Lecture 2

Pemodelan dan Simulasi

Reservoir

Ir Andry Halim, MM
STT MIGAS, Balikpapan
 What Goes Into Reservoir
Simulation?
• The basic tool for conducting a reservoir
simulation study is a simulator.
• The development of this tool requires a
good understanding of the physical
processes occurring in reservoirs and a
high level of sophistication and maturity in
advanced mathematics and computer
programming.
 What Goes Into Reservoir
Simulation?
• The tool: reservoir
simulator
• The intelligent user:
simulation engineer
• The pertinent
information: reservoir
description
 Why Do We Need Reservoir
Simulation?
• We are often confronted with questions such
as
– what is the most efficient well spacing?
– what are the optimum production strategies?
– where are the external boundaries located?
– what are the intrinsic reservoir properties?
– what is the predominant recovery mechanism?
– when and how should we employ infill drilling?
– when and which improved recovery technique should we implement?
• A reservoir simulation study is the only
practical laboratory in which we can design
and conduct tests to adequately address
these questions. From this perspective,
reservoir simulation is a powerful screening
tool.
 How are Reservoir Simulators
Used?
• A reservoir simulator
can be an effective
tool for screening,
analysis and design.
 FLOW DIAGRAM
Reservoir
Reservoir Reservoir
Simulation/Reservoir
Characterization Management
Modeling
• Maps/Peta: • Optimum Recovery,
Maximum Net Income.
Struktur
Bagaimana • Development Plan
Sand
Kalau Loncat Jumlah sumur
Fault
(tidak perlu
Lokasi sumur
• Petrophysics Simulasi
Profile produksi
Porositas Reservoir)?
Faktor perolehan
Permeabilitas
• Secondary/EOR Plan
• Fluid Properties
Jenis EOR
Macam fluid
Screening reservoir
Komposisi
Timing
PVT; Bo, Pb, API
Lokasi injektor
• Fluid Contacts
RFT/MDT
 Reservoir Simulation/Modeling
• Klasifikasi reservoir simulator
• Flow diagram
• Math description
• Input data
• Struktur input data dalam simulasi
• Exercises
Klasifikasi reservoir simulator
• Black oil simulator
– Finite difference
– Finite Element
• Compositional (EOS – Equation of State)
– Redlich-Kwong
– Soave
– Peng-Robinson
– Schmidt-Wenzel
– Peneloux
 Tahapan Simulasi Reservoir
• Data preparation
• Initialization
• History Matching
• Prediction or Forecasting
 Reservoir Simulations - Flow Diagram

Work-Flow and Activities:

GEO-STATIC MODEL RESERVOIR

or OTHER METHODS SIMULATION

• Tool: Petrel or Others • Tool: Eclipse/VIP/Others

• Grid building (structure maps, fault) • Data preparations

• Distributes reservoir properties; k, • Initialization

porosity, NTG) • History Matching
• Forecasting
 Simualasi Reservoir
• Data preparation
– Melakukan analisis, pengolahan dan tabulasi
data yang diperlukan untuk melakukan
simulasi reservoir.
• Initialization
– Melakukan kalibrasi model yang berhubungan
dengan volume HC.
– Hal yang dilakukan adalah membanding hasil
perhitungan simulasi dengan perhitungan lain,
seperti manual, Z-map ataupun Petrel.
 DATA PREPARATION
• Data geofisika
– Memberikan
ukuran/batasan
reservoir
– Umumnya dipakai
data seismic
– Untuk menentukan
patahan, formation
pinchouts, ketidaksela-
rasan, variasi pada
ketebalan reservoir
dan reservoir
continuity
 DATA PREPARATION

• Data geologi
– Kesuksesan studi simulasi selalu berhubungan
dengan data geologi yang diperlukan
– Mengambarkan distribusi sifat-sifat reservoir
(permeabilitas, porositas, ketebalan bersih, flow
barriers dan nonreservoir facies)
– Model geologi diperlukan data: mud logging,
stratigrafi, paleontologi, geokemistri, SEM, thin-
section, dan singkapan.
– Yang mempengaruhi distribusi sifat fisik reservoir:
• Lingkungan pengendapan
DATA PREPARATION
 DATA PREPARATION
• Engineering data (data statik & dinamik)
– Deskripsi reservoir:
• Data core
• Analisa Core Rutin (Routine Core Analysis)
• Analisa Core Spesial (Special Core Analysis - SCAL)
• Openhole Well-Log Data
• Data tekanan transien
• Data produksi
– Deskripsi batuan nonreservoir:
• Deskripsi shale
• Deskripsi aquifer
– Deskripsi fluida:
• Deskripsi black-oil
• Deskripsi komposisional
 Initialization
• Initialization
– Input data sama dengan data yang diperlukan
pada perhitungan volumetrik.
 INITIALIZATION RESULTS

 Initialization

• Oil In-Place = 780 mmstb (713 mmstb from Petrel)

• Aquifer ratio = 2 (weak aquifer)
 History matching
• History Matching (HM)
– Melakukan kalibrasi model dengan data
historical reservoir dan sumur; seperti data
tekanan, laju alir fluida (gas, minyak dan air),
WOR dan GOR.
 HISTORY MATCHING
• Most history matching is done in practice by the
following steps:
– Check initial volumes in place by adjusting reservoir
dimensions, porosity's and initial saturations.
– Match pressure distribution by adjusting
permeabilities.
– Match saturations by adjusting relative permeabilities.
– Match well pressures by adjusting well indices.
– Iterate as necessary.
History Matching
History Matching
 Prediction/Forecasting

• Predictions or Forecasting
– Melakukan prediksi performance setelah
proses HM dikatakan memadai
 PERAMALAN PRODUKSI
(PRODUCTION FORECAST)
• Tahap prakiraan dari studi simulasi adalah
tahap dimana hampir seluruh tujuan studi
tercapai.
• Pada tahap studi ini, model simulasi
digunakan untuk memperkirakan kinerja
resevoir di masa depan, yang merupakan
kontras dari history matching dimana
simulator digunakan untuk mencocokkan
kinerja historis.
 PERAMALAN PRODUKSI
• Pemilihan Kasus-Kasus Prakiraan
– Simulasi reservoir paling baik digunakan
untuk membandingkan perubahan dalam
strategi reservoir-management (atau pilihan
development yang sangat berbeda) untuk
menilai bertambahnya pengaruh yang kuat
dari proyek yang sedang diselidiki.
PERAMALAN PRODUKSI

20,000 Predictive cases, for different total field injection rates

18,000

16,000

14,000
Barrels oil per day

12,000

10,000

8,000

6,000
5000 BOPD economic limit
4,000

2,000

0
Dec-95

Dec-97

Dec-99

Dec-01

Dec-03

Dec-05

Dec-07

Dec-09

Dec-11

Dec-13

Dec-15

Dec-17

Dec-19

Dec-21

Dec-23

Dec-25
 PERAMALAN PRODUKSI
• Pemilihan dari kasus dasar tergantung pada
tujuan dari studi simulasi. Pada umumnya,
kasus dasar dipilih sebagai :
– kasus tidak adanya pengeluaran kapital di masa
mendatang (kasus “tak melakukan apa-apa”),
– kasus strategi reservoir-management yang sedang
berlangsung,
– kasus strategi reservoir-management yang sudah
diantisipasi (untuk lapangan yang sedang dalam
tahap penilaian untuk dikembangkan). Untuk kasus
ini, biasanya kasus deplesi-primer dipilih menjadi
kasus dasar.
PREDICTIONS – RF CALCULATION

SUMMARY OF RESERVOIR PREDICTIONS

GIIP* Cum Gas RF Cum Cond
CASES AQUIFER
(BSCF) (BSCF) (%) (MMBC)
Case-1 Yes 152 77.3 51.0 3.0
Case-2 Yes 188 101.6 53.9 3.9
Case-3 Yes 209 116.1 55.7 4.4
Case-4 No 152 94.9 62.6 3.4
Case-5 No 188 120.0 63.7 4.2
Case-6 No 209 134.1 64.3 4.7
PREDICTIONS – DEVELOPMENT
OPTIMIZATION
 Table - 1

FS - 3 1 HZ or SHORT RAD TOTAL RESERVOIR / CONTAINER

CASE Type infill Vertical Distance Lateral Distance Ql Np Gp Np Gp Np Rfo Gp RFg
Well from GOC from left boundary (WOC)
(ft) (ft) (bpd) (mbo) (mmscf) (mbo) (mmscf) (mbo) (%) (mmscf) (%)
2 Horizontal 4 to 10 500 to 1000 1,000 250 560 339 270 588.0 37.1 830.0 42.8

8 Horizontal 4 to 10 500 to 1000 3,500 213 383 433 756 645.5 40.7 1140.0 58.8
11 Short Radial 4 to 10 500 to 1000 1,000 260 626 268 160 527.2 33.3 786.0 40.5
15 Short Radial 4 to 10 500 to 1000 4,500 246 575 384 336 630.0 39.7 911.0 47.0

16 Horizontal 4 to 10 500 to 1000 1,000 258 622 292 174 550.0 34.7 796.0 41.0
17 Short Radial 4 to 10 500 to 1000 1,000 258 622 292 174 550.0 34.7 796.0 41.0

NOTE : OOIP 1,587.0 MBO Lw (short Radius) = 300 - 350 ft

OGIP 1,940.0 MMSCF Lw (HW) = 2 * Lw (SR)

FS-3 STAND ALONE PRODUCTION :

Np 270.0 MBO
Gp 630.0 MMSCF
 PR-1
1. Apa tujuan dilakukannya Simulasi
Reservoir ?
2. Sebutkan jenis simulator reservoir yang
ada !
3. Sebutkan tahapan dalam melakukan
Simulasi Reservoir dan jelaskan !