I.

INTRODUCTION
A machine that is designed to convert one form of energy into mechanical energy is
known as an engine. In vehicles boats, ships, airplanes, and trains, known as internal combustion
engines are used. One of the most common is the four-stroke piston engine wherein one power
stroke is delivered for every two cycles of the piston. The process that occurs inside the cylinder
is: 1.) The fuel is injected and the intake valve is opened to allow the passage of air into the
chamber. 2.) The mixture of air and fuel is compressed by the piston. 3.) A spark plug ignites the
compressed fuel and begins the power stroke. 4.) Spent gases are expelled from the combustion
chamber through the exhaust valve. Engines are commonly categorized by their cylinder layout.
Some of the arrangement is the single-cylinder engine, inline engine wherein the cylinders are
arranged vertically, V engine wherein two banks of cylinders that forms a V angle and shares a
common crankshaft, W engine forms a W with three banks of cylinders, flat engines that is also
known as “horizontally opposed” in which two banks of cylinder are lay flat and also shares a
common crankshaft and a radial engine that resembles a star when viewed in front.
The invention of the inline five-cylinder was developed by Henry Ford in the late 1930s
for the production of small cars which requires a more compact design of engine compared to a
six-cylinder engine. It was in the United States where this type of cylinder arrangement was
developed, yet it was not seen produced due to the low demand for small cars. The development
didn’t stop at Ford’s failure. In Italy, a company named Lancia Automobile developed the same
piston-cylinder arrangement as a replacement for the 2-cylinder diesel engine and 3-cylinder
petrol engine used in the trucks that they manufactured. These trucks were used by armed forces
during World War II. Its production was continued until 1950 until demand for large
commercial/military (mostly military) trucks declined to a halt. Mercedes-Benz was the first
company to introduce the inline 5-cylinder diesel engine for passenger cars in 1974. While the
Volkswagen Group introduced a five-cylinder petrol engine in one of their Audi cars towards the
end of the 1970s. This type of alignment was used by some automotive companies to achieve
their goal of producing cars with higher capacities without using the usual six-cylinder option.
The straight five was also used in motorcycles with the smallest design that is configured with
the two-cylinder engine, 50cc.
Compared to a four-cylinder engine that has a power stroke every 180°, the five-cylinder
is advantageous considering the power strokes every 144°. It suggests that at a short period of 24
degrees, the crankshaft receives no torque. Manufacturers like Volvo didn’t mind the higher cost
in manufacturing five-cylinder engines due to its compactness and performance qualities that can
be used in sport and racing applications. Ford company performance car (Ford Focus RS Mk2)
used the same Volvo 5-cylinder engine that was first developed by Henry Ford to very similar
power levels. That is one of the most powerful cars ever created. Despite the advantages, an
inline five-cylinder engine is not inherently balanced since it has an odd number of cylinders.
Even numbers became dominant in cylinder automotive piston engines. Odd number
configurations are lacked due to Newton’s Third Law of Motion which states that for every
action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Therefore, the odd configuration makes it more
difficult to balanced out.

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II. MATERIALS

Syringe Styrofoam Wood

Popsicle Sticks Barbeque Sticks Shoe Glue

Glue Mighty Bond Instant Glue Glue Sticks

Mini Knife Cutter Scissors

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Other Materials:

 Wood glue
 Straws
 Card board
 Glue Gun
 Wood Saw

Table 1. Material Costing

Materials No. of Units Used Price Per Unit Total Cost/Material

Syringe 5 pcs Php 39.00 Php 195.00
Shoe glue 2 pcs Php 12.00 Php 24.00
Styro foam 3 pcs Php 5.00 Php 15.00
Mighty Bond 1 pc Php 30.00 Php 30.00
Total Expenses Php 264.00

III. PREPERATION
Upon given the task to do a model of a piston cylinder arrangement with a minimum of
five cylinders, the group first find the needed reference to start the task. After looking for
references and brainstorming, the group has decided to create a five-cylinder inline piston
arrangement model.
They research about the idea that may be applied in the design of the project, the
materials and tools needed are listed. Since it is advised by the instructor to make the project
economical, the group uses materials that are readily available such as barbeque sticks, popsicle
sticks, glue stick and straws used from previous projects. Syringes will be used as the cylinder.
Five syringes and glues are brought while the rest of the materials are recycled to lessen the
expenses.
Upon doing the design project, the group encountered different problems in making the
piston cylinder arrangement. The cutting of different parts is easy and a light task, whereas the
assembly is a bit difficult because the five-cylinder engine timing of strokes are not properly
adjusted. Because of that, the group reassemble it and make adjustment to the part which is
needed.

IV. METHODOLOGY

1. The materials needed were listed and prepared.

2. The top and bottom end of the syringes were cut to form a cylinder. The inner
diameter of the cylinder was measured and transferred to a Styrofoam. Spherical

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 Styrofoam was turned into a cylinder shaped where the inner part is carved. (Fig.1)
This will serve as the piston.

Fig. 1
3. The cylinders are connected in an inline arrangement using a glue gun.
4. Out of the woods, the base was formed in a square.
5. The piston is connected to its rod. (Fig.2)

Fig. 2
6. The crankshaft was made of popsicle sticks with holes (Fig.3) for barbeques sticks.
These were connected by inserting the barbeque stick inside the hole made at the
popsicle sticks and bonded with the shoe glue. (Fig.4)

Fig. 3 Fig. 4
7. Gears are made of carton boxes that are cut into circles and filed up to form a cylinder
(Fig. 5). The part of the carton boxes with grooves teared and are used as teeth for the
gears.

Fig. 5 Fig. 6

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 8. The components were all mated to construct the design of the piston cylinder. (Fig. 7)

Fig. 7

V. REFERENCE
Car Throttle. (2016). The Story of the 5 Cylinder. #blogpost by BoaBlogs. [online] Available at:
https://www.carthrottle.com/post/wqy37p3/ [Accessed 25 Sep. 2019].

En.wikipedia.org. (2018). Straight-five engine. [online] Available at:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight-five_engine [Accessed 25 Sep. 2019].

Energy.gov. (2013). Internal Combustion Engine Basics. [online] Available at:

https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/articles/internal-combustion-engine-basics [Accessed 25 Sep.
2019].

Fernie, M. (2017). The Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Inline Five-Cylinder Engine.
[online] Car Throttle. Available at: https://www.carthrottle.com/post/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-
the-inline-five-cylinder-engine/ [Accessed 25 Sep. 2019].

How a Car Works. (2019). The Engine. [online] Available at:

https://www.howacarworks.com/basics/the-engine [Accessed 25 Sep. 2019].

YouTube. (2017). DIY Cardboard Engine Five Pistons Engine Motor Machine Toy. [online]
Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3ggk34ulik [Accessed 25 Sep. 2019].

YouTube. (2017). DIY Cardboard Engine Five Pistons Engine Motor Machine Toy. [online]
Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y3ggk34ulik [Accessed 25 Sep. 2019].