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made-from.jpg
Contd.
The principle fuel used as a petrol substitute is bioethanol
• Sugar ethanol
Eg:-1) wheat
Fermentation conditions
Temperature - 32˚C and 35˚C
pH - 5.2.
yeast
C6H12O6 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2
sugar (e.g.:-glucose) ethanol carbon dioxide
The top five ethanol producers in 2010
source :
southdakotapolitics.blogs.com
Fuel Properties
Fuel Properties Gasoline Bioethanol
Molecular weight 111 46 • Energy content
[kg/kmol]
Density [kg/l] at 15⁰C 0.75 0.80-0.82
– Bioethanol has much
Oxygen content [wt- 34.8 lower energy content
%]
Lower Calorific Value 41.3 26.4
than gasoline
[MJ/kg] at 15ºC – about two-third of
Lower Calorific Value 31 21.2
[MJ/l] at 15ºC the energy content
Octane number 97 109 of gasoline on a
(RON)
Octane number 86 92 volume base
(MON)
Cetane number 8 11
Stoichiometric 14.7 9.0
air/fuel ratio [kg air/kg
fuel]
Boiling temperature 30-190 78
[ºC]
Reid Vapour 75 16.5
Pressure [kPa] at
15ºC
Fuel Properties
Fuel Properties Gasoline Bioethanol
Molecular weight 111 46
• Reid vapour pressure
[kg/kmol] (measure for the volatility
Density [kg/l] at 15⁰C 0.75 0.80-0.82 of a fuel)
Oxygen content [wt- 34.8
%]
– Very low for ethanol,
Lower Calorific Value 41.3 26.4 indicates a slow
[MJ/kg] at 15ºC evaporation
Lower Calorific Value 31 21.2 – Adv: the concentration of
[MJ/l] at 15ºC evaporative emissions in
Octane number 97 109
the air remains relatively
(RON)
Octane number 86 92
low, reduces the risk of
(MON)
explosions
Cetane number 8 11 – Disadv: low vapour pressure
Stoichiometric 14.7 9.0 of ethanol -> Cold start
air/fuel ratio [kg air/kg difficulties
fuel]
Boiling temperature 30-190 78
– engines using ethanol
[ºC] cannot be started at temp <
Reid Vapour 75 16.5 20ºC w/o aids
Pressure [kPa] at
15ºC
Fuel Properties
Fuel Properties Gasoline Bioethanol
Molecular weight 111 46 • Octane number
[kg/kmol]
– Octane number of ethanol
Density [kg/l] at 15⁰C 0.75 0.80-0.82
Oxygen content [wt- 34.8
is higher than petrol
%] – hence ethanol has better
Lower Calorific Value 41.3 26.4 antiknock characteristics
[MJ/kg] at 15ºC
Lower Calorific Value 31 21.2 – increases the fuel
[MJ/l] at 15ºC efficiency of the engine
Octane number 97 109
– oxygen content of ethanol
(RON)
Octane number 86 92 also leads to a higher
(MON) efficiency, which results in
Cetane number 8 11 a cleaner combustion
Stoichiometric 14.7 9.0
process at relatively low
air/fuel ratio [kg air/kg
fuel] temperatures
Boiling temperature 30-190 78
[ºC]
Reid Vapour 75 16.5
Pressure [kPa] at
15ºC
Application
• transport fuel to replace gasoline
• fuel for power generation by thermal combustion
• fuel for fuel cells by thermochemical reaction
• fuel in cogeneration systems
• feedstock in the chemicals industry
http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/freeha
ndz/freehandz1209/freehandz120900083/1
5300880-bioethanol--biomass-truck.jpg
Application
• Blending of ethanol with a small proportion of a
volatile fuel such as gasoline -> more cost effective
• Various mixture of bioethanol with gasoline or
diesel fuels
– E5G to E26G (5-26% ethanol, 95-74% gasoline)
– E85G (85% ethanol, 15% gasoline)
– E15D (15% ethanol, 85% diesel)
– E95D (95% ethanol, 5% water, with ignition improver)
Advantages
• Exhaust gases of ethanol are much cleaner
– it burns more cleanly as a result of more complete
combustion
• Greenhouse gases reduce
– ethanol-blended fuels such as E85 (85% ethanol and 15%
gasoline) reduce up to 37.1% of GHGs
• Positive energy balance, depending on the type of raw
stock
– output of energy during the production is more than
the input
• Any plant can be use for production of bioethanol
– it only has to contain sugar and starch
• Carbon neutral
– the CO2 released in the bioethanol production process
is the same amount as the one the crops previously
absorbed during photosynthesis
Advantages
• Decrease in ozone formation
– The emissions produced by burning ethanol are less reactive with
sunlight than those produced by burning gasoline, which results in a
lower potential for forming ozone
• Energy security
– esp. Countries that do not have access to crude oil resources
– grow crops for energy use and gain some economic freedom
www.slideshare.com/bioethanol
www.wikipedia.com/bioethanol