Code Commentaries/ ACI 318 – 08/ IMRF

Fig. R21.3.6.1—Effective width for reinforcement placement in edge and

corner connections.

Fig. R21.3.6.2—Location of reinforcement in slabs.

Fig. R21.3.6.3—Arrangement of reinforcement in slabs.

R21.3.6.8 — The requirements apply to two-way slabs that are

designated part of the seismic-force-resisting system. Slab-column
connections in laboratory tests 21.13 exhibited reduced lateral
displacement ductility when the shear at the column connection
exceeded the recommended limit. Slab-column connections also must
satisfy shear and moment strength requirements of Chapters 11 and 13
under load combinations including earthquake effect.
 Table 29-3 Flexural Members of Frames

Special Moment Frames Intermediate and Ordinary CIP Moment Frames

Flexural frame members shall satisfy the following Intermediate — Factored axial compressive ′
conditions: force ≤ Agf'c / 10
• Factored axial compressive force ≤ Ag fc′ / 10
• Clear span ln ≥ 4  effective depth 21.3.2
• Width to depth ratio bw/h ≥ 0.3
General

• Width bw ≥ 10 in. Ordinary — No similar requirements.

• Width bw ≤ width of supporting member c2 +
distances on each side of the supporting
member equal to the smaller of the width of
the supporting member c2 or three-fourths of
the overall dimension of supporting member c1
21.5.1

Minimum reinforcement shall not be less than Same requirement, except as provided in 10.5.2,
10.5.3, and 10.5.4, although minimum reinforcement
3 fc′ bw d 200 bw d need only be provided at sections where tensile
and reinforcement is required by analysis.
fy fy

at any section, top and bottom, unless provisions

in 10.5.3 are satisfied.
21.5.2.1 10.5

The reinforcement ratio (ρ) shall not exceed 0.025. The net tensile strain εt at nominal strength shall
not be less than 0.004.
21.5.2.1 10.3.5
Flexural Requirements

At least two bars shall be provided continuously at Provide minimum structural integrity reinforcement.
both top and bottom of section.
21.5.2.1 7.13

Positive moment strength at joint face ≥ 1/2
negative moment strength at that face of the joint.
21.5.2.2
Intermediate — Positive moment strength at joint
face ≥ 1/3 negative moment strength at that face
of the joint.
21.3.4.1
Ordinary — No similar requirement.

Neither the negative nor the positive moment Intermediate — Same requirement, except it is
strength at any section along the member shall be needed to provide only 1/5 of the maximum moment
less than 1/4 the maximum moment strength strength at the face of either joint at every section
provided at the face of either joint. along the member.
21.5.2.2 21.3.4.1
Ordinary — No similar requirement.
Prestressing steel, where used, shall satisfy No similar requirements.
the following:
• The average prestress fpc shall not exceed the
smaller of 500 psi and f'c/10.
• Prestressing steel shall be unbonded in potential
plastic hinge regions and the calculated strains in
the prestressing steel under the design displace-
ment shall be less than 0.01.
• Prestressing steel shall not contribute to more than
0.25 of the positive or negative flexural strength at
the critical section in a plastic hinge region and shall
be anchored at or beyond the exterior face of the joint.
• Anchorages of the post-tensioning tendons resisting
earthquake-induce forces shall be capable of allowing
tendons to withstand 50 cycles of loading, bounded
by 0.40 and 0.85 of the specified tensile strength of
the prestressing steel.
21.5.2.5
— continued on next page —
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 Table 29-3 Flexural Members of Frames (cont’d)

Special Moment Frames Intermediate and Ordinary CIP Moment Frames

Lap splices of flexural reinforcement are permitted only if There is no requirement that splices be enclosed
hoop or spiral reinforcement is provided over the lap length. in hoops.
Hoop and spiral reinforcement spacing shall not exceed d/4 or
4 in. Mechanical splices shall conform to 21.1.6 and welded
splices shall conform to 21.1.7.
21.5.2.3, 21.5.2.4
Splices

Lap splices are not to be used: No similar requirement.

• Within joints.
• Within a distance of twice the member depth from the
face of the joint.
• At locations where analysis indicates flexural yeilding
caused by inelastic lateral displacements of the frame.

21.5.2.3

Hoops are required over a length equal to twice the member Intermediate—Same requirement.
depth from the face of the supporting member toward
midspan at both ends of the flexual member. 21.3.4.2

21.5.3.1 Ordinary—No similar requirement.

Hoops are required over lengths equal to twice the member Reinforcement for flexural members subject to
depth on both sides of a section where flexural yielding may stress reversals shall consist of closed stirrups
occur in connection with inelastic lateral displacements of the extending around flexural reinforcement. Also,
frame. provide minimum structural integrity reinforcement.

21.5.3.1 7.11.2, 7.13

Where hoops are required, the spacing shall not exceed: Intermediate—Same requirement

d/4
8  diameter of smallest longitudinal bar 21.3.4.2
Transverse Reinforcement

24  diameter of hoop bars

12 in.
Ordinary—No similar requirement.
The first hoop shall be located not more than 2 in. from the
face of the supporting member.

21.5.3.2

Where hoops are required, longitudinal bars on the perimeter

shall have lateral support conforming to 7.10.5.3. No similar requirement.

21.5.3.3

Where hoops are not required, strrups with seismic hooks at Intermediate—Similar requirement except that
both ends shall be spaced at a distance not more than d/2 seismic hooks are not required.
throughout the length of the member.

21.5.3.4 21.13.4.3

Transverse reinforcement must also be proportioned to resist Intermediate—Transverse reinforcement must

the entire design shear force, neglecting the contribution of also be proportioned to resist the design shear
concrete to shear strength, if certain conditions are met. force.
21.13.3
21.5.4 Ordinary—Provide sufficient transverse reinforce-
ment for shear and torsion.
11.4, 11.5

Ag = gross area of section, bw = width of web, d = effective depth of section

fc‘ = specified compressive strength of concrete, fy = specified yield strength of reinforcement

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 Table 29-4 Frame Members Subjected to Bending and Axial Loads
Special Moment Frames Intermediate and Ordinary CIP Moment Frames

Frame members under this classification must meet the Intermediate —Factored axial compressive force > A gfc′ / 10 .
following requirements:
• Factored axial compressive force > A gfc′ / 10 . 21.3.2
General

• Shortest cross-sectional dimension ≥ 12 in.

• Ratio of shortest cross-sectional dimension to per- Ordinary — No similar requirements.
pendicular dimension ≥ 0.4.
21.6.1

The flexural strengths of columns shall satisfy the following: No similar requirements.
ΣMnc ≥ (6/5) ΣMnb
where ΣMnc = sum of moments at the faces of the joint,
corresponding to the nominal flexural
strengths of the columns.
ΣMnb = sum of moments at the faces of the joint,
corresponding to the nominal flexural
strengths of the beams. In T-beam costruct-
Flexural Requirements

ion, slab reinforcement within an effective

slab width defined in 8.12 shall be consid-
ered as contributing to flexural strength.
If this requirement is not satisfied, the lateral strength
and stiffness of the column shall not be considered when
determining the strength and stiffness of the structure,
and the column shall conform to 21.13.
21.6.2

The reinforcement ratio (ρg) shall not be less than 0.01

The reinforcement ratio (ρg) shall not be less than 0.01
and shall not exceed 0.06.
21.6.3.1
Mechanical splices shall conform to 21.1.6 and welded
splices shall conform to 21.1.7. Lap splices are permit-
ted only within the center half of the member length,
Splices
and shall not exceed 0.08. For a compression member
with a cross section larger than required by consider-
ations of loading, the reinforcement ratio (ρg)can be
reduced below 0.01, but never below 0.005 (10.8.4).
10.9
There is no restriction on the location of splices which
are typically located just above the floor for ease of
construction.

must be tension lap splices, and shall be enclosed within

transverse reinforcement conforming to 21.6.4.2 and
21.6.4.3.
21.6.3.2

The transverse reinforcement requirements discussed Intermediate — The length (lo) is the same as for special
in the following five items on the next page need only be moment frames.
Transverse Reinforcement

provided over a length (lo) from each joint face and on 21.3.5.2
both sides of any section where flexural yielding is likely Ordinary — No similar requirements.
to occur. The length (lo) shall not be less than:
depth of member
1/6 clear span
18 in.

21.6.4.1

Ach = cross-sectional area of member measured out-to-out — continued on next page —

of transverse reinforcement bc = cross-sectional dimension of column core measured center-to-center
Ag = gross area of section of outer legs of the transverse reinforcement comprising area Ash
f'c= specified compressive strength of concrete hx = maximum horizontal spacing of hoop or crosstie legs on all faces of
fyt = specified yield stress of transverse reinforcement the column
s = spacing of transverse reinforcement
so = longitudinal spacing of transverse reinforcement within the length lo.

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 Table 29-4 Frame Members Subjected to Bending and Axial Loads (cont’d)

Special Moment Frame Intermediate and Ordinary CIP Moment Frames

Ratio of spiral reinforcement (ρs) shall not be less than the value Ratio of spiral reinforcement (ρs) shall not be less
given by: than the value given by:
f' ⎛ Ag ⎞ f' ⎛ Ag ⎞
ρs = 0.12 c ≥ 0.45 ⎜⎜ −1⎟⎟ c fc'
ρs = 0.45 ⎜⎜ −1⎟⎟
fyt ⎝ Ach ⎠ f yt ⎝ Ach ⎠ fyt
and shall conform to the provisions in 7.10.4.
21.6.4.4
10.9.3
Total cross-sectional area of rectangular hoop reinforcement for Transverse reinforcement must be provided to
confinement (Ash) shall not be less than that given by the follow- satisfy both shear and lateral support requirements
ing two equations: for longitudinal bars.
( '
Ash = 0.3 sbc fc / fyt ) [(A g / Ach ) −1]
(
Ash = 0.09 sbc fc / fyt
'
)
21.6.4.4 7.10.5, 11.1
If the thickness of the concrete outside the confining transverse No similar requirements.
reinforcement exceeds 4 in., additional transverse reinforcement
shall be provided at a spacing ≤ 12 in. Concrete cover on the
additional reinforcement shall not exceed 4 in.
21.6.4.7
Transverse reinforcement shall be spaced at distances not ex- Intermediate—Maximum spacing so is 8  smallest
ceeding 1/4 minimum member dimension, 6  longitudinal bar longitudinal bar diameter, 24  hoop bar diameter,
diameter, 1/2 smallest cross-sectional dimension, or 12 in.
Transverse Reinforcement (continued)

4 in. ≤ so = 4 + [(14 - hx)/3] ≤ 6 in. First hoop to be located no further than so/2 from
the joint face. 21.3.5.2
21.6.4.3 Ordinary — No similar requirement.
Cross ties or legs of overlapping hoops shall not be spaced more
Vertical bars shall not be farther than 6 in. clear from
than 14 in. on center in the direction perpendicular to the longitudi-
a laterally supported bar.
nal axis of the member. Vertical bars shall not be farther than 6 in.
clear from a laterally supported bar.
21.6.4.2, 7.10.5.3 7.10.5.3

Where the transverse reinforcement as discussed above is no Intermediate — Outside the length lo, spacing of
longer required, the remainder of the column shall contain spiral transverse reinforcement shall conform to 7.10
or hoop reinforcement satisfying 7.10 spaced at distances not to and 11.4.5.1.
exceed
21.3.5.4
6  longitudinal bar diameter
6 in. Ordinary — Transverse reinforcement to conform
unless a larger amount of transverse reinforcement is required by to 7.10 and 11.4.5.1.
21.6.3.2 or 21.6.5
21.6.4.5
Transverse reinforcement must also be proportioned to resist the Intermediate — Transverse reinforcement must also
design shear force (Ve). be proportioned to resist the design shear forces
specified in 21.3.3.
Ordinary — Provide sufficient transverse reinforce-
21.6.5
ment for shear.
11.5.4, 11.5.6
Columns supporting reactions from discontinued stiff members, Intermediate — Similar to 21.6.4.6
such as walls, shall have transverse reinforcement as specified in
21.6.4.2 through 21.6.4.4 over their full height, if the factored axial
compressive force, related to earthquake effects exceeds (Agf’c / 21.3.5.6
10).Where design forces have been magnified to account for the
overstrength of the vertical elements of the seismic-force-resisting Ordinary — No similar requirements.
system, the limit of Agf’c / 10 shall be increased to Agf’c / 4. This
transverse reinforcement shall extend into the discontinued mem-
ber for at least the development length of the largest longitudinal
reinforcement in the column in accordance with 21.7.4.
If the column terminates on a footing or mat, the transverse rein-
forcement shall extend at least 12 in. into the footing or mat.
21.6.4.6

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