REFORM AND REVOLUTION

THE CAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS:

Role of the Middle Class

 The unjust execution of the 3 Martyr Priests Gomez, Burgos, Zamora

 Led to a new era-The Reform Movement
 Propagandists waged their war against Spain but it failed. However, its failure led to the founding
of the revolutionary KATIPUNAN.

The Role of the Middle Class

Filipino Middle Class

 19t h c e n t u r y r i s e o f t h e m i d d l e class
 Non-existent in previous centuries
 Composed of Spanish and Chinese mestizos.
 Became leaders in finance and education.

2 Spanish Classes Consideration

 Peninsulares -S p a n i a r d s b o r n i n S p a i n
 Insulares -Spaniards born in the Philippines
 Natives (The pure Filipino blood) were invariable called Indio’s
 Natives were never called Filipinos until Governor-General Basilio Augustin called for
loyalty and aid for Indio’s in 1898.
 Before 1898, the Filipinos were called Indio’s and Insulares Filipinos.
 The members of the middle class started the movement for reforms but, the Spanish look
down upon them while “natives” look upon t h e m w i t h s u s p i c i o n t h e n a t i v e s
having been, and continued to be, the victims of mestizos arrogant and insolent
mannerisms.
 It was thus that the Filipino Middle Class and the natives came to work hand in hand,
with the former naturally leading the latter by the hand.

The Rise of the Middle Class

 1896, the chance of the middleclass to show their political color when General Carlos
Maria de la tore became the governor.
 The middle class saw an ally in him for de la Torre showed his democratic tendencies
when he dismissed the palace halberdiers and lived simply within his means

Halberdiers

 A weapon of the15th and16 centuries having anlike blade and a steel spike mounted on
the end of a long shaft.
 July12,1896- M i d d l e C l a s s m a r c h e d t o t h e governor’s place and serenaded him
 List of well-known Mestizo and Insulare serenaders of the period:

 Maximo Paterno
 Angel Garchitorena
 Joaquin Pardo de Tavera
 Andres Nieto
 Manuel Genato
 From then on, the middle class led on the reform movement which was temporarily
silenced during the decade from1872To 1882 when the Filipino intelligentsia, a
segment of the middle class, took over the leadership from the wealthy segment.

Philippine History: The Campaign for Reforms

Reform Movement – a movement brought by the unjust execution of the three Filipino
priests, Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora and the crave of the middle classes
for a more secure position in the social pyramid

The Role of the Middle Class

Middle class – Spanish and Chinese mestizos and the insulares

3 social classes of Spanish perod:

1. peninsulares – Spaniards born in Spain
2. Insulares – Spaniards born in the Philippines
3. Indios – natives or indigenous people

*1869 -Gen. Carlos Maria de la Torre a very down to earth person became governor
who they saw as an ally
*July 12, 1869 – they marched and serenade him
*1872-1882 – the Filipino intelligentsia (a segment of middle class) took over the
leadership from the wealthy sector

The Nature of the Reform Movement

The movement has no clamor for independence it only aims for the assimilation of the
Philippines to Spain (to make the Philippines a province of Spain) so that the Filipinos:
* would become Spanish citizens
*would be represented in the Spanish Cortes to be able to participate in the making of
laws that may benefit the country.
And that goal has to be attained by peaceful means—using the power of words.

The Great Reformist

Graciano Lopez Jaena – born in Jaro Ilo-ilo, on December 17,1856 son of Placido
Lopez and Maria Jacobo Jaena
Studied at Seminary of Jaro and Enrolled in medicine at University of Valencia
Author of a Fray Botod – a tale that deals with the ignorance, abuses and immorality
of a certain friar named Botod (the average friar of the period)
*1880- he secretly left for Spain because he found himself object to manhunt
 *1882- he delivered a speech during the International Congress of Industrial
Geography in defense of the Filipinos
*February 15, 1889 became an Editor at the first circulation of La Solidaridad
*January 20 1896 – He died of tuberculosis

Marcelo H. del Pilar

-Born in Barrio Kupang, Bulakan, Bulakan on August 30, 1850 son of Julian H. Del
Pilar and Blasa Gatmaitan
*the political analyst of the Filipino colony in Spain
Studied at College of San Jose and at University of Sto. Tomas where he finished his
law course in 1880
*1880-he began to campaign at the plazas, cockpits, and small tiendas preaching the
gospel of work, self-respect and dignity
*1882 – founded Diariong Tagalog
*1888- he wrote the pamphlet “Kaiigat Kayo” in defense of Rizal and his Noli Me
Tangere which is then attacked savagely by Fr. Rodriguez Pamphlet ``Caiingat Cayo” using
the pen name Dolores Manapat. He also wrote some parodies namely; “Dasalan at
Toksohan”, “Amain Namin” and the ten Commandments of the Friars
*October 1888 – he left for Spain
*December 1889 – took over the editorship of La Solidaridad
*July 4, 1896 – he died

Jose Rizal
-Born in Calamba Laguna on June 9 1861 to Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo.
Wrote the poem “Sa Aking Mga Kababata” at the age of eight
-Enrolled at Ateneo Municipal and at a time at University of Sto. Tomas
*1882- he left for Spain at the age of 21
Enrolled at medicine and gain knowledges on other curriculum and mastered
languages like French and German
-He finished Noli Me Tangere at the age of 26 which gained popularity but the
Spanish authorities prohibited its reading
*1889 - He publishes La Vision de Fr. Rodriguez, a satire in which he exposed the
ignorance of Fr. Jose Rodriguez who was then attacking his novel by issuing the pamphlet
“Caingat Cayo” which warned the Filipinos against reading the Noli
*1891-he finished El Filibusterismo
He returned to the Philippines in 1887 and in 1892 for the second time
*July 7, 1892 – his banishment to Dapitan was announced officially
He was placed under arrest before the ship could dock in Barcelona in his way to Cuba
where he enlisted as a Military Doctor and was sentenced to die by musketry
*December 30, 1896 he was shot to death

La Solidaridad

A newspaper that rises as an answer to the needs of bringing to the attention of the
Peninsular Spaniards the so-called Philippine problem
*February 15, 1889 – the first number came out in Barcelona with Lopez Jaena as
Editor
*December 1889 – M. H. del Pilar took over the editorship
The aims of La Solidaridad

*During Jaenas editorship

To combat reaction, to stop all retrogressive steps, to extol and adopt liberal ideas, to
defend progress and to be a propagandist of democratic ideas
*under Del Pilars editorship
the aims of the sol were expanded to include: the removal of the friars and
secularization, active participation in the affairs of government, freedom of speech of
the press and the assembly, a wider social and political freedom, equality before the
law, assimilation and the representation in the Spanish Cortes

Pen names used by the reformist:

*Rizal- Dimas Alang and Laong Laan; Mariano Ponce-tikbalang, Naning and
Kalipulako; M.H. del Pilar as Plaridel; Jose Ma. Panganiban as Jomapa
In its six years of existence the Sol represented the ideals of the Filipino reformist
group and succeeded in exposing the evil in the Filipino Society.

The Hispano-Filipino Association

*January 12, 1889 an association composed of Spaniards and Filipinos who favored in
granting the reform in the colony was inaugurated in Madrid.
Their campaigns resulted in the passage of law in the Cortes which would have been of
benefit to the Filipino if it had been carried out
*1893 – the society secure the passage of Maura Law, a law for the compulsory
teaching of Spanish and initiation of reforms in the judiciary
*February 21 1895- representative Emilio Junoy presented a petition in the Cortes that
urged no less than 52 towns to favor parliamentary representation of the Philippines

The Role of Freemasonry

*April 1 1889- G. Lopez Jaena established the Masonic lodge revolution in Barcelona
*1890- the lodge La Solidaridad was established in Madrid
Pedro Serrano Laktaw and Antonio Luna established Masonic Lodges in the
Philippines:
*Nilad- was established on January 6, 1891
*Walana
And some other 33 lodges.
It became the focus of propaganda activities and became responsible in the
maintenance of unity it also served as a pattern for the methods and organization of
the Katipunan because Andres Bonifacio was a Mason

La Liga Filipina Founded by Rizal on July 3, 1892 at a house in Tondo.