CE513: Reinforced Concrete Design 2

1 Technical Paper 1

2 A Theoretical and Numerical Evaluation on the

3 Ductility of Reinforced Concrete Flexural Members
4 Due to the Effects of Varying Structural Parameters
5 Flordelyn Zerna Esgana1, Steven Joseph Incio2, Shariah Brittany Flores Melon3, Mary Ann Requina
6 Montecalvo4 and Jomaica Mabanag Tuayon5.
7 1 Affiliation 1; e-mail@e-mail.com
8 2 Affiliation 2; e-mail@e-mail.com
9 * Correspondence: e-mail@e-mail.com; Tel.: +XXX-XXX-XXXX

10 Research Instructor: Engr. Jesus B. Villafuerte Jr.

11 Date Submitted: October 1, 2019
12
13
Overview:
This research project aims to theoretically and numerically evaluate how varying structural
parameters affect the flexural ductility of a reinforced concrete member.

The objectives of this research work are as follows:

[1] To investigate how the increase or decrease of the structural parameters such as dimensions
of the reinforced concrete member, grade of steel, concrete cover, and steel reinforcements affect
Objectives
the ductility performance of a member;

[2] To determine the interrelation between ductility and flexural strength of a reinforced
concrete member; and

[3] To investigate if there are any other structural parameters that directly influences a member’s
flexural ductility.
14

15 Keywords: ductility, reinforced concrete member, dimensions, steel grade, reinforcements, flexural
16 strength
17
18

19 1. Theoretical Background

20 2. Significance of the Study

21 3. Scope and Limitations

22 4. Methodology

CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2019-2020

 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 2 of 35

23 4.1. Procedure/Method Flow

24 This sub-section contains the experimental flow diagram in such a way that the flow of experimental method/s that answer the research
25 question/s is visualized. If the diagram is too large then you can print the file as tiles (e.g. the “tile large pages” option in printing a pdf). You may
26 present here as well the flow of how did you do the calculations.

27 Figure 1. Flow Diagram

28
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 3 of 35

29 5. Results and Discussion

30 6. Conclusion

31 7. References
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32 8. Appendix

33 Part I.
34 A control RC section has a width of 300 mm and a height of 450 mm.
35 It is reinforced with 2-25 mmØ top bars and 3-25 mmØ bottom bars.
36 The specified concrete strength is 35 MPa (C35) and the specified steel
37 yield stress is 420 MPa (Grade 60). The code-specified minimum cover
38 concrete of 40 mm is observed. Assume a transverse reinforcement
39 diameter of 10 mm. Neglect the effect of confinement.
40
41 Calculate the following values at crack initiation (just before flexural
42 cracking and right after flexural cracking), flexural yielding, and ultimate stage for the 8 cases
43 enumerated below:
44 a. Depth of compression block
45 b. Curvature
46 c. Positive nominal flexural capacity
47

48 CASE 0 (Control Section)

49
50 I. JUST BEFORE CRACKING
51
52
53
54
387. 5 mm
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62 Step 1: Modular Ratio
63
64  Modulus of Elasticity of Steel:

65 Es= 200 000 Mpa

66  Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete:

67 Ec = 5000√𝑓𝑐′ = 5000√35 = 29,580.399 Mpa

68
𝐸𝑠 200000
69 Modular ratio: 𝑛 = = = 6.76
𝐸𝑐 29580.399

70
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 5 of 35

71 Step 2: Locate the Neutral Axis

72  Effective Depth

73 d = 450 – 40 – 10 – (25/2) = 387.5 mm

74 d’= 450 – 387.5 = 62.5 mm

75  Gross Area

76 Ag= b x h = 300mm x 450mm = 135,000 mm2

77  Area of Tension Reinforcement

𝜋 𝜋
78 As = ( 𝑑 2 𝑁)= ( 252 ) (3) =1,472.622 mm2
4 4
79
80  Area of Compression Reinforcement
𝜋 𝜋
81 As’= ( 𝑑 2 𝑁) = ( 252 ) (2) = 981.748mm2
4 4
82
83  Area of Tension Reinforcement (For Transformed Section)

84 A1 = 𝐴𝑠 (𝑛 − 1)= (1,472.622 )(6.76 − 1) = 8,482.303 mm2

85  Area of Compression Reinforcement (For Transformed Section)

86 A2 = (𝐴𝑠 ′ )(𝑛 − 1)= (981.748)(6.76 − 1) = 5,654.868 mm2

87  Total Area:

88 AT = A1 + A2 + Ag = 8,482.303 + 5,654.869 + 135,000 = 149,137.172 mm2

89  Locate the Neutral Axis

90 AT ȳ= A1y1 + A2y2 + Ag yg

91 149,137.172 ȳ = 8,482.303(387.5) + (5,654.868)(62.5)+(135000)(225)

92 ȳ = 228.081 mm (from extreme compression fiber) = c

93

94 Step 3: Calculate the Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Uncracked Section

95

96  Moment of Inertia of Gross Area:

𝑏ℎ3 (300)(450)3
97 Ig = + Agyg2 = + 135000 (225-228.081)2 = 2,279,406,495.735 mm4
12 12

98  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 1:

99 I1 = A1 (d- ȳ)2 = 8,482.303( 387.5 – 228.081)2 = 215,572,790.321 mm4

100  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 2:

101 I2 = A2 (ȳ-d’)2 = 5,654.868 (228.081-62.5)2 = 155,039,898.005 mm4

102
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103  Total Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Uncracked Section

104 ITr,Uc = Ig + I1 + I2
105 = 2,279,406,495.735 + 215,572,790.321 + 155,039,898.005
106 ITr,Uc = 2,650,019,184.061 mm4

107

108 Step 4: Solve for the Cracking Moment and Curvature

109  Modulus of Rupture

110 fr= 0.7√𝑓𝑐′ = 0.7√35 = 4.14 MPa

111  Cracking Moment

(𝑓𝑟 ) (𝐼𝑇 ) (4.14) (2,650,019,184.061)
112 Mcr = = = 49.449 KN·m
ℎ−𝑐 450−228.081

113  Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝟒𝟗.𝟒𝟒𝟗
114 Øtr,uc = = = 6.308E-07 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑇𝑟,𝑈 (29,580.399)(2,650,019,211.478)

115

116 II. RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

117
118
119
120
121
122
123
387. 5 mm
124
125 387. 5 - c
126
127
128 Step 1: Locate the Neutral Axis
129  Moment of Inertia above = Moment of Inertia Below
𝑐
130 𝑏 𝑐 ( ) + 𝐴2 (𝑐 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2

𝑐
131 (300)(𝑐) ( ) + 5,654.868 (𝑐 − 62.5) = 6.76(1,472.622)(387.5 − 𝑐)
2
132 ctr,cr = 123.411 mm

133

134 Step 2: Calculate the Moment of Inertia for Transformed, Cracked Section

135  Moment of Inertia of Cracked Area:

𝑏𝑐 3 (300)(123.411)3 123.411 2
136 Icr = + Agyg2 = + (300)(123.411) ( ) = 187,958,457.416 mm4
12 12 2

137
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138  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 1:

139 I1= n As (d- ȳ)2 = 6.76 (1,472.622) ( 387.5 – 123.411)2 = 694,286,205.076 mm4
140
141  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 2:

142 I2 = A1 (ȳ-d’)2 = 5,654.868 (123.411-62.5)2 = 20,980,424.888 mm4

143  Total Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Cracked Section

144 ITr, cr = Icr+I1+I2

145 = 187,958,457.416 + 694,286,205.076 + 20,980,424.888
146 ITr, cr = 903,225,087.380 mm4

147 Step 3: Compute the Curvature

148  Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 49.449
149 Øtr,cr = = = 1.85079E-06 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑡𝑟,𝐶𝑟 (29,580.399)(903,225,087.380)

150

151 III. STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE NON-LINEAR

152
153 A. Steel Yields First Ɛc
154
155  Assume Ɛs = Ɛy
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
156 Ɛy = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

157  Use values from previous calculations

158 ctr,cr = 123.411 mm 387.5- ctr,cr

159 ITr, cr = 903,225,087.380 mm4

160  Curvature
Ɛ𝑦 0.0021
161 øy = = = 7.95187E-06 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 387.5−123.411

162  Calculate Moment at Tension Side

163 My = øy · Es · ITr, cr = (7.95187E-06) (200000) (903,225,087.380) =1,436.465 KN·m

164

165 B. Concrete Behaves Non-Linearly

166
167  Assume fc = 0.7 fc’
𝒇𝒄 𝟎.𝟕(𝟑𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚)
168 Ɛ0.7fc’ = = = 0.000828
𝑬𝒄 𝟐𝟗,𝟓𝟖𝟎.𝟑𝟗𝟗

169

170  Use values from previous calculations

387.5- ctr,cr
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 8 of 35

171 ctr,cr = 123.411 mm

172 ITr, cr = 903,225,087.380 mm4

173  Curvature
Ɛ𝑐 0.000828
174 ø0.7fc’ = = = 6.70929E-06 rad/mm
𝐶𝑡𝑟,𝑐𝑟 123.411

175  Calculate Moment at Tension Side

176 M0.7fc’ = ø0.7fc’ · Es · ITr, cr
177 = (6.70929E-06) (29,580.399) (903,225,087.380)
178 M0.7fc’ = 179.257 KN·m
179
180 Therefore, use M= 179.257 because the smaller moment governs.
181
182

183 IV. ULTIMATE STAGE

184

185

186 387.5 mm
387.5 – a/2 325 mm
187 387.5- c
188

189

190

191 Step 1: Solve the neutral axis

192
193  Assume Tension and Compression Steel Yields

194 Ɛ𝑠 ′ > Ɛ𝑦 ; fs’ = fy and Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦 ; fs = fy

195  Assume Compression is Equal to Tension

196 Cc + Cs = Ts
197 0.85fc’a b + As’ (fs’- 0.85 fc’) = As fy
198 0.85(35)(a)(300) + (981.748)[420-(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
199 a= 26.372 mm

200

201  Solve for the length of the length of compression block

202 By interpolation:
(35 − 56)(0.85 − 0.65)
203 𝛽 = 0.65 +
28 − 56
204 𝛽 = 0.8
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 9 of 35

205 c=a/𝛽
206 c = 26.372 /0.8
207 c = 32.965 mm

208

209  Check if assumptions are correct.

210
211 Using the strain diagram
0.003 Ɛ𝒔 Ɛ𝒔′
212 = =
𝒄 𝒅−𝒄 𝒄−𝒅′

387.5−32.965
213 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.03226
32.965
32.965−62.5
214 Ɛ𝑠′ = 0.003 ( ) = −0.00269
32.965
𝑓𝑠 420
215 Ɛ𝑦 = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200,000
216 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

217 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ′ , 𝑎 & 𝑐

218  Solve for new value of a and c since assumption is incorrect.

219 Assume compression reinforcement does not yield. (Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦)
220 fs’ = Es Ɛ𝑠
𝑐−𝑑′
221 = 200000 (0.003)( )
𝑐
𝑐−𝑑′
222 fs’ = 600( )
𝑐

223 Cc + Cs = Ts
224 0.85fc’ β c b+ As’ fs’ = As fy
𝑐−62.5
225 0.85(35)(0.8c)(300) + (981.748)[ 600( ) -(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
𝑐
226 c = 76.032 mm
227 a = 76.032(0.8) = 60.826 mm

228

229  Check again if the assumptions are correct.

76.032−62.5
230 Ɛ𝑠′ = 0.003 ( ) =0.000534
76.032
387.5−76.032
231 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.01229
76.032
232 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡.
233 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡.

234  Solve for the Actual Stress of Steel (fs’)

𝑐−𝑑′ 76.032−62.5
235 fs’ = 600( ) = 600( )= 106.8 Mpa
𝑐 76.032

236  Calculate the Nominal Moment

𝑎
237 Mn = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠′(𝑓𝑠 ′ − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ )(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
60,826
238 = 0.85(35)60.826(300) (387.5 − ) + (981.748)[106.8 − 0.85(35)](350)
2

239 Mn = 218.433 KN·m

 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 10 of 35

240  Solve for the Ultimate Moment

241 Since Ɛs>0.005, use ø = 0.65

242 Mu = øMn
243 = 0.65(218.433)
244 Mu = 141.981 KN·m

245  Calculate the Curvature

𝜀𝑠 0.01229
246 Øu = = = 3.94583E-05 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 387.5−76.032

247

248 CASE 4 (Specified concrete strength is increased to 42 MPa)

249

250 I. JUST BEFORE CRACKING

251
252
253
254
387. 5 mm
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262 Step 1: Modular Ratio
263
264  Modulus of Elasticity of Steel:

265 Es= 200 000 Mpa

266  Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete:

267 Ec = 5000√𝑓𝑐′ = 5000√42 = 32,403.703 Mpa

268
𝐸𝑠 200000
269 Modular ratio: 𝑛 = = = 6.17
𝐸𝑐 32,403.703

270

271 Step 2: Locate the Neutral Axis

272  Effective Depth

273 d = 450 – 40 – 10 – (25/2) = 387.5 mm

274 d’= 450 – 387.5 = 62.5 mm

 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 11 of 35

275  Gross Area

276 Ag= b x h = 300mm x 450mm = 135,000 mm2

277  Area of Tension Reinforcement

𝜋 𝜋
278 As = ( 𝑑 2 𝑁)= ( 252 ) (3) =1,472.622 mm2
4 4
279  Area of Compression Reinforcement
𝜋 𝜋
280 As’= ( 𝑑 2 𝑁) = ( 252 ) (2) = 981.748mm2
4 4
281  Area of Tension Reinforcement (For Transformed Section)

282 A1 = 𝐴𝑠 (𝑛 − 1)= (1,472.622 )(6.17 − 1) = 7,613.456 mm2

283  Area of Compression Reinforcement (For Transformed Section)

284 A2 = (𝐴𝑠 ′ )(𝑛 − 1)= (981.748)(6.17 − 1) = 5,075.638 mm2

285  Total Area:

286 AT = A1 + A2 + Ag = 7,613.456 + 5,075.638 + 135,000 = 147,689.094 mm2

287  Locate the Neutral Axis

288 AT ȳ= A1y1 + A2y2 + Agyg

289 147,689.094 ȳ = 7,613.456 (387.5) + (5,075.638)(62.5) + (135000)(225)

290 ȳ = 227.792 mm (from extreme compression fiber) = c

291

292 Step 3: Calculate the Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Uncracked Section

293  Moment of Inertia of Gross Area:

𝑏ℎ3 (300)(450)3
294 Ig = + Agyg2 = + 135000 (225-227.792)2 = 2,279,177,360.640 mm4
12 12

295  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 1:

296 I1 = A1 (d - ȳ)2 = 7,613.456 ( 387.5 – 227.792)2 = 194,193,721.425 mm4

297  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 2:

298 I2 = A2 (ȳ - d’)2 = 5,075.637 ( 227.792 – 62.5)2 = 138,673,765.797 mm4

299  Total Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Uncracked Section

300 ITr,Uc = Ig + I1 + I2
301 = 2,279,177,360.640 + 194,193,721.425 + 138,673,765.797
302 ITr,Uc = 2,612,044,847.862 mm4

303

304 Step 4: Solve for the Cracking Moment and Curvature

305  Modulus of Rupture

306 fr = 0.7√𝑓𝑐′ = 0.7√42 = 4.54MPa
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 12 of 35

307  Cracking Moment

(𝑓𝑟 ) (𝐼𝑇 ) (4.54) (2,612,044,847.862)
308 Mcr = = = 53.332 KN·m
ℎ−𝑐 450−227.792

309  Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝟓𝟑.𝟑𝟑𝟐
310 Øtr,uc = = = 6.301E-07 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑇𝑟,𝑈 (32,403.703 )(2,612,044,847.862)

311

312 II. RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

313
314
315
316
317
318
387. 5 mm
319
320
321 387. 5 - c
322
323
324 Step 1: Locate the Neutral Axis
325  Moment of Inertia above = Moment of Inertia Below
𝑐
326 𝑏 𝑐 ( ) + 𝐴2 (𝑐 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠(𝑑 − 𝑐)
2
𝑐
327 (300) (𝑐 ) ( ) + (5,075.638)(𝑐 − 62.5) = 6.17(1,472.622)(387.5 − 𝑐)
2
328 ctr,cr = 119.574 mm

329

330 Step 2: Calculate the Moment of Inertia for Transformed, Cracked Section

331  Moment of Inertia of Cracked Area:

𝑏𝑐 3 (300)(119.574)3 119.574 2
332 Icr = + Agyg2 = + (300) (119.574) ( ) = 170,967,783.405 mm4
12 12 2

333  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 1:

334 I1 = n As (d - ȳ)2 = 6.17 (1,472.622)( 387.5 – 119.574 )2 = 652,236,334.680 mm4

335  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 2:

336 I2 = A2 (ȳ-d’)2 = (5,075.638)( 119.574 – 62.5)2 = 16,533,803.624 mm4

337  Total Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Cracked Section

338 ITr, cr = Icr + I1 + I2

339 = 170,967,783.405 + 652,236,334.680 + 16,533,803.624
340 Itr, cr = 839,737,921.709 mm4

341
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 13 of 35

342 Step 3: Compute the Curvature

343  Curvature

344 Øtr,cr = 𝐸 𝑀𝑐𝑟

𝐼
=
𝟓𝟑.𝟑𝟑𝟐
(32,403.703)(839,737,921.709)
= 1.95997E-06 rad/mm
𝑐 𝑇𝑟,𝐶𝑟

345

346 III. STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE NON-LINEAR

347
348 A. Steel Yields First Ɛc
349
350  Assume Ɛs = Ɛy
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
351 Ɛy = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

352  Use values from previous calculations

353 ctr,cr = 119.574 mm 387.5- ctr,cr

354 Itr, cr = 839,737,921.709 mm4

355  Curvature
Ɛ𝑦 0.0021
356 øy = = = 7.838E-06 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 387.5−119.574

357  Calculate Moment at Tension Side

358 My= øy · Es · Itr, cr = (7.838E-06) (200000) (839,737,921.709) =1,316.372 KN·m

359

360 B. Concrete Behaves Non-Linearly

361
362  Assume fc = 0.7 fc’
𝒇𝒄 𝟎.𝟕(𝟒𝟐)
363 Ɛ0.7fc’ = = = 0.000907
𝑬𝒄 𝟑𝟐,𝟒𝟎𝟑.𝟕𝟎𝟑

364  Use values from previous calculations

365 ctr,cr = 119.574 mm

366 Itr, cr = 839,737,921.709 mm4 387.5- ctr,cr
367  Curvature

368 ø0.7fc’ = 𝐶Ɛ0.7fc = 0.000907

119.574
= 7.58524E-06 rad/mm
𝑡𝑟,𝑐𝑟

369  Calculate Moment at Tension Side

370 M0.7fc’ = ø0.7fc’ · Ec · Itr, cr
371 = (7.58524E-06) (32,403.703) (839,737,921.709)
372 M0.7fc’ = 206.399 KN·m
373
374 Therefore, use M= 206.399 because the smaller moment governs.
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 14 of 35

375
376 IV. ULTIMATE STAGE

377

378

379 387.5 mm
387.5 – a/2 325 mm
380 387.5- c
381

382

383

384 Step 1: Solve the neutral axis

385
386  Assume Tension and Compression Steel Yields

387 Ɛ𝑠 ′ > Ɛ𝑦 ; fs’ = fy

388 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦 ; fs = fy

389  Assume Compression is Equal to Tension

390 Cc + Cs = Ts
391 0.85 fc’a b + As’ (fs’- 0.85 fc’) = As fy
392 0.85(42)(a)(300) + (981.748)[420-(0.85)(42)] = 1,472.622(420)
393 a= 22.522 mm

394  Solve for the length of the length of compression block

395

396 By interpolation:
(42 − 65)(0.85 − 0.65)
398 𝛽 = 0.65 +
28 − 56
397 𝛽 = 0.75

399 c = a/ 𝛽
400 c = 22.522 / 0.75
401 c = 30.029 mm 42

402

403  Check if assumptions are correct.

404
405 Using the strain diagram
0.003 Ɛ𝒔 Ɛ𝒔′
406 = =
𝒄 𝒅−𝒄 𝒄−𝒅′

387.5−30.029
407 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.03571
30.029
30.029 −62.5
408 Ɛ𝑠 ′ = 0.003 ( ) = −0.00324
30.029
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 15 of 35

𝑓𝑠 420
409 Ɛ𝑦 = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200,000
410 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

411 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ′ , 𝑎 & 𝑐

412  Solve for new value of a and c since assumption is incorrect.

413 Assume compression reinforcement does not yield. (Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦)
414 fs’ = Es Ɛ𝑠
𝑐−𝑑′
415 = 200000 (0.003)( )
𝑐
𝑐−𝑑′
416 fs’ = 600( )
𝑐

417 Cc + Cs = Ts
418 0.85 fc’ β c b+ As’ fs’ = As fy
𝑐−62.5
419 0.85(42)(0.75 c)(300) + (981.748)[ 600( ) -(0.85)(42)] = 1,472.622 (420)
𝑐
420 c = 71.834 mm
421 a = 71.834 (0.75) = 53.876 mm

422

423  Check again if the assumptions are correct.

71.834 −62.5
424 Ɛ𝑠′ = 0.003 ( ) =0.00039
71.834
387.5−71.834
425 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.01318
71.834
426 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡.
427 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡.

428  Solve for the Actual Stress of Steel (fs’)

𝑐−𝑑′ 71.834−62.5
429 fs’ = 600( ) = 600( )= 78 Mpa
𝑐 71.834

430  Calculate the Nominal Moment

𝑎
431 Mn = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠′(𝑓𝑠 ′ − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ )(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
53.876
432 = 0.85(42)(53.876)(300) (387.5 − ) + (981.748)[78 − 0.85(42)](325)
2

433 Mn = 221.533 KN·m

434  Solve for the Ultimate Moment

435 Since Ɛs > 0.005, use ø = 0.65

436 Mu = øMn
437 = 0.65(221.533)
438 Mu = 143.996 KN·m

439  Calculate the Curvature

𝜀𝑠 0.01318
440 ø= = = 4.1753E-05 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 387.5−71.834

441

442
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 16 of 35

443 CASE 5 (Beam width is increased to 400 mm)

444

445 I. JUST BEFORE CRACKING

446
447
448
449
387. 5 mm
450
451
452
453
454
455 400 mm
456
457 Step 1: Modular Ratio
458
459  Modulus of Elasticity of Steel:

460 Es= 200 000 Mpa

461  Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete:

462 Ec = 5000√𝑓𝑐′ = 5000√35 = 29,580.399 Mpa

463
𝐸𝑠 200000
464 Modular ratio: 𝑛 = = = 6.76
𝐸𝑐 29580.399

465

466 Step 2: Locate the Neutral Axis

467  Effective Depth

468 d = 450 – 40 – 10 – (25/2) = 387.5 mm

469 d’= 450 – 387.5 = 62.5 mm

470  Gross Area

471 Ag= b x h = 400mm x 450mm = 180,000 mm2

472  Area of Tension Reinforcement

𝜋 𝜋
473 As = ( 𝑑 2 𝑁)= ( 252 ) (3) =1,472.622 mm2
4 4
474
475  Area of Compression Reinforcement
𝜋 𝜋
476 As’= ( 𝑑 2 𝑁) = ( 252 ) (2) = 981.748mm2
4 4
477
478  Area of Tension Reinforcement (For Transformed Section)

479 A1 = 𝐴𝑠 (𝑛 − 1)= (1,472.622 )(6.76 − 1) = 8,482.303 mm2

 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 17 of 35

480  Area of Compression Reinforcement (For Transformed Section)

481 A2 = (𝐴𝑠 ′ )(𝑛 − 1)= (981.748)(6.76 − 1) = 5,654.868 mm2

482  Total Area:

483 AT = A1 + A2 + Ag = 8,482.303 + 5,654.869 + 180,000 = 194,137.172 mm2

484  Locate the Neutral Axis

485 AT ȳ= A1y1 + A2y2 + Ag yg

486 194,137.172 ȳ = 8,482.303(387.5) + (5,654.868)(62.5)+(180,000)(225)

487 ȳ = 227.367 mm (from extreme compression fiber) = c

488

489 Step 3: Calculate the Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Uncracked Section

490

491  Moment of Inertia of Gross Area:

𝑏ℎ3 (400)(450)3
492 Ig = + Agyg2 = + 180,000 (225-227.367)2 = 3,038,508,484.020 mm4
12 12

493  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 1:

494 I1 = A1 (d- ȳ)2 = 8,482.303( 387.5 – 227.367)2 = 217,508,113.659 mm4

495  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 2:

496 I2 = A2 (ȳ-d’)2 = 5,654.868 (227.367-62.5)2 = 153,705,716.354 mm4

497

498  Total Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Uncracked Section

499 Itr,Uc = Ig + I1 + I2
500 = 3,038,508,484.020 + 217,508,113.659 + 153,705,716.354
501 Itr,Uc = 3,409,722,314.033 mm4

502

503 Step 4: Solve for the Cracking Moment and Curvature

504  Modulus of Rupture

505 fr= 0.7√𝑓𝑐′ = 0.7√35 = 4.14 MPa

506  Cracking Moment

(𝑓𝑟 ) (𝐼𝑇 ) (4.14) (3,409,722,314.033 )
507 Mcr = = = 63.421 KN·m
ℎ−𝑐 450−227.367

508  Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 63.421
509 Øtr,uc = = = 6.288E-07 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑡𝑟,𝑈 (29,580.399)(3,409,722,314.033 )
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 18 of 35

510

511 II. RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

512
513
400 mm
514
515
516
517
518
387. 5 mm
519
520
387. 5 - c
521
522
523 Step 1: Locate the Neutral Axis
524  Moment of Inertia above = Moment of Inertia Below
𝑐
525 𝑏 𝑐 ( ) + 𝐴2 (𝑐 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2

𝑐
526 (400)(𝑐) ( ) + 5,654.868 (𝑐 − 62.5) = 6.76(1,472.622)(387.5 − 𝑐)
2
527 ctr,cr = 111.234 mm

528

529 Step 2: Calculate the Moment of Inertia for Transformed, Cracked Section

530  Moment of Inertia of Cracked Area:

𝑏𝑐 3 (400)(111.234 )3 111.234 2
531 Icr = + Agyg2 = + (400)( 111.234) ( ) = 183,508,324.792 mm4
12 12 2

532  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 1:

533 I1= n As (d- ȳ)2 = 6.76 (1,472.622) ( 387.5 – 123.411)2 = 694,286,205.076 mm4
534
535  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 2:

536 I2 = A1 (ȳ-d’)2 = 5,654.868 (123.411-62.5)2 = 20,980,424.888 mm4

537  Total Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Cracked Section

538 ITr, cr = Icr+I1+I2

539 = 183,508,324.792 + 694,286,205.076 + 20,980,424.888
540 Itr, cr = 956,725,578.269 mm4

541 Step 3: Compute the Curvature

542  Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 𝟔𝟑.𝟒𝟐𝟏
543 ø tr,cr = 𝐸 𝐼 =
(29,580.399)(956,725,578.269 )
= 2.241E-06 rad/mm
𝑐 𝑡𝑟,𝐶𝑟

544

545
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 19 of 35

546 III. STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE NON-LINEAR

547
548 A. Steel Yields First Ɛc
549
550  Assume Ɛs = Ɛy
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
551 Ɛy = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

552  Use values from previous calculations

553 ctr,cr = 111.234 mm 387.5- ctr,cr

554 ITr, cr = 956,725,578.269 mm4

555  Curvature
Ɛ𝑦 0.0021
556 øy = = = 7.60138E-06 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 387.5−111.234

557  Calculate Moment at Tension Side

558 My = øy · Es · ITr, cr = 7.60138E-06) (200000) (956,725,578.269) =1,436.465 KN·m

559

560 B. Concrete Behaves Non-Linearly

561
562  Assume fc = 0.7 fc’
𝒇𝒄 𝟎.𝟕(𝟑𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚)
563 Ɛ0.7fc’ = = = 0.000828
𝑬𝒄 𝟐𝟗,𝟓𝟖𝟎.𝟑𝟗𝟗

564

565  Use values from previous calculations

566 ctr,cr = 111.234 mm 387.5- ctr,cr

567 ITr, cr = 956,725,578.269 mm4

568  Curvature
Ɛ𝑐 0.000828
569 ø0.7fc’ = = = 7.44374E-06 rad/mm
𝐶𝑡𝑟,𝑐𝑟 111.234

570  Calculate Moment at Tension Side

571 M0.7fc’ = ø0.7fc’ · Es · ITr, cr
572 = (7.44374E-06) (29,580.399) (956,725,578.269)
573 M0.7fc’ = 210.660 KN·m
574
575 Therefore, use M= 210.660 because the smaller moment governs.
576
577
578
579
580
581
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 20 of 35

582
583
584 IV. ULTIMATE STAGE

585

586

587 387.5 mm
387.5 – a/2 325 mm
588 387.5- c
589

590 400 mm

591

592 Step 1: Solve the neutral axis

593
594  Assume Tension and Compression Steel Yields

595 Ɛ𝑠 ′ > Ɛ𝑦 ; fs’ = fy and Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦 ; fs = fy

596  Assume Compression is Equal to Tension

597 Cc + Cs = Ts
598 0.85fc’a b + As’ (fs’- 0.85 fc’) = As fy
599 0.85(35)(a)(400) + (981.748)[420-(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
600 a= 19.779 mm

601

602  Solve for the length of the length of compression block

603 By interpolation:
(35 − 65)(0.85 − 0.65)
604 𝛽 = 0.65 +
28 − 56
605 𝛽 = 0.8

606 c=a/𝛽
607 c = 19.779 / 0.8
608 c = 24.724 mm

609

610  Check if assumptions are correct.

611
612 Using the strain diagram
0.003 Ɛ𝒔 Ɛ𝒔′
613 = =
𝒄 𝒅−𝒄 𝒄−𝒅′
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 21 of 35

387.5−24.724
614 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.04402
24.724
24.724 −62.5
615 Ɛ𝑠′ = 0.003 ( ) = -0.00458
24.724
𝑓𝑠 420
616 Ɛ𝑦 = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200,000
617 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

618 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ′ , 𝑎 & 𝑐

619  Solve for new value of a and c since assumption is incorrect.

620 Assume compression reinforcement does not yield. (Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦)
621 fs’ = Es Ɛ𝑠
𝑐−𝑑′
622 = 200000 (0.003)( )
𝑐
𝑐−𝑑′
623 fs’ = 600( )
𝑐

624 Cc + Cs = Ts
625 0.85fc’ β c b+ As’ fs’ = As fy
𝑐−62.5
626 0.85(35)(0.8c)(400) + (981.748)[ 600( ) -(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
𝑐
627 c = 65.344 mm
628 a = 65.344 (0.8) = 52.275 mm

629

630  Check again if the assumptions are correct.

65.344 −62.5
631 Ɛ𝑠 ′ = 0.003 ( ) =0.000131
65.344
387.5−65.344
632 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.01479
65.344
633 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡.
634 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡.

635  Solve for the Actual Stress of Steel (fs’)

𝑐−𝑑′ 65.344 −62.5
636 fs’ = 600( ) = 600( )= 26.2 Mpa
𝑐 65.344

637  Calculate the Nominal Moment

𝑎
638 Mn = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠′(𝑓𝑠 ′ − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ )(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
52.275
639 = 0.85(35)(52.275 )(400) (387.5 − ) + (981.748)[26.2 − 0.85(35)](325)
2

640 Mn = 223.661 KN·m

641  Solve for the Ultimate Moment

642 Since Ɛs>0.005, use ø = 0.65

643 Mu = øMn
644 = 0.65(223.661)
645 Mu = 145.390 KN·m

646  Calculate the Curvature

𝜀𝑠 0.01479
647 Øu = = = 4.59094E-05 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 387.5−65.344
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 22 of 35

648 CASE 6 (Beam depth is increased to 600 mm)

649

650 I. JUST BEFORE CRACKING

651
652
653
654
537. 5 mm
655
656
657
600 -c
658
659
660
661
662 Step 1: Modular Ratio
663
664  Modulus of Elasticity of Steel:

665 Es= 200 000 Mpa

666  Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete:

667 Ec = 5000√𝑓𝑐′ = 5000√35 = 29,580.399 Mpa

668
𝐸𝑠 200000
669 Modular ratio: 𝑛 = = = 6.76
𝐸𝑐 29580.399

670

671 Step 2: Locate the Neutral Axis

672  Effective Depth

673 d = 600 – 40 – 10 – (25/2) = 537.5 mm

674 d’= 600 – 537.5 = 62.5 mm

675  Gross Area

676 Ag= b x h = 300mm x 600mm = 180,000 mm2

677  Area of Tension Reinforcement

𝜋 𝜋
678 As = ( 𝑑 2 𝑁)= ( 252 ) (3) =1,472.622 mm2
4 4
679
680  Area of Compression Reinforcement
𝜋 𝜋
681 As’= ( 𝑑 2 𝑁) = ( 252 ) (2) = 981.748mm2
4 4
682
683  Area of Tension Reinforcement (For Transformed Section)

684 A1 = 𝐴𝑠 (𝑛 − 1)= (1,472.622 )(6.76 − 1) = 8,482.303 mm2

 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 23 of 35

685  Area of Compression Reinforcement (For Transformed Section)

686 A2 = (𝐴𝑠 ′ )(𝑛 − 1)= (981.748)(6.76 − 1) = 5,654.868 mm2

687  Total Area:

688 AT = A1 + A2 + Ag = 8,482.303 + 5,654.869 + 180,000 = 194,137.172 mm2

689  Locate the Neutral Axis

690 AT ȳ= A1y1 + A2y2 + Ag yg

691 194,137.172 ȳ = 8,482.303(537.5) + (5,654.868)(62.5)+(180,000)(300)

692 ȳ = 303.459 mm (from extreme compression fiber) = c

693

694 Step 3: Calculate the Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Uncracked Section

695

696  Moment of Inertia of Gross Area:

𝑏ℎ3 (300)(600)3
697 Ig = + Agyg2 = + 180,000 (303.459 - 300)2 = 5,402,153,642.580 mm4
12 12

698  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 1:

699 I1 = A1 (d- ȳ)2 = 8,482.303( 537.5 – 303.459)2 = 464,619,755.757 mm4

700  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 2:

701 I2 = A2 (ȳ-d’)2 = 5,654.868 (303.459 -62.5)2 = 328,328,704.374 mm4

702

703  Total Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Uncracked Section

704 ITr,Uc = Ig + I1 + I2
705 = 5,402,153,642.580 + 464,619,755.757 + 328,328,704.374
706 ITr,Uc = 6,195,102,102.711 mm4

707

708 Step 4: Solve for the Cracking Moment and Curvature

709  Modulus of Rupture

710 fr= 0.7√𝑓𝑐′ = 0.7√35 = 4.14 MPa

711  Cracking Moment

(𝑓𝑟 ) (𝐼𝑇 ) (4.14) (6,195,102,102.711 )
712 Mcr = = = 86.511 KN·m
ℎ−𝑐 600−303.459

713  Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 86.511
714 Øtr,uc = = = 4.721E-07 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑇𝑟,𝑈 (29,580.399)(6,195,102,102.711 )
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 24 of 35

715

716 II. RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

717
718
719
720
721
722
537.
387. 5 mm
723
724
725
537.5
387. 5 --cc
726
727
728 Step 1: Locate the Neutral Axis
729  Moment of Inertia above = Moment of Inertia Below
𝑐
730 𝑏 𝑐 ( ) + 𝐴2 (𝑐 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2

𝑐
731 (300)(𝑐) ( ) + 5,654.868 (𝑐 − 62.5) = 6.76(1,472.622)(537.5 − 𝑐)
2
732 ctr,cr = 149.797 mm

733

734 Step 2: Calculate the Moment of Inertia for Transformed, Cracked Section

735  Moment of Inertia of Cracked Area:

𝑏𝑐 3 (300)(149.797 )3 149.797 2
736 Icr = + Agyg2 = + (300)( 149.797) ( ) = 336,134,949.399 mm4
12 12 2

737

738  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 1:

739 I1= n As (d- ȳ)2 = 6.76 (1,472.622) ( 537.5 – 149.797)2 = 1,496,356,939.280 mm4
740
741  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 2:

742 I2 = A1 (ȳ-d’)2 = 5,654.868 (149.797 -62.5)2 = 43,094,917.684 mm4

743  Total Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Cracked Section

744 ITr, cr = Icr+I1+I2

745 = 336,134,949.399 + 1,496,356,939.280 + 43,094,917.684
746 ITr, cr = 1,875,586,806.363 mm4

747 Step 3: Compute the Curvature

748  Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 86.511
749 Øtr,cr = = = 1.5593E-06 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑡𝑟,𝐶𝑟 (29,580.399)(1,875,586,806.363)

750
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 25 of 35

751

752 III. STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE NON-LINEAR

753
754 A. Steel Yields First Ɛc
755
756  Assume Ɛs = Ɛy
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎
757 Ɛy = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

758  Use values from previous calculations

759 ctr,cr = 149.797 mm 387.5- ctr,cr

760 ITr, cr = 1,875,586,806.363 mm4

761  Curvature
Ɛ𝑦 0.0021
762 øy = = = 5.41652E-06 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 537.5−149.797

763  Calculate Moment at Tension Side

764 My = øy · Es · ITr, cr = (5.41652E-06) (200000) (1,875,586,806.363) =2,031.832 KN·m

765

766 B. Concrete Behaves Non-Linearly

767
768  Assume fc = 0.7 fc’
𝒇𝒄 𝟎.𝟕(𝟑𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚)
769 Ɛ0.7fc’ = = = 0.000828
𝑬𝒄 𝟐𝟗,𝟓𝟖𝟎.𝟑𝟗𝟗

770

771  Use values from previous calculations

772 ctr,cr = 149.797 mm 387.5- ctr,cr

773 ITr, cr = 1,875,586,806.363 mm4

774  Curvature
Ɛ𝑐 0.000828
775 ø0.7fc’ = = = 5.52746E-06 rad/mm
𝐶𝑡𝑟,𝑐𝑟 149.797

776  Calculate Moment at Tension Side

777 M0.7fc’ = ø0.7fc’ · Es · ITr, cr
778 = (5.52746E-06) (29,580.399) (1,875,586,806.363)
779 M0.7fc’ = 306.667 KN·m
780
781 Therefore, use M= 306.667 KN-m because the smaller moment governs.
782
783
784

785
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 26 of 35

786 IV. ULTIMATE STAGE

787

788

789 537.5 mm
537.5 – a/2 475 mm
790 537.5- c
791

792

793

794 Step 1: Solve the neutral axis

795
796  Assume Tension and Compression Steel Yields

797 Ɛ𝑠 ′ > Ɛ𝑦 ; fs’ = fy and Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦 ; fs = fy

798  Assume Compression is Equal to Tension

799 Cc + Cs = Ts
800 0.85fc’a b + As’ (fy- 0.85 fc’) = As fy
801 0.85(35)(a)(300) + (981.748)[420-(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
802 a= 26.372 mm

803  Solve for the length of the length of compression block

804 By interpolation:
(35 − 65)(0.85 − 0.65)
805 𝛽 = 0.65 +
28 − 56
806 𝛽 = 0.8

807 c=a/𝛽
808 c = 26.372 /0.8
809 c = 32.965 mm

810

811  Check if assumptions are correct.

812
813 Using the strain diagram
0.003 Ɛ𝒔 Ɛ𝒔′
814 = =
𝒄 𝒅−𝒄 𝒄−𝒅′

537.5−32.965
815 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.04592
32.965
32.965−62.5
816 Ɛ𝑠′ = 0.003 ( ) = −0.00269
32.965
𝑓𝑠 420
817 Ɛ𝑦 = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200,000
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 27 of 35

818
819 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

820 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ′ , 𝑎 & 𝑐

821  Solve for new value of a and c since assumption is incorrect.

822 Assume compression reinforcement does not yield. (Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦)
823 fs’ = Es Ɛ𝑠
𝑐−𝑑′
824 = 200000 (0.003)( )
𝑐
𝑐−𝑑′
825 fs’ = 600( )
𝑐

826 Cc + Cs = Ts
827 0.85fc’ β c b+ As’ fs’ = As fy
𝑐−62.5
828 0.85(35)(0.8c)(300) + (981.748)[ 600( ) -(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
𝑐
829 c = 76.032 mm
830 a = 76.032(0.8) = 60.826 mm

831

832  Check again if the assumptions are correct.

76.032−62.5
833 Ɛ𝑠′ = 0.003 ( ) =0.000534
76.032
537.5−76.032
834 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.01821
76.032
835 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡.
836 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡.

837  Solve for the Actual Stress of Steel (fs’)

𝑐−𝑑′ 76.032−62.5
838 fs’ = 600( ) = 600( )= 106.8 Mpa
𝑐 76.032

839  Calculate the Nominal Moment

𝑎
840 Mn = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − ) + 𝐴𝑠′(𝑓𝑠 ′ − 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ )(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
60,826
841 =0.85(35)(60.826)(300) (537.5 − ) + (981.748)[106.8 − 0.85(35)](475)
2

842 Mn = 311.208 KN·m

843  Solve for the Ultimate Moment

844 Since Ɛs >0.005, use ø = 0.65

845 Mu = øMn
846 = 0.65(311.208)
847 Mu = 202.285 KN·m

848  Calculate the Curvature

𝜀𝑠 0.01821
849 Øu = = = 3.9461E-05 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 537.5−76.032

850
851

852
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 28 of 35

853 CASE 7 (Cover concrete is increased to 75 mm)

854

855 I. JUST BEFORE CRACKING

856
857 97. 5 mm
858
859
352. 5 mm
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867 Step 1: Modular Ratio
868
869  Modulus of Elasticity of Steel:

870 Es= 200 000 Mpa

871  Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete:

872 Ec = 5000√𝑓𝑐′ = 5000√35 = 29,580.399 Mpa

873
𝐸𝑠 200000
874 Modular ratio: 𝑛 = = = 6.76
𝐸𝑐 29580.399

875 Step 2: Locate the Neutral Axis

876  Effective Depth

877 d = 450 – 75 – 10 – (25/2) = 352.5 mm

878 d’= 450 – 352.5 = 97.5 mm

879  Gross Area

880 Ag= b x h = 300mm x 450mm = 135,000 mm2

881  Area of Tension Reinforcement

𝜋 𝜋
882 As = ( 𝑑 2 𝑁)= ( 252 ) (3) =1,472.622 mm2
4 4
883
884  Area of Compression Reinforcement
𝜋 𝜋
885 As’= ( 𝑑 2 𝑁) = ( 252 ) (2) = 981.748mm2
4 4
886
887  Area of Tension Reinforcement (For Transformed Section)

888 A1 = 𝐴𝑠 (𝑛 − 1)= (1,472.622 )(6.76 − 1) = 8,482.303 mm2

889
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 29 of 35

890  Area of Compression Reinforcement (For Transformed Section)

891 A2 = (𝐴𝑠 ′ )(𝑛 − 1)= (981.748)(6.76 − 1) = 5,654.868 mm2

892  Total Area:

893 AT = A1 + A2 + Ag = 8,482.303 + 5,654.869 + 135,000 = 149,137.172 mm2

894  Locate the Neutral Axis

895 AT ȳ= A1y1 + A2y2 + Ag yg

896 149,137.172 ȳ = 8,482.303(352.5) + (5,654.868)(97.5)+(135000)(225)

897 ȳ = 227.417mm (from extreme compression fiber) = c

898

899 Step 3: Calculate the Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Uncracked Section

900

901  Moment of Inertia of Gross Area:

𝑏ℎ3 (300)(450)3
902 Ig = + Agyg2 = + 135000 (225-227.417)2 = 2,278,913,655.015 mm4
12 12

903  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 1:

904 I1 = A1 (d- ȳ)2 = 8,482.303( 352.5 – 227.417)2 = 132,712,050.597 mm4

905  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 2:

906 I2 = A2 (ȳ-d’)2 = 5,654.868 (227.417-97.5)2 = 95,445,292.983 mm4

907

908  Total Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Uncracked Section

909 ITr,Uc = Ig + I1 + I2
910 = 2,278,913,655.015 + 132,712,050.597 + 95,445,292.983
911 ITr,Uc = 2,507,070,998.595 mm4

912

913 Step 4: Solve for the Cracking Moment and Curvature

914  Modulus of Rupture

915 fr= 0.7√𝑓𝑐′ = 0.7√35 = 4.14 MPa

916  Cracking Moment

(𝑓𝑟 ) (𝐼𝑇 ) (4.14) (2,507,070,998.595)
917 Mcr = = = 46.642 KN·m
ℎ−𝑐 450−227.417

918  Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 46.642
919 Øtr,uc = = = 6.289E-07 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑇𝑟,𝑈 (29,580.399)( 2,507,070,998.595 )
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 30 of 35

920

921 II. RIGHT AFTER CRACKING

922
923
924
925 97. 5 mm
926
927 c – 97.5
928
352. 5 mm
387.
929
930
352. 5 - c
931
932
933 Step 1: Locate the Neutral Axis
934  Moment of Inertia above = Moment of Inertia Below
𝑐
935 𝑏 𝑐 ( ) + 𝐴2 (𝑐 − 𝑑 ′ ) = 𝑛𝐴𝑠 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
2

𝑐
936 (300)(𝑐) ( ) + 5,654.868 (𝑐 − 97.5) = 6.76(1,472.622)(352.5 − 𝑐)
2
937 ctr,cr = 120.528 mm

938

939 Step 2: Calculate the Moment of Inertia for Transformed, Cracked Section

940  Moment of Inertia of Cracked Area:

𝑏𝑐 3 (300)(120.528 )3 1120.528 2
941 Icr = + Agyg2 = + (300)( 120.528) ( ) = 175,090,484.300 mm4
12 12 2

942

943  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 1:

944 I1= n As (d- ȳ)2 = 6.76 (1,472.622) ( 352.5 – 120.528)2 = 535,685,114.734 mm4
945
946  Moment of Inertia of Transformed Section 2:

947 I2 = A1 (ȳ-d’)2 = 5,654.868 (120.528 -97.5)2 = 2,998,681.603 mm4

948  Total Moment of Inertia of Transformed, Cracked Section

949 ITr, cr = Icr+I1+I2

950 = 175,090,484.300 + 535,685,114.734 + 2,998,681.603
951 ITr, cr = 713,774,280.637 mm4

952 Step 3: Compute the Curvature

953  Curvature
𝑀𝑐𝑟 46.642
954 Øtr,cr = = = 2.20908E-06 rad/mm
𝐸𝑐 𝐼𝑡𝑟,𝐶𝑟 (29,580.399)(713,774,280.637)

955
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 31 of 35

956

957 III. STEEL YIELDS OR CONCRETE NON-LINEAR

958
959 A. Steel Yields First Ɛc
960
961  Assume Ɛs = Ɛy
𝑓𝑦 420 𝑀𝑃𝑎 97.5
962 Ɛy = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

963  Use values from previous calculations

964 ctr,cr = 120.528 mm 387.5

352. 5 - ctr,cr
965 ITr, cr = 713,774,280.637 mm4

966  Curvature
Ɛ𝑦 0.0021
967 øy = = = 9.05281E-06 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 352.5−120.528

968  Calculate Moment at Tension Side

969 My = øy · Es · ITr, cr = (9.05281E-06) (200000) (713,774,280.637) =1,292.333 KN·m

970

971 B. Concrete Behaves Non-Linearly

972
973  Assume fc = 0.7 fc’
𝒇𝒄 𝟎.𝟕(𝟑𝟓 𝐌𝐏𝐚)
974 Ɛ0.7fc’ = = = 0.000828
𝑬𝒄 𝟐𝟗,𝟓𝟖𝟎.𝟑𝟗𝟗
97.5
975

976  Use values from previous calculations

977 ctr,cr = 120.528 mm

352. 5 - ctr,cr
387.5
978 ITr, cr = 713,774,280.637 mm4

979  Curvature
Ɛ𝑐 0.000828
980 ø0.7fc’ = = = 6.86978E-06 rad/mm
𝐶𝑡𝑟,𝑐𝑟 120.528

981  Calculate Moment at Tension Side

982 M0.7fc’ = ø0.7fc’ · Es · ITr, cr
983 = (6.86978E-06) (29,580.399) (713,774,280.637)
984 M0.7fc’ = 145.047 KN·m
985
986 Therefore, use M= 145.047 KN-m because the smaller moment governs.
987
988
989

990
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 32 of 35

991

992 IV. ULTIMATE STAGE

993
97.5 mm
994
c – 97.5
995 352.5 mm
352.5 – a/2 255 mm
996 387.5--cc
352.5

997

998

999

1000 Step 1: Solve the neutral axis

1001
1002  Assume Tension and Compression Steel Yields

1003 Ɛ𝑠 ′ > Ɛ𝑦 ; fs’ = fy and Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦 ; fs = fy

1004  Assume Compression is Equal to Tension

1005 Cc + Cs = Ts
1006 0.85fc’a b + As’ (fs’- 0.85 fc’) = As fy
1007 0.85(35)(a)(300) + (981.748)[420-(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
1008 a= 26.372 mm

1009

1010  Solve for the length of the length of compression block

1011 By interpolation:
(35 − 65)(0.85 − 0.65)
1012 𝛽 = 0.65 +
28 − 56
1013 𝛽 = 0.8

1014 c=a/𝛽
1015 c = 26.372 /0.8
1016 c = 32.965 mm

1017

1018  Check if assumptions are correct.

1019
1020 Using the strain diagram
0.003 Ɛ𝒔 Ɛ𝒔′
1021 = =
𝒄 𝒅−𝒄 𝒄−𝒅′

352.5−32.965
1022 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.02908
32.965
32.965−97.5
1023 Ɛ𝑠′ = 0.003 ( ) = −0.00587
32.965
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 33 of 35

𝑓𝑠 420
1024 Ɛ𝑦 = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200,000
1025 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

1026 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ′ , 𝑎 & 𝑐

1027  Solve for new value of a and c since assumption is incorrect.

1028 Assume compression reinforcement does not yield. (Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦)
1029 fs’ = Es Ɛ𝑠
𝑐−𝑑′
1030 = 200000 (0.003)( )
𝑐
𝑐−𝑑′
1031 fs’ = 600( )
𝑐

1032 Cc + Cs = Ts
1033 0.85fc’ β c b+ As’ fs’ = As fy
𝑐−97.5
1034 0.85(35)(0.8c)(300) + (981.748)[ 600( ) -(0.85)(35)] = 1,472.622(420)
𝑐
1035 c = 93.889 mm
1036 a = 93.889 (0.8) = 75.111 mm

1037

1038  Check again if the assumptions are correct.

93.889 −97.5
1039 Ɛ𝑠 ′ = 0.003 ( ) = -0.000115
93.889
352.5− 93.889
1040 Ɛ𝑠 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.00826
93.889

1041 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡.

1042 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠 ′ < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡.

1043 𝐻𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟𝑠.

1044

1045
Ts2
1046

1047

1048
Ts1
1049

1050

1051

1052 Step 1: Solve the neutral axis

1053
1054  Assume both layers of steel yield

1055 Ɛ𝑠1 > Ɛ𝑦 ; fs’ = fy and Ɛ𝑠2 > Ɛ𝑦 ; fs = fy

1056  Assume Compression is Equal to Tension

1057 Cc = Ts2 + Ts1

1058 0.85fc’a b = As2 fy + As1 fy
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 34 of 35

1059 0.85(35)(a)(300) = (981.748)(420) +1,472.622(420)

1060 a= 115.500 mm

1061

1062  Solve for the length of the length of compression block

1063 By interpolation:
(35 − 65)(0.85 − 0.65)
1064 𝛽 = 0.65 +
28 − 56
1065 𝛽 = 0.8

1066 c=a/𝛽
1067 c = 115.500 / 0.8
1068 c = 144. 375 mm

1069

1070  Check if assumptions are correct.

1071
1072 Using the strain diagram
0.003 Ɛ𝒔 Ɛ𝒔′
1073 = =
𝒄 𝒅−𝒄 𝒄−𝒅′

352.5−144.375
1074 Ɛ𝑠1 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.00432
144.375
144.375 −97.5
1075 Ɛ𝑠2 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.000974
144.375
𝑓𝑠 420
1076 Ɛ𝑦 = = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200,000
1077 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠1 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡

1078 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠2 < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑒𝑤 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑠 ′ , 𝑎 & 𝑐

1079  Solve for new value of a and c since assumption is incorrect.

1080 Assume second layer of reinforcement does not yield. (Ɛ𝑠2 < Ɛ𝑦)
1081 fs2 = Es Ɛ𝑠
𝑑 ′ −𝑐
1082 = 200000 (0.003)( )
𝑐
𝑑 ′ −𝑐
1083 fs2 = 600( )
𝑐

1084 Cc = Ts2 + Ts1

1085 0.85fc’ β c b = As2 fs2 + As1 fy
97.5−𝑐
1086 0.85(35)(0.8c)(300) = (981.748)[ 600( )] + 1,472.622(420)
𝑐
1087 c = 91.773 mm
1088 a = 91.773 (0.8) = 73.418 mm

1089

1090  Check again if the assumptions are correct.

352.5 − 91.773
1092 Ɛ𝑠1 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.00852
91.773
97.5− 91.773
1091 Ɛ𝑠2 = 0.003 ( ) = 0.000187
91.773
 CE513, 1st Semester, S.Y. 2018-2019 Page 35 of 35

𝑓𝑠 420
1094 = Ɛ𝑦 = = 0.0021
𝐸𝑠 200,000
1093 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠1 > Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡.

1095 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 Ɛ𝑠2 < Ɛ𝑦, 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡.

1096

1097  Solve for the Actual Stress of Steel (fs2)

𝑑 ′ −𝑐 97.5−91.773
1098 fs2 = 600( ) = 600( )= 37.442 Mpa
𝑐 91.773

1099  Calculate the Nominal Moment

𝑎
1100 Mn = 𝐶𝑐 (𝑑 − ) − 𝑇𝑠2 (𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ )
2
73.418
1101 = 0.85(35)(73.418)(300) (352.5 − ) − (981.748)[37.442](255)
2

1102 Mn = 197.550 KN·m

1103  Solve for the Ultimate Moment

1104 Since Ɛs>0.005, use ø = 0.65

1105 Mu = øMn
1106 = 0.65(197.550)
1107 Mu = 128.408 KN·m

1108  Calculate the Curvature

Ɛ𝑠1 0.00852
1109 Øu = = = 3.268E-05 rad/mm
𝑑−𝑐 352.5−91.773

1110