LedaFlow Release Notes

LedaFlow® Engineering 1D
v2.4
Release notes
Kongsberg Digital
Drengsrudbekken 12
Telephone: +47 67 80 48 00
P.O. Box 451 Telefax: +47 67 80 48 30
N-1383 Asker
Norway www.kongsberg.com/kdi
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© 2018 KONGSBERG - All rights reserved.
LedaFlow® Engineering 1D ‘Release Notes’ Public
Table of contents
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 3
2 Important information ............................................................................................................................. 4

2.1 Platform and version requirements ....................................................................................................... 4
2.2 Installation and upgrade requirements ................................................................................................. 4
2.3 License changes ..................................................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Product support ..................................................................................................................................... 4
3 Version history......................................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Updates from 2.3 to 2.4 ......................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Updates from 2.2 to 2.3 ......................................................................................................................... 8
3.3 Updates from 2.1 to 2.2 ....................................................................................................................... 11
3.4 Updates from 2.0 to 2.1 ....................................................................................................................... 16
3.5 Updates from 1.8 Patch 1 to 2.0 .......................................................................................................... 20
3.6 Updates from 1.8 to 1.8 Patch 1 .......................................................................................................... 24
3.7 Updates from 1.7 to 1.8 ....................................................................................................................... 25
3.8 Updates from 1.6 to 1.7 ....................................................................................................................... 30
3.15 Updates from 1.2 to 1.3 ....................................................................................................................... 44
3.18 Updates from 1.0 to 1.1 ....................................................................................................................... 53
3.19 Updates from 0.8 to 1.0 ....................................................................................................................... 55
4 Limitations and attention areas ............................................................................................................. 57

4.1 Upgrading from previous versions ....................................................................................................... 57
4.2 Areas of special attention .................................................................................................................... 57
5 Credits and references ........................................................................................................................... 59
© 2018 KONGSBERG - All rights reserved. 26APR2018 KDI-TMPL-00393 / 1.2 / Page 2 of 59
Note: Printed copies of this document are for information only. Always check for the latest valid electronic version
1 Introduction
This document contains the release notes for LedaFlow Engineering 1D. It summarizes what
is new in the latest release and currently known limitations together with a version history
including updates from previous versions.
2 Important information
2.1 Platform and version requirements

The system requirements can be found in the LedaFlow® Engineering 1D Installation Guide
(available in the installation package).
2.2 Installation and upgrade requirements

Kongsberg strongly recommends keeping the system up-to-date with Microsoft Windows
Update, since that will ensure that you also get all improvements to Microsoft Windows that
might affect the experience with using LedaFlow® Engineering. For more information, refer to
the LedaFlow® Engineering 1D Installation Guide (available in the installation package).
2.3 License changes

LedaFlow® is a licensed software. This new version requires an up-to-date license to run.
Contact the LedaFlow support if a new license is required: ledaflow@kdisupport24.com.
2.4 Product support

Contact Technical Support for additional information or if you need help with installing,
configuring or using this version: ledaflow@kdisupport24.com.
3 Version history
This section contains the change log for all LedaFlow® Engineering 1D releases.
3.1 Updates from 2.3 to 2.4

Updates from 2.3.254.029 to 2.4.255.030
3.1.1 Physical models

The physical models are shared by the Point Model, Steady-State Pre-processor and the 1D
transient model.
Major changes from 2.3 to 2.4:
 Viscous oil (low Reynolds numbers)
o Improved wall friction model, which better captures the laminar-turbulent
transition. This is based on our own high-quality experimental data for single
phase liquid flow in 2.5 and 8 inch pipes.
o A new pseudo-slug flow model has been developed for near-horizontal pipes
containing low GOR fluids, where the flow regime consists of large waves rather
than hydrodynamic slug flow. Here LedaFlow used to over-predict the pressure
drop, because it assumed the waves/slugs reached the top of the pipe.
o For horizontal pipes, the slug bubble velocity and void-in-slug model have been
adjusted for the slug flow regime.
o For vertical pipes, the slip velocity for small bubbles, slug bubble velocity and
the void-in-slug model have been adjusted. This affects the churn, slug and
bubbly flow regimes.
3.1.2 Functionalities
 Separator
o The initialization using the steady-state pre-processor has been completely re-
designed. When using the internal controllers in the separator, it is now capable
of giving a true steady-state solution, when there is one. In case external
controllers are used (e.g. controlling the liquid level in the separator using a
pump in the liquid line) the SSPP provides a full range of warning messages to
help the user adjust the settings, in order to find a valid steady-state solution.
o External controllers can now be used to control the outlet valves. For instance,
an ESD can be used to close the liquid valve during a shutdown situation, such
that the liquid level doesn’t drain below a certain level.
o User-defined separation efficiency: it is now possible to specify the carry-over,
blow-by and oil-water dispersion. By default, the volume fractions of the
dispersed phase in the continuous phase can be specified, but the oil-water
dispersion also supports a method based on the residence time in the
separator.
o For composition tracking cases, we now flash the flow going through the outlet
valves, similar to what we do for choke valves in a pipe.
 Wax deposition
o The non-Newtonian SoFA viscosity model has been implemented.
o A hysteresis effect has been implemented for the dissolving of wax. The user
can enter a temperature offset, which will be used to shift the precipitation curve
to a higher temperature when dissolving wax.
o The spline that is used to interpolate the precipitation curve is now shown in the
GUI, such that it is clearer what goes on in the wax deposition model.
o A configuration option to specify trapped oil in the wax deposits has been
implemented. The user can specify the net oil volume fraction in the deposited
wax. This will influence both wax thickness and heat transfer characteristics.
 Hydrate transport
o The non-Newtonian SoFA viscosity model has been implemented.
 Custom fluids
o It is now possible to specify custom fluid fractions for wells and standard
sources. This is particularly useful for hydrate transport, which relies on a user-
defined hydrate former fraction at each inlet.
 Injection tracking (simple near-wellbore model)
o This new model can be used as a simplified method to track the effect of fluid
injected into the near-wellbore region during well shut-in. LedaFlow tracks one
user-defined phase while it is injected. When the well is restarted and this
tracked phase is produced again, the productivity of the well is temporarily
degraded using either user-defined degradation coefficients or different
productivity indices.
 Slug capturing
o The prediction of the slug bubble velocity in low-pressure near-horizontal pipes
has been improved.
 Emulsion models
o A new model (Pal & Rhodes 2) has been implemented. This model is similar to
the Pal & Rhodes 1 model, except that it uses the experimental water-cut
(phi100) instead of the maximum relative viscosity as an input.
 Gas lift valve (leak)
o When using a check valve, it is now possible to have it open gradually. This is
achieved by setting two pressure drops (fully closed and fully open), between
which the leak opening fraction is varied in the shape of an S-curve.
 PVT-tables
o The default maximum sound speed (for new cases) has been increased from
1000 to 1600 m/s, to improve the pressure transients for water hammer cases.
In case of convergence issues, it is recommended to reduce this value.
 Support for PVTsim fluid models converted to Multiflash
o Huron-Vidal-Pedersen mixing rule combined with SRK and PR EOS’.
o Standard component properties can be changed and read from MFL files.
o Support for linear and quadratic binary interaction parameters.
o Up to 3 sets of binary interaction parameters.
Major bug fixes from 2.3 to 2.4:

 Wax deposition
o The molecular weight of wax instead of wax former was used to calculate the
reaction rate. This gave the wrong wax particle fraction and deposition rate. The
difference is particularly noticeable in the solubility limit (low wall deposition
rates).
o The heat flux used for the wall deposition rate was wrong, causing a too low
wall deposition rate in the solubility limit.
o The spline that is used to interpolate the wax precipitation curve could
potentially overshoot, when there were several points with the same wax
fraction in the precipitation curve.
o Entering a zero acceleration factor for the wax deposition caused a crash in the
model. The acceleration factor is now limited to values of 1 and higher.
 Separator
o The treatment of backflow into the separator has been improved, with emphasis
on numerical stability.
 Single component module (CO2)
o Unphysical oscillations were observed for steady-state supercritical CO2 cases,
due to the very large change of density with temperature (d/dT). This has been
addressed by solving the energy balance inside the hydrodynamics loop, such
that both pressure and temperature are synchronized. Note that this new option
is disabled by default and can be found in the case settings under thermal
options.
o Multiflash 6.2 is bundled with this release, which fixes several issues with the
thermodynamics for pure CO2.
 Composition tracking
o There was an inconsistency in the flash calculation across choke valves, when
there is very little left of a particular phase. Here the flash calculation could
remove too much, which resulted in negative volume fractions and errors in the
composition.
 Custom fluid tracking
o The latent heat (phase change) was not distributed correctly between the
different phases, causing excessive temperatures for small amounts of a phase.
Note that the average temperature is not affected by this issue.
3.1.3 GUI modules

 Chart manager
o The Chart manager is now listing all opened charts for any cases, as well as all
available charts in the database for selected cases. Multi-cases selection is now
supported.
o It is now possible to re-arrange charts in stack, cascade or tiles on the screen

of your choice
o It is now possible to dock charts to the Chart manager
 Parametric studies
o The parametric view is now showing tabs only for the parametric study selected
and the parametric studies for which a parametric chart is opened. Tabs are not
closable anymore.
o Parametric studies are now displayed as children of their base case in the “DB
contents” window.
o Speed to delete a parametric study has been improved
 Automatic case backup
o A full case dump (.qz file) can be created automatically at the end of the
transient simulation. This feature can be used to automatically backup a case
with all its results.
 Output file generator
o The progress of the output file generation is now integrated in the case browser
progress window.
o Sometimes, some single values were not shown for a completed subcase of a
running parametric study and a refresh of the study was needed
o Sometimes results were not available at all for a completed subcase
o Standard gas flow rate was not available as input parameter
 Loggers
o Disabling custom fluids caused the average temperature and pipe geometry
logger properties to be disabled for all pipes.
o Custom fluid-related logger properties were not always enabled when enabling
custom fluid tracking.
o The output file generator now works when the application is in read-only mode,
allowing the export of results when the license expired.

Updates from 2.2.253.026 to 2.3.254.029

 There was a bug in the bubbly flow model for low flow rates at large negative
inclinations (e.g. 0.1 m/s and -70 degrees). Since the bubbly flow model is part of the
flow regime determination, this was causing discontinuous flow regime transitions.
These unphysical regime transitions in turn caused discontinuities in the pressure drop
and hold-up.
 Some bugs were fixed in the linearization of the entrainment and unit-cell models. This
was causing a mismatch between 2- and 3-phase cases, when simulating only 2
phases.
 In-line separator
o Up to three pipes can now be attached to the separator outlets, making it
possible to simulate for instance subsea separation scenarios.
o Different (non-flat) head types are now supported
 Wax deposition improvements
o Non-Newtonian wax slurry viscosity, based on the Pedersen model.
o Simple pigging capability, allowing a pig to scrape the wax deposit from the pipe
wall.
o Third order splines are used for interpolating the wax precipitation curve, which
gives a smoother wax layer thickness along the pipe.
o Roughness increase due to wax deposit. It is now possible to give a proportional
factor that accounts for the roughness increase due to the wax deposit. By
default, this factor is zero, so the wax has no effect on the wall roughness.
o The input parameters for the wax deposition model have been re-ordered, such
that there is a clear distinction between essential and optional parameters.
 Hydrate inhibitors
o The viscosity mixing rule for MeOH, EtOH and MEG custom fluids has been
improved (more accurate).
o Hydrate margin calculation now supports mixtures of different hydrate inhibitors
(e.g. MEG and MeOH).
o Salt has been added as custom fluid to take into account the inhibitive effect of
increased water salinity as hydrates are formed.
o For choke valves, that can have a large pressure drop over the valve, the mass
transfer rate has increased. This was necessary because the normal mass
transfer term in composition tracking takes several cells to reach equilibrium,
which is too slow in case of a valve. By default, this option is active, but it can
be disabled in the mass transfer tuner.
o The general mass transfer rate in the pipe can be tuned more by using a less
conservative mass transfer limitation. By default, this option is disabled, but it
can be enabled in the mass transfer tuner.
 Tuning
o This functionality is now available for users with any license type.

 Annulus
o For a normal pipe connected to a simple annulus pipe, the diameter

interpolation at 2-pipe junctions was wrong. This made it impossible to run some
cases due to a validator error, while other cases had mass conservation issues
across the junction.
 Black Oil PVT
o The gas enthalpy was not consistent with the gas density, which gave a wrong
JT cooling effect. This is most noticeable for gas wells.
o The gas density is discontinuous close to the critical point, which caused
convergence issues. We now limit the temperature so that it stays above 110%
of the critical temperature, which prevents this. Note that this only affects the
results for cases with very low temperatures (<-25 oC).
o The compressibility and thermal expansion of the gas phase were both wrong
(about 10%).
o For cases with salt as a component, the flash calculation could give a water
composition with salt, even when there is no salt in the composition at all. This
caused problems for gas cases, where water condensation led to salt appearing
in the newly formed water phase.
o When water evaporates, it leaves behind salt in the water phase. This is a
problem for the density calculation with Multiflash, which is invalid for large salt
fractions (density goes to infinity). To protect against this, the salt fraction has
been limited to 20 mole% in the density calculation, which gives a maximum
density of around 1550 kg/m3.
3.2.3 GUI modules

 Device/Boundary time chart
o This shows time-dependent input properties in a graphic way, which helps to
set up dynamic cases (e.g. pipeline shut-in).
o New input parameter selector for parametric studies, making it easier to set up
a parametric study.
o Improved validation of input parameters
o Default names for input parameters and single values are improved and
displayed across several lines in the parametric table.
 Sample cases
o New sample cases for well kill, well clean-up, erosion, corrosion, FLIP,
separator sizing and subsea separation.
o Notes have been added to all sample cases, explaining what to do and how to
analyse the results.
o A new sample PVT-table has been provided that does not give validator errors.
o Under heavy load, it was possible for some parametric subcases to lose their
results and single values.
o Notes for parametric studies were not saved in the input files.
 Network viewer
o Sometimes, double-clicking on a pressure node or controller could cause the
GUI to crash.
 Memory leaks
o Prolonged use of the LedaFlow GUI with extremely large cases could lead to
the application running out of memory.
o The logger facility falsely duplicated logger configurations, which led to a slightly
larger case size in database, .ldm files and .qz dumps. Upgrading old cases to
2.3 will correct this automatically.
 Pipe editor
o When copy-pasting coordinates and other information into the table, it was
possible to save invalid values to the database. This could lead to GUI crashes
and corrupted cases. We have added stronger input value validation in version
2.3 to prevent this.
o When copy-pasting in the wall materials, it was possible to get end-of-line
characters in the wall names. This caused issues creating input files.
 Plotting
o When using auto-refresh in a plot containing a lot of data, the CPU time
consumption of the GUI kept increasing, to the point where it became
unresponsive.
o Quotes in the case name was causing issues creating plots.
 Case browser
o When importing invalid .ldm files in the GUI, the process could get stuck at 49%.
In version 2.3 we return an error if there is a problem with the .ldm file.
 OLGA converter
o Leaks and wells defined on section boundaries were causing the GUI to crash.
They are now converted properly.
o No error message was given for annuli, which are not supported by the
converter.
o Support RESERVOIRINFLOW keyword for well inflow.
o Support MASSFLOW keyword for flow boundaries.

Updates from 2.1.252.024 to 2.2.253.026

transient model.
 Churn flow model in vertical flow

o New, exclusive experiments in the large-scale riser section of the Tiller
laboratory have been used to improve the model performance for vertical flows.
No new models have been introduced: all of the changes are to the existing
physical models.
o The main difference is more accurate pressure drop and hold-up predictions for
liquid dominated vertical flows.
o A new physical flow regime has been introduced, called Churn Flow (5), which
is only used above 60 degrees inclination.
o In terms of flow regime maps, churn flow is somewhere in-between slug flow
(low gas flow rates) and annular flow (high gas flow rates). It can be
characterized by relatively large unstable gas bubbles that are randomly
distributed.
 Slug capturing model has been re-tuned for vertical flow
o The main objective was to make slug capturing more consistent with the UCM
for vertical flows, since we know that the UCM gives very good predictions after
the recent updates.
o On average, the model gives less hold-up and pressure drop at design
production rates. Also the turndown point will be different, due to the difference
in hold-up.
o The initialization for slug capturing cases is now using the UCM, which is more
realistic than using a stratified flow model in steady-state.
 User-defined phase split
o For junction nodes with 3 pipes connected, the user can define how much of
the incoming liquid goes in one pipe and the remaining in the other pipe, when
the flow diverges. The user can specify the mass split independently for each
possible combination of flow directions.
o This feature is specifically useful for horizontal branches connected to a main
line. Here the flow can preferentially travel either in the main line or in the
branch, based on the flow rate.
 PVT-table based custom fluid
o Custom fluid properties can now be defined using a standard PVT-table, as
opposed to defining them manually using correlations.
o Typical applications are for dead-oil circulation or gas-lift, where the PVT
properties differ from the production fluids.
 New sand deposition indicator
o The Danielson model is an empirical model developed for single phase water
and extended to multiphase flow. It has been tested against the STRONG
experimental data for sand deposition in 67 mm pipes.
 Generic single component module
o Single component systems, like CO2, can now be handled with LedaFlow.
o Multiflash PVT should be used to supply the required thermodynamic data.

o The mass transfer (phase change) is based on the existing steam module.
 Force calculations in bends
o To predict forces on the pipe bends due to flow changes, it is now possible to
log pipe forces.
o This should be used with slug capturing, because the standard model (UCM)
does not resolve hydrodynamic slugs at the required small time- and length-
scales.
 Salt component available in Multiflash
o The water density predictions for composition tracking cases now take into
account salt. This means it is no longer necessary to tune the water density.
o Hydrate margins can also account for the presence of salt in the water phase,
by treating it as an inhibitor. Both Hammerschmidt and Curve types are
supported.
o This is particularly important when there is water condensation along the pipe,
since this means that the salt concentration will not be constant.
 Hydrate transport
o The distribution coefficient for hydrate transport had no effect, unless its value
was 0, 0.5 or 1.
o Hydrates didn’t form when water was dispersed in oil.
 Multiflash
o In some heavy oil cases, the flash calculation in Multiflash can return a water
phase with oil composition. LedaFlow now corrects any suspicious water
phases returned by Multiflash.
 Black Oil
o The oil enthalpy was not consistent with the heat capacity, due to an error in
the integration. For most cases this caused an overestimation of the
temperature.
o When tuning the heat capacity, the enthalpy was not adjusted accordingly. This
caused wrong results and numerical instability.
 Tuning
o Fixed an instability problem for Guts/Multiflash cases using the PVT tuner. The
physical properties were not always tuned, causing instability in some cases.
o For integrated cases with an active PVT tuner, saving a snapshot through
LedaLink lead to the tuner being undefined, causing instability and wrong
results.
 Wells
o Fixed an instability when there is a tiny amount of injection into a reservoir
(between 0 and 10-10 kg/s).
o Mass fraction phase split option for compositional cases was unrealistic and
unstable. We no longer support this option and it is recommended to flash
instead.
 Erosion
o The erosion model is now using the flowing instead of the static density, which
is consistent with the API standard.
 Parallelization
o Some cases were giving different results for different runs due to the uncertainty
of the openMP reduction.
 Custom Fluids
o The custom fluid flash is now consistent when there is more than 1 custom fluid,
in the sense that the order of the custom fluids doesn’t affect the results.
o When calculating standard volume flow rates for cases containing more than 1
custom fluid, the results were wrong due to the bug in the custom fluid flash.
 Others
o Fixed an inconsistency for fluid wall layers when using the FastWall option.
o Fixed an inconsistent behaviour when extrapolating outside PVT-table, that
could result in instabilities.
3.3.3 GUI modules

 Automatic backup
o Input file and output files can now be generated automatically at the end of a
simulation. This gives the added security of having a backup of the case
definition and the latest results.
 Input and output files improvements
o PVT tables can now be embedded into the input file, resulting in a fully self-
contained file.
o There is now only one single output file for all profile loggers of a network.
o Speed improved by a factor 5 for trend logger output files generation.
o Formatting improved for output files.
 User-defined plot templates
o Plots can be saved as templates and re-used for any cases, greatly improving
the plotting workflow.
o User-defined plot templates can be managed from the user preferences.
 Log of model changes
o Case and pipe setting changes are now logged in the output window. This
makes it easier to track the entire evolution of the model in case of problems.
 GUI performance improvement for large pipe-networks cases or cases with a lot of data
o Removing, duplicating, importing cases is not blocking/hanging the GUI
anymore.
o Speed improved for input file generation, restart file generation, dialog window
for devices/nodes, initial conditions, pipe view, plotting dialog window and
network viewer.
o Speed improved for trend plots.
 Network viewer improvements
o Dynamic colour for valve, source and leak items, depending on their state at
the current simulation time. This makes it easy to see which devices are actually
relevant at a given moment.
o Snap to grid feature for easier alignment of nodes and pipes.
o Highlighting of selected item improved.
 Devices/Boundary settings improvements
o It is now possible to copy properties from one row to others.
o Export to csv file and copy to clipboard are now supported.
o General improvements: labels of properties clearer, no empty columns,
indication of the number of items per table, etc.
 Units
o The user can now create custom unit systems.
o Custom unit systems can be saved to file and shared with others.
 Network viewer
o Removing a pipe at a junction node could cause network connectivity problems
and the case could not be run. This has been fixed and existing cases with this
problem are detected by the case validator.
o The GUI crashed when trying to move a node connected both to a pipe and its
annulus.
 Multiflash/Guts
o It was not possible to cancel loading a Multiflash file.
o Multiflash viscosity tuning parameters for the pseudo-components were not
read when using the Pedersen viscosity model.
o When adding a pseudo-component, immediately after loading a Multiflash file,
the GUI crashed.
o Improved support for Multiflash files with BIPs.
 Running simulations
o The reset to zero option when using a restart file, was not working properly and
was not available with cases with no results.
o The simulation of a given case was not starting if you clicked on another case
before the validation of the given case was finished.
 System
o The GUI was crashing for parametric studies when using a SQLite database.
o For buried pipe cases, tables in the database were created and never removed,
even when removing the case.
 Other
o Hydrate margins max positions plots were wrong.
o Unsaved pipe changes prompt: clicking “Yes” while in the process of deleting a
case or when there’s an annulus could crash the GUI.
o The script editor was not providing the correct line when there was an error.
o Selecting a different case while working with the Well builder, did not prompt to
save work.

Updates from 2.0.250.021 to 2.1.252.024
 Sand deposition indicator
o The Oroskar & Turian model is an empirical model developed for single phase
water and extended to multiphase flow. It has been tested against the STRONG
experimental data for sand deposition in 67 mm pipes.
 Asymmetric annulus
o Eccentricity of an advanced or simple annulus can now be provided. This is
more realistic for well cases where the tubing is not exactly centered in the well.
o A fully eccentric annulus can have a pressure drop which is up to 60% lower for
laminar flow and up to 40% lower for turbulent flow.
 Minimum heat transfer coefficient
o The amount of convective heat transfer on the inside of the pipe can now be
provided.
 “Stop Simulation” controllers
o The simulation is stopped by the controller when the set-point is reached.
 Steam module
o The calculation speed has been improved by optimizing the code and
implementing OpenMP parallelization.
 Leak (gas lift valve)
o A temperature correction has been implemented, which shifts the GLV curves
due to gas expansion in the nitrogen-filled bellows.
 Steam module
o When both the water and gas were below the saturation temperature, the
condensation rate was too high. This has been fixed by simplifying the
expression for the mass transfer rate (see manual for details).
o The heat transfer rate at the G/L interface was discontinuous when the gas
temperature equals the saturation temperature, which was a problem for proper
convergence.
 Composition tracking / Multiflash
o Appearing phase treatment was malfunctioning when it should generate an oil
phase from pure gas.
o Fixed a problem in the flash calculation for oil-dominated systems at high
pressure: the gas composition returned was the same as the oil composition,
which gives unphysical gas properties and no G/L mass transfer.
o Fixed a bug in reading of input files with PRA and RKSA thermodynamic
models.
o Gas-filled pipe initialization was broken when using K-Spice tables, causing the
composition not to be flashed.
o When using a molar composition for well devices, this could crash the
calculation after turning off composition tracking.
o Standard volume flow rates were wrong for mass sources using a molar
composition.
 Other
o There was a problem for the bubbly flow regime which lead to different results
when flowing in the negative direction (reverse pipe).
o The pump’s thermal effect was too low. Only the thermal loss was taken into
account in the energy equation, but not the work done by the pump on the fluid.
o For a single phase case it was possible for the entrainment model to crash the
calculation.
o The temperature of the innermost dynamic wall layer could get unstable if
energy equation did not converge.
o For custom fluids, when using the advanced density correlation, the
temperature was limited to 99% of coefficient C to prevent dividing by zero. This
was done once for all custom fluids, so even unused custom fluids could have
an effect on the density. In version 2.1 we limit the temperature for each custom
fluid separately and also show this limiting in the plotting in the custom fluid
GUI.
o For trend loggers, the sample rate actually used by LedaFlow was slightly larger
than the one given by the user. This has been fixed, such that on average the
time between samples matches he user input.
3.4.2 GUI modules

 PVT-table issues are detected in the case validator:
o Density: discontinuities
o Gas/Water density: must increase with pressure
o Enthalpy: must increase with temperature
o Heat capacity: reasonable values
o Gas mass fraction: discontinuities

 New meshing algorithm HORIZONTAL/VERTICAL gives a uniform mesh with different
cell size for horizontal and vertical cells, making it possible to mesh a flowline and riser
in one operation.
 Initialize and run in one action
o The “Initialize” and “Run” buttons have been replaced by a single one: “Initialize
and Run”.
o Also the calculation time and number of CPUs can be adjusted in this window,
without having to go to the case settings.
 Multi-selection in the case browser, allowing batch operations on several cases in one
go: initialize/run, stop, export, delete, move, plot.
 Network viewer
o Pipes can be disconnected from a node.
o Two nodes can be merged into one.
 Pipe editor
o Well builder tool simplifies the process of defining walls/annuli for a well.
o Graphical representation of the pipe in the pipe editor has been greatly
improved.
o Automatic creation of “Turndown” parametric studies and “Turndown curves”
plot.
o Support for hydrate/wax margins, custom fluids/compositional single values.
o GUI speed improvements for large studies.
o Support for parametric studies.
o Speed improvements for profile logger generation.
o Available from script through a new script module.
 Plotting
o Loggers are now grouped by type in the “Create new plot” dialog window,
making it easier to select multiple loggers in one action.
o The value tracker performance was improved and it is also easier to read now.
o Plots can easily be deleted using a new button in each plot window.
o Plots can be renamed.
 Olga converter
o Support for converting minimum inner wall heat transfer coefficient,
HMINNERWALL.
 Plotting/Loggers
o The GUI could crash while trying to create a plot while no case was selected.
o Pipe route plotting did not work for pigging cases.

o When renaming a controller, the new name was not available when trying to
plot.
o Logger names are now forced to be unique.
o Changing the position of a trend plot of a pipe with another pipe on the left when
using global samples was setting the position to the wrong value.
o Changing the position of a trend plot with curves from pipes with different
meshes was not possible.
 3D-visualization
o It could take a lot of time to open for large network cases with many pipes.
o GUI was crashing while recording a video on PCs with a specific Intel graphics
card.
 Parametric
o Running parametric study on a remote database was working only if the default
remote database was the one containing the parametric study.
o Pigging plots were not available.
o Plotting a tornado plot could crash the GUI.
o Parametric plots could be corrupted if created while study was running.
o The parametric application was improved in order to consume less resources.
o Adding single values from a non-existing logger was crashing the GUI.
 Olga converter
o There were problems if heat transfer defined for a single PIPE was spread with
more than one HEATTRANSFER object.
o There were problems if HOUT was defined on sections, while TEMPERATURE
was not.
 Version converter
o In some situations, the case converter could corrupt cases in LedaFlow 2.0.
This has been fixed and already corrupted cases show a validator error.
o The decimal and list separators were not consistent with the language settings.
o Conversion to “psig” and “barg” was wrong.
 Purging
o Purging before/after time sample took a long time due to a required database
optimization. The optimization is now only done when a certain data threshold
is reached and the user accepts.
 Other
o Cases with single cell pipes/annuli are not allowed, but were not caught by the
validator.
o The pipe editor could wrongly identify a case as not purged while it was.
o Hydrate/Wax margins properties were showing in the logger properties (it

should not).
o The default controller output appeared to be wrong when adding a controller to
an already initialized case.
o Shown position of devices in MD coordinates was wrong when MD coordinates
were not starting at zero.
o Pig route dialog was supporting only meters unit.
o Transposing a table and normalizing did not work properly.
o Copy/paste of pseudo-component properties for GUTS/Mutiflash was not
working properly.
o GUI could crash when moving a folder after deleting a case.
o Changing a custom fluid case from 3 to 2 phases was corrupting the case.
o Initial conditions temperature was not available when importing input files with
initial conditions generated with 1.8 or earlier versions.
3.5 Updates from 1.8 Patch 1 to 2.0

Updates from 1.8.249.028 to 2.0.250.021

transient model.
Major changes from 1.8 Patch 1 to 2.0:
 The interface friction factor for stratified flow has been improved. This mainly improves
the accuracy for low liquid loading (gas-condensate) cases. The pressure drop at high
flow rates has been reduced and the critical flow rate where the solution changes from
high to low hold-up is more accurately predicted.
 The interface friction factor in annular flow has been improved for low liquid hold-ups,
based on an experimental campaign that is exclusive to LedaFlow. The main benefit
here is that for gas wells the rate at which the well stops producing is more accurately
reproduced. Also the gives better results for well clean-up simulations.
 The droplet entrainment model for near-horizontal flows has been optimized to make it
faster. Also it has been re-tuned, based on experiments from the Tiller flow-loop,
making it more accurate than before.
 The point model solution algorithm has been optimized, for better computational
performance.
 All of these changes combined yield around a 25% speed-up in the point model,
compared to version 1.8.
Major bug fixes from 1.8 Patch 1 to 2.0:
 Fixed a bug in the point model solver logic, causing the wrong solution to be returned
in rare cases.
 When all superficial velocities are zero a warning will be returned and the pressure drop
is set to zero. Previously the pressure drop was equal to NaN and no warning was
raised.
 The physical flow regime was incorrectly reported in rare cases (3-phase model only).
 Fixed a bug in the slug bubble velocity calculation for annular flow (vertical), causing
wrong results when varying the gas-oil surface tension.
 Wax deposition module
o Can be used to find the required pigging frequency to keep the pipeline flowing.
o Forms a wax slurry and wall deposit, based on wax former in the oil phase.
o Wax slurry viscosity model.
o Acceleration factor to speed up wall deposition.
o Stop criterion to easily find when a certain wax layer thickness is reached.
 Hydrate transport module
o Can be used to determine if it is possible to operate with some hydrate
formation, rather than eliminating hydrate risk altogether.
o Forms a hydrate slurry, based on hydrate former (from gas or oil) and water.
o Hydrate slurry viscosity model.
 Steam module
o Steam/water PVT, based on IAPSW correlations.
o Boiling/condensation mass transfer.
 Flexible pipe wall
o More realistic behaviour for fast pressure transients (e.g. water hammer).
 Heat transfer
o Convective correlation (air or sea water) can now be combined with user-given
heat transfer coefficient in a single pipe.
 Non-Newtonian fluids
o Fluid viscosity calculation was unreliable.
o A possible divide-by-zero error was fixed in the wall shear stress calculation.
 Slug capturing
o When doing shutdown-type calculations with slug capturing, the flow rates did
not settle down.
 Controllers
o The PSV controller was not working correctly when using non-zero
closing/opening times.
 LedaLink
o The boundary gradients for pressure nodes with “couple simulator” turned on
were wrong when there is a closed valve exactly on the boundary.
 Annulus
o When an annulus spanned multiple wall layers (e.g. going from layer 2 to 4) the
heat transfer between the annulus and the tubing did not converge properly.
 Valve
o Intermittent counter-current flow could create instabilities in the valve model.
This has been fixed by using upwinding based on the mixture flux direction,
rather than the phase fluxes.
 Source
o JT cooling was missing, when specifying the pressure using more than 1-time
point.
 Well IPR
o Standard volume IPR did not work properly with mass/volume fractions as
phase split, so this combination has been disabled. Please use standard
volume fractions or flash instead.
 PVT
o Black Oil: the standard volume flow rates were incorrect when using density
tuning.
o PVT-tables: the flash calculation crashed when the total water fraction is set to
1 (no gas or oil).
o Multiflash: one set of Binary Interaction Parameters is now supported and are
read automatically from .mfl files.
 Steady-State Pre-Processor
o Initialization of cases with more than 2 independent pipe networks with closed
valves was not working properly.
 Junctions
o There was an indexing error for valves located a certain distance from a 2-pipe
junction, causing composition tracking cases to crash.
o The synchronization of negative compressibility treatment across 2-pipe
junctions was not working correctly. This only affected Black Oil and PVT-table
cases.
3.5.3 GUI modules

 Database back-up feature
o Allow databases to be backed-up using the scripting language.
o Copy folders between databases from the GUI.
 Copy-paste devices and pipe properties
o One or all devices on a pipe can be copy-pasted to another pipe.
o Pipe and node properties can be copied to another pipe or node.
 Plotting improvements
o Value tracker has been integrated with the plot legend, such that all the values
of all curves can be seen simultaneously.
o Many other smaller improvements.
 OLGA converter improvements
o Support for heat transfer defined on a branch mesh, on a branch index or a pipe
section.
o Support for manual controllers, PID controllers defined as a network
component, simplified pump.
 GUI speed improvements for large cases
o Changes in case settings takes much less time.
o Changing PVT is much faster.
o Progress indicators when loading cases.
 Slug statistics
o Computes the duration, length and velocity for hydrodynamic slugs.
o Parametric studies are now run independently from the GUI (Parametric.exe).
o Support for simulation manager (queuing system).
o Sensitivity analysis, which determines which input parameter is most important.
o Automatic range feature to plot standard plots (e.g. turndown curves for
different diameters) a lot faster.
 Status/Output window
o After changing database, the Status and Output windows were not updating
automatically anymore.
 Naming
o Renaming a device could prevent adding new devices due to name conflict.
o Logger names containing the inch symbol (“) could not be imported.
 Duplicate or import/export of very large cases using SQLite database
o LedaFlow Engineering was running out of memory and the duplication or
import/export was not possible.
 Corrupted annuli cases
o Corrupted cases could be generated by import of corrupted input file (from 1.7)
with wrong annuli geometry definition. The files are now automatically corrected
and corrupted cases are caught by the validator.
 Well
o It was not possible to set mass fractions phase split after using standard volume
phase split.
o Setting a combination of Standard volume inflow type and mass fractions phase
split was possible while it should have been caught as not valid.
 Simple annulus
o Array size of the inner heat transfer coefficient was wrong for a pipe connected
to 1d1d junctions preventing to run the corresponding case.
o The profile output file was empty for pipes with too large profile data.
 GUI stability issues
o Some actions in the pump performance curve dialog crashed the GUI.
o Double-click on a database in the” Connection and DB management” dialog
crashed the GUI.
 Mesh generator
o The progress bar did not show any relevant progress when generating meshes.
 PVT file import
o Import of PVT file with fluid names defined with spaces in their names was
throwing an error.
 Plotting
o The position marker for trend plot was wrong for pipes with inlet connected to a
1d1d junction.
o In the “new plot” dialog, checking a case item to select all loggers of the same
type was not working as expected.
 Parametric
o Sub-cases stopped due to controlled errors were sometimes reported as
Crashed.
o Single values were inserted at the right of the status column instead of
appended at the end of the table.
3.6 Updates from 1.8 to 1.8 Patch 1

This patch release includes a limited number of bug-fixes and one improvement.
3.6.1 1-D
Major bug fixes from 1.8 to 1.8 Patch 1:
 1D physical models
o For very high velocities (> 50 m/s) the friction terms for the slug flow (UnitCell)
model were not working properly in the dynamic model. This mainly affects well
blow-out cases, giving too little pressure drop and too high velocities in regions
where the numerical flow regime ID is 2 (slug flow). The point model and Steady
State Pre-Processor are not affected by this.
o Plots were broken when importing parametric studies from a full dump file (.qz).
Note that the .qz files themselves are ok.
o Dynamic properties (e.g. custom fluid fractions) were not available in plotting.
 Wells
o When using inflow type “Reservoir variables (OIL)”, the inputfile was not
correctly written.
 Restart files
o For 2-phase cases the zone enthalpy was not read correctly, causing the
simulation to not start correctly.
 Multiflash
o Conversion of pseudo-component properties from version 1.7 to 1.8 was
corrupting the data.
o Converting a case from 3 to 2 phases messed up the composition vector at the
flow/pressure boundary.
 Pressure loss
o Validation of the position was not correct in models with more than 1 pipe.
 Tuning (only available with LIFT or integrated license)
o Ambient and closure tuning factors sometimes got the wrong size when
remeshing a pipe. The bug in the remeshing has been fixed and the simulation
will show an error when the tuning vector size is wrong. To fix the tuning vector
size it suffices to turn off and on the tuner.
o When adding a pipe to a node, the existing pipe had its ambient and CFL tuner
values reset.
 GUI stability issues
o When dragging a full dump file (.qz) into the empty space in the case browser
twice, the GUI crashed.
o Source settings dialog crashed when Custom Fluid tracking is on, but no
Custom Fluids are selected.
o GUI crashed after using the troubleshooting option “Solver settings” in the
“Tools” menu. This option is now disabled for parametric studies.
Other improvements from 1.8 to 1.8 Patch 1:
 Source with negative mass flow rates
o It is now possible to specify which phases flow out (user specified mode).
o The amount of outflow is automatically limited to what is available in the pipe.
This makes it easy to remove all of a specific phase from the pipe.

Updates from 1.7.248.921 to 1.8.249.025
The major new developments in this release are:
 Full gas lift valve
 GUTS and Multiflash tuning
 Simulation manager
 Pipe splitter
 Output files generator

 Singing riser module
 Corrosion module
3.7.1 Point Model

 Improvement of the Rønningsen emulsion model for low water-cut.
3.7.2 1-D
 Gas lift valve (GLV) tables
o GLV tables relate the mass flow rate to the pressure up- and downstream of the
gas lift valve.
o Standard volume flow rates instead of mass flow rates are also supported.
o Can be used instead of specifying an orifice size in the leak.
 GUTS
o Tuning functionality has been implemented in the LedaFlow GUI. The following
properties can be tuned:
 Oil density;
 Oil viscosity;
 Saturation;
 GOR.
 Multiflash
o Support for Multiflash 6.0, in addition to 4.4 and 4.2 (user adjustable).
o Multiflash 6.0 tuning parameters are now supported, enabling adjustment of the
following parameters:
 Saturation;
 Oil density;
 Oil viscosity;
 Additional EOS’ are now supported: RKSA and PR78A.
o The viscosity model can be changed between Pedersen and SuperTRAPP.
o The Multiflash file reader now supports reading the models and tuning
parameters.
 Simulation manager
o Support queueing of simulations when a license is unavailable. When a license
becomes available the queued simulations will automatically be started.
o Deploy simulations on another computer that has LedaFlow installed.
 Pipe splitter
o Split a pipe in two at a determined position, while keeping the existing pipe
configuration and devices.
 Output files generator
o Easy to use tool to export logger results to files.
o Supports CSV and JSON output formats, as well as user defined formats.
 Controllers
o New controller algorithms: ESD and PSV.
o New inputs: separator level, flowrates, pressure and volume fractions.
o New outputs: leak diameter, source flow rate.
o Support for cascading controllers: one controller adjusts the setpoint of another
o Actuator opening/closing time, mimicking the time it takes for the controlled
device to respond.
o Bug-fix: changing measured variable did not work properly when the controller
had multiple time points for the input.
 Well improvements
o During blowouts the gas velocity is limited, such that it stays below the sound
speed (choking effect). New in version 1.8 is that we take into account the
presence of liquid droplets in the gas, which gives a much lower sound speed.
o For a pipe, the simple annulus flag can be set, which changes the geometry to
an annulus. This can be used with U-value walls or with no energy equation.
The main use-case for this feature is the simulation of blow-outs during drilling.
o TVD/MD coordinates do not have to start from zero anymore. This makes it
easier to place equipment like valves in the correct position.
o Position widgets support MD as input.
o Injection into the reservoir is now supported for the following IPR types: Vogels,
back pressure, normalized back pressure and undersaturated.
o Linearization of the inflow rate in the pressure has been implemented for
Vogels, back pressure, back pressure (normalized) and undersaturated. This
improved the numerical stability of difficult cases. Linearization has been
corrected for the double quadratic model.
o IPR tables now have a new property which determines if they are for production
or injection. This makes it easier to distinguish them from each other.
o Initialization (SSPP): Missing PVT mass transfer term between the reservoir
and the inflow cell has been added. This makes the results 100% consistent
with the dynamic model.
o Several user interface improvements.
o Compositions consisting of only pseudo-components can now be used.
o Bug-fix: time-dependent well properties were not working correctly. For
example, changing the composition during a simulation did not have any effect.
 Custom fluids
o Compressible gas Custom Fluids. Nitrogen has been implemented as a default

Custom Fluid. This can be used for start-up simulations, where the pipeline is
filled with a different gas than what is produced.
o Standard volume input for custom fluid sources, making it easier to inject drilling
mud or lift gas.
o Bug-fix: for cases with Black Oil PVT the conversion to standard volume flow
rates was using the Black Oil instead of the Custom Fluid density.
 Speed improvements
o The construction of the mass equation has been optimized.
o The matrix solver for the mass equation has been improved, especially for large
slug capturing cases.
o The adaptive preconditioner of the matrix solver is now reset every 10 time-
steps, in order to get identical results when restarting a simulation. As part of
this, global samples are saved in multiples of 10 time-step intervals. This means
that simulations may run slightly longer than before, until we can save a global
sample.
 Look and feel improvements for larger system font sizes
o The usability of LedaFlow in systems with font size up to 200% was greatly
improved. This was necessary due to the increasing resolution of computer
screens.
 Flow induced pulsations (FLIP) module
o Calculation of the onset velocity for corrugated risers.
 Corrosion module
o NORSOK corrosion model implemented as a logger, providing an indication of
the corrosion rate.
o More advanced corrosion calculations can be based on the output provided by
LedaFlow.
 User preferences
o The previously existing user preferences (units, working folders and output)
were grouped in a common dialog.
o Beta features and .ldm file output are now disabled by default, but can be turned
on in the user preferences.
o New user preferences include:
 Default Y-Scaling mode for 2D plots;
 3D visualization options;
 Default number of CPUs;
 Multiflash installation folders
 Surge volume curves
o In the slug size module it is now possible to calculate multiple drain rates,
resulting in a plot of the surge volume vs. drain rate.
 Scripting improvements
o Script modules “ledaModules” have been introduced to make scripting easier to

work with, more user-friendly and powerful.
o Several script examples are now provided with the LedaFlow installation.
o Improvements to the editor (highlighting, indentation) have been made.
 Meshing improvements
o DeltaX/D method (slug capturing) now conserves locked points.
o Lock geometry points feature has been improved. The detection of major terrain
features (crests, valleys) and large changes in angle has been improved.
Smaller variations in the pipe profile due to round-off error are ignored.
o Button to find the smallest cell in a pipe, which can be used to optimize
calculation speed.
o Many smaller GUI improvements.
o Remeshing did not set the case status to Invalid, potentially allowing the
simulation to start with invalid start values.
 Initialization (SSPP)
o The initialization method (SSPP, gas-filled-pipe, restart file) is now saved.
o The density around closed valves was not correctly calculated, generating a
small instability at start-up.
o A closed valve right before a 2-pipe junction was causing invalid results.
o The custom fluid mass fractions and composition was not conserved across
junctions.
o Gas-filled-pipe initialization was not working when more than 5 pipes were
connected to a junction node.
 Other bug fixes and improvements
o Plotting: many smaller bug fixes and improvements, mainly related to the
usability.
o New fast wall option to increase the thermal conductivity of the dynamic pipe
wall. This is useful to quickly reach thermal equilibrium for pipe-in-pipe systems.
o There is now an option in the Case Settings under Numerical to limit the time-
step for the hydraulic force. This can be used for shutdown cases, where the
liquid does not come to rest.
o For PVT-tables with invalid enthalpy tables (negative temperature derivative)
LedaFlow recalculates them from the density and heat capacity. This is critical
to keep the enthalpy-based energy equation stable. For version 1.8 we’re
ignoring the density derivative in the temperature for non-existing phases.
o Junction nodes: mass conservation when using very small pipes has been
improved.
o Parametric studies:
 the single value for the average temperature was showing the gas
temperature instead.
 not possible to change the position in trend plots, based on profile
loggers.
o Profile tools:
 fixed issues when using feet as length unit.
 simplification shows the number of cells for the whole pipe instead of
just the simplification region.
o SQlite databases
 Can now be removed.
 Were not working properly when located in a folder containing a space.

Updates from 1.6.246.819 to 1.7.248.921
 Wax appearance temperature
 Multiphase bypass pigging
 Profile tools
 Phase envelope
 Parametric studies improvements
 New 3D visualization
3.8.1 Point Model

The point model has been prepared for future use with non-Newtonian fluids (disabled in 1.7).
3.8.2 1-D
o Custom fluids now support Herschel-Bulkley rheology. This also enables
Bingham and power-law behaviour.
o The main use-case for this is for well clean-up studies.
 Wax appearance temperature
o Similar to hydrate functionality, this enables calculation of the temperature
margin to wax formation.
 Multiphase bypass pigging
o Pig module now supports any phase driving the pig (not just gas). This phase
can also flow through the bypass.
o Pigging module automatically determines the driving phase, based on the
volume fractions upstream. Optionally the driving phase can be set by the user.
o A bug has been fixed in the numerical leakage treatment for pigging, that
caused problems with mass conservation for junction nodes.
 Profile tools
o Create realistic geometry profiles from scratch.
o Complexify existing profiles, giving more realistic liquid hold-up.
o Simplify existing profiles, thereby increasing computational speed.
o Filter profiles using the box and the bend filters or remove duplicate points.
 Phase envelope
o Display the phase envelope upfront, when setting up the PVT.
o Plot phase envelope with the pressures and temperatures in the pipes as
overlay.
o For Multiflash™/GUTS the phase envelope is calculated based on the pipe-
average composition.
 Parametric studies improvements
o The parametric studies now use loggers instead of the global samples.
o No longer required to select the PVT-table file on the hard-drive. The PVT-
tables that are in the database for the base case is not used.
 New 3D visualization
o Supporting visualization of the stratified/annular fluid levels in the pipe. This
makes analyzing simulation results more intuitive.
o In addition to the liquid level, output properties can also be visualized as a
colored band around the pipe.
o Based on loggers instead of global samples.
 Standard volume
o It is possible to override the GOR/GLR/WC at flow/pressure boundaries, wells
and source.
o Standard volume output now works when the GOR is different from the original
PVT-table value.
o Original PVT-table GOR/WC are shown in the PVT settings.
o OLGA converter has been updated to take into account these new options.
o Detailed methodology has been added to the user manual.
o The composition equations are now solved iteratively with updated mass
transfer terms every iteration. This gives much better numerical stability at the
expense of a small decrease in calculation speed. The main difference that can
be observed are more stable temperatures.
o The order of components for GUTS/Multiflash™ PVT objects can be changed
at any time.
o The standard and pseudo components can be read from a Multiflash™ input
file (.mfl).
o Support for Multiflash™ 4.4. By default, LedaFlow uses the latest version, but
it is possible to choose version 4.2 or 4.4 manually. Note that the version used
is shown in the output window, so it can be traced.
o The 3-phase flash in Multiflash™ 4.2/4.4 sometimes erroneously returns a
water phase with the composition of a hydrocarbon phase. This causes severe
problems when calculating the heat capacity, ultimately resulting in the energy
calculation diverging and stopping the simulation. LedaFlow now checks the
values returned by Multiflash™ and temporarily ignores the flash operation
when this happens.
o Partial enthalpy calculation has been corrected for K-Spice tables, improving
numerical stability.
 PVT improvements
o PVT-tables can be created using Multiflash™
o PVT properties can be plotted in the GUI as a function of pressure and
temperature.
o PVT-table GOR modification has been reformulated, in order to be consistent
with modifying the GOR at boundaries.
o It is possible to change a case from 2-phase to 3-phase and back.
o 2-phase PVT-tables can be used in 3-phase cases. In this case we use the
Black Oil water correlations for the water properties and assume no water
vapour present.
o Black Oil gas and water fraction calculations have been corrected, since they
gave a few percent too much gas and water.
 Hydrate curves
o Hydrate curves can be created using GUTS and Multiflash™ PVT objects.
o Depending on the PVT method used, the type (formation/dissociation) is
automatically set.
o Hydrate margins are now based on loggers rather than global samples.
 Erosion velocities
o Based on API RP 14 E standard.
o Available as a profile logger along each pipe.
 Pump improvements
o PID controller can regulate pump speed.
o Plotting of pump curves in the pump settings.
o Pump curves can be defined in terms of head instead of pressure boost.
o Pressure boost is adjusted based on actual fluid density (giving the same head
for different fluids).
 Custom fluid
o Simple configuration option (single values).
o Plotting of the custom fluid properties in GUI.
o Thermal conductivity needs to be set for all custom fluids. This is only used for
natural convection (e.g. shutdown cases).
 Parallel pipe
o Support multiple identical parallel pipes by modelling a single pipe.
 Leak
o Fixed a bug in the momentum source term, thereby improving robustness and
calculation speed.
 Near-supersonic flows
o In some cases, especially when the pipe diameter changed, it was possible to
get supersonic velocities. This has been corrected by implementing a pressure
loss term that limits the velocity for very high values.
 Read-Only GUI
o LedaFlow now starts in read-only mode if the license is expired.
o This enables saving of inputfiles and simulation results.
 Many new logger properties
o All fluid properties are now available as output.
o Wetted wall fraction.
o Custom fluid volume fraction, density and viscosity.
o Gravitational and frictional pressure drop.
o Standard volume properties for wells.
o Plotting templates for devices and boundary nodes now include all available
properties, saving time when analysing results.
 Device/Boundary settings table
o Table with overview of all devices/boundary nodes properties.
o Enables easy comparison between devices of the same type.
o Device property GUI can be accessed from the table, which is useful for large
pipe networks with many devices.
 License control improvements
o License control client upgraded to the latest version.
o License roaming is now possible.
o License viewer allows to have an overview of the existing licenses and the
usage.
 GUI design
o The validator plugin has been moved to the status widget. This increases the
workspace available to the other plugins like the network viewer and pipe editor.
As before, the validator is automatically shown when there are issues, before
running the case.
o For the currently selected case, the name, size, progress and status are shown
at the bottom of the screen.
o Notes can be added to the case (see status widget).

o All widgets can be (un)hidden from the View menu. This increases the size of
the workspace.

Updates from 1.5.244.734 to 1.6.246.819
 Source-based black oil
 MariaDB support
 Multiphase pump based on performance curves
 Hydro valve model
 Initial conditions user-defined pressure
 Post-processing scripts
 Database user permissions support
3.9.1 Point Model

No changes.
3.9.2 1-D
 Temperature spikes are reduced by formulating the kinetic energy term in the energy
equation based on physical velocities/mass flow rates. When negative drho/dp
treatment adds or removes mass from the system, the enthalpy and kinetic energy is
compensated for in the energy equation.
 Junction nodes
o The volume conservation across junction nodes was fixed for pigging cases.
 Source-based black oil
o Allows the user to vary the GOR for different well zones and sources.
 Database improvements
o MariaDB support (New)
 LedaFlow can now be used with MariaDB, a free database management
system.
o Improved SQLite support
 The file based database management system is now properly
supported.
o User permissions support (New)
 Support of database users and permissions for improved security and
privacy.
o Improved connection profile management
 Advanced multiphase pump (New)

o Support for time varying speed.
o Performance curves can be specified.
 Hydro valve model (New)
o New valve model provides more accuracy for multiphase flow.
 Initial conditions user-defined pressure
o The pressure can now be defined in closed zones.
 Solver memory management improved
o The SSPP and 1D transient now supports up to 50000 cells per case.
 Post-processing scripts (New)
o The user can now write post-processing scripts that can run automatically after
a simulation is concluded. This feature can be used to perform any kind of post-
processing tasks that can be achieved with scripting.
 PVT user interface improvements
o Different PVTs are now displayed in tabs, making it easier to navigate between
different PVT objects.
o The PVT tools are all available from the same window in the new PVT user
interface.
 Standard volume flow rate input
o For flow boundaries and sources, the user can now only specify the standard
volume flow rate of either gas or oil and optionally water.
o It’s not possible anymore to set the phase split to standard volume flow rates
for pressure boundaries and wells.
o It’s now possible to change the WC for PVT-tables in the PVT settings.
o Changing the GOR and WC has to be done in the PVT settings and it’s not
available anymore for flow and pressure boundaries, sources and wells.
 Composition tracking improvements
o Speed improved by the usage of linearized PVT.
o Support for Multiflash models for pure CO2/H2O and CO2 mixtures.
o Stop on phase change functionality, enabling simulation of single component
systems using composition tracking.
o Initial support for PID controllers on valves.
o Support for disconnected networks.
o Changes to handling of standard volume flow input for increased numerical
stability.
o Better and more concise conversion report.
o A variety of updates to support more keywords and fix previously existing errors.

Updates from 1.5.244.723 to 1.5.244.734
 The standard volume conversion for PVT-tables and Black Oil PVT was not giving
constant standard volume flow rates along the pipe for a typical steady-state case
(since v1.3). The new formulation is based on a single stage flash of the total
hydrocarbon mass flow rate, thereby guaranteeing that the GOR is always the same.
It is recommended to re-run cases that use standard volume inflow or where the
standard volume flow rates are used as output.
 Synchronization of the pipe diameter across junctions consisting of two pipes was
causing mass conservation issues. A diagnostic error message has been added such
that the user is warned in case of trouble. Any affected case can be repaired by saving
it as an input file (.qs) and importing it back into LedaFlow.
 Wells:
o When flashed and using the isentropic thermal option, the enthalpy and PVT
mass transfer was calculated using the wrong pressure. This was most
pronounced for inflow zones with a large pressure difference between the
reservoir and the bottom hole, causing the oil hold-up to be underestimated.
o The combination of standard volume inflow and standard volume fractions was
not working properly. The production rate from the well was calculated using
the GOR and WC from the PVT and not the ones given by the user.
o Productivity Index entered for a well using standard volume input changed value
when closing and re-opening the well settings panel.
o When upgrading 1.4 cases with wells that are defined using negative z-
coordinates (i.e. using wellhead as reference point) the production rates could
be wrong.
 Loggers:
o When upgrading 1.4 cases already containing trend loggers, the default profile
loggers were not created.
o Measurement unit conversion did not work in plots created from loggers.
o Removing dynamic logger properties when changing the case settings lead to
input files that couldn’t be imported back.
o Automatic removal of invalid loggers was added.
o The logging of total mass flow rate was not working for mass sources.
o Loggers configured from logger templates were not getting all the properties
from the template.
 Plotting:
o PT & Holdups plot template didn’t work for two-phase cases.
o Pipe route plot was very slow.
o Curves were added twice when the axes were incompatible.
 Parametric studies:
o GUI crash when plotting two-phase parametric studies.
o Parametric studies did not support PVT table files with the extension in capital
letters.
 Buried-pipe:
o The buried-pipe switch was disabled automatically when the user opened the
case settings and closed it again. This only happened for cases with more than
one pipe.
o When the wall model was changed to something other than buried-pipe, the
pipe was still showing the former buried pipes as being buried.
 The viscosity values given by Multiflash can become NaN when the gas composition is
very unrealistic, causing the simulation to crash. The return values are now filtered such
that the simulation can continue.
 The OLGA converter was not displaying parsing errors in the conversion report.
 Right-clicking on pipes in the network view was selecting them (selection should only
be with left-click).
 Heat calculation in the pump was wrong since LedaFlow 1.4.
 Custom fluid tracking was assumed enabled if there were custom fluids defined, even
if the feature was disabled.
 GUTS pseudo-components name size was not being verified, leading to errors
initializing GUTS with too long names.
 Initial conditions closed zones were displayed incorrectly for closed valves with no time
point at zero seconds.
Other improvements from 1.5 to 1.5 Patch 1:
 Performance of the pipe plug-in, walls & materials and case settings has been improved
for large cases.
 The video recording feature has been reintroduced to the plotting and the 3D-
Visualization.
 The temperature interpolation in the pipe plugin is now protected against illegal values.
 The outer heat transfer correlation does not include natural convection. LedaFlow now
shows warning when the convective velocity is less than 0.1 m/s.

Updates from 1.4.242.626 to 1.5.244.723
 Annulus
 Profile and boundary loggers
 Initial conditions
 Varying burial depth for buried pipes
 Improved performance for slug capturing cases
 User interface improvements
3.11.1 Point Model

No changes.
3.11.2 1-D
 Annulus (New)
o Support for single phase flow (flow regimes are not correct for multiphase flow
in annulus).
o Heat transfer (radiation, conduction and convection).
o Dynamic wall model.
o Gas lift valves modelled using leaks.
 Profile and boundary loggers (New)
o Profile loggers.
o Boundary node loggers.
o Logger templates for automatic creation of loggers for all future cases.
 Slug capturing (Improvements)
o A new slip model has been introduced for dispersed bubbles.
o The slug friction factor is reduced for Froude numbers less than 0.5.
o A new bubbly flow transition model.
 Slug size module (Improvements)
o Based on the usage of accumulated volume loggers.
 Pigging (Improvements)
o The pig diameter is not available as it no longer controls leakage.
 Initial conditions (New)
o Initialization zones per pipe.
o Allows the user to specify the initial hold-up at specific sections of a pipe.
o Display of initialization zones in the network viewer. Zones are bound by closed
valves and boundary nodes.
 Buried pipe (Improvements)
o Varying burial depth is now supported.
 Speed (Improvements)
o Improved performance for slug capturing cases.
o Faster dynamic wall calculations.
o Allow using up to 8 CPU cores.
 Pipe definitions (Improvements)
o The pipe profile, geometry and ambient definitions are now decoupled.
o Support for vertical interpolation of ambient temperature.

o Support for TVD-MD coordinate system.
 User interface (Improvements)
o New network viewer uses vector graphics. This allows for a better user
experience while zooming and panning, especially in large networks.
o General look and feel changes:
 New style-sheet changed the look of the application.
 Usage of the same font everywhere.
 Heat source (Improvements)
o Wall layer can now be selected.
 Leak (Improvements)
o Leaks can be used between two pipes (check-valve optional).
 Valves (Improvements)
o When fully closed the flow rate through the valve will now be exactly zero.
 Olga converter (Improvements)
o Improved support for ambient temperature profiles. Various minor
improvements.

Updates from 1.4.242.619 to 1.4.242.626
 Several fixes in the parametric studies plugin:
o Crash in parametric study locks all studies with Abort status.
o Plotting does not show all parametric cases available in a parametric study.
o Parametric plot fixed when adding new lines to the parametric table.
o Valve and Leak results were not available for parametric studies.
 Multi-Threading capability
o Negative compressibility treatment prevented water accumulation when
running with multiple CPU cores.
o Due to lack of synchronization in multithreading, some cases could have non
unique solutions when using more CPU cores than physically available.
 Initialization with the steady state pre-processor (SSPP)
o The simulated initialization time of the dynamic wall model was one week, which
did not match the expectations of steady state so this has been increased to
effectively infinite time.
o Initialization of composition tracking cases with multiple zones was setting the
composition to zero near closed valves.
o Initialization of case with pig route with no pipes defined leads to invalid case
when exported to ldm.
 Trend logger:
o Trend logger position is now available in plots and csv export.
o Possibility of plotting common properties from several trend loggers in same
plot.
o Case import fails when trend logger is set on a pipe that has a wall with the
same name.
o Crash when adding curve from an empty trend logger.
 Well isentropic thermal option for composition tracking cases was not working properly
above 950 bar due to a hardcoded pressure limit.
 Maximum hard coded temperature limit is increased from 500 to 600 K.
 Several fixes in the PID-Controller:
o Backward compatibility for controller measurement range.
o Several GUI problems.
 It was not possible to disable the buried pipe after enabling it.
 Olga converter for standard volume sources fixed:
o GLR was not taken into account.
o If the standard volume flow rate was zero, the source was not converted at all.
 Crash when using GOR at inlet and zero flow.
 Problem with multiple pig route profile plots.
 When adding a plot to an existing chart the default x-axis measurement unit was used
instead of that in the existing chart.
 Change to prevent .ldm import of cases from future LedaFlow versions.
 Export folder crashes on empty folders.

Updates from 1.3.239.524 to 1.4.242.619
 Improved speed
 Multiflash™ link
 Trend loggers
 Dynamic wall improvement
 Well model improvements
 Check valve
 Pressure loss
 Simple pump
 Negative mass source
 Hydrate curve
 Parametric studies improvement
 User-Defined Functions (UDF)
 K-Spice tables
3.13.1 Point Model

 Point model accuracy issue for low pressure drops:
The existing momentum residual normalization scheme for downward flows is modified by
removing the gravity contribution in the pressure gradient approximation for negative angles,
which made the approximation more conservative (smaller).
3.13.2 1-D
 Pigging
o The pressure drop over the pig can now be adjusted by specifying the effective
length of the pig in contact with the pipe wall.
 Valve model
o A valve can now be specified to act as a check (non-return) valve. The user can
specify the allowed direction of flow.
o Improved convergence for valves by modifying the interfacial friction term. The
interface shear is now proportional to the slip velocity (instead of the usual
quadratic behavior). Then the momentum equations converged easily for all
valve openings, regardless of the magnitude of the friction coefficient.
o The value for γ=Cp/Cv in the valve model has been changed to 1.3 which is
more typical of hydrocarbon mixtures than the previous value of 1.7.
 Flow regime
o Improved point model starting values in cells next to valves by using previously
calculated steady-state values instead of the transient solution.
 1D-1D junctions
o Improved convergence for valves at 1D-1D junctions by synchronizing terms
across the coupling.
 Custom fluids (inhibitor tracking)
o It is now possible to input the density and heat capacity using mass instead of
mole units.
o Consistency between inlet flash and the concentration in the pipe obtained by
reformulating the gas-liquid and oil-water equilibrium.
 Buried pipes
o Corrected the circumferential thermal resistance for the pipe wall which caused
a significant change in temperature if a very thin wall layer was added.
 User Defined Function (UDF)
o A functionality allowing for the users to introduce their own closure models in
LedaFlow has been implemented. The UDF functionality is available both for
SSPP and transient simulations.
o Alternatively users can plug in their own point model in the SSPP (not available
in transient module).
 Trend loggers
o Trend loggers are now available for pipes and some devices. This allows users
to select variable results that will be recorded at higher frequency than the
global sample time.
 Hydrate curve
o The user can now specify a hydrate curve or set of multiple curves for different
inhibitor concentrations from which LedaFlow will calculate the margin between
the local conditions in a pipe and the hydrate curve.
o If a single curve with no inhibitor is entered, then the temperature depression of
the curve due to local inhibitor concentration will be estimated based on the
Hammerschmidt equation.
o Plotting of pressure hydrate margin and temperature margin has been
implemented.
 Parametric studies improvement
o New easy-to-use user interface.
o Results are now shown in the same table which defined the input values.
o Parallelization of parametric case runs.
 Improved speed
o Much faster solvers for MVP (Mass Velocity Pressure) equations, especially for
network cases.
o Dynamic wall: much faster for cases with many wall layers (>10 times), by using
the buried pipe framework.
o General improvements for parallel computations.
o Default setting has changed to 2 CPUs in parallel.
 Multiflash™ link
o If the user has access to a Multiflash license LedaFlow will detect that and allow
Multiflash to be called for composition tracking simulations, single point flash
calculations and the creation of PVT tables.
o The Multiflash EOS available include the CPA method, which is recognised as
the most accurate estimation of MeOH distribution between phases.
 Well improvements
o Additional inflow performance correlations have been added: Double Quadratic,
Vogel, Back Pressure, Back Pressure (normalized) and Undersaturated.
o Fracture option for injecting wells.

o Viscosity multiplier, which corrects the PI for the viscosity of the actual fluid
being produced/injected.
 Simple multiphase pump
o A simple, easy to use, pump has been added.
o This allows specification of a constant pressure rise or drop.
o Efficiency is taken into account (so there will be heating of the fluid).
 Black Oil improvements
o Possibility to tune the bubble point and formation volume factor.
 Olga import/export
o Further enhancements have been implemented to the conversions particularly
to support import of Olga well models and standard condition input.
 Pressure loss
o In order to model pipe fittings and bends, there is the possibility to add k-values
along the pipes. A k-value represents frictional pressure drop.
 PID controller improvements
o Allow user to define set point, gain, integral time and derivative time as functions
of time.
 Drilling fluids
o Supported through the extension of the custom fluid tracking module.
 Negative mass source
o The mass flow rate of a Source can now be set to a negative number.
 Convective outer heat transfer correlation.
o The outer film heat transfer coefficient can now be calculated based on sea
water or air and user specified ambient temperature and velocity (wind/current).
 K-Spice® tables
o To ensure consistency of PVT behaviour when linking LedaFlow and K-Spice it
is now possible to use the K-Spice PVT tables. This feature is only available
with a LedaFlow Integrated license.

Updates from 1.3.239.516 to 1.3.239.524
 Bypass pig automatic enabling fixed (GUI issue).
 Remove unused components from the database.
 Flash hydrocarbons fixed for sources in cases which have custom fluids.
 Possibility of setting water mass fraction in sources using flash hydrocarbons only (GUI
issue).
 Fixed IPR tables when using multiple production zones.

 Plot of pseudo-component fractions (GUTS).
 Pipe position selection for trend plots in parametric cases.
 Black Oil
o Fixed gas and oil density at low pressure.
o Vasquez and Beggs correlation fixed.
o Black Oil correlations expanded to low pressure.
 Standard conditions
o Fixed plot crash in parametric studies (standard condition plots are now
disabled).
o Fixed crash for GUTS cases with no oil.
 Flash hydrocarbons for sources.
 Olga converter incorrectly converts .genkey as two-phase cases.
 PID Controller plots display incorrect unit.
 PID Controller plot template should include measured variable and reference value.

Updates from 1.2 to 1.3.239.516
 Separator
 Heat source
 Emulsion models
 Black Oil
 OpenMP multithreading
 Folder export and import
 Angle class distribution tool
 LedaLive
3.15.1 Point Model

No changes.
3.15.2 1-D
o Define model inputs based on standard volume fractions/flow
rates/GOR/GLR/WC (flow boundary, pressure boundary, source, well).
o Standard densities can either be computed from the PVT or manually specified
by the user.
o Plotting of standard volume flow rates, gas-oil-ratio and water cut.
 Separator
o Separator which can only be positioned at the end of a pipeline.
o The separator calculates pressure and liquid volumes as function of inflow and
outflow where outflow is controlled by pressure- and level PID-controllers at
outlet pipes.
o The pipe at the inlet uses the separator pressure as the outlet boundary
pressure.
o Limitations: The separator does not have a weir. The gas oil and water
separates into three horizontally separated layers due to different density of the
fluids.Heat source.
o Possibility to heat or cool part of a pipe. The heat source can be used with a
controller.
 Emulsion models
o Emulsion model configuration GUI. The available models are:
 Linear average
 Brinkman
 Eilers
 Krieger & Dougherty
 Pål & Rhodes 0 and 1
 Rønningsen.
o In the Krieger & Dougherty emulsion model the maximum packing fraction was
added in the exponent expression in the model.
o In the Pal & Rhodes emulsion correlation the implementation now allows for
negative reference concentrations for improved calibration against
experiments.
 Black Oil
o The Black Oil fluid model is a set of PVT equations that approximately replicate
the behaviour of well fluids for pressure at or below the bubble point.
o Provided correlations to estimate solution gas-oil ratio and bubble point
pressure are:
 Lasater
 Standing
 Vasquez & Beggs
 Glasø
 Slug capturing
o The grid dependent part of the interfacial friction coefficient for gas-liquid flow
has been removed for slug capturing. Reason: The grid dependent term caused
the solution to become more grid dependent than otherwise when applying
small cells. Furthermore, removing this term had a positive impact on the
simulation results (comparing to experimental data).
o The level gradient term (dh/dx) has been corrected for three-phase flows with
all models. The term now satisfies the requirements for obtaining zero velocities
during shutdown in cells with all three phases present. Furthermore, this term
is important for wave/slug formation and development in 3-phase slug
capturing.
o OpenMP is now supported.
o Number of threads is limited to 4 per LedaFlow license.
 Bypass pigging
o The existing pigging module is modified to enable by-pass pigs. This is
performed by allowing for gas flow through the centre hole.
 Valve model
o Fixed flow regime treatment next to valves. Now, in cells which have a valve as
neighbour, the minimum slip is based on the steady state solution. The
discharge coefficient can now also be specified when using Cv-tables.
 Pressure change due to diameter change (Bernoulli effect)
o The pressure reduction/increase due to a sudden pipe diameter
reduction/increase is now represented by the model. The fix will also work for
counter-current flow.
 Junction node
o The numerical stability of the energy equation at junction nodes has been
improved for very dynamic cases (i.e. terrain slugging).
 Custom fluids (inhibitor tracking)
o Default custom fluids have been added: oil- and water-based mud and a tracer.
o Custom fluids can now be copied and deleted.
 For GUTS, in the SPPP the phase mass fractions are now updated by flash calculation
for each grid cell along the pipe, and not only at the inlet. This has an impact on the
initial state, and indirectly also on the transient solution.
 Thermodynamics
o Binary interaction parameters between water and inhibitors (MEG, EtOH,
MeOH, DEG) have been re-tuned to give better temperature results when
mixing using GUTS.
o The flash module in the GUI now computes more properties, such as mass
fractions, GOR and WC.
o For PVT-tables the total water fraction can now be changed directly in the GUI.
o PVT-tables and Black Oil now support manually overriding the water mass
fraction when flashing inlets.
 LedaLive
o This feature enables running LedaFlow models interactively. For instance,

tuning of a PID controller is now possible while running LedaFlow.
3.15.3 Folder export and import

 Folder export and import functionality is now available, allowing the export of a folder
and all its subfolders and cases, with results, to a single export file. The folder structure
is kept.
3.15.4 Angle class distribution tool

 It is now possible to display the angle distribution of geometry, current mesh and mesh
in construction on a same graph which makes a comparison analysis easier.
 The angle intervals can be customized.
 Screenshots can be saved.

 Higher order numerical solutions
 Finite volume partial pipe burial model
 A leak device
 Performance improvements
 Slug capturing improvements
 Improved 1D closures
 Custom inhibitor capability
 Full case export and import
3.16.1 Point model

 A new void-in-slug model for near-horizontal pipes has been implemented (affects only
angles less that 10 degrees in magnitude). The new model improves the flow regime
predictions, which thereby improves terrain slugging predictions.
 The calculation of the physical flow regime has been improved to produce more
accurate flow maps (compared to Tiller-data).
 The wave-term in the interfacial friction coefficient for gas/liquid has been modified to
improve the predictions of liquid accumulation onset in low-liquid-loading-cases at
angles>2º.
 The interfacial friction between oil and water has been modified to include the effect of
waves on the gas/oil interface. This improves the predictions of liquid accumulation
onset in low-liquid-loading three-phase flows.
 A model for the energy dissipation at slug fronts has been implemented in order to
improve the pressure drop predictions in slug flow, in particular for high angles (>=5º).
 An error in the calculation of the hydraulic diameter for the water has been corrected.
This improved the predictions of pressure drop for cases with high water viscosity.
 Some hysteresis with regards to the oil-water flow regime in dispersed oil-water flow
has been added in order to remove regime-flopping in transient calculations.
3.16.2 1-D
 A new leak device has been included:
o The device can be used to simulate a hole in the pipe. The user can configure
the size of the hole or specify a valve. The user can specify the back pressure
as function of time.
 Valve model
o Discharge coefficient (CD) in the expression for the valve pressure drop is now
squared. Note that this gives a lower pressure drop, depending on the value of
CD. This can be corrected by taking the square root of the pre-2.36 CD-value.
o Heat capacities were being used at constant pressure instead of constant
volume.
o Inconsistency fixed in upwinding of the boundary nodes.
o In some case it was not possible to position the valve on the end of the pipe
due to an issue in the GUI with round-off errors.
 Closure models
o Oil-water inversion point was earlier calculated in cell 1 and used for the whole
pipe. Now it is calculated for each cell in the pipe.
o The point model has been moved to the network level in order to provide
effective load balancing in cases where the point model dominates the time
consumption. OpenMP multithreading can be enabled in the case settings by
selecting more than 1 processor.
 Inhibitor tracking
o Water-gas mass transfer has been corrected.
o Mass transfer has been implicitly formulated in SSPP for stability.
o Implemented negative drho/dp treatment for inhibitors. This fixed a problem with
inhibitor fractions larger than 1.
o Bug fixed where inhibitor fraction was increasing when passing a PI-well.
 PVT mass transfer
o The transient PVTMT term has been reduced depending on how far we're from
PVT-table equilibrium.
o Mass transfer due to different temperature of inflow from PI-wells/mass-sources
and temperature in the pipe has been introduced. For example hot gas from a
mass source will now condensate immediately in a cold pipe.
o Fixed error in the water to gas mass transfer term, which is off by default.
 Pigging:
o Fixed a stability issue in case of gas in front and liquid behind the pig.
o Automatic diameter also works for varying pipe diameters.
o Pigs are allowed to have larger diameter than the pipe (flexible pigs).
o The drain rate can now be set by the user. This means that the liquid volume at
the pig trap is only integrated above a given value.
o For new cases the pig diameter is now automatically set to the pipe diameter
minus 10 micron, which ensures minimum numerical leakage.
o When trapped the pig position is reset to the pig launch site, which makes it
easier to see when the pig is caught.
o The leakage treatment settings are now saved in the database, to provide
smooth restarts of simulations.
 Thermodynamics:
o The PH-Flash used for PI-wells can now handle 100 % water.
 The Slug Capturing option has been updated by:
o Gas entrainment closure for 3-phase flow is implemented in addition to the
existing 2-phase gas entrainment.
o Interfacial friction model in stratified flow gives correct bubble velocity by limiting
gas-liquid slip at low gas fractions.
o A new interfacial friction model for vertical annular flow is implemented for
thicker liquid films.
o Possibility to add slug capturing zones where a portion of the pipe is defined as
a slug capturing region with a refined mesh. Elsewhere in the pipe, standard 1-
D Leda closures on coarse grid can be used. It is still possible to define Slug
Capturing option for the entire pipeline.
o A model for complete entrainment of a thin gas film into dispersed bubbles is
developed. If the amount of dispersed bubbles exceeds a critical value, a gas-
liquid interface is re-established.
o The momentum equation has been formulated as second order in time. Due to
the stabilizing effect this has on slugging, this option is not turned on by default.
It can be found under Numerical Parameters 1D.
o A bug in the field indexing for gas entrainment in 2-phase cases was fixed.
o Restart time-step algorithm automatically changes to first order in time in case
of convergence problem.
 The GOR of PVT-tables can be overridden by the user.
 The pressure drop in the SSPP is now calculated on the P-mesh, to better match the
transient code.
 The PVT mass transfer is now also accounted for in the first half-cell between the
mass/pressure inlet and the center of this first cell. For certain cases this has resulted
in higher water content.
 The relaxation factors have been increased for non-compositional tracking cases from
0.5 to 0.8. This results in an average speed-up of around 20% for the CAT workshop
cases.
 The 3-phase entrainment model has been improved for cases where the entrainment
is far from equilibrium.
 GUTS has been modified, such that inhibitors now affect the water viscosity.
 A bug has been fixed causing GUTS to fail when flashing an inhibitor/water mixture.
 A bug has been fixed that caused mass sources on 1D-1D junctions to be omitted.
 A bug in the detection of negative volume fractions has been fixed and the code has
been tested to ensure that all exceptions are reported properly.
 A bug has been fixed which caused the matrix solver to crash for cases with two parallel
flow-lines between two merge nodes.
 A higher order option is available in the GUI under Case Settings. This switches the
numerical scheme to NOTABLE and applies higher order time-discretization.
3.16.3 Custom inhibitor

 An advanced user interface to edit single component properties has been added. It is
now possible to define drilling fluids, tracers, additional inhibitors and neutral fluids.
3.16.4 Finite volume partial pipe burial model

 A finite volume calculation for the conduction from through the pipe wall and
surrounding soil has been introduced.
o The model will enable heat transfer in fully buried and partially buried pipe.
o The user can specify the soil thermal properties, burial depth of the pipe, the
ambient temperature and heat transfer coefficient to the medium above the soil
and pipe.
o The model includes conduction around the circumference of the pipe.
o In separated flow the heat convection terms from the continuous phases to the
different radial positions of the wall are calculated separately.
 Limitations:
o It is only possible to have one pipe burial depth along the whole length of a pipe.
3.16.5 Parametric studies

 Better control on the parameters allowed:
o Careful selection of the allowed parameters;
o Unit support.
 Usability:
o Better visualization of point results;
o Smoother configuration (addition/removal of cases to run).
 Robustness:
o Input validation;
o Smooth adding and removing of parameters.
 Extended set of default plotting templates:
o Holdup for turndown curves.
3.16.6 Performance
 New database layer:
o Transaction support;
o Multithreaded access support;
o Bulk insertion in SQL tables;
o Generic implementation, adding future support for other database vendors
other than MySQL.
 Multithreaded population of trend plots
o GUI remains responsive during plotting operations.
o Long trend plots gradually populated in batches.
o Able to handle large cases efficiently and robustly.
 Parallelization of the point model calls
o The calls to the point model are distributed to the number of threads assigned
in the case settings.
o Slugging cases using the unit cell model will run a faster.
o For such cases it is recommended to set the number of threads equal to the
number of CPU cores.
3.16.7 Full case export and import

 It is now possible to export and import a full case which includes the model definition
and all of the results from a simulation.
3.16.8 Database structure

 Improvements have been made to the configuration of the database to allow multiple
users of a central remote database. Changes include:
o Database user password support.
o Usage of the database connection configuration throughout the application,
instead of assuming localhost in some cases.
o Database connection monitor to detect loss of connectivity.
3.16.9 Inhibitors
 Users can now specify New Inhibitors with a great deal of flexibility in the description.
 New Inhibitors have options to:
o Have mass transfer between the gas and liquid phase;
o Affect fluid properties;
o Be associated with either water or oil;
o Define to the K-values between oil and water;
o Define the density and its dependency on temperature;
o Define viscosity and its dependence on temperature;

o Define heat capacity and its dependence on temperature;
o Define pure component vapour pressure and dependence on temperature;
o Define heat of vaporisation and its dependence on temperature.
3.16.10 Model structure

 The OLGA converter has been improved.
o The POSITION keyword is now supported.
o Leaks are now supported.
o Initial OLGA v6 and v7 input files imports are now possible.
o The error reporting has been extended to provide more and clearer information
to the user.
 A LedaFlow to OLGA file export has been included
o Currently only *.inp files are supported as output.

The main focus of the 1.1 Patch 1 release was to fix bugs and correct minor GUI problems.
3.17.1 Flow assurance

 Correct the calculation of the effective hydraulic diameter for the aqueous phase. This
only affected the pressure drop calculations to any significance in the following
combination of conditions:
o three phase flow;
o stratified or wavy stratified flow regime;
o thin water film (< 0.2);
o high water viscosity (>10 Cp. For example with more than 50% MEG and low
temperatures).
 The calculation of viscosity in water phase influenced by inhibitors (MEG, MeOH or
EtOH) when using composition tracking (GUTS) was fixed.
3.17.2 PVT
 P-Glycol removed from GUTS species list due to unrealistic molar mass.
 GUTS flash was corrected for inhibitor/water mixtures.
 AllowOutsidePVT feature was corrected.
3.17.3 Plotting
 Interpolated diameter at a junction was fixed.
 The video speed was adjusted to real time.
 Trend plots refresh malfunctions were fixed.
 Template for pigs in two-phase cases added.

 Improvements in the interaction between the plot manager window and the chart
windows.
 Remember selection when changing plot type in the select graph dialog.
3.17.4 3D visualisation
 The ‘capture image’ functionality was not working and has been fixed.
3.17.5 Network
 Corrected the ‘centre network’ behaviour when multiple plug-in are open.

The main focus of the 1.1 release was to improve the work flow for the user through improved
plotting and provision of a GUI based parametric study definition.
3.18.1 Plotting
The plotting environment has been rewritten starting with a template basis that will be used in
later releases to allow user defined templates and libraries of plot templates. Key new features
of plotting include:
 New plot templates have been provided with a more engineering focused selection of
parameter groups.
 Variables included in a plot can be edited and the user can create plots with their own
combination of variables.
 Multiple plot windows and plots on different screens. The plots are no longer
embedded into the Network GUI.
 Multiple plot fields to allow more vertical plot axes.
 Multi-case plots from the same database. It is now possible to plot values from different
cases in the same plot making it much easier to compare results.
 Flow routes can be defined for profile plotting so that a profile plot can now show a
variable along a series of connected pipes.
 The much requested right mouse button selection of data export has been added.
 Sample values for selected variables in a plot can be reported at selection positions
and exported.
3.18.2 Parametric studies

A graphical user interface has been provided for parametric studies. It is considered to be a
beta feature in the 1.1 release.
 User can select base case from which to develop the parametric study. Once a
parametric study is defined the same definition can be used on other base cases.
 Study definition can be built from a combination of values for the selected parameters.
The GUI will fill a table of all possible case permutations, which can then be edited
manually.
 The results can be plotted in the new plotting environment.

Being released as beta, KDI acknowledges that there are limitations and encourages the user
to be use it with care. Some of the attention areas are:
 Only SI units are supported when setting up the permutations.
 The set parameters that can be subject to a parametric study is a subset of the total
available parameters. In particular are mode flags, inhibitor species, compositions, and
vector sizes impossible to change.
 Some vectors where the elements have to sum up to 1.0, e.g. like mass fractions in
sources and boundaries, have to be treated with extra care.
 Error reporting is not fully implemented. In case a parametric study subcase fails, the
user needs to setup a separate case including the permutations in order to get a full
error message.
 The number of pre-defined plotting templates for parametric studies is limited. Currently
only turn-down curves have a template defined.

 The interfacial friction between gas and liquid has been modified to improve the
pressure drop predictions for low USL, and to improve the liquid accumulation
predictions.
 The calculation of the effective gas zone density has been modified to improve the
pressure drop predictions for high USL.
 The maximum level of the entrained flux of droplets in gas has been modified to
improve the pressure drop predictions for high USL.
 The Taylor bubble velocity has been modified for cases where the bubble moves
against the flow.

 A Fastwall option has been added to the Walls(Dynamic) thermodynamic calculation to
allow the user to artificially gain a new thermal state in a reduced simulated time by
reducing the thermal capacity of the pipe Walls.
 Bugs in the restart file for the controller and pigging states have been fixed.
 General improvements to the OLGA 5 import have been made.
 The PVT file importer has been improved to be more robust to a wider range of input
formats.
3.18.5 Unit operations

 The valve model has been reconfigured for upwind numerical solutions. This allows
the valve to be placed on the first and last cell boundary of a pipe.
 Numerical smear induced leak across the pig has been removed.
 A tabular well IPR has been introduced. This means that most inflow relationships can
be simulated.
 A bug in the formulation of the single quadratic well model has been corrected. The
previous formulation would not work for production zones greater than one metre.
 The pressure node now has an initial mass flow rate estimate to allow faster and more
robust solution from the steady state pre-processor.
3.18.6 PVT
 The temperature input to the viscosity calculations in GUTS has been protected against
extreme values. This improves the reliability of the GUTS calculations.
 Constant PVT has been extended to support compressibility.
3.18.7 Installer
 Installer detects and warns if MySql is already installed.
 The default location of the MySql database has been changed to:
c:\Kongsberg\LedaFlowStorage. This location is less often restricted to an
Administrator

 Slug capturing (beta).
 Pigging operations are now supported. Multiple pigs and pig routes can be modeled.
 3D visualization for a single pig and pig route.
 Inhibitor tracking for MEG, MeOH and EtOH has been implemented in the tabular
solution. MEG is associated only with the aqueous phase. MeOH and EtOH are
saturated in the vapor phase with the remainder in the aqueous phase. There is no
MeOH and EtOH in the Oil phase in this release.

 It is now possible to connect more than 3 pipes into a node.
 Gas-filled-pipe initialization in the SSPP now supports diverging and circular networks.
 Circular networks can be created by adding pipes between any two nodes.
 The pipe direction can be reversed to assist plotting logic.
3.19.3 Unit operations

 Wells with Quadratic Inflow Performance are now supported.
 Expanded valve definition with orifice diameter and Cv tables.
 Added thermal mixing condition for partially closed valves.
3.19.4 PVT
 Mass transfer in inhibitor tracking (between gas and water).
 For the PVT mass transfer the average fluid temperature is used to obtain the gas and
water equilibrium phase fractions from the PVT table. This is more stable when the gas
phase is about to disappear.
 The option where enthalpy is calculated from the heat capacity in the PVT tables (which
makes the enthalpy and heat capacity consistent) has been made more robust by
filtering excessive heat capacities. Any heat capacity value outside the range
(10<Cp<100000 J/kg/K) will be replaced by its closest neighbour.
 When the enthalpy is calculated from the heat capacity in the PVT tables, the latent
heat is now automatically extracted from the original enthalpy table.
 The heat capacity is obtained by numerically differentiating the enthalpy table. This was
necessary to get the temperature consistent with the enthalpy in the energy
calculations.
 The behaviour outside the boundaries of the PVT-table has been changed. Both the
enthalpy and density are now extrapolated when the temperature exceeds the table
limits, such that they are consistent with the heat capacity and drho/dT derivate. This
makes simulations more stable when they are briefly outside the PVT-table.
 Zone velocities calculated from mass fluxed have been provided.
 The temperatures shown in plots have been reduced to the 3 zone temperatures.
3.19.5 Thermal
 The average inner wall heat transfer coefficient is now available as a variable, so both
the inner wall and overall heat transfer coefficients are available.
 Fixed time-step dependency of the dynamic wall model (cool-down rate was too slow
for large time-steps).
3.19.6 Momentum
 A bug in the hydraulic force has been fixed, which improves some terrain slugging
cases.
 A special treatment of disappearing phases in the momentum equation has been
removed, making the transient code fully consistent with the point model.
 The shutdown criterion has been revised in order to override the point model regime
prediction, which is not valid for counter-current flow or when the flow rate approaches
zero. In its current form the entrainment and oil-water dispersion are suppressed and
the regime is forced to stratified G/O/W flow under the following conditions:
o Gas or mixture superficial velocity below a critical value (0.001 m/s);
o Counter-current flow (one or more velocities around a cell have a different sign).
3.19.7 File structure

 Restart files can now be created and used to initialise simulations.
 Improved meshing module.
 Scripts can now be edited and run from the GUI.
 PVT-files referenced in scripts do not need the full path anymore provided the PVT-file
is in the same directory as the script.
4 Limitations and attention areas
4.1 Upgrading from previous versions

Users of previous versions of LedaFlow® Engineering 1D should be aware of the following:
 It will not be possible to open cases created in LedaFlow 2.4 in any of the previous
versions of the GUI.
 Most operations in cases from previous versions of LedaFlow will be disabled. In order
to modify or run cases from previous versions, the case will have to be upgraded to
2.4.
 Due to a modification done in 2.4 to the error messaging system when LedaFlow is
used in integrated cases with LedaLink, older versions of LedaLink will no longer be
able to capture error messages properly and instead return the ambiguous “LedaFlow
process crashed”. It is therefore recommended to update LedaLink to version 2.4.
4.2 Areas of special attention

The currently known limitation and areas that may require special attention are listed below:
 Point Model
o Multiple solutions are observed for Usl below 0.01 m/s at moderate to high
angles. This means that the Point Model may produce non-continuous results
when gas superficial velocity is varied.
o For three-phase flows the point model has discontinuous behaviour at angle
±9° and ±15°, primarily in water and liquid hold-up.
 1D
o The SSPP and 1D transient code do not support more than 50000 cells per
case.
o The transient oil and water evaporation terms of the PVT mass transfer (mass
transfer during shut-down) are turned off by default (option under PVT table)
due to stability issues.
o OpenMP multithreading is not supported in the following modules:
 PVT Guts
 PVT Multiflash
o LF-2646/1292: Mass transfer in composition tracking cases is too slow. This is
most noticeable across valves which have a high pressure drop.
o LF-6234: In some particular cases, the PVT mass transfer fails to remove
condensate.
o LF-6251: The critical phase is not consistently reported as either gas or liquid,
which may cause stability problems.
o LF-4983: The SSPP underestimates the pressure drop over choke valves. This
is only an issue for small opening fractions (large pressure drop).
o The OLGA converter has unsupported features. The user should always
carefully read the conversion report and check the resulting Leda case up
against the original OLGA model.
o Slug capturing is still a beta feature under further development, and it is known
to have limitations. Grid lengths should always be in the 4-6 times diameter
range.
o For near-horizontal flows LedaFlow typically predicts the stratified oil-water
regime with very little oil-water dispersion. When using an emulsion model this
means that there will be almost no effect on the liquid viscosity.
5 Credits and references
The single component tracking module is based on thermodynamic data from the book:
T. E. Daubert and R. P. Danner, Physical and thermodynamic properties of pure chemicals:
data compilation, Hemisphere Publ., New York, 1989.

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LedaFlow® Engineering 1D

2 Important information ............................................................................................................................. 4

4 Limitations and attention areas ............................................................................................................. 57

5 Credits and references ........................................................................................................................... 59

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2.1 Platform and version requirements

2.2 Installation and upgrade requirements

2.3 License changes

2.4 Product support

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3.1 Updates from 2.3 to 2.4

3.1.1 Physical models

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o Up to 3 sets of binary interaction parameters.

Major bug fixes from 2.3 to 2.4:

3.1.3 GUI modules

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o It is now possible to re-arrange charts in stack, cascade or tiles on the screen

3.2 Updates from 2.2 to 2.3

3.2.1 Physical models

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Major bug fixes from 2.2 to 2.3:

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o For a normal pipe connected to a simple annulus pipe, the diameter

3.2.3 GUI modules

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3.3 Updates from 2.1 to 2.2

3.3.1 Physical models

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 Churn flow model in vertical flow

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o Multiflash PVT should be used to supply the required thermodynamic data.

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3.3.3 GUI modules

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3.4 Updates from 2.0 to 2.1

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3.4.2 GUI modules

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o Gas mass fraction: discontinuities

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o Pipe route plotting did not work for pigging cases.

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o Hydrate/Wax margins properties were showing in the logger properties (it

3.5 Updates from 1.8 Patch 1 to 2.0

3.5.1 Physical models

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3.5.3 GUI modules

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3.6 Updates from 1.8 to 1.8 Patch 1

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3.7 Updates from 1.7 to 1.8

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 Output files generator

3.7.1 Point Model

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o Compressible gas Custom Fluids. Nitrogen has been implemented as a default

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