FACULTY : ENGINEERING

EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 02
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: FEB. 2018
WATER QUALITY FIELD
MEASUREMENTS AMENDMENT DATE: FEB. 2018

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY

LABORATORY INSTRUCTION SHEETS

COURSE CODE BNP 21403

EXPERIMENT CODE EXPERIMENT 1

EXPERIMENT TITLE WATER QUALITY FIELD MEASUREMENTS

DATE

GROUP NO.

(1)
LECTURER/ INSTRUCTOR
(2)

DATE OF REPORT SUBMISSION

RECEIVED DATE AND STAMP

COMMENTS:

TOTAL MARK (FROM RUBRIC

ASSESSMENT)
1
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 02
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: FEB. 2018
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
WATER QUALITY FIELD
MEASUREMENTS AMENDMENT DATE: FEB. 2018
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY
LABORATORY RUBRIC ASSESSMENT

CLO: To Display the ability of working in group in accomplishing the tasks of water and wastewater
analysis and treatment technology effectively
(PLO2- P4) – 10%

Level of Achievement

Very Weak Weak Modest Good Excellent

Elements
1 2 3 4 5 Level Weight Score

Introduction Background Background Background Background Background

Content knowledge is information is information is information is information may information has the
accurate, relevant and missing or accurate, but overly narrow or contain minor appropriate level of
provides appropriate contains major irrelevant or too overly general (only omissions or specificity to provide
background for reader inaccuracies. disjointed to make partially relevant). inaccuracies that do concise and useful P1 4 /20
including defining critical relevance clear not detract from the context to aid the
terms. major point of the reader’s
paper understanding
Materials and methods No materials are Some materials are Some materials are Most materials are All Materials are
Appropriate materials and listed. listed. listed. listed. listed.
method are present and Procedure section Procedure is Procedure contains Procedure is P4 3 /15
explained is missing. Poorly explained / missing steps and most steps and is complete and easy to
indecipherable difficult to follow. easy to follow. follow. All steps are
present.
Measurement/Results All data are Most data are Most data are All data are taken All data are
Data are summarized in missing or missing or correctly taken, but minor data are correctly taken
a logical format. Table incorrect incorrect no missing data incorrect
P4 3 /15
or graph types are
appropriate. Data are
properly labelled
including units. Graph
Discussion Alternative Alternative Discussion Discussion of Discussion and
axes are appropriately
Alternative explanations are explanations are explanations are addresses some but alternatives is analysis of
labeled andand
considered scaled and
clearly not provided mentioned but not not all of the reasonably complete, alternatives is based
captions arebyinformative
eliminated data in a discussed or alternatives in a uses data where on data, complete and
and complete.
persuasive discussion. eliminated. reasonable way. possible and results persuasive with a P4 5 /25
in at least some single clearly
alternatives being supported
persuasively explanation
dismissed remaining by the end
of the discussion.
Respond to Q&A Minimum Limited ability to Able to respond Able to respond Unable to respond
Respond and answer to ability to answer and and answer and answer and answer to the
the question accordingly. respond and sometimes do not constructively constructively at question P3 2 /10
answer to the match the most of the time. all times. accordingly.
question. question.
Conclusion Conclusions have Conclusions have Conclusions have Conclusions are Conclusions are
Conclusion is clearly and no basis in data little basis in data some direct basis in clearly and logically completely justified
logically drawn from data provided provided the data, but may drawn from and by data.
P2 2 /10
provided. contain some gaps bounded by the data
in logic or data or provided with no
are overly broad. gaps in logic.
Report Quality Word usage is The report is The report has The report is written The report is written
Grammar, word usage and frequently written is not well several grammar in complete in complete sentences
organization facilitate the confused or written and contains and spelling sentences and (except materials
reader’s understanding of incorrect. many errors in mistakes, and many contains no personal section) and contains
the paper. spelling, grammar, sentence fragments. pronouns. Most of no personal P2 1 /5
and sentence the grammar and pronouns. Grammar
structure spelling are correct. and spelling are
correct.

Total
2
Mark: /100
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 02
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: FEB. 2018
WATER QUALITY FIELD
MEASUREMENTS AMENDMENT DATE: FEB. 2018

STUDENT CODE OF ETHICS

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

I hereby declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also admit to not accept or

provide any assistance in preparing this report and anything that is in it is true.

1) Group Leader __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : __________________________________
Matrix No. : __________________________________

2) Group Member 1 ___________________________________ (Signature)

Name : ___________________________________
Matrix No : ___________________________________

3) Group Member 2 __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : __________________________________
Matrix No. : __________________________________

4) Group Member 3 __________________________________ (Signature)

Name : __________________________________
Matrix No. : __________________________________

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 02
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: FEB. 2018
WATER QUALITY FIELD
MEASUREMENTS AMENDMENT DATE: FEB. 2018

1.0 OBJECTIVES
a) To introduce the modern engineering tools and instruments to be used in
measuring the water quality of water and wastewater on-site.
b) To determine the basic water quality parameter in water and wastewater samples.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the study, student will be able to:

a) Evaluate the water parameter quality in domestic wastewater and water sample.
b) Use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for
environmental engineering practice.
c) Develop their ability to work in group.

3.0 INTRODUCTION
3.1 Field measurements need to be performed for rapidly changing parameters such as
the pH value, the conductivity, the dissolved oxygen content and the temperature.

3.2 The pH term is used to indicate the alkalinity or acidity of a substance as ranked on
a scale from 1.0 to 14.0. The acidity or alkalinity of wastewater affects both treatment
and the environment. The pH is actually the measure of the inverse concentration
of hydrogen ions and is a logarithmic scale. As pH values lower, it indicates
increasing acidity; while a high pH indicates alkalinity (a pH of 7 is neutral). The pH
of wastewater needs to remain between 6 and 9 to protect beneficial organisms.
Acids, cleaning agents and other substances that alter pH can inactive treatment
processes when they enter wastewater.

3.3 Conductivity is a measure of the ability of water to pass through an electrical current.
Conductivity in water is affected by the presence of inorganic dissolved solids such
as chloride, nitrate, sulphate and phosphate anions (ions that carry a negative
charge) or sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron and aluminium cations (ions that carry
a positive charge). Organic compounds like oil, phenol, alcohol, and sugar do not
conduct electrical current very well and therefore have a low conductivity when in

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 02
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: FEB. 2018
WATER QUALITY FIELD
MEASUREMENTS AMENDMENT DATE: FEB. 2018

water. Conductivity is also affected by temperature: the warmer the water, the higher
conductivity. For this reason, conductivity is reported as conductivity at 25oC.

3.4 The analysis of dissolved oxygen (DO) is a key test in wastewater process control.
The DO test provides information about the condition of the wastewater for the
operator to make process control decisions. A single DO test rarely reflects the
condition of a body of water. Several samples taken at different times, locations and
depths are recommended for more reliable information.

3.5 Temperature is one of the most frequently taken tests in the wastewater industry.
Accurate water temperature readings are important not only for historical purposes
but also because of its influence on chemical reaction rates, biological growth and
dissolved oxygen concentration.

4.0 INSTRUMENTS /APPARATUS / CHEMICAL / REAGENTS

4.1 Chemicals / Reagents
a) Buffer solution; pH 4, pH 7 and pH 10
b) Distilled water

4.2 Apparatus /Instruments

a) On-site water quality checker
b) Dissolved oxygen
c) pH meter
d) Conductivity meter
e) Beaker
f) Grab sampler
g) Wash bottle
h) Soft tissue

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 02
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: FEB. 2018
WATER QUALITY FIELD
MEASUREMENTS AMENDMENT DATE: FEB. 2018

5.0 PROCEDURE
5.1. Field Observation
5.1.1. During every sampling event, observations of field conditions that could
assist in the interpretation of monitoring data are to be recorded. This can
provide useful information about the water being sampled, which can help
diagnose the source and potential impact of pollutants found by chemical
analysis.
5.1.2. Examples of such field conditions are as follows:
i. Recent rain can wash potential pollutants from surrounding land into
waterways.
ii. Winds may drive some constituents toward one side of the waterbody
or create mixing which might help dissipate them more quickly.
iii. Shading from cloud and vegetation can influence the level of dissolved
oxygen.
iv. Any abnormalities that may indicate pollution or affect water quality,
such as absence of flow, presence of surface scum, water colour or
odours, excessive algal or plant growth, dead fish or invertebrates
should also be noted

5.2. Field Measurement

5.2.1 Surface Water Sample
5.2.1.1. Field measurements commonly are monitored within a cross
section of the surface-water body to help determine how well
mixed the stream is, consequently the sampling method to be
used and to determine the field-property values of the water
body at the selected site.
5.2.1.2. In situ use of multiparameter instrument is the most efficient
means of obtaining such data.
5.2.1.3. Many instruments include a pressure transducer that produces
a value for water depth or level. For instruments without pressure
transducers, the approximate depth of the sonde as it is lowered
through a transect can be noted by placing incremental marks

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 02
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: FEB. 2018
WATER QUALITY FIELD
MEASUREMENTS AMENDMENT DATE: FEB. 2018

along the instrument cable or be connected to a pressure

transducer.
5.2.1.4. Wait a minimum of 60 seconds for the sensors to reach thermal
equilibrium with the water temperature at each new location.
5.2.1.5. At each measuring point, allow the field-measurement values on
the instrument display to stabilize within an established criterion
before recording final field measurements.
5.2.1.6. Field-measurement values generally are considered stable if
the variability among three or more consecutive readings,
spaced some number of minutes apart, conforms to the
designated criteria.
5.2.1.7. Biological growth or debris in the water can foul sensors, which
will adversely affect sensor readings.
5.2.1.8. Try to avoid areas that will result in having to stop and clean
algae, sediment, or debris from the sensors.

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 02
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: FEB. 2018
WATER QUALITY FIELD
MEASUREMENTS AMENDMENT DATE: FEB. 2018

6.0 RESULTS & CALCULATIONS

Record all the readings for surface water sample in Table 6.1

Table 6.1: Data for Surface water sample

Dissolved Conductivity, Temperature,

Samples Trials pH o
oxygen, mg/L µs/cm C
1
2
Point 1
3
Mean
1
2
Point 2
3
Mean
1
2
Point 3
3
Mean
1
2
Point 4
3
Mean
1
2
Point 5
3
Mean
1
Point 6 2
3

5
 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 02
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: FEB. 2018
WATER QUALITY FIELD
MEASUREMENTS AMENDMENT DATE: FEB. 2018

7.0 ANALYSIS
Please analyse the data and results obtained in this experiment

8.0 DISCUSSIONS
Discuss your results both on the basis of any theory presented and on their relevance
to practical applications and current industrial practise. Comment on the variation of
your results and compare them with the recommended standard values from the
Department of Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment or other
international organization such as EPA, WHO, EC, etc.

9.0 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

1. What does is mean by replicate? Discuss on the importance of doing replicates.

2. Why sample preservation must be done before sample storage?

3. Who is responsible for water supply maintenance/operation in Malaysia and what

are their job scopes?

4. What standard does Malaysia drinking water quality conform to?

5. Who set the drinking water standard parameters and how do consumers know
whether the standards are being followed or not?

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 FACULTY : ENGINEERING
EDITION: 02
TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORY: CIVIL
REVISION NO: 02
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
EXPERIMENT: EFFECTIVE DATE: FEB. 2018
WATER QUALITY FIELD
MEASUREMENTS AMENDMENT DATE: FEB. 2018

10.0 CONCLUSION
Conclusion is merely a summary, presented in a logical order, of the important findings
already reported in the discussion section. It also relates to the objectives stated
earlier.

Prepared by/Disediakan oleh : Approved by/Disahkan oleh :

Signature/Tandatangan : Signature/Tandatangan :

Name/Nama : DR. NOR HAZREN BINTI Name/Nama : ASSOC. PROF. DR. SURAYA HANI
ABDUL HAMID BT. ADNAN
Date/Tarikh : FEB 2018 Date/ Tarikh : FEB. 2018