THERMODYNAMIC EQUATION SHEET

First Law: E = m(u + v2/2 + gz) h = u + pv = u + p/ρ

Closed system: ΔE = Q - W
dE V2 V2
Open system: = ±Q˙ ± W˙ + " m˙ (h + + gz) # " m˙ (h + + gz)
dt in 2 out 2
Second Law:
1
Closed system: S2 " S1 = # dQ + $
Tb
!
dS ˙
Q
Open system: = " ± + " m˙ s # " m˙ s + $˙
dt T in out

!
Ideal Gas Law: PV = NRuT m = N*M v = V/m
Ru = 8314 J/kmol-K R = Ru / M
!
Specific Heats: cP = dh/dT cV = du/dT R = cP - cV k = cP / cV

Phase change: x = mvapor / mtotal umix = (1-x)*uf + x*ug (also true for h, v, s)

Boundary Work: W = " P dV

Isothermal process of ideal gas: PV = C
Isentropic process of ideal gas: PVk = C
! dm
Conservation of mass: = " m˙ # " m˙ m˙ = " AV
dt in out

Isentropic efficiencies: ηT = Wact/Wisen ηC = Wisen/Wact ηN = V2/Vs2

!
! k k(1
k(1
P2 " V1 % T2 " V1 % T2 " P2 % k
Isentropic process of an ideal gas: =$ ' =$ ' =$ '
P1 # V2 & T1 # V2 & T1 # P1 &

Carnot cycles: QH / QL = TH / TL η = 1 - TL / TH for Carnot power cycle

Coefficient of Performance:! Refrigerator ! β = QC / WNET

! Heat pump γ = QH / WNET

Availability: X = (E - Uo) + P(v-vo) - To(S - So)

Flow exergy: ψ = (h-ho) +To(s-so) + V2/2 + gz

Properties of air @ STP: k = 1.4 R = 287 J/kg-K a = 330 m/s ρ = 1.2 kg/m3
cP = 1005 J/kg-K cV = 718 J/kg-K M = 29 kg/kmol