Development Length of deformed bars (ACI 318-02)

1. Tension bars : ld = αβγλψ ldb ≥ 300 mm.

fy 1 ⎛ c + K tr ⎞
where ldb = 0.28db ; 1.5 ≤ ⎜ ⎟ ≤ 2.5
f c' ⎛ c + K tr ⎞ ⎝ db ⎠
⎜ ⎟
⎝ db ⎠
( c + Ktr ) fy
with = 1.5 ==Î ldb = 0.18db
db f c'
α = rft. location factor
= 1.3 top rft. (has fresh conc. > 300 mm. depth below it)
= 1.0 other rft.
β = coating factor =Î 1.0 for uncoated , 1.2 for epoxy coated, etc.
γ = rft. size factor =Î 0.8 for db ≤ 20 mm. , 1.0 otherwise
λ = lightweight agg. factor =Î 1.0 for normal wt., 1.3 for lightwt.
ψ = excess rft. factor = Asreq. / Asprov.
c = spacing or cover dimension
= min ( dist.from center of bar to the nearest conc.surface, ½ c to c
of bars being developed )
Ktr = transverse rft.index = Atr f yt /(105sn)
Atr = total As of transverse rft.within spacing s ( eg. Ast in column )
fyt = fy of transverse steel
s = max. spacing of transverse steel, c to c
n = no. of bars being developed

2. Compression bars: ld = ψη ldb ≥ 200 mm.

where ldb = 0.075 db f y / f c' ≥ 0.0043 db fy

η = factor account for spiral or tied columns

= 0.75 when - spiral: dstir ≥ 6 mm. & pitch ≤ 100 mm.
- tied: dstir ≥ 12 mm. & spacing ≤ 100 mm.

3. Bundled bars : ( both tension and compression bars )

- 1 & 2 bars use ld of individual bar

- 3 bars use 1.2 ld
- 4 bars use 1.33 ld

4. Hooks in tension : ldh = βλψδφ lhb ≥ min ( 8db , 150 mm. )

where lhb = 0.08d b f y / f c'
δ = 0.8 ( with enclosed hook along ldh with spacing ≤ 3 db,main )
φ = 0.7 ( with side cover ≥ 60 mm. & tail cover ≥ 50 mm.)

** for round bars: assume av. μ RB ≈ μ DB / 2 =Î ld , RB = 1.20ld , DB 40 ****

 Development Length, Hook and Splices. (ACI 318-02)

f y = 4000 ksc basic dev.length: l db =kd b f y / (f c ' )^0.5 : (0.11 <= k <= 0.18)
fc' = 280 ksc basic hook : l hb =0.08d b f y / (f c ' )^0.5
use k = 0.18 basic comp bar: l db = 0.075 d b f y /(f c ' ) ^0.5 >= 0.0043d b f y

Max.Development Length (cm) Max.Lap Splices ( class B ) cm

size (mm)
tens. bar top tens bar hook comp.bar tens. bar top tens bar comp.bar col comp bar
9 37 48 21 24 48 63 36 36
10 34 45 19 20 45 58 30 30
12 41 54 23 22 54 70 34 30
16 55 72 31 29 72 93 45 37
20 69 89 38 36 89 116 56 46
25 108 140 48 45 140 182 70 58
28 120 157 54 50 157 204 78 65
32 138 179 61 57 179 233 90 74
SR:l d_min 36 36 10d b ,18 24 36 36 36 36
SD:l d_min 30 30 8d b ,15 20 30 30 30 30

Note: Reduce l d of tens_bar, top bar, hook and comp_bar by factor A s,req / A s,prov , but >= l d_ min

Bundled bars_ ten&comp ; 2 bars use l d, 3 bars use 1.2 l d , 4 bars use 1.33 l d .

For class A splice, A s,prov /A s,req >=2 and spliced area <=50%, reduce the class B splice by factor 1.3

For RB: assume bond strength is 0.5 that of DB, i.e., use fy = 4800ksc.