Negros ORiental State University

College of Engineering and Architecture

Main Campus II, Bajumpandan, Dumaguete City

CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
Tuesday 5:00 P.M. – 7:30 P.M.
Saturday 9:00 A.M. – 12:00 A.M.

Topics :
i. ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY
ii. MATERIALS QUALITY CONTROL

Submitted by :
Mary Ann R. Montecalvo
Bryan Moscoso
Fritze Ann T. Nuique
Britney Patajo
Aramina Saraňa

Submitted to :
Engineer Tina Favor
Instructor
 ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY
Asphalt
- A heavy, dark brown to black mineral substance, one of several mixtures of
hydrocarbons called bitumens
- The material that binds the crushed stone and gravel, referred to as aggregate,
together to create a strong hard surface.

Asphalt is produced in two different ways as follows.

 Natural asphalt
-is obtained directly from the nature especially from the two
resources lakes and rocks.

 Residual asphalt
-is obtained artificially by the distillation of crude petroleum oil with
asphaltic base.

Forms of Asphalt for Residual Asphalt

The available forms of asphalt are:

 Cutback asphalt

-is in liquid state. Asphalt is dissolved in a volatile solvent to get this cutback
asphalt. It is used for manufacturing bituminous paint, repairing roofs etc.

 Asphalt emulsion

-is obtained by adding 50 to 60% water to the asphalt in presence of 1%

emulsifying agent. The emulsifying agent forms water proof film when water
evaporates. So, it can be used in cold conditions.

 Asphalt cement

-is subjected to high pressure air under high temperature to get asphalt
cement. Asphalt cement is plastic in nature and it is used for flooring, roofing,
water proofing material etc.

 Mastic asphalt

-is obtained by heating natural asphalt with sand and mineral fillers. It is
impermeable matter does not contain any voids.
 Composition of Asphalt

The components of asphalt include four main classes of compounds :

 Naphthene aromatics (naphthalene), consisting of partially hydrogenated polycyclic

aromatic compounds
 Polar aromatics, consisting of high molecular weight phenols and carboxylic
acids produced by partial oxidation of the material
 Saturated hydrocarbons; the percentage of saturated compounds in asphalt
correlates with its softening point
 Asphaltenes, consisting of high molecular weight phenols and heterocyclic
compounds

Uses of Asphalt

Electrical Uses

- High-grade asphalts are used in electrical industry on mixing with wood tar, pitch,
rubber, and resin. The battery containers are its best examples.
Roadway Construction
- Asphaltic bitumens are characterized by a set of useful properties such as:
resistance to weather, water proofness, binding capacity and ability to provide a
flexible surface.

Asphaltic Paints
- Bituminous asphalts are used as essential ingredients in certain paints. Such paints
are especially useful for damp walls and over concrete structures.

Asphalt Concrete
- Some asphalt is refined to specifications that give it excellent binding properties. It
is called asphalt cement, and when mixed with fine and coarse aggregates, it gives
asphalt concrete.

Applications of Asphalt
- Used for roll roofing
- For expansion joints
- For patches on concrete roads
- Helps in preserving and waterproofing
 - Helps in rust proofing and soundproofing
- Maintenance of many structures, systems, and components
- Type of paint, ink and graffiti
- A mortar for building
- For all types of roadways

Types of Asphalt
Native Asphalt
- Pure asphalts occur in nature in the form of solid or semi-solid deposits in certain
parts of the world.
Asphalt Rock
- It is a type of limestone converted to asphalt rock. This has happened at places
where natural bitumens have entered the crevices of limestone rock and changed it
to an asphaltic composition.

Asphaltites
- These are actually asphalt like in composition and have low softening points (200° F
or so).
- Some asphaltites are used considerably in electrical storage batteries, thermo-
plastic molded goods, mastic flooring and pipeline coatings.

Physical Properties of Asphalt

 Resistance to permanent deformation

-The mix should not distort or be displaced when subjected to traffic loads. The
resistance to permanent deformation is more important at high temperatures.
 Fatigue Resistance
-The mix should not crack when subjected to repeated loads over a period of time.
 Resistance to low temperature cracking
-This mix property is important in cold regions
 Durability
-The mix should contain sufficient asphalt cement to ensure an adequate film
thickness around the aggregate particles.
 Resistance to moisture
-Induced damage
 Skid resistance
-the force developed when a tire that is prevented from rotating slides along the
pavement surface
 Workability
-The mix must be capable of being placed and compacted with reasonable effort.
 Low noise and good drainage properties
-If the mix is to be used for the surface (wearing) layer of the pavement structure.

Advantages of Asphalt
1. Economical
- Asphalt is low-cost building material. It is less expensive not just in actual cost, but
also in terms of the time it takes to complete construction.
2. Durable
- Asphalt is a reliable weather resistant material and can be designed for low and
high traffic conditions which can withstand the harshest of weathers and heaviest of
semi-trailers.
3. Safe
- Asphalt’s safety feature is related to its smooth-like finish which offers drivers skid
resistance, reduced splash back and better visual distinction between road
markings.
4.Recyclable
- Asphalt is recyclable material, it can be used over and over, and its life-cycle never
ends and helps preserving our natural resources by reusing the same material over
again.

Disadvantages of Asphalt
1. Care and Maintenance
- Asphalt Pavement requires more maintenance than concrete to ensure long lasting
solutions. Resealing the asphalt surface area in every three to five years will cost
both money, and time.
2. Cracks
 - Asphalt cracks look ugly and can get expensive if it is left unrepaired. Issues such
as uneven pavement surfaces, inadequate mixing and laying pavement are reasons
responsible for cracks.

3. Environmental Issues
- Some asphalt is petroleum crude oil based product. In the process of asphalt
creation, hydrocarbons are released which is responsible for leading pollution.

4. Equipment
- Large-scale projects require heavier equipment, which can be cost-prohibitive.

Asphalt Pavement
- Is made up of stone (aggregates), sand, additives and liquid asphalt.
- Consist of 95% aggregate and sand, and 5 to 10% asphalt or bitumen.

How is asphalt pavement created?

First Step: Predose
-Here, depending on the asphalt recipe the aggregate components of
asphalt pavement are weighed using a belt weighing instrument.

Second Step : Drying

-Drying of the aggregate components. A rotary drying drum is used to
dry the components at roughly 300 degrees.

Third Step : Reweighing

-After drying the aggregate it is reweighed as drying can alter its
weight. The preheated or dried components are now sifted and store
in silos.

Fourth Step : Transferring of aggregates to the mixer

-The binding element, or liquid asphalt, is kept in separate heated
tanks so that it remains liquid suitable for mixing. Once the aggregate
 is in the mixer, the asphalt is added to the mixer according to a
measured rate of flow. Both aggregate and binder are mixed
thoroughly to form the paving material.

Last Step : Storing the hot asphalt mix

-After it is being mixed it is stored in a heated silo. The asphalt is
stored and kept hot until it is transported by dump trucks to the job
site. By the time the asphalt leaves the plant and throughout the
paving process a high temperature has to be maintained.

Failures of Asphalt Concrete/Pavements

1. Alligator Cracking
-Is a load associated structural failure. The failure can be due to weakness in
the surface, base or sub grade ; a surface or base that is too thin; poor
drainage or the combination of all three.

2. Block Cracking
-Block cracks look like large interconnected rectangles.
-Not load-associated, but generally caused by shrinkage of the asphalt
pavement due to an inability of asphalt binder to expand and contract with
temperature cycles.

3. Longitudinal (Linear) Cracking

-Are cracks that are parallel to the pavements centerline or lay down
direction.
-Results of pavement fatigue, reflective cracking, and/or poor joint
construction.

4. Transverse Cracking
-Are single cracks perpendicular to the pavement’s centerline or lay down
direction.
 -Can be caused by reflective cracks from an underlying layer, daily
temperature cycles, and poor construction due to improper operations of the
power.

5. Edge Cracks
-Travel along the inside edge of a pavement surface within one or two feet.
-This is caused by poor drainage conditions and lack of support at the
pavement edge.
6. Joint Reflection Cracks
-These are cracks in a flexible pavement overlay of a rigid pavement.
-These occur directly over the underlying rigid pavement joints.

7. Slippage Cracks
-Are crescent-shaped cracks or tears in the surface layer of asphalt where the
new material has slipped over the underlying course.
-This problem is caused by a lack of bonding between layers.

8. Pot Holes
-Small, bowl shaped depression in the pavement surface that penetrate all
the way through the asphalt layer down to the base course.

9. Depressions (Bird Baths)

-Are localized pavement surface areas with slightly lower elevations than the
surrounding pavement.

10. Rutting
-Ruts in asphalt pavements are channelized depressions in the wheel-tracks.
-It is caused by insufficient pavement thickness; lack of compaction of the
asphalt, stone base or soil; weak asphalt mixes; or moisture infiltration.
11. Shoving
-Is the formation of ripples across a pavement.
-Occurs at location having severe horizontal stresses, such as intersections.
-Typically caused by excess asphalt; too much fine aggregate; rounded
aggregate; too soft an asphalt; or a weak granular base

12. Upheaval
-Is a localized upward movement in a pavement due to swelling of the sub
grade.
-This can be due to expansive soils that due to moisture if frost heave.

13. Raveling (very porous asphalt)

-Is the on-going separation of aggregate particles in a pavement from the
surface downward or from the edges inward.
-One common cause is placing asphalt too late in the season.

Types of Asphalt Pavement

1. Porous Pavement
-Has been around since the mid 1970s
-Is used in parking lots to enable water to drain through the pavement

2. Perpetual Pavement
-Is a combination of asphalt and the multi-layer paving design process
-They are durable and long-lasting
3. Quiet Pavement
-Paving roads with asphalt significantly reduces the noise inside and outside
of homes and businesses.

4. Warm-Mix Asphalt
 -Is produced the same way that hot-mix asphalt, except it is 50-100 degrees
Fahrenheit lower.

5. Thin Overlays
-Thin overlays improve ride quality and reduce pavement distress, noise
levels, and life-cycle costs. This is produced by using warm-mix asphalt and
recycled materials.
Asphalt Paving Equipment
1. Stabilizers/Reclaimers
- used to cut and pulverize damaged or old pavement

2. Milling Machines
- used to remove a distressed surface layer from an existing pavement
3. Graders
- used in place of milling machines if the base course is dirt or gravel

4. Sweepers
- clean the surface of the road after it has been milled or graded

5. Dump Trucks
- move the hot asphalt from the plant to the jobsite

6. Material Transfer Vehicle

- used to assist the paver in accepting HMA

7. Asphalt Paver
- a self-propelled formless laydown machine with a floating screed

8. Compactor/Roller
- compacts the asphalt

9. Paver Screed
- flatten the asphalt

10. Steel Wheel Rollers

- are self-propelled compaction devices that use steel drums to compress
the underlying asphalt
11. Pneumatic Tire Rollers
- are self-propelled compaction devices that uses pneumatic tires to
compact the underlying asphalt

Major Paving Products

 Asphalt Cement
- The primary asphalt products produced by the distillation of crude oil.

 Uses of Asphalt Cement:

1. Item 303 – Bituminous Seal coat
2. Item 304 – Bituminous Treatment
3. Item 305 – Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement
4. Item 310 – Bituminous Concrete surface course hot laid

 Liquid Asphalt or Cutback Asphalt

- are asphalt cements mixed with a solvent to reduce their viscosity to
make them easier to use at ordinary temperatures

 Uses of Liquid Asphalt:

1. Item 301 – Bituminous Prime coat
2. Item 302 – Bituminous Tack Coat (RC)
3. Item 303 – Bituminous Seal coat
4. Item 304 – Bituminous Surface Treatment
5. Item 305– Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement
6. Item 306– Bituminous Road- Mix Surface Course
7. Item 308 – Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface, Cold-laid
8. Item 309 – Bituminous Plant-Mix (Stockpile Maintenance
Mixture)
9. Item 310– Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-laid

 Asphalt Emulsions
- are mixtures of asphalt cement and water

 Uses of Asphalt Emulsion:

1. Item 205 -Asphalt Stabilized Road Mix Base Course
2. Item 302- Bituminous Tack Coat
3. Item 304- Bituminous Surface Treatment
4. Item 305- Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement
5. Item 306-Bituminous Road Mix Surface Course
 6. Item 308-Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface Course , Cold Laid
7. Item 309- Bituminous Plant-Mix (Stockpile Maintenance
Mixture)

SuperPave Asphalt Binders

- SUperior PERforming asphalt PAVEments

- Purpose : SUPERPAVE was developed to give highway engineers and contractors
the tools they need to design asphalt pavements that will perform better under
extremes of temperature and heavy traffic loads.

New Revised Tests :

1. Rolling Thin Film Oven Test

2. Pressure Aging Vessel Test
3. Rotational Viscometer Test
4. Dynamic Shear Rheometer Test
5. Bending Beam Rheometer Test

Asphalt Concrete Properties

 Stability

- stability specifications should be high enough to handle traffic

adequately, but not higher than traffic conditions require. Too high
stability value produces a pavement that is too stiff and therefore less
durable than desired.

 Safety

- is very important for the surface course. This involves skid resistance and
drainage of water from the surface. Skid resistance is the ability of an
asphalt to minimize skidding or slipping of vehicles tires, particularly
when wet.

 Durability

- is its ability to resist factors such as changes in the binder, disintegration

of the aggregate, and stripping of the binder films from the aggregate.
These factors can be the result of weather, traffic, or a combination of
two.
Aggregates

- are hard, inert materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, or rock dust.

Aggregate Sources

- Aggregates can come from either natural or manufactured sources

Natural aggregates Manufactured aggregates

Igneous rock Slag

Sedimentary rock

Metamorphic rock

Classifications of Aggregates:

 Pit or Bank-Run Aggregates

- Both gravel and sand are typically pit or Bank-run natural aggregates.

 Processed Aggregates
- When natural pit or bank-run aggregate has been crushed and screened
to make it suitable for Asphalt Concrete pavements, it is considered a
processed aggregate.

 Synthetic Aggregates
- Aggregates produced by altering both physical and chemical properties
of a parent material are called synthetic or artificial aggregates.

Desirable Properties of Aggregates

 Size and grading

 Cleanliness
 Toughness
 Soundness
  Particle shape
 Surface texture
 Absorption
 Stripping

Asphalt Concrete Mix Design

- The design of an asphalt concrete mixture includes the selection of the best
blend of aggregates and the optimum asphalt content to provide a material that
meets the required specifications as economically as possible.

 Variables :
Aggregates
 granular material such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and many
more

Asphalt binder
 it is a material added to modify the original asphalt cement
properties.

Asphalt binder to aggregate ratio

 ratio of the weight of asphalt binder to the weight of aggregate

used in the mix.

 Objectives of Asphalt Concrete Mix Design

Deformation Resistance
 the design should be stable and should not rut or deform under
traffic loading.

Fatigue Resistance

 the design should not crack when subjected to repeated loads over
time.

Low Temperature Cracking Resistance

 the design should not crack when subjected to low ambient
temperature.
 Durability

 the design should not suffer excessive aging during production

and service life.

Moisture Damage Resistance

 the design should not degrade substantially from moisture
penetration into the mix.

Skid Resistance
 the design placed as a surface course should provide sufficient
friction when in contact with a vehicle’s tires.

 Asphalt Mix Design Basic Procedure

 Selection and proportioning of aggregates
 Asphalt binder selection
 Optimum asphalt binder determination

SuperPave Mix Design

- The Superpave mix design method is a performance-based method, in

which the testing and evaluation procedures simulate actual field
conditions.

 Superpave Gyratory Compactor

 is designed to compact asphalt specimens, compacts material at a
constant consolidation pressure, a constant angle of gyration, and
a fixed speed of gyration using an electromechanical system.

 Superpave Gyratory Compaction

 the density is the most important
 N initial
 N design
 these N’s represent number of gyrations

 Procedure for Superpave Mix Design

1. Aggregate selection
• Consensus Aggregate Properties
 coarse aggregate angularity
 fine aggregate angularity
  flat, elongated particles
 clay content

• Source properties
 Soundness
 Toughness
 deleterious materials

2. Asphalt binder selection

 Superpave binders are classified by PG or the performance
grade rating, the rating consists of 2 numbers indicating
high and low pavement temperatures.
 PG 64-22
o rut resistant to 64°C
o crack resistant to -22°C
3. Sample preparation
4. Performance test
5. Density and voids calculation
6. Optimum asphalt binder content selection
7. Moisture susceptibility evaluation

Stone Matrix Asphalt

- Stone matrix asphalt (SMA) is a homogenous mixture of selected well graded

aggregate, filler and bitumen in such proportions as to yield a plastic and void
less mass which act as a very dense impermeable surfacing.

 Materials used
1. Coarse and fine aggregates
 the aggregates are crushed by using jaw pressure to get different
size of aggregates varying from 16 mm to 75 micron.

2. Bitumen
 Bitumen act as a binder in SMA mix.

3. Fiber
 Fibers are used as stabilizer in SMA mix.

4. Filler
  Filler is used in SMA mix for better binding of materials.

 Advantages
- Good aggregate interlock
- Low permeability
- Provides a textured, durable and rut resistant wearing course
- Strength and stiffness derived from binder and aggregate structure
- Relatively high binder content provide good durability

 Disadvantages
- Increased material cost associated with high bitumen and filler content
- Moisture seeping from the SMA surface for long period periods after rain
- SMA mix requires higher mixing temperature
- White fines on the surface of the pavements
- Needs more carefully monitoring the composition at the mixing plant

Production and Paving of Asphalt

 Production of asphalt
1. Distilling the crude
 the refining process starts by piping the crude petroleum from a
storage tank into a heat exchanger where its temperature is
rapidly raised from initial distillation.

2. Cutting back
 asphalt may next be blended or cut back with a volatile substance,
resulting in a product that is soft and workable at a lower
temperature than pure asphalt cement.

3. Emulsifying
 Asphalt cement can also be emulsified to produce liquid that can
be easily pumped through pipes, mixed with aggregate or sprayed
through nozzles.

4. Pulverizing
 Asphalt may also be pulverized to produce powdered asphalt.

5. Air blowing
  if the asphalt is to be used for a purpose other than paving, such as
roofing, pipe coating or as under sealant or water-proofing
material, the asphalt may be oxidized, or air blown.

 Production of asphalt concrete

Components of traditional asphalt plants

 Cold aggregate supply system

 Drum dryer and mixer
 Bitumen preheating system
 Bitumen tank
 Cyclone dust collector
 Bag house dust collector
 Filler supply system
 Asphalt storage
 Control room

Inspection and Quality Control

1. Aggregate stockpiles and cold feed controls

2. Gradation of material in each hot bin and operation of the proportioning
system
3. Temperature of aggregates, asphalts and the mixture being produced
4. Operation of the dryer and the mixer
5. Quality of the mix in delivery trucks

Materials Quality Control

Quality Control

- part of quality management that ensures products and services to comply with
requirements

- process of detecting mistakes in operational outputs such as products and services

- involve testing every single output such as the products of an assembly line

Persons Responsible for Quality Control

1. Project Manager
 2. Supervisors

3. Quality Engineers

4. Workers

7 Essential Tools of Quality Control

1. Checklists
- a basic quality tool that is used to collect data. A check sheet might be
used to track the number of times a certain incident happens.

2. Fishbone Diagram
- helpful for determining what causes a specific problem, be it materials,
machines, methods of manpower

3. Control chart
- helps you see how processes historically change using controls. It also
helps find and correct problems as they happen, predict a range of
outcomes and analyze variations

4. Stratification
- separates data to identify patterns and specific problem areas

5. Pareto Chart
- provides visual analysis of problems and causes so it can focus on the
most significant issues

6. Histogram
- uses bars to identify frequency distributions that indicate how often
defects occur

7. Scatter Diagram
- help visually identify relationships between variables

How to Check the Quality of Materials

1. Bricks
- Regular and uniform in shape, sound and thoroughly burnt
- Homogenous in texture and emit clear ringing sound like metal being
struck
 2. Stones
- strong and regular shaped
- 6 inches long and inches thick

3. Cement
- Manufacturing date and validity should be checked
- Powdery cement with no extra particles is good to use
- stored in a dry warehouse with sufficient air circulation

4. Sand
- fine, crystalline, clean and free from organic matters

5. Aggregates
- clean, hard, strong, and have irregular shaped durable particles

6. Iron rebar
- Free of rust

7. Timber
- Not decayed and worm eaten

8. Water
- Clean and free of organic particles

Difference between Quality Control and Quality Assurance

QUALITY CONTROL

 Used to verify the quality of the output

 Aims to identify and correct defects in the finished product
 Deals with output of process after being developed
 Reactive process

QUALITY ASSURANCE

 Used to ensure quality process which used to produce the product

 Aims to prevent defect from occurrence
 Focus in process performance which produce the product
 Proactive process