Hidayatullah National Law University

Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh

English Topic: Culture of Chhattisgarh

Date of submission – 26/08/2015

Submitted By Submitted To

Name – Abhishek Peter Lakra MrsAlka Mehta

Section – B (Faculty: English)

Roll No- 06

Semester- 1st
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Declaration

I,Abhishek Peter Lakra hereby declare that, the project work entitled, ‘Public Speaking’ submitted to H.N.L.U.,

Raipur is record of an original work done by me under the able guidance of Mrs. Alka Mehta Faculty Member,

H.N.L.U., Raipur.
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Acknowledgment

I Abhishek Peter Lakra feel myself highly elated, as it gives me tremendous pleasure to come out with work on

the topic Public Speaking. I am thankful to my teacher, Mrs. Alka Mehta who gave me this topic. I am highly

obliged for his guidance in doing all sorts of researches, suggestions and discussions regarding my project topic

by devoting his precious time.

I thank to the H.N.L.U for providing Computer, library facility. And lastly I would like to thank my friends and

all those persons who have helped me in the completion of this project.
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Abstract

This project introduces students to the basic elements of good public speaking and is designed to instill in

them a sense of confidence as they communicate orally with others. In addition, the project addresses the

art of persuasion and focuses on types of speech as an extraordinary example of masterful presentation.
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Content

1. Title Page…………………………………………

2. Declaration……………………………

3. Acknowledgment…………………………………………

4. Abstract………………………………….

5. Table of Contents…………………………………............................................................................

6. Research Methodology……………………………………

7. Introduction……………………………....

8.Chapters...................................................{7-17}

9.Conclusion.........................................

10.Refrence...................................
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Research Methodology

Natureof Research

This research work is social as it defines how a person can describe his ideas towards a indivisual or infront of

the audience.

Sources of Data

This study is done with the help of secondary data. This secondary information has been obtained from

published sources such as E-books, ,official websites, online PDF etc.

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Introduction

Public speaking (sometimes termed oratory or oration) is the process or act of performing a presentation (a

speech) focused around an individual directly speaking to a live audience in a structured, deliberate manner in

order to inform, influence, or entertain them. Public speaking is commonly understood as the formal, face-to-

face talking of a single person to a group of listeners. It is closely allied to "presenting", although the latter is

more often associated with commercial activity. Most of the time, public speaking is to persuade the audience.
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Chapters

1. History

Early training in public speaking took place in ancient Egypt. The first known Greek work on oratory, written
over 2000 years ago, elaborated principles drawn from the practices and experience of orators in the ancient
Greek city-states. In classical Greece and Rome, the main component was rhetoric (that is, composition and
delivery of speeches), and was an important skill in public and private life. Aristotle and Quintiliandiscussed
oratory, and the subject, with definitive rules and models, was emphasized as a part of a liberal arts education
during the Middle Ages and Renaissance.

The art of public speaking was first developed by the ancient Greeks. Greek oration is known from the works of
classical antiquity. Greek orators spoke, on their own behalf rather as representatives of either a client or a
constituency, and so any citizen who wished to succeed in court, in politics, or in social life had to learn
techniques of public speaking. These skills were taught first by a group of self-styled "sophists" who were
known to charge fees, to "make the weaker argument the stronger," and to make their students "better" through
instruction in excellence. Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates all developed theories of public speaking in opposition
to the Sophists, and their ideas took on institutional form through the development of permanent schools where
public speaking was taught. 1Though Greece eventually lost political sovereignty, the Greek culture of training
in public speaking was adopted virtually wholesale by the Romans.

With the political rise of the Roman Republic, Roman orators copied and modified Greek techniques of public
speaking. Under Roman influence, instruction in rhetoric developed into a full curriculum including instruction
in grammar (study of the poets), preliminary exercises (progymnasmata), and preparation of public speeches
(declamation) in both forensic and deliberative genres. The Latin style was heavily influenced by Cicero, and
involved a strong emphasis on a broad education in all areas of humanistic study (in the liberal arts, including
philosophy), as well as on the use of wit and humor, on appeal to the listener's emotions, and on digressions
(often used to explore general themes related to2 the specific topic of the speech). Oratory in the Roman empire,
though less central to political life than in the days of the Republic, remained important in law, and became
(under the second Sophistic) an important form of entertainment, with famous orators or declaimers gaining
great wealth and prestige for their skills.

This Latin style was the primary form of oration in the world until the beginning of the 20th century. After
World War II there began a gradual deprecation of the Latin style of oration. With the rise of the scientific
-method and the emphasis on a "plain" style of speaking and writing, even formal oratory has become less

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polished and ornate than in the Classical period, though politicians today can still make or break their careers on
the basis of a successful (or unsuccessful) speech.

2. Present Situation

The basic principles have undergone modification as societies and cultures have changed, yet remained

surprisingly uniform. The technology and the methods of this form of communication have traditionally been

through oratory structure and rely on an audience. However, new advances in technology have allowed for more

sophisticated communication for speakers and public orators. The technological and media sources that assist

the public-speaking at3mosphere include both videoconferencing and telecommunications. Videoconferencing

is among one of the more recent technologies that is in a way revolutionizing the way that public speakers

communicate to the masses. David M. Fetter man of Stanford University wrote in his 1997 article

Videoconferencing over the Internet: "Videoconferencing technology allows geographically disparate parties to

hear and see each other usually through satellite or telephone communication systems". This technology is

helpful for large conference meetings and face-to-face communication contexts, and is becoming more

widespread across the world.

3. Training and Education

Clubs such as National Speakers Association, Rostrum, Toastmasters International, Association of Speakers
Clubs (ASC), Speaking Circles, or POWERtalk International, provide a forum for members to develop public
speaking skills through practice and assigned exercises. Techniques and exercises taught include:
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 Oratory
 The use of gestures
 Control of the voice (inflection)
 Vocabulary, register, word choice
 Speaking notes, pitches
 Usinghumor
 Developing a relationship with the audience
 "Show of Hands Method" (used primarily for Billboard presentations)

The use of public speaking in the form of oral presentations is common in higher education and is increasingly
recognized as a means of assessment.

Continued stress is being placed on both public and private educational institutions to incorporate more public
speaking courses into their curriculum. This emphasizes the importance of making a sound argument at young
age. Studies have been conducted that suggest that high-school students may not be receiving effective
instruction in public speaking, which would benefit them academically, personally, and professionally.

4. International And National Organizations.

The National Communication Association (NCA) exists to assist professional communicators - both
marketplace and academic. At the annual convention, many presentations address the concerns central to
effective public speaking.

The National Speakers Association (NSA) is a professional speakers' organization that supports the pursuit of
public speaking as a business. The organization's website says NSA provides "resources and education designed
to advance the skills, integrity, and values of its members and the speaking profession".

Toastmasters International, Association of Speakers Clubs (ASC) and POWERtalk International are nonprofit
educational organizations that operate clubs worldwide for the purpose of helping members improve their
communication, public speaking andleadership skills. Through their member clubs, Toastmasters International,
Association of Speakers Clubs , and POWER talk International help men and women learn the arts of speaking,
listening, and thinking.

Rostrum Australia (formerly Australian Rostrum) is an association of Australian public speaking clubs aim to
help their members improve their speaking and meeting skills. They do this primarily through regular club
meetings and less frequent competitions.

The Sikh Youth Alliance of North America organizes the annual Sikh Youth Symposium, a public speaking
competition for Sikh youth to foster the rise of the next generation of Sikh leaders.
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5. The Importance Of Public Speaking

Even if we don't need to make regular presentations in front of a group, there are plenty of situations where
good public speaking skills can help us advance our career and create opportunities. For example, we might
have to talk about our organization at a conference, make a speech after accepting an award, or teach a class
to new recruits.Speaking to an audience also includes online presentations or talks; for instance, when training
a virtual team, or when speaking to a group of customers in an online meeting.Good public speaking skills are
important in other areas of your life, as well. We might be asked to make a speech at a friend's wedding, give
a eulogy for a loved one, or inspire a group of volunteers at a charity event. In short, being a good public
speaker can enhance our reputation, boost your self-confidence , and open up countless opportunities.

However, while good skills can open doors, poor ones can close them. For example, my boss might decide
against promoting me after sitting through a badly-delivered presentation. I might lose a valuable new
contract by failing to connect with a prospect during a sales pitch. Or i could make a poor impression on my
new team, because i trip over my words and don't look people in the eye.

6. Intercollegiate

The National Forensic Association (NFA), American Forensics Association (AFA), and Phi Rho Pi are three
national organizations within the United States which sponsor competitive public speaking on the
undergraduate level. Events within the three organizations fall into four categories: Public Address, Limited
Preparation, Interpretation, and Debate. The Public Address events include Informative Speaking, Persuasive
Speaking, Rhetorical Criticism (also known at Communication Analysis), and After Dinner Speaking; the
Limited Preparation events include Impromptu Speaking and Extemporaneous Speaking; and the interpretation
events include Poetry, Prose, Dramatic Interpretation, Dramatic Duo Interpretation (in which at least one
dramatic piece is presented by two speakers working together), and Programmed Oral Interpretation (in which
speakers use material from multiple genres with a common theme). The Debate events include Lincoln-Douglas
Debate, Policy Debate, and Parliamentary Debate.

The International Forensics Association (IFA) is an American body whose competitors hail from colleges and
universities within the United States, but compete at an international location.

Pi Kappa Delta (PKD) sponsors college level forensic speech competitions every other year. It is one of the

oldest collegiate forensics organizations.

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7. Public Speaking In International High Schools.

TheNational Forensic League (NFL) is an organization with a similar structure and purpose to the NFA and
AFA, but serves as the national organization within the United States for competitors in high school. For Public
Address, the NFL sponsors Original Oratory and Expository. Extemporaneous speaking is split into two events,
International (Foreign) and United States (Domestic) , and Commentary is offered at the national tournament as
a supplemental event, while Impromptu Speaking and Storytelling are offered limited preparation consolatory
events. In addition to the interpretation events offered by NFA and AFA, the NFL also sponsors Humorous
Interpretation. The debate formats sponsored by the NFL include Policy Debate (Cross-Examination), Lincoln-
Douglas Debate, Public Forum Debate, and Student Congress.

The National Catholic Forensics League (NCFL) is an organization with a similar structure and purpose as the
NFL, however it is a national competition between Catholic high schools in the United States. In recent years,
the NCFL has allowed public high schools to also complete. Stoa, NCFCA, and a number of other organizations
serve the growing home school forensics community.

Several states also have state and local organizations generally unaffiliated with the two national leagues. These
organizations frequently offer additional events which are unavailable within either the NFL or NCFL.

Rostrum Australia’s Student Development Program for Secondary School Students also contributes to the

welfare and personal growth of Australian Youth through the conduct of the annual Rostrum Voice of Youth

Student Development P4rogram and Speaking Competition. Rostrum has organized this competition since 1975.

Rostrum Voice of Youth is open to all high school students. It involves a prepared speech and an impromptu .

8. Strategies for Becoming a Better Speaker

Speaking in public is a learn able skill.The following strategies to become a better speaker and presenter.

A:Plan Appropriately

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First, make sure that we plan our communication appropriately. Thus,Use tools like the Rhetorical Triangle ,
Monroe's Motivated Sequence , and the 7Cs of Communication to think about how we'll structure what
we're going to say. When we do this, think about how important a book's first paragraph is; if it doesn't grab us,
we're likely going to put it down. The same principle goes for our speech: from the beginning, we need to
intrigue our audience.
For example, we could start with an interesting statistic, headline, or fact that pertains to what we're talking
about and resonates with our audience. We can also use story telling as a powerful opener; our Expert
Interviews with Ann5ette Simmons and Paul Smith offer some useful tips on
doing this. Planning also helps you to think on your feet . This is especially important for unpredictable question
and answer sessions or last-minute communications. Remember that not all occasions when we need
to speak in public will be scheduled.We can make good impromptu speeches by having ideas and mini-speeches
prepared. It also helps to have a good, thorough understanding of what's going on in your organization and
industry.

B: Practice

There's a good reason that we say, "Practice makes perfect!" We simply cannot be a confident, compelling
speaker without practice. To get practice, seek opportunities to speak in front of
others. For example, Toastmasters is a club geared specifically towards aspiring speakers, and we can get
plenty of practice at Toastmasters sessions. We could also put our self in situations that require public speaking,
such as by cross-training a group from another department, or by volunteering to speak at team meetings.
If we're going to be delivering a presentation or prepared speech, create it as early as possible. The earlier you
put it together, the more time you'll have to practice. Practice it plenty of times alone, using the resources we'll
rely on at the event, and, as we practice, tweak your words until they flow smoothly and easily.
Then, if appropriate, do a dummy run in front of a small audience: this will help us calm our jitters and make us
feel more comfortable with the material.Our audience can also give us useful feedback , both on our
material and on our performance.

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C:Engage With Your Audience

When speaking try to engage with audience. This makes us feel less isolated as a speaker and keeps everyone
involved with our message. If appropriate, ask leading questions targeted to individuals or groups, and
encourage people to participate and ask questions.Keep in mind that some words reduce our power as a
speaker. For instance, think about how these sentences sound: "I just want to add that I think we can meet these
goals" or "I just think this plan is a good one." The words "just" and "I think" limit our authority and conviction.
Don't use them.A similar word is "actually," as in, "Actually, I'd like to add
that we were under budget last quarter." When we use "actually," it conveys a sense of submissiveness or even
surprise. Instead, say what things are. "We were under budget last quarter" is clear and direct.
Also, pay attention to how one is speaking. If we're nervous, we might talk quickly. This increases the
chances that we'll trip over our words, or say something we don't mean. Force our self to slow down by
breathing
deeply. Don't be afraid to gather the thoughts; pauses as they
are an important part of conversation, and they make us
sound confident, natural, and authentic. Finally, avoid reading word-for-word from ones notes.
Instead, make a list of important points on cue cards, or, as you get better at public speaking, try to memorize
what we're going to say – we can still refer back to our cue cards when we need them.

D: Body Language

Body language gives our audience constant, subtle clues about our inner state. If we're nervous, or if you don't
believe in what we're saying, the audience can soon know. Pay attention to your body language: stand up
straight, take deep breaths, look people in the eye, and smile. Don't lean on one leg or use gestures that feel
unnatural.Many people prefer to speak behind a podium when giving presentations. While podiums can be
useful for holding notes, they put a barrier between you and the audience. They can also become a "crutch,"
giving us a hiding place from the dozens or hundreds of eyes that are on us. Instead of standing behind a
podium, walk around and use gestures to engage the audience. This movement and energy will also come
through in your voice, making it more active and passionate.
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E:Think Positively

Positive thinking can make a huge difference to the success of your communication, because it helps you feel
more confident. Fear makes it all too easy to slip into a cycle of negative self-talk, especially right before you
speak, while self- sabotaging thoughts such as "I'll never be good at this!" or "I'm going to fall flat on my face!"
lower your confidence and increase the chances that you won't achieve what you're truly capable of.
Use affirmations and visualization to raise our confidence. This is especially important right before our
speech or presentation. Visualize giving a successful presentation, and imagine how you'll feel once it's over
and when you've made a positive difference for others. Use positive affirmations such as "I'm grateful I have the
opportunity to help my audience" or "I'm going to do well!"

F: Coping With Nerves

How often have you listened to or watched a speaker who really messed up? Chances are, the answer is "not
very often." When we have to speak in front of others, we can envision terrible things happening. We imagine
forgetting every point we want to make, passing out from our nervousness, or doing so horribly that we'll lose
our job. But those things almost never come to pass! We build them up in our minds and end up more nervous
than we need to be. Many people cite speaking to an audience as their biggest fear, and a fear of failure is often
at the root of this. Public speaking can lead your "fight or flight" response to kick in: adrenaline courses through
your bloodstream,your heart rate increases, you sweat, and your breath becomes fast and shallow.
Although these symptoms can be annoying or even debilitating, the Inverted-U Model shows that a certain
amount of pressure enhances performance. By changing your mindset, you can use nervous energy to your
Advantage. First, make an effort to stop thinking about yourself, your
nervousness, and your fear. Instead, focus on your audience: what you're saying is "about them." Remember
that you're trying to help or educate them in some way, and your message is more important than your fear.
Concentrate on the audience's wants and needs, instead of your own. If time allows, use deep breathing
exercises to slow your heart rate and give your body the oxygen it needs to perform. This is especially important
right before you speak. Take deep breaths from your belly, hold each one for several seconds, and let it out
slowly.Crowds are more intimidating than individuals, so think of your speech as a conversation that you're
having with one person. Although your audience may be 100 people, focus on one friendly face at a time, and
talk to that person as if he or she is the only one in the room.
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G:Watch Recordings of Your Speeches

Whenever possible, record your presentations and speeches. You can improve your speaking skills
dramatically by watching yourself later, and then working on improving in areas that didn't go well.
As you watch, notice any verbal stalls, such as "um" or "like." Look at your body language: are you swaying,
leaning on the podium, or leaning heavily on one leg? Are you looking at the audience? Did you smile? Did you
speak clearly at all times? Pay attention to your gestures. Do they appear natural or forced? Make sure that
people can see them, especially if you're standing behind a podium. Last, look at how you handled interruptions,
such as a sneeze or a question that you weren't prepared for. Does your face show surprise, hesitation, or
annoyance? If so, practice managing interruptions like these smoothly, so that you're even better next time.

9.General Public Speaking In The World

.The objectives of a public speaker's presentation can range from simply transmitting information, to motivating

people to act, to simply telling a story. Professional public speakers often engage in ongoing training and

education to refine their craft. This may include seeking guidance to improve their speaking skills—such as

learning better storytelling techniques, for example, or learning how to effectively use humor as a

communication tool—as well as continuous research in their topic area of focus.

People who speak publicly6 in a professional capacity are paid a speaking fee. Professional public speakers may
include ex-politicians, sports stars and other public figures. In the case of high-profile personalities, the sum can
be extraordinary.

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The common fear of public speaking is called glossophobia (or, informally, "stage fright"), although many
people simply confuse normal nerves and anxiety with a genuine phobia.

Public speaking and oration are sometimes considered some of the most importantly valued skills that an
individual can possess. This skill can be used for almost anything. Most great speakers have a natural ability to
display the skills and effectiveness that can help to engage and move an audience for whatever purpose.
Language and rhetoric use are among two of the most important aspects of public speaking and interpersonal
communication. Having knowledge and understanding of the use and purpose of communication can help to
make a more effective speaker communicate their message in an effectual way.

'The soul of delivery is in the manful assertion of the orator's personality, in the revelation of the high purpose
by which he is actuated, in the profound conviction of the truth of his course, in the firm resolve to establish it,
in the dauntless spirit that faces all obstacles, and, conquering them, sweeps onward to the desired goal.'

Leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr., Winston Churchill are notable examples of effective orators who used
oratory to have a significant impact on society. The speeches of politicians are often widely analyzed by both
their supporters and detractors.

Some of the greatest examples of public speaking are well known and studied years after the speech was

delivered. Examples are Pericles' funeral oration in 427 B.C.E. over the dead of the Peloponnesian War;

Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address in 1863, soon after Sojourner Truth's identification of racial problem in

"Ain't I a Woman?" and Mahatma Gandhi's message of nonviolent resistance in India, inspiring Martin Luther

King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech at the Washington Monument in 1963.

10.Tools Of Public Speaking,

Rostrums hold papers for speakers. Public speakers may use audience response systems. For large assemblies,

the speaker will usually speak with the aid of a public address system or microphone and loudspeaker
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Conclusion

The primary goal of informative speaking is to increase listeners knowledge so they can better understand the
world around them and can make more informed decisions. Discussing the impact a speaker can have on an
audience, Perry Wilbur explains: Always keep in mind that if your talk helps just one listener in your audience,
it has been successful. It is far more likely to have an impact on a number of listeners in your audiences. That is
one of the real powers of spoken communication. Develop skill for the material across to audiences, and you
can and will change lives for the better and make a worthy contribution as a speaker. Informative speaking is a
crucial skill that, if developed, will help Us to be more successful in both your personal life and our
professional career.
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Refrence

For my project utilized many interesting sites and encyclopedias a few of which are-

1.www.google.com

2.Rebecca Kelley Blog.com

3.www.boostyourspeech.uk.in