Initial evaluation methodology and case studies for life cycle impact of permeability of

permeable pavements
Yu Wang, Hui Li, Ahmed Abdelhady, John Harvey
Evaluation of environmental impacts of permeable asphalt pavements and permeable
concrete pavements. Comparison between permeable asphalt pavement and dense graded
asphalt pavement is conducted for a typical four lane secondary road. The goal of this LCA is
to make comparison between permeable asphalt pavements and dense-graded asphalt
pavements, indicating the environmental benefits of permeable pavements for decision-
makers, designers, and stakeholders in pavement community.
Conclusions Energy consumption, GHG, Pb, Zn, TP and TN pollutants from extraction,
construction and use stage of pavements are analyzed in the paper for a typical 10-km two-
way, four-lane secondary road with a design life of 12 years that supports 5000 vehicles per
day first year with a growth rate of 5%. It is obvious that permeable asphalt pavement is
superior to dense-graded semi-rigid base asphalt pavement in all of the evaluated
environmental impacts.
The permeable asphalt pavements provide better driving experience, optimized water
recycling capacity and pavement pollution removal using more environmentally friendly
materials with less energy consumption and pollution emission.

Simulation study on effect of permeable pavement on reducing flood risk of urban runoff
Haoran Zhu , Mingming Yu, Junqing Zhu, Haizhu Lu, Rongji Cao
There are 4 main types of core simulation process in SWMM: surface runoff produce
process, surface runoff confluence process, pipeline network confluence process and water
quality simulation process. Then the runoff process of different permeable pavement
structures under 4 different kinds of rainfall recurrence periods was simulated, the runoff
coefficient, flood peck flow and peck moment were calculated.
According to the simulation results, under the conditions of 4 distinctive rainfall recurrence
periods, when the thickness was 4 cm and 10 cm, the runoff coefficient of drainage surface
was between 0.733 and 0.898, and the runoff coefficient of impervious pavement was 0.953-
0.966.
Compared with impervious pavement, the total runoff and runoff coefficient of drainage
surface are smaller.
As the thickness of drainage surface increases, rainfall infiltration increases, runoff
coefficient decreases, which means the drainage surface is more effective in reducing surface
runoff.
The range of runoff coefficient of different permeable pavement structures was
recommended, the drainage surface adopts w = 0.7-0.85, the permeable pavement the
permeable road, and the runoff coefficient of permeable road was 0, which provides
theoretical support for the practice of ''sponge city".

Application of fully permeable pavements as a sustainable approach for mitigation of

stormwater runoff
Shadi Saadeh , Avinash Ralla , Yazan Al-Zubi , Rongzong Wu , John Harvey
The scope of existing usage for fully permeable pavements is limited, this was observed in
the design manuals for the design of porous asphalt, pervious concrete pavements, and
permeable interlocking concrete pavements produced by National Asphalt Pavement
Association, American Concrete Pavement Association, and the previous version of the
design method of the Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute, respectively.
The important design parameters include an attentive evaluation of the permeable pavement
site and its surrounding land use to ensure that the pavement has good durability.
The preliminary design method for fully permeable pavements was developed based on the
regional rainfall, storm event return period, traffic, truck speed, surfacing type open-graded
asphalt concrete, open-graded Portland cement concrete, and shear stress-to-shear strength on
top of the subgrade.
In PCC-O pavement slab length, thickness of base, design traffic, and design speed determine
the thickness of the surface layer, while in HMA-O pavement, thickness of base, design
traffic and design speed are incorporated to determine the HMAO layer thickness.
Thickness of the base layer differed with type of pavement, for asphalt pavement it was 500
mm, and for concrete pavement it was 710 mm.

A new structure of permeable pavement for mitigating urban heat island

Yong Liu, Tian Li ⁎, Hangyu Peng
To explore the efficiency of mitigating the urban heat island (UHI), bench-scale permeable
pavement units with capillary columns were developed and compared with conventional
permeable pavement.
Results show the capillary column was important in increasing evaporation by lifting water
from the bottom to the surface, and the evaporation-enhancing permeable pavement was
cooler than a conventional permeable pavement by as much as 9.4 °C during the
experimental period.
Evaporative pavements typically use water-holding pavers to suppress surface temperatures,
and mainly include permeable and water-retentive pavements.In the new pavement, capillary
columns are installed in aggregate to lift runoff captured by the liner to the surface, which can
promote evaporation and cool the pavement for a longer period. Evaporation-enhancing
permeable pavement could contribute substantially to UHI mitigation, and was a maximum
9.4 °C cooler than conventional permeable pavement.

Hydrologic and water quality performance of permeable pavement with T internal water
storage over a clay soil in Durham, North Carolina
Alessandra S. Braswell, Ryan J. Winston, William F. Hunt
Effluent pollutant load from the permeable pavement was at minimum 85% less than from
nearby untreated asphalt runoff for total phosphorus , total suspended solids, Cu, Pb, and Zn,
and was 73% less for total nitrogen. Permeable pavements built over low-permeability soils
with internal water storage can considerably improve long-term hydrology and water quality.
Found the inclusion of an internal water storage zone within the aggregate subbase increased
exfiltration into the in situ sandy loam soils by 23%. Implementing IWS may increase
exfiltration from permeable pavements located over clay soils, but has not yet been studied.
Long-term studies of permeable pavement drawdown rates should be done to understand if
clogging occurs at the underlying soil interface or if the clogging which occurs at the
pavement surface provides effective pretreatment
Runoff volume reduction was lower than for permeable pavements built over more permeable
soils, but the IWS zone created enough storage capacity to eliminate outflow from storms less
than 8 mm.

Laboratory analysis on the surface runoff pollution reduction performance of permeable

pavements
Jia Liu, Hexiang Yan, Ziyuan Liao, Kui Zhang, Arthur R. Schmidt, Tao Tao
Individually, the water quality performance of the surface pavement layer and gravel layer of
a permeable pavement under various conditions was determined in laboratoryscale pavement
cells.
The performance of permeable pavement is influenced by multiple factors, including the
magnitude of storms, the influent pollutant concentration, the materials used in permeable
pavement, the design configuration, the surface type, the slope of the pavement, the
temperature, as well as the pavement age and maintenance.
The comparison between the two layers showed that the surface pavement layer had
statistically superior performance compared to the gravel layer regarding TSS, NH4-N, NOx-
N, TP, and COD removal, suggesting that these pollutants were removed primarily by the
surface pavement layer.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON PERMEABLE PAVEMENTS IN URBAN AREAS: A

SYNTHETIC REVIEW
M. MARCHIONI & G. BECCIU
Permeable pavements can reduce volumes and improve water quality of stormwater runoff by
allowing water to infiltrate on its structure, easily integrating with other water control
strategies in sustainable urban drain- age systems. Reduction of suspended solids in runoff
was also reported, with concentration ranging from near 0 to 50 mg/L, while on an
impermeable pavement fluctuate from 30 to 300 mg/L, with peaks of 1000 mg/L. Also fine
sediments, organic material and lead accumulation through the pavement layers were
analyzed.
After analyzing 30 rainfall events and comparing results from a nearby impermeable
pavement, the permeable pavement showed a decrease of about 64% in suspended solids and
79% in lead concentration.
After testing a number of pavements using an infiltro- meter, Borgwardt concluded that after
20 years a permeable pavement could lose 80% of its initial infiltration rate.
A permeable pavement, thus, should present a similar range to behave as a permeable soil.
Conclusion test results reported in literature confirm the effectiveness of permeable
pavements in SUDs, for runoff volume reduction and pollutants removal from stormwater in
urban areas, and their use should be encouraged.
Even though clogging may occur, permeable pavements can regain acceptable infiltration
rates through maintenance.