ELG 3126 RANDOM SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS Winter 2018

SAMPLE FINAL EXAM

THIS IS A PRACTICE FINAL EXAM. IT IS PROVIDED SOLELY TO STUDENTS PRESENTLY

REGISTERED IN ELG 3126 AND MUST NOT BE COPIED OR GIVEN TO ANYONE ELSE.

Prof. P. Galko Page 1 of 6

Prof. A. Chehri

Time Allowed: 3 hours

Closed Book Test
Nonprogrammable Calculators Permitted
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

Please follow the instructions printed on the back of your examination booklets! All computations must be
explained in the answer books.

QUESTION 1 (9 POINTS)
(a) In probability theory, what is the meaning of the term “event.” [A one sentence answer...nothing
longer!]
(b) State the definition of the conditional probability of an event A conditioned on the event B.
(c) State the density function of a Gaussian random variable with mean 1 and variance 2. Express its
probability distribution function in terms of Q(x).
(d) State the definition of the covariance of two (possibly complex-valued) random variables X and Y.
(e) What are the two properties that the joint density function of three random variable fXYZ (x, y, z)
must possess?
(f) How can the joint density function of the two random variable X and Y be found from the joint
density function of three random variables fXYZ (x, y, z)?
(g) A χ2 -goodness of fit test is conducted for an exponential distribution with mean 10 using a histogram
of 10 bins. The desired level of significance for the test was 2.5%. It was found that the test statistic
had a value of 18.24. State carefully what conclusion can be drawn from this result?

c
Prof. P. Galko & Prof. A. Chehri, School of EECS, University of Ottawa.
Winter 2018 ELG 3126 Page 2 of 6

QUESTION 2 (3 POINTS)
A designer of voice mail systems must design into the system a limit of the duration of messages that
it will record. The model on which the design is to be based is that the duration of voice messages [in
minutes] that people like to leave is generally governed by an exponential distribution

fT (τ ) = (1/t0 )e−τ /t0 u(τ ),

with parameter t0 = 15 [corresponding to an average length of message of 15 seconds]. Using this model,
what limit should be placed on messages if 99% of messages that people wish to leave will not be cutoff
by an imposed time limit? Repeat for 98% and 99.9% fractions.

QUESTION 3 (3 POINTS)
Suppose we transmit 16 information bits through a digital communication system which has the property
that the probability of a bit value being received correctly is 0.995. Obviously then, the probability of
a particular bit being incorrectly transmitted is then 0.005. Whether a particular bit is transmitted
correctly has nothing to do with whether any other bit is correctly transmitted.
(a) Find the probability that all 16 bit values are correctly received.
(b) In another communications system, the situation is the same except that the probability of a
bit error drops to 10−6 . Find the probability that 16 bits transmitted through this system are all
received correctly. Find as well the probability that one million bits sent through this better system
all were received correctly. Values for these answers are required, not merely expressions.

QUESTION 4 (3 POINTS)
Find the characteristic function of a random variable X uniformly distributed over the interval [−1, 1].
Use the moment generating theorem to determine the first and second order moments of X and verify
your result by finding these moments directly (i.e., without the use of the moment generating theorem).
What is the variance of X?

QUESTION 5 (3 POINTS)
Two random variables X, Y are known to be jointly Gaussian, so their joint density function has the
form
1 T
fXY (x, y) = √ exp(− 12 [x − µX , y − µY ]Λ−1
XY [x − µX , y − µY ] )
2π det ΛXY
  
1 −1 (x − µX )2 (y − µY )2 2ρXY (x − µX )(y − µY )
= p exp + −
2πσX σY 1 − ρ2XY 2(1 − ρ2XY ) σX2 σY2 σX σY

where µX and µY are the means of X and Y respectively, σX and σY are the standard deviations (the
square root of the variance) of X and Y respectively, ρXY is the correlation coefficient between X and
Y, and ΛXY is the covariance matrix of X and Y. Suppose µX = 2, µY = 3,
 
1 −1
ΛXY = ,
−1 9

and we define Z = 3X − Y + 2. Find the density function for the random variable Z.
Hint: What is the mean and variance of Z?
Winter 2018 ELG 3126 Page 3 of 6

QUESTION 6 (12 POINTS)

Two random variables X, Y have a joint density function given by

3
−y 2
fXY (x, y) = Kx2 ye−x u(x)u(y).

(a) Find the value of K so that this is a valid density function.

(b) Find FXY (x, y).
(c) Find the marginal density function fX (x) and the marginal distribution function FY (y).
(d) Are X and Y independent random variables?
(e) Find P(X ≥ 1, Y > 1).
(f) Find fY (y | X = 2), and fX (x | Y = 1). What is fY (y | X = −1)?
(g) Find E{XY}.

QUESTION 7 (3 POINTS)
Suppose that X, Y, and Z are three mean random variables with means 1, 2, and 1 (respectively) and
covariance matrix  
2 0 −1
ΛXYZ =  0 4 1 
−1 1 8

Find the mean, mean square value, and variance of W = X − Y + 2Z − 2.

QUESTION 8 (2 POINTS)
A sample of 20 bulbs is taken from a very large lot of light bulbs and tested until they fail to determine
the burn life of each bulb. The average value is found to be 1100 hours. The sample standard deviation is
found to be 100 hours. Assuming that the bulb lifetime is well approximated by a Gaussian distribution,
find the 95% confidence interval for the average life of bulbs in the lot.

QUESTION 9 (2 POINTS)
In passive sonar, after processing the sound received, the receiver produces an output which is described
by a random variable R that is always a zero mean Gaussian random variable. When there is only
background noise, R has variance 1. When a target is present to produce noise, the variance of R is
greater by the noise variance σT2 . The sonar system must use R to decide between

H0 : there is no target present;

H1 : a target is present.

The operation of the sonar system is such that a target is said to be present when |R| > 3, and is
otherwise said to be absent.
(a) What is the level of significance of the test the sonar system uses? What is the probability of a
false alarm (the probability a target is said to be present when there is none)?
(b) What is the probability of a target being detected as a function of the target noise variance σT2 ?
Winter 2018 ELG 3126 Page 4 of 6
Z ∞
1 2
Q(x) = √ e−t /2 dt
x 2π
x 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.09853
1.3 0.09680 0.09510 0.09342 0.09176 0.09012 0.08851 0.08691 0.08534 0.08379 0.08226
1.4 0.08076 0.07927 0.07780 0.07636 0.07493 0.07353 0.07215 0.07078 0.06944 0.06811
1.5 0.06681 0.06552 0.06426 0.06301 0.06178 0.06057 0.05938 0.05821 0.05705 0.05592
1.6 0.05480 0.05370 0.05262 0.05155 0.05050 0.04947 0.04846 0.04746 0.04648 0.04551
1.7 0.04457 0.04363 0.04272 0.04182 0.04093 0.04006 0.03920 0.03836 0.03754 0.03673
1.8 0.03593 0.03515 0.03438 0.03362 0.03288 0.03216 0.03144 0.03074 0.03005 0.02938
1.9 0.02872 0.02807 0.02743 0.02680 0.02619 0.02559 0.02500 0.02442 0.02385 0.02330
2.0 0.02275 0.02222 0.02169 0.02118 0.02068 0.02018 0.01970 0.01923 0.01876 0.01831
2.1 0.01786 0.01743 0.01700 0.01659 0.01618 0.01578 0.01539 0.01500 0.01463 0.01426
2.2 0.01390 0.01355 0.01321 0.01287 0.01255 0.01222 0.01191 0.01160 0.01130 0.01101
2.3 0.01072 0.01044 0.01017 0.009903 0.009642 0.009387 0.009137 0.008894 0.008656 0.008424
2.4 0.008198 0.007976 0.007760 0.007549 0.007344 0.007143 0.006947 0.006756 0.006569 0.006387
2.5 0.006210 0.006037 0.005868 0.005703 0.005543 0.005386 0.005234 0.005085 0.004940 0.004799
2.6 0.004661 0.004527 0.004396 0.004269 0.004145 0.004025 0.003907 0.003793 0.003681 0.003573
2.7 0.003467 0.003364 0.003264 0.003167 0.003072 0.002980 0.002890 0.002803 0.002718 0.002635
2.8 0.002555 0.002477 0.002401 0.002327 0.002256 0.002186 0.002118 0.002052 0.001988 0.001926
2.9 0.001866 0.001807 0.001750 0.001695 0.001641 0.001589 0.001538 0.001489 0.001441 0.001395
3.0 0.001350 0.001306 0.001264 0.001223 0.001183 0.001144 0.001107 0.001070 0.001035 0.001001
3.1 9.676 10−4 9.354 10−4 9.043 10−4 8.740 10−4 8.447 10−4 8.164 10−4 7.888 10−4 7.622 10−4 7.364 10−4 7.114 10−4
3.2 6.871 10−4 6.637 10−4 6.410 10−4 6.190 10−4 5.976 10−4 5.770 10−4 5.571 10−4 5.377 10−4 5.190 10−4 5.009 10−4
3.3 4.834 10−4 4.665 10−4 4.501 10−4 4.342 10−4 4.189 10−4 4.041 10−4 3.897 10−4 3.758 10−4 3.624 10−4 3.495 10−4
3.4 3.369 10−4 3.248 10−4 3.131 10−4 3.018 10−4 2.909 10−4 2.803 10−4 2.701 10−4 2.602 10−4 2.507 10−4 2.415 10−4
3.5 2.326 10−4 2.241 10−4 2.158 10−4 2.078 10−4 2.001 10−4 1.926 10−4 1.854 10−4 1.785 10−4 1.718 10−4 1.653 10−4
3.6 1.591 10−4 1.531 10−4 1.473 10−4 1.417 10−4 1.363 10−4 1.311 10−4 1.261 10−4 1.213 10−4 1.166 10−4 1.121 10−4
3.7 1.078 10−4 1.036 10−4 9.961 10−5 9.574 10−5 9.201 10−5 8.842 10−5 8.496 10−5 8.162 10−5 7.841 10−5 7.532 10−5
3.8 7.235 10−5 6.948 10−5 6.673 10−5 6.407 10−5 6.152 10−5 5.906 10−5 5.669 10−5 5.442 10−5 5.223 10−5 5.012 10−5
3.9 4.810 10−5 4.615 10−5 4.427 10−5 4.247 10−5 4.074 10−5 3.908 10−5 3.747 10−5 3.594 10−5 3.446 10−5 3.304 10−5
4.0 3.167 10−5 3.036 10−5 2.910 10−5 2.789 10−5 2.673 10−5 2.561 10−5 2.454 10−5 2.351 10−5 2.252 10−5 2.157 10−5
4.1 2.066 10−5 1.978 10−5 1.894 10−5 1.814 10−5 1.737 10−5 1.662 10−5 1.591 10−5 1.523 10−5 1.458 10−5 1.395 10−5
4.2 1.335 10−5 1.277 10−5 1.222 10−5 1.168 10−5 1.118 10−5 1.069 10−5 1.022 10−5 9.774 10−6 9.345 10−6 8.934 10−6
4.3 8.540 10−6 8.163 10−6 7.801 10−6 7.455 10−6 7.124 10−6 6.807 10−6 6.503 10−6 6.212 10−6 5.934 10−6 5.668 10−6
4.4 5.413 10−6 5.169 10−6 4.935 10−6 4.712 10−6 4.498 10−6 4.294 10−6 4.098 10−6 3.911 10−6 3.732 10−6 3.561 10−6
4.5 3.398 10−6 3.241 10−6 3.092 10−6 2.949 10−6 2.813 10−6 2.682 10−6 2.558 10−6 2.439 10−6 2.325 10−6 2.216 10−6
4.6 2.112 10−6 2.013 10−6 1.919 10−6 1.828 10−6 1.742 10−6 1.660 10−6 1.581 10−6 1.506 10−6 1.434 10−6 1.366 10−6
4.7 1.301 10−6 1.239 10−6 1.179 10−6 1.123 10−6 1.069 10−6 1.017 10−6 9.680 10−7 9.211 10−7 8.765 10−7 8.339 10−7
4.8 7.933 10−7 7.547 10−7 7.178 10−7 6.827 10−7 6.492 10−7 6.173 10−7 5.869 10−7 5.580 10−7 5.304 10−7 5.042 10−7
4.9 4.792 10−7 4.554 10−7 4.327 10−7 4.111 10−7 3.906 10−7 3.711 10−7 3.525 10−7 3.348 10−7 3.179 10−7 3.019 10−7
5.0 2.867 10−7 2.722 10−7 2.584 10−7 2.452 10−7 2.328 10−7 2.209 10−7 2.096 10−7 1.989 10−7 1.887 10−7 1.790 10−7
5.1 1.698 10−7 1.611 10−7 1.528 10−7 1.449 10−7 1.374 10−7 1.302 10−7 1.235 10−7 1.170 10−7 1.109 10−7 1.051 10−7
5.2 9.964 10−8 9.442 10−8 8.946 10−8 8.476 10−8 8.029 10−8 7.605 10−8 7.203 10−8 6.821 10−8 6.459 10−8 6.116 10−8
5.3 5.790 10−8 5.481 10−8 5.188 10−8 4.911 10−8 4.647 10−8 4.398 10−8 4.161 10−8 3.937 10−8 3.724 10−8 3.523 10−8
5.4 3.332 10−8 3.151 10−8 2.980 10−8 2.818 10−8 2.664 10−8 2.518 10−8 2.381 10−8 2.250 10−8 2.127 10−8 2.010 10−8
5.5 1.899 10−8 1.794 10−8 1.695 10−8 1.601 10−8 1.512 10−8 1.428 10−8 1.349 10−8 1.274 10−8 1.203 10−8 1.135 10−8
5.6 1.072 10−8 1.012 10−8 9.548 10−9 9.010 10−9 8.503 10−9 8.022 10−9 7.569 10−9 7.140 10−9 6.735 10−9 6.352 10−9
5.7 5.990 10−9 5.649 10−9 5.326 10−9 5.022 10−9 4.734 10−9 4.462 10−9 4.206 10−9 3.964 10−9 3.735 10−9 3.519 10−9
5.8 3.316 10−9 3.124 10−9 2.942 10−9 2.771 10−9 2.610 10−9 2.458 10−9 2.314 10−9 2.179 10−9 2.051 10−9 1.931 10−9
5.9 1.818 10−9 1.711 10−9 1.610 10−9 1.515 10−9 1.425 10−9 1.341 10−9 1.261 10−9 1.186 10−9 1.116 10−9 1.049 10−9
6.0 9.866 10−10 9.276 10−10 8.721 10−10 8.198 10−10 7.706 10−10 7.242 10−10 6.806 10−10 6.396 10−10 6.009 10−10 5.646 10−10
6.1 5.303 10−10 4.982 10−10 4.679 10−10 4.394 10−10 4.126 10−10 3.874 10−10 3.637 10−10 3.414 10−10 3.205 10−10 3.008 10−10
6.2 2.823 10−10 2.649 10−10 2.486 10−10 2.332 10−10 2.188 10−10 2.052 10−10 1.925 10−10 1.805 10−10 1.693 10−10 1.587 10−10
6.3 1.488 10−10 1.395 10−10 1.308 10−10 1.226 10−10 1.149 10−10 1.077 10−10 1.009 10−10 9.451 10−11 8.854 10−11 8.294 10−11
6.4 7.769 10−11 7.276 10−11 6.814 10−11 6.380 10−11 5.974 10−11 5.593 10−11 5.235 10−11 4.900 10−11 4.586 10−11 4.292 10−11
6.5 4.016 10−11 3.758 10−11 3.515 10−11 3.288 10−11 3.076 10−11 2.877 10−11 2.690 10−11 2.516 10−11 2.352 10−11 2.199 10−11
6.6 2.056 10−11 1.922 10−11 1.796 10−11 1.678 10−11 1.568 10−11 1.465 10−11 1.369 10−11 1.279 10−11 1.195 10−11 1.116 10−11
6.7 1.042 10−11 9.731 10−12 9.086 10−12 8.483 10−12 7.919 10−12 7.392 10−12 6.900 10−12 6.439 10−12 6.009 10−12 5.607 10−12
6.8 5.231 10−12 4.880 10−12 4.552 10−12 4.246 10−12 3.960 10−12 3.692 10−12 3.443 10−12 3.210 10−12 2.993 10−12 2.790 10−12
6.9 2.600 10−12 2.423 10−12 2.258 10−12 2.104 10−12 1.960 10−12 1.826 10−12 1.701 10−12 1.585 10−12 1.476 10−12 1.374 10−12
Winter 2018 ELG 3126 Page 5 of 6

Percentage points of the χ2 distribution.

This table provides the values of λ that a random variable with a χ2 distribution with n degrees of
freedom, will exceed with given probability α:
Z ∞
n
(x/2) 2 −1 e−x/2 /2Γ(n/2) dx = α
λ

α
n\ 0.995 0.99 0.975 0.95 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
1 3.9271 10−5 1.5709 10−4 9.8207 10−4 3.9322 10−3 3.84146 5.02390 6.63489 7.87940
2 0.010025 0.0201 0.050636 0.10259 5.99148 7.37778 9.21035 10.59653
3 0.07172 0.11483 0.21579 0.35185 7.81472 9.34840 11.34488 12.83807
4 0.20698 0.29711 0.48442 0.71072 9.48773 11.14326 13.27670 14.86017
5 0.41175 0.55430 0.83121 1.14548 11.07048 12.83249 15.08632 16.74965
6 0.67573 0.87208 1.23734 1.63538 12.59158 14.44935 16.81187 18.54751
7 0.98925 1.23903 1.68986 2.16735 14.06713 16.01277 18.47532 20.27774
8 1.34440 1.64651 2.17972 2.73263 15.50731 17.53454 20.09016 21.95486
9 1.73491 2.08789 2.70039 3.32512 16.91896 19.02278 21.66605 23.58927
10 2.15585 2.55820 3.24696 3.94030 18.30703 20.48320 23.20929 25.18805
11 2.60320 3.05350 3.81574 4.57481 19.67515 21.92002 24.72502 26.75686
12 3.07379 3.57055 4.40378 5.22603 21.02606 23.33666 26.21696 28.29966
13 3.56504 4.10690 5.00874 5.89186 22.36203 24.73558 27.68818 29.81932
14 4.07466 4.66042 5.62872 6.57063 23.68478 26.11893 29.14116 31.31943
15 4.60087 5.22936 6.26212 7.26093 24.99580 27.48836 30.57795 32.80149
16 5.14216 5.81220 6.90766 7.96164 26.29622 28.84532 31.99986 34.26705
17 5.69727 6.40774 7.56418 8.67175 27.58710 30.19098 33.40872 35.71838
18 6.26477 7.01490 8.23074 9.39045 28.86932 31.52641 34.80524 37.15639
19 6.84392 7.63270 8.90651 10.11701 30.14351 32.85234 36.19077 38.58212
20 7.43381 8.26037 9.59077 10.85080 31.41042 34.16958 37.56627 39.99686
21 8.03360 8.89717 10.28291 11.59132 32.67056 35.47886 38.93223 41.40094
22 8.64268 9.54249 10.98233 12.33801 33.92446 36.78068 40.28945 42.79566
23 9.26038 10.19569 11.68853 13.09051 35.17246 38.07561 41.63833 44.18139
24 9.88620 10.85635 12.40115 13.84842 36.41503 39.36406 42.97978 45.55836
25 10.51965 11.52395 13.11971 14.61140 37.65249 40.64650 44.31401 46.92797
26 11.16022 12.19818 13.84388 15.37916 38.88513 41.92314 45.64164 48.28978
27 11.80765 12.87847 14.57337 16.15139 40.11327 43.19452 46.96284 49.64504
28 12.46128 13.56467 15.30785 16.92788 41.33715 44.46079 48.27817 50.99356
29 13.12107 14.25641 16.04705 17.70838 42.55695 45.72228 49.58783 52.33550
30 13.78668 14.95346 16.79076 18.49267 43.77295 46.97922 50.89218 53.67187
40 20.70658 22.16420 24.43306 26.50930 55.75849 59.34168 63.69077 66.76605
50 27.99082 29.70673 32.35738 34.76424 67.50481 71.42019 76.15380 79.48984
60 35.53440 37.48480 40.48171 43.18797 79.08195 83.29771 88.37943 91.95181
70 43.27531 45.44170 48.75754 51.73926 90.53126 95.02315 100.4251 104.2148
80 51.17193 53.53998 57.15315 60.39146 101.8795 106.6285 112.3288 116.3209
90 59.19633 61.75402 65.64659 69.12602 113.1452 118.1359 124.1162 128.2987
100 67.32753 70.06500 74.22188 77.92944 124.3421 129.5613 135.8069 140.1697
110 75.54983 78.45823 82.86707 86.79165 135.4802 140.9165 147.4143 151.9482
120 83.85171 86.92331 91.57260 95.70462 146.5673 152.2113 158.9500 163.6485
130 92.22262 95.45099 100.3313 104.6622 157.6099 163.4531 170.4230 175.2781
140 100.6547 104.0343 109.1368 113.6594 168.6130 174.6478 181.8405 186.8465
150 109.1423 112.6676 117.9846 122.6918 179.5806 185.8004 193.2075 198.3599
Winter 2018 ELG 3126 Page 6 of 6

Percentage points of the Student t distribution.

This table provides the values of λ that a random variable with a Student t distribution with n degrees
of freedom, will exceed with given probability α:
Z ∞
Γ([n + 1]/2) t2
−(n+1)/2
√ 1+ dt = α
λ πnΓ(n/2) n

α
n\ 0.25 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
1 1.00000 3.07768 6.31375 12.7062 31.8210 63.6559
2 0.81650 1.88562 2.91999 4.30266 6.96455 9.92499
3 0.76489 1.63775 2.35336 3.18245 4.54071 5.84085
4 0.74070 1.53321 2.13185 2.77645 3.74694 4.60408
5 0.72669 1.47588 2.01505 2.57058 3.36493 4.03212
6 0.71756 1.43976 1.94318 2.44691 3.14267 3.70743
7 0.71114 1.41492 1.89458 2.36462 2.99795 3.49948
8 0.70639 1.39682 1.85955 2.30601 2.89647 3.35538
9 0.70272 1.38303 1.83311 2.26216 2.82143 3.24984
10 0.69981 1.37218 1.81246 2.22814 2.76377 3.16926
11 0.69744 1.36343 1.79588 2.20099 2.71808 3.10582
12 0.69548 1.35622 1.78229 2.17881 2.68099 3.05454
13 0.69383 1.35017 1.77093 2.16037 2.65030 3.01228
14 0.69242 1.34503 1.76131 2.14479 2.62449 2.97685
15 0.69120 1.34061 1.75305 2.13145 2.60248 2.94673
16 0.69013 1.33676 1.74588 2.11990 2.58349 2.92079
17 0.68919 1.33338 1.73961 2.10982 2.56694 2.89823
18 0.68836 1.33039 1.73406 2.10092 2.55238 2.87844
19 0.68762 1.32773 1.72913 2.09302 2.53948 2.86094
20 0.68695 1.32534 1.72472 2.08596 2.52798 2.84534
21 0.68635 1.32319 1.72074 2.07961 2.51765 2.83137
22 0.68581 1.32124 1.71714 2.07388 2.50832 2.81876
23 0.68531 1.31946 1.71387 2.06865 2.49987 2.80734
24 0.68485 1.31784 1.71088 2.06390 2.49216 2.79695
25 0.68443 1.31635 1.70814 2.05954 2.48510 2.78744
26 0.68404 1.31497 1.70562 2.05553 2.47863 2.77872
27 0.68369 1.31370 1.70329 2.05183 2.47266 2.77068
28 0.68335 1.31253 1.70113 2.04841 2.46714 2.76326
29 0.68304 1.31143 1.69913 2.04523 2.46202 2.75639
30 0.68276 1.31042 1.69726 2.04227 2.45726 2.74998
40 0.68067 1.30308 1.68385 2.02107 2.42326 2.70446
50 0.67943 1.29871 1.67591 2.00856 2.40327 2.67779
60 0.67860 1.29582 1.67065 2.00030 2.39012 2.66027
100 0.67695 1.29008 1.66023 1.98397 2.36421 2.62589
120 0.67654 1.28865 1.65765 1.97993 2.35783 2.61742
150 0.67613 1.28722 1.65508 1.97590 2.35146 2.60901
200 0.67572 1.28580 1.65251 1.97189 2.34513 2.60063
∞ 0.67449 1.28155 1.64485 1.95996 2.32634 2.57583