |3x + 4 | = c has at least one solution.
8 3
18) If a, b, c and d are positive real numbers such that loga HbL = 9 , logb (c) = – 4
and logc HdL = 2 , find the value of logd HabcL.
6 aHn-1L
19) The sequence 8an < is defined by a0 = 2, a1 = 4 and an = for n ¥ 2. Determine the value of a2013 .
aHn-2L
20) A bag contains 5 red marbles and 3 yellow marbles. Marbles are removed from the bag one at a time without
replacement until either all of the red marbles have been removed or all of the yellow marbles have been
removed. What is the probability that the last marble drawn from the bag is yellow ? Express your answer
x2
21) Suppose that x and y are positive real numbers such that logIx y3 M = 2 and log = 3.
y
Determine the value of logHx yL.
22) Find the number of positive integers k with 10 000  k  99 999 such that the middle digit is the average
of the first and fifth digits.
23) The sum of 54 consecutive positive integers is a perfect cube. What is the smallest possible value of the sum ?
y + x + x = 10
24) Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of .
y + x – x = –8
25) Find the value of a such that the three solutions of x3 – 8 x2 + ax – 12 = 0 are positive integers.
H 1 + i L2013
26) If is expressed in the form a + b i where a and b are real numbers and i2 = – 1, find the value of a + b.
H 1 – i L2007
27) Six black checkers are placed on squares of a 6 by 6 checkerboard in the positions shown in Figure 1 and are left in place. A white
checker begins on the square at the lower left corner of the board (marked A in Figure 1) and follows a path from square to
square across the board, ending in the upper right corner of the board (marked B). How many different paths are there from
A to B if at each step the white checker can move one square to the right, one square up or one square diagonally upward to
the right and may not pass though any square occupied by a black checker? One such path is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1 Figure 2
28L Let ABCD be a square of edge length 6. Using A B as D C

a diameter, draw a semicircle internal to the square. Using
D as the center and D A as a radius, draw a quartercircle
internal to the square. The semicircle and the quartercircle
intersect at E. What is the distance from E to A B ? E
A B
29L Let ABCD be a square of side length 16. A circle of radius r is

drawn through points C and D and is tangent to side AB. Find r. D C
A B
2013
30) If ⁄ Ii k + i – k M is expressed in the form a + b i where a and b are real numbers and i2 = – 1, find the value of a + b.
k= 0
x2 + 4 x y - 8 x + 4 y2 - 16 y + 16 = 0
x y2 - 3 x y + 2 x - 2 y2 + 6 y - 4 = 0
32) If f (1) = 5 and f (n) = f (n –1) + 2n – 1 for all n ¥ 2, find f (100).
33) In a random arrangement of the letters of FREEZEDRIED , what is the probability that all of the vowels will be together in a single
consecutive grouping? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
34) Suppose that x and y are real numbers such that x + y + x - y = 10. What is the greatest possible
2 2
value of x + y - 8 y ?
35L Let ABC be a nondegenerate right triangle. If AB = 30, C
AD = 21, angle CAD = a and angle CDB = 2 a,
find CB.
α 2α
A D B
36L Let ABC be the triangle with vertices H0, 0L, H4, 0L CH2,3L
and H2, 3L. Find the coordinates of the point P that
is equidistant from A, B and C. Express your answer
as an ordered pair Hx, yL.
PHx,yL
AH0,0L BH4,0L
37) Suppose that a, b, c and d are positive integers such that

a b + 2 a + 2 b = 217
b c + 2 b + 2 c = 81
c d + 2 c + 2 d = 51
d a + 2 d + 2 a = 139.
Determine the value of a + b + c + d.
38) Let T be the triangular region whose vertices are H0, 0L, H4, 0L and H0, 5L . What is the probability that a randomly
chosen point from T is closer to H4, 2L than to H0, 0L ? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
39L Let S1 be a square of side length 3. Triangle T1 is formed by joining the

midpoint of the upper side of S1 to the endpoints of the lower side of S1 .
Let A1 be the area inside square S1 and outside triangle T1 . Square S2 is
inscribed in T1 with one side on the lower side of S1 and triangle T2
is formed by joining the midpoint of the upper side of S2 to the
endpoints of the lower side of S2 . Let A2 be the area inside square S2 and
outside triangle T2 . This process is successively repeated. The first four
¶
iterations are shown in the figure. Compute ⁄ Ak .
k= 1
33
40) Let t be the tens digit and u the units digit of 33 . Find t and u.
41L Three poles with circular cross sections are to be bound

together with a wire. The radii of the circular cross sections
are 1, 3 and 1 inches. The centers of the circles are on the
same straight line as indicated in the sketch. If the length of
the wire is written in the form a 3 + b p where a and b
are rational numbers, find a + b. Assume that the wire has
negligible thickness.
ANSWER SHEET (2013)
NAME OF SCHOOL__________________________________________________________________________
TOWN (OR CITY)___________________________________________________________________________
1. 163ê60 22. 4500
2. 9ê32 23. 3375
3. 6 24. 162 square units
4. 1620 feet 25. 19
5. 15ê2 square units 26. – 8
6. 22 toes 27. 122 paths
7. 5604 28. 12ê5 units
8. 21 minutes 29. 10 units
9. 73 30. 2
10. 5ê6 31. H2,1L and H0,2L
11. 3 32. 10004
12. 132 33. 1ê66
13. 5ê12 34. 90
15. 4π 3 ê3 cm 36. H2,5ê6L
16. 15 cm 37. 38
17. 10ê3 38. 3ê8
18. – 11ê12 39. 6 square units
19. 18 40. t = 8 , u = 7
20. 5ê8 41. 34ê3
21. 12ê7
FIFTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 19, 2014
1
1+ 20
1+ 14
2) Express 8 4ê3 I2 -3 - 9 -1ê2 M as a rational number in lowest terms.
3) Express log 2 H125L log 3 H49L log 5 H81L log 7 H64L as an integer.
4) The formula for limeade calls for 4 ounces of lime juice for every 12 ounces of water. Karla initially uses 18 ounces of water
to make her limeade. If her limeade has 40% too much lime juice, how many ounces of water does she need to add to her
mixture to have the correct ratio of lime juice to water? Express the answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
5) During the winter, 60% of Vermonters ski and during the summer, 45% of Vermonters hike. If 15% of Vermonters do both
activities, what percent of Vermonters do neither?
6L Find the total area of the shaded regions if the area of rectangle
ABCD is 40 square units. A B
D C
7) A candy store sold bags of 40 caramels for $3.20, bags of 40 chocolates for $4.00 and mixed bags of chocolates
and caramels for $3.50. If the mixed bags also have 40 pieces of candy, how many caramels are in each mixed bag?
8) The function f satisfies 2 f HxL - 6 f J x M = x2 for all x ∫ 0. Find f (2) and express the answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
1
9) Find the real number x such that log 3 I x M + 4 log x H9L = 4.
3
10) Suppose that f is a function such that f H3 xL = for all real x > 0. Determine the value of f H10L.
3+x
12510 + 2510
1254 + 2511
12) In how many ways can 24 cents be paid using any combination of pennies, nickels and dimes?
13) Find all real values of x such that x - 2 -3 = 4.
14) The average of a set of 50 numbers is 45 and the average of a set of m numbers is 65. If the average of
the combined sets is 60, what is m?
15) Express sin2 H19 °L cos2 H26 °L + sinH38 °L sinH52 °L + sin2 H26 °L cos2 H19 °L as a rational number in lowest terms.
1
2
1
16) The probability that Sheila hits the bullseye when playing darts is 4 . If she tosses three darts, what is the probability
she will hit the bullseye at least once? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
17) Find the coordinates of the center of the circle that passes through the points H7, 0L, H2, -1L and H2, -5L. Express
the answer as an ordered pair of real numbers Ha, bL.
1 1 1
18) If x and y satisfy x
+ y
= 2
and x y = -6, find the value of x3 + y3 .
19) Ticket prices for a local community orchestra are $15 for adults, $12 for seniors and $7 for students. At a recent
concert, the orchestra sold 120 tickets for a total of $1481. What is the maximum possible number of student tickets
that were sold?
2014
20) Let a0 = 2, a1 = 5 and an = an-1 - an-2 for n ¥ 2. Find ⁄ an .
n=0
9 + 25 t6
21) What is the minimum value of , where t is a positive real number ?
t3
22) Let R be the region in the x y plane bounded by the line segments joining H0, 0L, H0, 5L, H4, 5L,
H4, 1L, H7, 1L, H7, 0L and H0, 0L, in the given order. The line y = k x divides R into two subregions of equal
area. Determine the value of k.
23) When a complex number z is expressed in the form z = a + b i, where i2 = -1 and a and b are real numbers,
the modulus of z, denoted z , is defined by z = a2 + b2 . Find all complex numbers z of modulus 1

such that H3 + 4 iL z is a real number. Express your answer(s) in the form c + d i, where c and d are real numbers.
24L In D ABC, AB = AC and point Q Hstrictly between A and BL A

is located on AB so that AQ = QC = CB. Determine the degree
measure of angle A.
B C
25) For a real number x, define f HxL = 16 x - x2 - 30 x - x2 - 224 . Determine the largest possible
positive value of f HxL.
26) In a list of the base 4 representations of the decimal integers from 0 to 1023, the digit 3 appears a total of k times. Find k.
27L Circles CP and CQ with centers at P and Q are externally C

tangent and have radii 2 and 1, respectively. Line segment T
AC is tangent to circle CP at A and line segment BC is tangent S
to CP and CQ at T and S, respectively. Find the length AC.
A B
P Q
28L Suppose that A and B are points on a circle with B

center O . If the perimeter of sector OAB is 10 units
and the area of sector OAB is 4 square units, find all
í
possible values of the length of arc AB . O
A
29) If the roots of x2 + ax + b = 0 are the cubes of the roots of x2 + x + 2 = 0, find a and b.
30) How many positive integers x have the property that 14 is the remainder when 2014 is divided by x ?
cosHxL - sinHxL
31) Find the smallest positive value of x (in radians) such that tanH2 xL = .
cosHxL + sinHxL
32L How many paths are there from A to B, B

if at each intersection you can only move
in the indicated direction HsL ?
33) If x2 + 6 x - 6 = 0 , what is the value of x3 + 7 x2 + 2014 ?
20 - n
34) For how many integers n is an integer ?
14 - n
35) The integer M consists of 500 threes and the integer N consists of 500 sixes. What is the sum of the digits
in the base 10 representation of the product M ÿ N ?
6
36) What is the smallest integer that is greater than I 5 + 3M ?
37) The geometric mean of a set of k positive real numbers 8x1 , x2 , x3 , ÿ ÿ ÿ , xk < is Hx1 ÿ x2 ÿ ÿ ÿ xk L 1êk .
Find the positive integer n such that the geometric mean of the set of all positive integer divisors of n is 70.
38L An equilateral triangle with side length one is

divided into four congruent triangles and the
central triangle is shaded. Let the shaded area be
A1 . The remaining three triangles are similarly
divided and each central triangle is shaded; the area
of the three shaded triangles is A2 . This process is
continued . The shaded areas A1 , A2 and A3 are
¶
shown. Find ⁄ An
n=1
39) How many different rectangles can be formed using edges in the left-hand figure below?
Two such rectangles are shown in the right-hand figure.
40L A grassy park in the shape of an equilateral

triangle is to be surrounded by a gravel
walkway whose outside edges form an equilateral
triangle. If the parallel sides of the walkway
are 2 meters apart and the area of the grassy park
2 2
is 30,000 3 square meters, what is the area
of the gravel walkway?
41L In a square of side length 2 , each side is divided into

10 equal pieces by inserting 9 equally spaced points. The
corresponding points on adjacent sides are connected by
straight line segments as indicated in the figure. Find the
sum of the lengths of these diagonal line segments.
ANSWER SHEET (2014)
NAME OF SCHOOL__________________________________________________________________________
TOWN (OR CITY)___________________________________________________________________________
1. 49ê50 22. 17ê16

3 4 3 4
2. –10ê3 23. −5 + 5
i and 5
– 5
i
3. 144 24. 36 degrees
4. 36ê5 ounces 25. 2 7
5. 10 percent 26. 1280
7. 25 caramels 28. 2, 8 units
8. −19ê64 29. a = −5 and b = 8
9. 81 30. 14 integers
10. 9ê19 31. πê12 radians
11. 625 32. 90 paths
12. 9 combinations 33. 2020
13. –5 and 9 34. 8 integers
14. 150 35. 4500
15. 1ê2 36. 3904
16. 37ê64 37. 4900
17. H5,–3L 38. 3 ê4 square units
18. –81 39. 261 rectangles
19. 38 student tickets 40. 1212 3 square meters
20. 1353 41. 20 units
21. 30
FIFTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 11, 2015
3 4
4
– 3
6
– 5
1
2) Teresa bought a toy marked 4
off the original price. If Teresa paid $60, what was the original price of the toy,
in dollars?
3) If 45% of x is 300, what is 75% of x?
4) In the figure A, B, C and D are points on the circle and E is the

___ ___
point of intersection of lines AC and DB. If the degree measures D
of angles CAB and CEB are 12 and 36 respectively, what is the E C

36
degree measure of angle DBA ?
A 12 B
___ ___ ___

5) In right triangle ACD , AD is perpendicular to DC , AD = 15 and DB is D C
___
perpendicular to AC . If AB = 9, find AC.
4 4
6) Express (2 + 5 ) + (2 – 5 ) as an integer.
7) Adam can dig a hole in 2 hours. Ben can dig the same hole in 3 hours. How many hours would it take them
to dig the hole if they work together ? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
8) Express (3 5 17 257 + 1) 1/4 as an integer.
9) Find the sum of the prime factors of 2015.

2
10) Find the degree measure of the angle whose complement is 7
of its supplement.
11) In a group of 4 people, what is the probability that at least 2 of them were born on the same day of
the week? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
19
12) Three numbers form a geometric progression. Their sum is 2
and the sum of their
19
reciprocals is 18
. Find these three numbers.
___
13) Two circles are concentric, as shown. Chord AB of the larger circle
is trisected by the smaller circle so that AC = CD = DB = 1 . The C D
A B
sum of the radii of the larger and smaller circles equals the length
___
of the chord AB . Find the radius of the larger circle.
14) A brother and sister walk home from school every day at the same constant speed. One day,
15 minutes after leaving school, the boy realized that he had forgotten his lunch bag at school
and ran back to get it. In the meantime, the girl continued to walk home at half her usual speed.
When the boy caught up with her, they resumed walking at their usual speed and arrived home
6 minutes later than usual. How many minutes did the girl walk alone?
3
15) Let y be the real number such that 2015 y = y 2015 .
Find the value of log 2015 (log 2015 (y)) – log 2015 (y). Express your answer in simplest form.
16) The radius of the smaller of the two concentric circles is one
meter. The line segments joining the circles consist of the
portions of radii of the larger circle that lie outside the smaller
circle. These line segments and the smaller circle partition the
larger circle into nine sections, each of which has the same
area. Find the length of one of the line segments.
17) Four circles of radius 2 are pairwise tangent as

shown in the figure. A fifth circle of radius 2 is
drawn so as to pass through the common points
of tangency. Find the total area of the region
shaded in the figure.
1
18) Solve the equation log x
(5) + log x4 (16) = 2
for x. Express your answer as a rational number in
lowest terms.
19) Find the sum of all of the real solutions to the equation x | x – 6 | = 7.
20) Find the area of the region in the plane that simultaneously satisfies the inequalities
x2 + y2 + 6 x – 10 y 30 and y 5 – | x + 3 |.
25
22 23 24
17 18 19 20 21
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
21) A gameboard in the shape of an equilateral triangle is partitioned into 25
25
congruent equilateral triangular regions; these are numbered 1 to 25, as
shown in the figure. A blue checker is placed on one of the regions 22 23 24
and a red checker is placed on a different region. How many ways can
17 18 19 20 21
this be done so that the two checkers are not in adjacent regions ? Two
regions are adjacent if they share a common edge. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
22) If k is a non-negative integer, define < k > as the sum of the cubes of the digits of k. For example,
< 889 > = 83 + 83 + 93 = 512 + 512 + 729 = 1753. The sequence {a n } is defined by
a 0 = 43 333 and a n = < a n – 1 > for n 1. Find the value of a 2015 .
23) How many different paths are there from the point labeled START at the END
bottom of the figure to the point labeled END at the top of the figure,
travelling diagonally upward to the left, diagonally upward to the right
or straight up along lines in the figure ?
START
24) Every day a crossword puzzle is placed on Jenny s desk. While Jenny is on vacation, the puzzles
accumulate on her desk. When she returns from vacation, Jenny begins to solve the accumulated
puzzles as well as the new puzzles that appear each day. Jenny determines that if she solves exactly
four puzzles a day, she will completely catch up with her puzzle solving ten days sooner than she would
if she solves exactly three puzzles each day. How long was Jenny on vacation?
25) Let g be a function such that g(1) = 1 and g(3 n) = n g(n) for any positive integer n. What is the value
of log3 (g(3200 ))?
1 1 1 1
26) Let Sn = { , , , , }. Find the average value of the elements of S2015 .
1 2 2 3 3 4 n (n+1)
27) Find the positive integer b such that (20 b ) (15 b ) = 320 b .
28) A circle of radius 25 passes through two adjacent vertices of a

square and is tangent to the side opposite the side joining the
adjacent vertices. What is the length of one side of the square ?
1 1
29) Given that x + = 3 , find the integer value of x6 + .
x x6
30) Find the smallest positive integer n such that n ! is divisible by 101000 .
3
31) Find the length of either tangent line from the origin to the circle 6
x2 + y2 – 6 x – 8 y + 21 = 0 . 5
1 2 3 4 5
32) The string of digits 01 001 000 100 001 consists of blocks of zeros followed by a single one.
Each successive block of zeros contains one more zero than the previous block. Ones
appear in positions 2, 5, 9, . Find the position of the 100th one.
33) Suppose that x, y and z are positive real numbers such that x(y + z) = 85, y(z + x) = 120 and z(x + y) = 105.
What is the value of the product x y z?
34) If cos2 k (Φ) = 7, determine the value of cos(2 Φ). Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
k=0
35) Circles with centers C and D have respective radii 3 and 10. A F
common tangent intersects the circles at E and F,
___ ___
respectively. The line segments CD and EF intersect at P.
Given that C P = 5, find E F. Express your answer as a C P D
rational number in lowest terms. E
n – 17
36) Find the smallest positive integer n such that is a positive rational number that is not in lowest terms.
6 n + 11
37) Given that 2 31 – 1 is prime, find the sum of the reciprocals of all of the positive integer divisors
of 2 30 (2 31 – 1).
38) Find the real number k such that log((k – 2015) !) + log((k – 2014) !) + 2 = 2 log((k – 2013) !) .
39) Let S be the set of all 8 -digit positive integers obtained by rearranging the digits of
12345678. For example, 13578642 and 78651234 are elements of S. How many
elements of S are divisible by 11 ?
40) Find the smallest positive real number x such that x2  – x x = 6, where t is the largest
integer less than or equal to t. For example, 3.25 = 3 and 13 = 13.
41) A fair coin is flipped 10 times. What is the probability that, for every time the coin lands heads,
either the flip immediately before it was heads or the flip immediately after it was heads (or both)?
For example, the sequence of flips HHTHHHHTTT has the desired property, but HTHHTTTHHH
does not. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
ANSWER SHEET (2015)
NAME OF SCHOOL__________________________________________________________________________
TOWN (OR CITY)___________________________________________________________________________
CHECK ONE: (1) FRESHMAN (2) SOPHOMORE (3) JUNIOR (4) SENIOR (5) OTHER
1. 35 22 22. 352
2. 80 dollars 23. 226 paths
3. 500 24. 60 days
4. 24 degrees 25. 19900
5. 25 units 26. 1 2016
6. 322 27. 8
7. 6 5 hours 28. 40 units
8. 16 29. 322
9. 49 30. 4005
10. 54 degrees 31. 21 units
11. 223 343 32. 5150
12. 2, 3, 9 2 33. 350
13. 11 6 units 34. 5 7
14. 12 minutes 35. 52 3 units
15. 3 36. 130
16. 2 meters 37. 2
17. 8 Π 2 square units 38. 2018
18. 2500 39. 4608 elements of S
19. 13 40. 55 7
20. 48Π square units 41. 25 128
21. 540 ways

FIFTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL PRIZE EXAMINATION
MARCH 11, 2015
3 4
–
4 3
1) Express 5 6
–
6 5
3 4
4
– 3 60 45 80 35
5 6 60 50 72
6
– 5
22
1
2) Teresa bought a toy marked 4
off the original price. If Teresa paid $60, what was the original price of the toy,
in dollars?
Let x be the original price.
3 4
4
x 60 x 3
60 80
x $80
3) If 45% of x is 300, what is 75% of x?
.75 .75 15
.45 x 300 .45 .45
x .45
300 .75 x 9
300 500
4 In the figure A, B, C and D are points on the circle and E is the

D
point of intersection of lines AC and DB. If the degree measures
of angles CAB and CEB are 12 and 36 respectively, what is the E C
36
degree measure of angle DBA ? A 12
B
180 36 12 DBA 180 DBA 24

5 In right triangle ACD , AD is perpendicular to DC, AD 15 and DB is D y C
perpendicular to AC. If AB 9, find AC.
h x
15
B
9
A
y2 h2 x2
From right triangles ABD and BDC, y2 152 92 x2
h2 152 92
2
From right triangle ADC, 9 x 152 y2
Combining: 92 18 x x2 152 152 92 x2 18 x 2 152 92 
2 122 
x 18
x 16 AC 9 16 25
4 4
6) Express 2 5 2– 5 as an integer.
4 4 2 2 2 2
2 5 2– 5 2 5 2– 5
4 4 2 2
2 5 2– 5 4 4 5 5 4 –4 5 5
4 4 2 2
2 5 2– 5 9 4 5 9 –4 5
4 4
2 5 2– 5 81 72 5 80 81 72 5 80 322
7) Adam can dig a hole in 2 hours. Ben can dig the same hole in 3 hours. How many hours would it take them
to dig the hole if they work together ? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
1 1
Rate for Adam 2
, rate for Ben 3
. Hours to together h.
1 1 1 5 6
2
h 3
h 6
h 1 h hours.
5
14
8) Express 3 5 17 257 1 as an integer.
22 1 22 1 24 1 28

14 14
3 5 17 257 1 1 1
24 1 24 1 28

14 14
3 5 17 257 1 1 1
28 1 28
14 14
3 5 17 257 1 1 1
216
14 14
3 5 17 257 1 1 1
216 
14 14
3 5 17 257 1 24 16
9) Find the sum of the prime factors of 2015.
2015 5 13 31
5 13 31 49
2
10) Find the degree measure of the angle whose complement is 7
of its supplement.
Θ Θ
2
90 7
180
630 7 Θ 360 2Θ
270 5Θ Θ 54
11) In a group of 4 people, what is the probability that at least 2 of them were born on the same day of
the week? Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
Total number of 4-tuples of days 74 .
number of 4-tuples with no repeats 7 6 5 4
number of 4-tuples with at least one match = total nimus no match
74 7 6 5 4 73 6 5 4 343 120 223
p 74 73 343 343
19
12) Three numbers form a geometric progression. Their sum is 2
and the sum of their
19
reciprocals is 18
. Find these three numbers.
Let a and r be the first term and common ratio.

19
a ar ar 2 2
1 1 1 19
a ar ar 2 18
19
Multiplying the second equation by a2 r 2 : ar 2 r 1 18
a2 r 2
19 19 19
ar 2 r 1 18
a2 r 2 2 18
a2 r 2 a2 r 2 9 ar 3
3 3 9 19
ar 3 r a
a aa a a2 2
2 a2 13 a 18 0
9 2 3
a2 13 a 18 0 2a 9 a 2 0 a 2
or a 2 r 3
or r 2
In both cases the set of three numbers is  2 , 2, 3

9
Using ar 3 leads to the equation 2 a2 25 a 18 0 whose solutions are not integers.

9
Thus the solution is 2, 3, 
2
13 Two circles are concentric, as shown. Chord AB of the larger circle

is trisected by the smaller circle so that AC CD DB 1 . The C D 1
A B
sum of the radii of the larger and smaller circles equals the length
h r
R
of the chord AB . Find the radius of the larger circle.
r R 3 r 3 R
2
3 2 9
h2 R2 h2 R2 4
2
1 2 1
h2 r2 h2 r2 4
9 1
R2 4
r2 4
R2 r2 2 R2 3 R 2
2
9 6 R R2  2
11
R2 6 R 11 R
6
14) A brother and sister walk home from school every day at the same constant speed. One day,
15 minutes after leaving school, the boy realized that he had forgotten his lunch bag at school
and ran back to get it. In the meantime, the girl continued to walk home at half her usual speed.
When the boy caught up with her, they resumed walking at their usual speed and arrived home
6 minutes later than usual. How many minutes did the girl walk alone?
For their regular walk d rt
15 r
The sister travels 60
r t2 2
t3 r d
15 6 9
The time the sister travels is 60
t2 t3 t 60
t 60
t2 t3
t3 
15 r 9 1 1 1
Using d rt 60
r t2 2
t3 r r 60 t2 t
2 2 10
t2 5
hour 12 minutes.
3
15) Let y be the real number such that 2015 y y 2015 .
Find the value of log 2015 log 2015 y – log 2015 y . Express your answer in simplest form.
y log 2015 y 2015  20153 log 2015 y
3 3 y
2015 y y 2015 log 2015 y
20153
log 2015  
y
log 2015 log 2015 y – log 2015 y log 2015 y
20153
log 2015 log 2015 y – log 2015 y log 2015 y log 2015 20153  log 2015 y 3
16 The radius of the smaller of the two concentric circles is one
meter. The line segments joining the circles consist of the
portions of radii of the larger circle that lie outside the smaller
circle. These line segments and the smaller circle partition the
larger circle into nine sections, each of which has the same
area. Find the length of one of the line segments.
2Π Π
The central angle between two of the radii of the larger circle is 8 4
The area of the smaller circle equals the area of one of the sectors.
The area of the smaller circle is Π 1 2 Π
Π Π
If the length of one of the segments is r, then Π
1 2 1
2 4
1 r 2 4
1
Π Π
Π
1 2 1
2 4
1 r 2 4
1 r2 2r 8 0 r 2 r 4 0 r 2 or r 4.
Since the length must be positive, r 2 meters

17 Four circles of radius 2 are pairwise tangent as
shown in the figure. A fifth circle of radius 2 is
drawn so as to pass through the common points
of tangency. Find the total area of the region
shaded in the figure.
B
A
A
1
Area of triangle 2
2 2 B A A B 2 B 2 A
Π
 2  22  B A A 2A B Π
1
Area of sector 2
Combining: Π 2A 2 A A Π 2
Area 8A 8 Π 2
1
18) Solve the equation log 5 log x4 16 2
for x. Express your answer as a rational number in
x
lowest terms.
1
logxa y z xa z
y xaz y az logx y logxa y a
logx y
Using the above:

1 1 1
log 5 log x4 16 2
2 logx 5 4
logx 16 2
x
logx 161 4 
1 1 1
2 logx 5 4
logx 16 2
logx 25 2
1
logx 50 2
x1 2 50 x 2500
19) Find the sum of all of the real solutions to the equation x x–6 7.
x 6 6 x x 6
x x 6 7 x 6 x 7 x x 6 7
6x x2 7 x2 6x 7
x2 6x 7 0 x2 6x 7 0
x 6 36 28 2 x 7 x 1 0
x 3 2 x 7
Sum = 3 2 3 2 7 13
20) Find the area of the region in the plane that simultaneously satisfies the inequalities
x2 y2 6 x – 10 y 30 and y 5 – x 3 .
x2 y2 6 x – 10 y 30 x 3 2
y 5 2
64
x 3 x 3 x 3
y 5 x 3 y x 8 y 2 x
10
5
10
10 5 5
3Π
  82  48 Π
1
A 2 2
21 A gameboard in the shape of an equilateral triangle is partitioned into 25

25
congruent equilateral triangular regions; these are numbered 1 to 25, as
22 23 24
shown in the figure. A blue checker is placed on one of the regions
and a red checker is placed on a different region. How many ways can 17 18 19 20 21
this be done so that the two checkers are not in adjacent regions ? Two
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
regions are adjacent if they share a common edge.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Place the blue checker on any of the 25 triangular regions and count the number of non-adjacent
regions on which the red checker can be placed. These counts are undicated below.
The total number of possible ways is the sum of these 25 numbers.
23
22 21 22
22 21 21 21 22
22 21 21 21 21 21 22
23 21 22 21 22 21 22 21 23
Total 3 23 9 22 13 21 540
22) If k is a non-negative integer, define k as the sum of the cubes of the digits of k. For example,
3 3 3
889 8 8 9 512 512 729 1753. The sequence a n is defined by
a0 43 333 and a n an–1 for n 1. Find the value of a 2015 .
a1 43 333 43 4 33  172
a2 172 13 73 23 352
a3 352 33 53 23 160
a4 160 13 63 03 217
a5 217 23 13 73 352
a6 352 33 53 23 160
Thus a3 k 160, a3 k 1 217 and a3 k 2 352
a2015 a3 671 2 352
23 How many different paths are there from the point labeled START at the END
bottom of the figure to the point labeled END at the top of the figure,
travelling diagonally upward to the left, diagonally upward to the right
or straight up along lines in the figure ?
START
END
226
92 92
29 42 29
8 21 21 8
1 6 10 6 1
1 5 5 1
1 3 1
1 1
START
Number of paths = 226
24) Every day a crossword puzzle is placed on Jenny s desk. While Jenny is on vacation, the puzzles
accumulate on her desk. When she returns from vacation, Jenny begins to solve the accumulated
puzzles as well as the new puzzles that appear each day. Jenny determines that if she solves exactly
four puzzles a day, she will completely catch up with her puzzle solving ten days sooner than she would
if she solves exactly three puzzles each day. How long was Jenny on vacation?
Let a number of accumulated puzzles and d the number of days to catch up at 4 per day.
a d
4
d
a d 10
3
d 10
a d 4d

a d 10 3 d 30
3d a 0
 d 20 and a 60
2d a 20
20 days to catch up.
25) Let g be a function such that g 1 1 and g 3 n n g n for any positive integer n. What is the value
of log3 g3200 ?
g3 g3 1 1 g1 1 30
g32  g 3 3 3 g 3 3 31
g33  g3 32  32 g32  32 31 31 2
g34  g3 33  33 g33  33 31 2
31 2 3
g3k  g3 3k 1  3k 1
g3k 1  3k 1
31 2 k 2
31 2 3 k 1
3k k 1 2
g3200  3200 199 2

319 900 log3 g3200  19 900
1 . Find the average value of the elements of S2015 .

1 1 1 1
26) Let Sn 2
, 2 3
, 3 4
, , n n 1
n n
1
1 1
 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 n
k 1k k 1 k 1 k k 1 1 2 2 3 n n 1 n 1 n 1
n
n 1 1
An n n 1
1
A 2015
2016
27) Find the positive integer b such that 20 b 15 b 320 b .

2b b 5 3 b2 2b 2 b2 10 b 3 b2 2b
b2 8b 0 bb 8 0 b 8
28 A circle of radius 25 passes through two adjacent vertices of a
square and is tangent to the side opposite the side joining the
adjacent vertices. What is the length of one side of the square ? s2
r
r s r
 2 2
s
r2 s r 2
s2
r2 s2 2 sr r2 4
5 s2 5 8
4
2 rs 0 s 4 s 2 r 0 s 0, s 5
r
8
s 5
25 40
1 1
29) Given that x x
3 , find the integer value of x6 x6
.
x  2 x x 
1 2 1 1 1
x
x2 x2
x2 x2
2
1 1
32 x2 x2
2 x2 x
9 2 7
x  3 x2  x  3 x x2  3 x 
1 3 1 1 1 1 1
x
x3 x3
x3 x3 x
3 x 
1 1 1 1
33 x3 x3 x
27 x3 x3
3 3 x3 x3
18
x3  2 x 3  x3 
1 2 1 1 1
x3
x6 x6
x6 x6
2
1 1
182 x6 x6
2 x6 x6
182 2 324 2 322
30) Find the smallest positive integer n such that n is divisible by 101000 .
Each factor of 5 in n will produce a 10 in n . Hence n must be a multiple of 5
no greater than 5000.
n n n n n
5 25 125 625 3125
1000 Multiply by 3125
n 625 125 25 5 1 1000 3125 7812 n 1000 3125

1000 3125
n 781
4011.25
Hence n 4005
6
31 Find the length of either tangent line from the origin to the circle
x2 y2 – 6 x – 8 y 21 0. 5
r
4
3
r
2 l
d
1
l
1 2 3 4 5
x2 y2 6 x 8 y 21 0 x 3 2
y 4 2
22
d2 h2 k2 and d 2 l2 r2 l2 h2 k2 r2
l2 32 42 22 9 16 4 21 l 21
32) The string of digits 01 001 000 100 001 consists of blocks of zeros followed by a single one.
Each successive block of zeros contains one more zero than the previous block. Ones
appear in positions 2, 5, 9, . Find the position of the 100th one.
nn 1 n2 n 2 n nn 3
Position of the nth one pn 2
n 2 2
100 103
p100 2
50 103 5150
33) Suppose that x, y and z are positive real numbers such that x y z 85, y z x 120 and z x y 105.
What is the value of the product x y z?
xy z 85 1
yz x 120 2
zx y 105 3
xy xz 85 1
yz yx 120 2
zx zy 105 3
2 1 yz xz 35 4
3 4 2 yz 140 yz 70
In (2) xy 70 120 xy 50
In (1) 50 xz 85 xz 35
xy xz yz 50 35 70 2 52 5 7 2 5 7
x2 y2 z2 xyz 2
22 54 72
xyz 2 52 7 350
"
34) If ! cos2 k Φ 7, determine the value of cos 2 Φ . Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
k 0
" "
! cos2 k Φ ! cos2 Φ 
k
7 7 Using the sum of a geometric series:
k 0 k 0
"
! cos2 Φ  1 cos2 Φ cos2 Φ
k 1 1 6
1 cos2 Φ
7 7 7
k 0
Using the trig identity cos 2 Φ 2 cos2 Φ cos 2 Φ 2 7 1

6
1
5
cos 2 Φ
7
35 Circles with centers C and D have respective radii 3 and 10. A F

common tangent intersects the circles at E and F,
respectively. The line segments CD and EF intersect at P.
C P D
Given that C P 5, find E F. Express your answer as a
rational number in lowest terms. E
Α
Α
F
y 10
C P
5 Α x 10
Α D
3
E
From right triangle PCE, PE 4

2 2 2
y 10 x 10
cos Α
4 y 5
5 x 10
x 10 4
y
 16
2 25 2 25 2 9 16 4
y 100 16
y 1 y 100 16
y2 100 y2 9
100 y 3
10
40 52
EF y PE 3
4
3
n – 17
36) Find the smallest positive integer n such that 6 n 11
is a positive rational number that is not in lowest terms.
Reducible there exist integer p 1 such that p n 17 and p 6 n 11

p n 17 and p 6 n 11 p 6 n 11 6 n 17
p 11 6 17 p 113 Prime
113 1
n 17 113 6 n 11 791 791 7
n 130
37) Given that 2 31 – 1 is prime, find the sum of the reciprocals of all of the positive integer divisors
of 2 30 2 31 – 1.
If 2p 1 is prime, the divisors of 2p 1
2p 1 are:
2 3 p 1 p p
1, 2, 2 , 2 , 2 ,2 1, 2 2 1 , 2 2p 2
1, 2p 1
2p 1
Sum  1  1 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 22 2p 1 2p 1 2 22 2p 1
1
Sum  1  1   
1 1 1 1 1 1 2p 2p 1 1
2 22 2p 1 2p 1 1 2p 1
2
2  2p   2p 1 
2p 1 2p
Sum 2
38) Find the real number k such that log k – 2015 log k – 2014 2 2 log k – 2013 .
log k 2015 log k 2014 2 Log k 2013 2

k 2015 k 2014 k 2015 k 2014 1 1 1
log k 2013 k 2013
2 k 2013 k 2013 100 k 2013 k 2014 k 2013 100
1 1
k 2013 k 2014 k 2013 100
k 2013 k 2014 k 2013 100
Let y k 2013 y2 y 1 100 y3 y2 100 0 y 5 y2 4 y 20 0
y 5 and 2 4i
y 5 k 2013 5 k 2018
39) Let S be the set of all 8-digit positive integers obtained by rearranging the digits of
12345678. For example, 13578642 and 78651234 are elements of S. How many
elements of S are divisible by 11 ?
The integer n is divisible by 11 ' the sum of the even position digits = sum of the
odd position digits.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 36 so the (even) (odd) sums must be 18.
1,2,7,8  3,4,5,6 
1,3,6,8  2,4,5,7 
1,4,6,7  2,3,5,8 
1,4,5,8  2,3,6,7 
Number = 8 ways to pick (evens) * 4! * 4! ways to order = 8(24)(24) = 4608

40) Find the smallest positive real number x such that x2  – x ,x- = 6, where ,t- is the largest
integer less than or equal to t. For example, ,3.25- 3 and ,13- 13.
Let x n s where n is a positive integer and 0 s 1.
x2  –x ,x- 6  n s 2 – n s n 6 n2 2 ns s2  – n2 ns 6
Since n2 is an integer the equation reduces to 2 ns s2  – ns 6
This implies that ns is an integer, hence 2 ns is an integer and the equation reduces to
6
ns 6 s n
. SInce s is less than one the smallest value for n is 7.
6 55
x 7 7 7
41) A fair coin is flipped 10 times. What is the probability that, for every time the coin lands heads,
either the flip immediately before it was heads or the flip immediately after it was heads (or both)?
For example, the sequence of flips HHTHHHHTTT has the desired property, but HTHHTTTHHH
does not. Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.
Let an be the number of sequences of length n that satisfy the given condition.
T appended to any sequence counted by an 1
The any sequence of length n can end in a HH appended to any sequence counted by an 2
THHH appended to any sequence counted by an 4
Thus an an 1 an 2 an 4
a1 1 T
a2 2 TT, HH
a3 4 HHH, HHT, THH, TTT
a4 7 HHHH, HHHT, THHH, HHTT, THHT, TTHH, TTTT
a5 a4 a3 a1 7 4 1 12
a6 a5 a4 a2 12 7 2 21
6 5 4 2
a7 a6 a5 a3 21 12 4 37
a8 a7 a6 a4 37 21 7 65
a9 a8 a7 a5 65 37 12 114
a10 a9 a8 a6 114 65 21 200
200 200 25
Probability = 210 1024 128

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ShortFileName http://www.cems.uvm.edu/~lkost/web02/Test_Post/test_post.

Converted by Mathematica April 2, 2002

7) The semicircle has radius 3 . Chord AB has length A E B

11) A square in the plane has a pair of opposite vertices at

13) In the figure, line segment BD bisects — ABC, B

21) Seven congruent rectangles form a larger rectangle B C

28) In the rectangle with vertices (0,0), (24,0), (24,32) and y

35) A circle is inscribed in D ABC where AB = 4, BC B

38) An obtuse isosceles triangle ABC with equal angles at D

–2≤ 4 + 16 –2≤ 20 –2≤2 5

x=–1+ 5 (positive solution)

Number rebroadcast by C = 460, number rebroadcast by B and not by C = 20.

Total number rebroadcast = 460 + 20 = 480.

Let x be the number of pieces of candy in each jar.

Bert gets 25 + x – 17 = x + 8 pieces

Karla gets x – 25 + 17 = x – 8 pieces

Thus Bert has x + 8 – (x – 8) = 16 more pieces.

500 2 500 ÿ 500 500 ÿ 500

Adding these four equations;

By the law of sines

Thus the total is 3 + 3 + 18 = 24 ways.

y−5 = −  Hx+1L

Thus, we solve simultaneously:

Substituting from (1) into (2)

x + 1 = ± 3 ï x = – 4 or 2 The desired value is the smaller solution, i.e. x = – 4.

Substituting in (1) gives y = 6. Thus the closest point is (x , y) = (– 4 , 6)

Then the desired count is 1365 – 7 – 188 = 1170

Draw perpendiculars from vertices B and C to side AD.

From triangle ACF h 2 = 25 2 – 15 2 = 400 ï h = 20

From triangle CFD x 2 = 20 2 + 5 2 = 425 ï x = 5 17 . Thus CD = 5 17

The perimeter of ABCD is 5x + 6y = 5(12) + 6(9) = 114

cos(81°) + cos(39°) = cos(b)

cos(A + B) = cos(A) cos(B) – sin(A) sin(B)

cos(A – B) = cos(A) cos(B) + sin(A) sin(B)

Solving for cos(A + B) + cos(A – B)

cos(A + B) + cos(A – B) = 2cos(A) cos(B)

Then A + B = 81° and A – B = 39°.

Solving gives A = 60° and B = 21°. Since 2cos(60°) = 1, B = 21°

Let S = { x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 } with x1 < x2 < x3 < x4 < x5 .

4( x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 ) = 169 + 153 + 182 + 193 + 127 = 824 ï x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 206

By construction, the smallest sum is x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 127. Thus x5 = 206 – 127 = 79

Thus for n > 2 if n ª 0 mod, z n = – i and if n mod 2 = 1, z n = – 1 + i. Then z 2003 = – 1 + i .

Let t = 4 x . Then the equation is

Then the perimeter of triangle ABC is 2x + 2y + 2r = 12 + 16 + 20 = 48 ï x + y + r = 24

2003! = 2003 · 2002 · 2001 · · · 3 · 2 · 1

Let d x t = integer part of x.

Then the number of 5's in the product is:

From the given information 75P + 35F = 60(F + P)

Thus the sum of all the real zeros in [0 , 100p] is:

p + 3p + 5p + · · · + 199p = p(1 + 3 + 5 + · · · + 199) = p · 100 2 = 10000 p

Let r 1 , r 2 and r 3 be the zeros of the x 3 + a x 2 + b x + c. Then

Hr 1 + r 2 + r 3 L 2 = r 1 2 + r 2 2 + r 3 2 + 2Hr 1 r 2 + r 1 r 3 + r 2 r 3 L Using the above:

H–2cL 2 = – 3c + 2(b) = – 3c + 2(– 2c – c)

Then t = 4 · sinJ 2 N ï t 2 = 16 · sin 2 J 2 N = 16 ·

The angle DBC is a right angle since it is inscribed in a semicircle.

The length of AB is 152 + 20 2 = 25 and an equation of the line containing AB is

Draw segments from points B and C to the center O of the circle.

n(a,b) = aba + bab = 100 a + 10 b + a + 100 b + 10 a + b = (100 + 10 + 1)(a + b) = 111 (a + b)

Thus the total is 20(0 + 1 + 2 + · · · + 9)(111) = 20(45)(111) = 99900

Let x = a + h where a is an integer and 0 § h < 1.

Thus for all x max(f(x)) = 99

Then the sum of the areas is A = p r1 2 + p I 31 M + p I 12 M + · · ·

1) Express + as a rational number in lowest terms.

2) Solve for n: = . Express your answer as a rational number in lowest terms.

y−5 = − Hx+1L

BCBCDB__. There are = = 5 · 7 choices. Thus the probability is =