SCHOOL OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

GEOTECHNICS LABORATORY

Standard Operation
Procedure(SOP) and Safety
Operational Manual

Prepared By: Mr. Vincent Heng Hiang Kim, Mr. Andy Koh Sun
Weng, Mr. Eugene Tan Hiap Guan and Mrs. Lim-Ding Susie

2010

1
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 5
2. NTU Health, Safety & Environmental Policy ............................................................. 6
3. CEE Safety Committee ............................................................................................. 7
4. CEE Safety Organization: ......................................................................................... 8
5. Geotechnics Laboratory Safety Committee ............................................................ 10
Scope of the Committee ............................................................................................ 10
6. Geotechnics Laboratory Safety Committee Chart................................................ 11
7. Dress Code for Students ........................................................................................ 12
8. Safety guidelines in Geotechnics Laboratory.......................................................... 13
Laboratory Safety....................................................................................................... 17
Safety education and Training ................................................................................... 18
Safety Notice Board ................................................................................................... 19
Emergency Equipment List ........................................................................................ 19
Safety Review and Improvement ............................................................................... 19
9. Emergency Response Plan .................................................................................... 20
Emergency Contact Number ...................................................................................... 20
Staff Involvement in implementing emergency response plans ................................. 21
Emergency Preparedness for Fire ............................................................................. 22
Two Bell Alarm System .............................................................................................. 23
Major Hydraulic Oil Spillage in Geotechnics Laboratory. ........................................... 25
Fire Escape Route (Research Laboratory)................................................................. 27
Fire Escape Route (Geotechnics Laboratory) ............................................................ 28
Fire Escape Route (Geotechnics Workshop ) ............................................................ 29
Emergency Response for Medical & Accident Cases ................................................ 31
Emergency Response for hydraulic of spillage .......................................................... 32
10. Risk Management ............................................................................................... 34
Aim ............................................................................................................................. 34
Risk Management Methodology ................................................................................. 34
Risk Management Process ........................................................................................ 34
Inventory of Work Activities ........................................................................................ 36

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 Activity Based Risk Assessment ................................................................................ 37
Risk Assessment User Record Form ......................................................................... 38
Risk Assessment For Contractors Working with Geotechnics Laboratory ................. 39
11. Chemical Safety .................................................................................................. 40
12. First Aid ............................................................................................................... 41
Staff trained in first aid: .............................................................................................. 41
Contents of First Aid Box A: ....................................................................................... 41
First Aid Box............................................................................................................... 42
Location of First Aid Boxes in Geotechnics Laboratory .............................................. 43
13. Workplace Incident Reporting & Investigation ..................................................... 47
NTU School Of Civil & Environmental Engineering Incident Reporting Form............. 49
14. Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ..................................................... 52
Types of Personal Protection Equipment in Geotechnics Laboratory ........................ 53
15. Fire Safety ........................................................................................................... 54
Classes of fire ............................................................................................................ 55
What are the fire hazards in the laboratory and how to prevent them? ...................... 56
16. Fire extinguishers ................................................................................................ 58
How to use fire extinguisher? ..................................................................................... 59
Care and Maintenance of Fire Extinguisher ............................................................... 60
Evacuations ............................................................................................................... 61
17. Fire Blanket ......................................................................................................... 63
Instructions for Use of a Fire Blanket ......................................................................... 64
How to use Fire Hose Reel ........................................................................................ 65
18. Electrical Safety ................................................................................................... 66
Electrical Hazards ................................................................................................... 66
Preventing Electrical Hazards ................................................................................. 66
Things we must not do to prevent electrical fires ....................................................... 67
19. Safety Instructions For After Office Hours ........................................................... 69
20. Safety Guidelines for FYP Students Working in Geotechnics Laboratory ........... 71
21. Precaution when working with some common laboratory equipment .................. 72
Use of Pressure Vessels ............................................................................................ 72

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Vacuum Apparatus .................................................................................................... 73
High Pressure Vessels ............................................................................................... 73
Air receiver records in CEE ........................................................................................ 74
Sample report of examination (Air Receiver) ............................................................. 76
Appendix A: Laboratory Safety Inspection Checklist ............................................. 78
Appendix B: Fire Equipment Monthly Checklist ...................................................... 80
Appendix C: Safety Infringement Records Form..................................................... 84
Appendix D: First Aid Treatment Records Form ..................................................... 85
Appendix E: Authorization Form for the Use of Laboratory/ Workshop ................... 86
Appendix F: Accident and Incident Records Form .................................................. 87

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 1. Introduction

The purpose of these guidelines is to provide practical safety and health

guidance for all who may be required to visit, work or learn in the laboratory.
It‟s cover basic laboratory safety requirement that are designed to meet the
laboratory need. This document is also a guide written to provide laboratory
workers with instructions for safe operation of commonly used laboratory
equipment.

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2. NTU Health, Safety & Environmental Policy

Policy

Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in recognizing its

corporate responsibility commits to take all reasonably
practicable means to provide a safe and healthy environment
to all staff, partners, students and visitors. NTU further
commits to strive for progress with consideration to
environmental sustainability.

HSE Responsibilities and Accountabilities

A safe and healthy environment at NTU is a

shared responsibility of all staff, students,
partners and visitors to the University. HSE
responsibility is a line function and shall be
internalized in operation within each college,
school and division. Line function begins with
managers and supervisors at all levels and
progress upwards through the management.

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3. CEE Safety Committee

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 4. CEE Safety Organization:
Each health and safety committee should include a Chairperson, a Vice-Chairperson, a
Secretary, and other general members.

Chairperson:

The primary duties of this position are to:

1. develop meeting agendas.

2. Coordinate and conduct orderly meetings.

3. Establish necessary deadlines and sub-

committee assignments

4. Provide appropriate and timely follow-up on

problems and recommendations developed by
the committee.

5. Serve as a communication liaison between

management and the committee.

6. Promote health and safety by personal example.

Note: The chairperson may be appointed by management or (preferably) elected by

majority vote of the membership.

Vice-Chairperson:

The primary duty of the Vice Chairperson is to assume leadership of the Health and
Safety Committee when the chairperson is unavailable on a short-term basis, or for
some reason, resigns from the Committee. The Vice-Chairperson should also serve on
one or more subcommittees or task forces and take an active role in other committee
activities.

The benefits of establishing this position include:

1. Ability to conduct business and hold meetings as

usual in the absence of the Chairperson.

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 2. Continuity of Committee leadership and activities
should the Chairperson leave the position for
example by resignation or a scheduled rotation of
leadership.

3. Assistance with the coordination and direction of

the committee and subcommittee activities.

Secretary:

The primary duties of this position are:

1. To maintain, record and disseminate minutes of

each meeting and correspondence of the
Committee.

2. He/she shall send notices of meetings to

members of the Committee as required.

3. Actively assist with the coordination and direction

of the committee and subcommittee activities.

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 5. Geotechnics Laboratory Safety Committee
The aim of the committee is to promote and ensure, through the process of joint
consultation, the health and welfare of all employees, students and visitors in the School.
The safety committee is comprised of members having experience in first aid, fire
fighting tec. The committee has the capability to assess the safety of the research
experiments and any potential risk to public health or the environment. The committee
conducts facility inspections in order to have safe working environment

The Laboratory safety committee is scheduled to meet once a month or when

necessary.

Scope of the Committee

The committee:

 Recommend actions regarding safe work systems, including safe practice,

procedures, working environments and equipment
 Recommend safety and health education and training
 Assist with the promotion of health and safety throughout the school
 Conduct regular lab audits to identify areas for improvement
 Conduct regular briefings to raise general safety awareness
 Comply with safety regulations from relevant authorities

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 6. Geotechnics Laboratory Safety Committee
Chart

Mr Vincent Heng
Lab Safety
Co-ordinator

A/P Low Bak Kong

Faculty-in-Charge

Mr Andy Koh Mr Eugene Tan Mrs Lim-Ding Susie

Member Member Member

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 7. Dress Code for Students

To maintain the good image of the University, students are reminded that they must be
properly attired in a manner befitting the status of University when they are on campus.

Students are not allowed to wear the following in lecture theatres / tutorial rooms /
laboratories / workshop / library / offices.

Attire

 Sleeveless T-Shirts
 Singlets
 Shorts
 Attires printed with offensive or obscene workings
 Revealing attire or mini skirts

Foot Wear

 Only shoes are allowed; slippers and sandals without heel straps are not
permitted.

In addition to the above, students have to adhere to the guidelines issued by the school
on attire and footwear for various laboratories / workshop for safety reasons.

The University will take disciplinary action against students who do not comply with the
above guidelines.

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 8. Safety guidelines in Geotechnics
Laboratory

Important Note: Strictly for use within Geotechnics Laboratory, NTU/CEE.

1. GENERAL SAFETY RULES

 Observe all warning notices.

 Do not use defective tools, check before use.
 Damaged of instruments/equipment must be reported immediately so as to facilitate
fast repair for future users. Users should check the status of the equipment prior to
using them.
 Students should not handle any equipment without permission and proper
supervision from the technical staff.
 Know where emergency stop controls are located.
 Wear shoes and appropriate clothing when you are working in laboratories or
operating field equipment. No slippers are allowed in the laboratories.
 Ladies with long hair should tie up their hair to prevent being entangled with the
operating tools or machines.
 Disposable mask should be worn when performing dusty work.
 Wear goggles and ear muff if necessary.
 Smoking is strictly prohibited in the laboratory to ensure fire safety.
 Unwanted materials must be disposed off so that a clear passageway is always
present.
 For any floor openings, barricades or guard rails must be installed and warning sign
boards put up so as to prevent any accident.
 Never run or leave electrical cables across passage-ways.
 At least two persons must be present during lifting or shifting of large/heavy objects
in the laboratory.
 Always inform the laboratory staff if the experiment is to be continued after office
hour and approval must be obtained from the lab staff-in-charge. Working beyond
2200hrs (10pm) and beyond specified hours are strictly prohibited. At least 2
persons must be present if the experiment is to be conducted after office hour.
 Students should be conscious of safety at all times and avoid taking unnecessary
risk in the course of their work.
 Good house-keeping prevents accidents.

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2. GENERAL GUIDELINES

Review these guidelines to ensure that the current operating procedures do not result in
hazardous situations. Although all hazards may not be able to be eliminated, the
following guidelines can be used to identify hazards so that the proper training,
operating procedures, and safety equipment can be implemented.

System operators should fully review the documentation supplied to gain an

understanding of the system functions.

When reading the manual, also take note of the “caution” and “warning” statements.

3. OPERATING SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

The following operating safety considerations are applicable to most testing systems.
The user is required to read each items below and determines if it is applicable to the
testing system. The user is also required to obtain and review all safety instructions on
specific testing equipment used in the system.

Emergency stops

Determine the location of system emergency stop buttons to allow for quick emergency
stops.

Stay clear of testing system

Never allow bystanders to touch specimens or equipment while the system is operating.

Protective enclosures

If testing with internally pressurized chambers or brittle materials, protective enclosures

are recommended.

Effects of control adjustments

Do not make mechanical or software adjustments to testing system unless you know
exactly how the adjustment will affect system operation. In many cases a slight
adjustment can throw the system out of calibration. Consult an experience user or
supplier when in doubt about any adjustment procedure.

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Interlock devices

Interlock devices should always be used and properly adjusted. Test all interlock
devices immediately before each test. Because of the possibility of operator error,
system maladjustment, or component failure, interlock devices cannot be totally relied
on to protect user, test specimen or test equipment. Thus, standard precautions about
staying clear of the ram should always be followed.

Gain adjustments

If operating the system in force or stress control, adjust the active Gain control to a
value known by experience to be stable for the particular system in use. Otherwise, the
possibility of violent instability should be anticipated when the test specimen comes in
contact with the system ram.

Avoid servo valve silting

Due to servo valve silting, an actuator can develop random instability or erratic
operation at unusually low hydraulic pressures, especially if the system uses large servo
valves or the hydraulic fluid is dirty.

Stay clear of loading piston

When system power is on, stay clear of each end of the actuator piston rod. The area
on the base plate used for component installation should be worked around with caution.
Never place any part of your body between the actuator piston rod and base plate when
the hydraulic/pneumatic pressure is on. Due to test specimen failure or operator error,
the actuator could unexpectedly react and cause personal injury.

System operation by transducers

If the system is under the control of a transducer, be certain that the transducer is not
bumped accidentally. This could cause the ram or other system components to move
suddenly. For example, if the test is deformation-controlled and the LVDT is bumped,
sudden movement of the ram may occur.

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Dangers due to sudden system movements

High forces and rapid motions are usually presents in testing systems. Unexpected
actuator responses can be very dangerous. Likely causes of dangerous actuator
reactions are operator error and equipment failure due to damaged or abused
equipment. An actuator piston rod that reacts suddenly can strike an operator installing
a test specimen or damage the load cell or expensive components. For the above
reasons, anyone who operates, maintains, or modifies the system should read all
provided manuals to acquire a thorough knowledge of the system‟s operating
characteristics.

Loss of control feedback signal

If the control feedback signal is interrupted during operation, the controller senses an
error. The actuator will attempt to correct the error by stroking at maximum velocity until
it reaches an internal or external mechanical limit. The external mechanical limit may be
any type of obstruction that is in the path of a stroking actuator (such as tools,
specimens, or hands). Be aware that the full force of the actuator will be applied to an
external mechanical limit or obstruction. The only effective way to minimize the static
force capability of a system is to reduce the system hydraulic/pneumatic pressure.

The error detectors in the controller minimize the potential for specimen or equipment
damage caused by loss of feedback or larger than normal feedback errors. The error
detectors and can fault due to operator or component failure.

Electrical power failures

The failure or shutoff of electrical power to the testing system when pressure is being
applied can cause considerate and unpredictable actuator reaction. Under these
conditions, loss of electrical power on servo controlled systems will generally cause the
actuator to stroke at maximum velocity in either direction or, if a specimen is attached,
to apply full tensile or compressive force.

Many systems contain hydraulic/pneumatic accumulators that store enough energy to

temporarily operate the actuator at full force capacity even when the
hydraulic/pneumatic pressure is shut off. For this reason, the usual interlock devices will
not prevent hazardous actuator stroking.

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Laboratory Safety

The geotechnical laboratory provides many advanced apparatus for soil & rock
laboratory testing. However the operator's lack of knowledge can cause a serious
accident. Make sure to understand the purpose of the research fully before you start the
experimental work. You also need to have a good knowledge of materials and
apparatus.

A．Make your area tidy and organized

don‟t put unnecessarily things in the laboratory. The area must be kept tidy and
organized. Clean the area immediately after the experiment. Follow the instruction when
you abandon waste (combustibles, incombustibles, soils should be separated).

B Put on proper protection

Wear appropriate laboratory clothes and put on necessary protection. A helmet, hard
shoes and gloves are recommended when you use a crane or large apparatus.

C．Conduct experiments in proper attitude

Lack of seriousness during experiments may lead to failure or even accident. You must
perform experiments in serious manner.

D．Carry out tests in good condition

You should not perform experiments when you are unwell. Also you should not carry out
tests alone at night.

E．Emergency drill
Confirm the location of the exit, a fire extinguisher, and the way to handle it, in case of
the emergency. It is necessary to carry out emergency drill from time to time

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Safety education and Training

We will provide adequate and comprehensive education and training on health, safety
and environment for our staff, students and others who work with us. Conduct risk
assessment for all job and activities to enhance safety awareness and the important of
health, safety and environment. The list below are the courses attended by Geotechnics
laboratory staff.

Date Time Duratio Course Title Name of

n ( Person
Hrs )
26 Feb 9.30 am to 5.00pm 6 In-house First Aid course Koh Sun Weng,
09 Andy
30 Mar 8.30am to 5.30pm 7 In-house risk Management Vincent Heng
09 Workshop Eugene Tan
31 Mar 8.30am to 5.30pm 7 In-house risk Management Lim-ding Susie
09 Workshop Koh Sun Weng,
Andy
28 May 2.30 pm to 4.30pm 2 Training in proper use, care Lim-Ding Susie
09 and maintenance of Eugene Tan
respiratory and safety
eyewear equipment
27 April 2.00 pm to 3.00 pm 1 SDS-Interpretation and use Koh Sun Weng,
09 Till 2011 Andy
27 April 3.00 pm to 4.00 pm 1 Ultrasonic – Safe use of Koh Sun Weng,
09 ultrasonic apparatus Andy
29 June 2.00 pm to 4.00 pm 2 Information Sharing on Lab Andy Koh, Vincent
09 Safety – Environmental Lab. Heng
30 Sept 9.00 am to 2.5 Safety Induction Course, LT 8 Lim-Ding Susie
09 11.30am Andy Koh
11 Nov 9.00 am to 3 Basic First id and CPR Lim-Ding Susie
09 12.00pm Course -
By Office of health and Safety
07 Dec 2.00pm to 3.00pm 1 Fire Prevention Awareness Vincent Heng,
09 Talk Andy Koh, Eugene
Tan
9 Dec 09 9.30 am to 2 Workplace Safety and Health, Vincent Heng,
11.30am Duties & Responsibility, Andy Koh
SPMS LT1

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Safety Notice Board

The area safety notice board is located at the front entrance of the Laboratory. All
notices will be pasted on this board. The notice board is maintained by the area safety
co-ordinator.

Emergency Equipment List

Geotechnics Research Geotechnics

Laboratory laboratory Workshop
S/N Emergency Equipment
(N1-B2c-26) (N1-B2b-19) (N1-B5-W402
)

1 First Aid Boxes 3 1 4

2 Fire Extinguishers 4 1 7

3 Fire Blankets 1 1 1
4 Fire Hose Reel 0 0 1
Automatic Heat & Smoke Detection
5 28 6 11
Systems
6 Fire Break Glass for Alarm 0 0 1

Safety Review and Improvement

We will establish and implement a safety management system to secure safety and
health in all our activities as well as to protect the person, asset and environment
through continually improve the system at all levels of our laboratory.

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 9. Emergency Response Plan

Emergency Contact Number

POLICE ………………………………. 999

FIRE & AMBULANCE ……………….. 995
AMBULANCE (non-emergency).......... 1777
CAMPUS SECURITY………………… 6790 5200
Fault Reporting Centre (24 hrs)........... 6790 4777
NTU Medical Centre ….……………… 6793 6828
Chair’s Office (CEE)……………………..6790 5264
Chief Health & Safety Officer…………..6513 2736
CEE Safety Committee Chairman……..6790 5280

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Staff Involvement in implementing emergency response
plans

List of the nominated staff responsible for carrying out the Emergency Response Plan

Designation Name Duties

Emergency Scene Heng Hiang Kim, Controls all personnel at the scene of
Controller Vincent fire, do head count.
First Aider Koh Sun Weng, Andy Render 1st aid to casualties.
Tan Hiap Move casualty away from danger if
Rescuers
Guan,Eugene possible.
Activate Fire Alarm Call Point if it has not
been done by others, Call
Notifier Lim-Ding Susie
SCDF(995),Campus Security, FIC,TIC
etc..
Rooms and area
Koh Sun Weng, Andy Check rooms and area at B5 and B6.
checker
Heng Hiang Kim,
Vincent
Rooms and area
Tan Hiap Check rooms and area at B2.
checkers
Guan,Eugene
Lim-Ding Susie
Raise the alarm by activating a Fire
Fire Alarm Call Anyone who discovers
Alarm call Point away from the fire.
Point man the fire first

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Emergency Preparedness for Fire

EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN

Fire Evacuation Procedure

Geotechnics Laboratory

All employees should familiarise themselves with the sound of the fire alarm, location of
stairways and emergency exits.
The assembly point is at Car Park D, beneath Block N2.
Evacuation will take place via the following main exits:

1. The Main entrance with wide roller shutter doors.

2. The exit doors at various locations in the lab. ( with a lit EXIT Sign ) see Appendix 1a,
1b, 1c & 1d

PROCEDURE:
1. If you discover a fire, shout „FIRE! FIRE! FIRE! „ & activate the nearest fire alarm
call point by breaking the glass. Immediately notify occupants of that part of the
building to evacuate the building.
2. Inform the Emergency Scene Controller ( Mr Heng H K ), and the notifier ( Mrs Lim-
Ding Susie ) to call the Singapore Civil Defence Force (SCDF) , Campus warden,
Faculty-In-Charge & Technician-In-Charge.
3. If the fire has not spread from its point of origin, attempt to extinguish the fire by using
the correct fire extinguisher – ONLY IF YOU HAVE BEEN TRAINED IN ITS SAFE
USE. DO NOT PUT YOURSELF AT RISK.
4. The Emergency Scene Controller, on hearing the alarm will take the namelist ( e.g.
class name list ) to the assembly point for conducting a roll call.
5. The nominated person for each area will carry out a trawl of their floor, checking
rooms, areas to ensure all rooms have been evacuated, closing all doors behind
them on their way out to safety.
6. Carry out a roll call and inform Emergency Scene Controller & SCDF if any person is
missing.
7. Do not re-enter the building for any reason until instructed by the Fire Officer that it is
safe to do so.

COUNTING OF STAFF:
Each area has a designated person who will be responsible for accounting for the
members of staff in their Section and others. This will then be relayed to the Emergency
Scene Controller.

22
Two Bell Alarm System

23
24
 EMERGENCY RESPONSE

Major Hydraulic Oil Spillage in Geotechnics Laboratory.

Protect yourself and other personnel

1. Stop Hydraulic Pump by activating Emergency Stop Button on the equipment.

2. Check for FIRE and INJURIES

2.1 If there is a FIRE activate Emergency Response for FIRE.
2.2 If there are INJURIES activate Emergency Response for
Accidents/Injuries.
2.3 If there is Major Hydraulic oil spill, activate the Major Hydraulic Oil Spillage
Emergency Team (Appendix 1)

3. Evacuate the area, if necessary.

4. Turn off power if there is a possibility of fire.

5. Ventilate the area if there is no fire.

Contain the spill (Quickly and Safely)

1. Cordon off area of oil spill.

2. Prevent spread of oil into drains etc ( Wear oil resistant PPE)

3. Start clean up using sawdust and rags.

Report the spill

1. Report the oil spill to FIC

2. Report the oil spill to the relevant department for repairs.

25
MAJOR HYDRAULIC OIL SPILLAGE EMERGENCY TEAM FOR
GEOTECHNICS LABORATORY\
LIST of nominated people responsible for carrying out the Emergency
Response Plan

DESIGNATION NAME DUTIES

Emergency Scene Heng To decide whether to:-
Controller Hiang Kim, 1. Evacuate area
Vincent 2. Turn off power supply
3. Ventilate area
4. Cordon area

Clean-up crew Koh Sun Prevent spread of oil into

Weng, drains etc and clean up.
Andy
Tan Hiap
Guan,
Eugene
Notifier Lim-Ding To inform FIC (Ext 5270)
Susie

26
Fire Escape Route (Research Laboratory)

27
Fire Escape Route (Geotechnics Laboratory)

28
Fire Escape Route (Geotechnics Workshop )

29
30
Emergency Response for Medical & Accident Cases

31
 Emergency Response for hydraulic of spillage

MAJOR Hydraulic Oil Spillage in Geotechnics Laboratory.

Protect yourself and other personnel

6. Stop Hydraulic Pump by activating Emergency Stop Button on the equipment.

7. Check for FIRE and INJURIES

7.1 If there is a FIRE activate Emergency Response for FIRE.
7.2 If there are INJURIES activate Emergency Response for
Accidents/Injuries.
7.3 If there is Major Hydraulic oil spill, activate the Major Hydraulic Oil Spillage
Emergency Team (Appendix 1)

8. Evacuate the area, if necessary.

9. Turn off power if there is a possibility of fire.

10. Ventilate the area if there is no fire.

Contain the spill (Quickly and Safely)

4. Cordon off area of oil spill.

5. Prevent spread of oil into drains etc ( Wear oil resistant PPE)

6. Start clean up using sawdust and rags.

Report the spill

3. Report the oil spill to FIC

4. Report the oil spill to the relevant department for repairs.

32
 10. Risk Management
Aim

To identify all hazards associated with the acitivities or work in Geotechnics Laboratory
and applying adequate control measures to reduce risks, monitoring such risks for the
activity and communicating the risks to the users.

All faculty, staff and students need to adhere to adhere strictly to the risk management
in the form of Risk Assessment exercise. This is in compliance with the Workplace
Safety and Health Regulation and NTU‟s Health and Safety Policy.

Risk Management Methodology

Activity Based Qualitative Evaluation Methodology was being adopted.

The hazard identification shall be carried out systematically by recording potential

hazards at to each interface for each sub activity.

Risk evaluation shall be carried out by assessing the severity of the potential hazards
and the likelihood of occurrence of the event causing safety, ill-health or unforeseen
event with on current controls in place.

Appropriate control measures shall be identified for all unacceptable risks. This risk
evaluation shall be used as a basis for prioritizing actions to control identified hazards
and thereby, minimizing safety and health risks.

The control of hazards and reduction of risks can be accomplished by following the
hierarchy of controls. Two or more controls can be implemented together to reduce the
risk impact.

Risk Management Process

The risk management process involves:

Breakdown of the process involved in the operation.

Identification of the hazards associated with the materials and process. Hazards
associated with waste disposal, spill and other emergency procedures should also be
considered.

Assessment of the frequency of occurrence and the severity of each hazard in context
of the process and potential exposure.

34
Determine the risks according to the accepted risk matrix.

Controlling/reducing those risks to an acceptable level.

Communicating the risks to the users.

A feedback to monitor effectiveness over time and make corrections as required

furthering improving the process.

Safety Committee of Geotechnics Laboratory have been brainstorming Activity based

Risk Assessment during our regular safety meetings.
We identify the more critical activities in our laboratory and brainstormed together to
identify the hazards, evaluate the risks and implement risk control.
Principal Investigator, Project Supervisors or Faculty-in-charge will approve each
activity. All Risk Assessment forms are filed in B2 Geotechnics Laboratory or B5
Geotechnics Workshop.
They are indexed according to the Inventory of Work Activities, followed by the
approved Activity-Based Risk Assessment Form followed by Risk Assessment User
Record. All users of the identified activities will be briefed, risk highlighted and
supervised when carrying out their activities.
Contractors who are awarded to do maintenance or repair work will have to submit the
risk assessment before commencement of duty.
Risk assessment will be reviewed yearly.
The next page shows the risk assessment form used in Geotechnics Laboratory

35
Inventory of Work Activities

36
Activity Based Risk Assessment

37
Risk Assessment User Record Form

38
Risk Assessment For Contractors Working with Geotechnics
Laboratory

39
 11. Chemical Safety
Geotechnics Laboratory has some salts, catalysts, indicators, adhesives, diluted acids
for cleaning and solvents for cleaning, hydraulic oil and paints.

All chemicals are stored in locked cupboard in B2 Geotechnics Laboratory and

adhesive in fridge. Any chemical usage and risk would be identified in the Activity Based
Risk Assessment. All items have MSDS which is filed next to the chemical. Flammable
liquids are stored in the industry safety cabinet in B5 Geotechnics Workshop and
hydraulic oil outdoor shed.

PPE must be worn according to the MSDS when using all chemicals

Industrial Safety Cabinet at B5 Geotechnics Workshop

40
 12. First Aid

The Geotechnics Laboratory is well equipped with first aid boxes and sufficient staffs are trained
in giving first aid. The first aid boxes (Type A) available for use and first aiders available are all
conformed to the Workplace Safety and Health (First Aid) Regulations.

There are a total of 7 first aid boxes in use and they are placed in well-illuminated and easily
accessible locations in the laboratory. Every first aid box is checked frequently to ensure that it is
fully equipped and all the items in the box are not past their expiry dates and are usable.

At present 2 staff are trained in first aid. A record of all treatment rendered is maintained by the
first aiders in the laboratory.

Staff trained in first aid:

Date Time Duratio Course Title Name of Staff
n (
Hrs )
26 Feb 9.30 am to 5.00pm 6 In-house First Aid course Koh Sun Weng,
09 Andy
11 Nov 9.00 am to 3 Basic First aid and CPR Lim-Ding Susie
09 12.00pm Course -
By Office of health and Safety

Contents of First Aid Box A:

 2 packs of first aid dressings 10's
 1 roll of crepe bandage 5 cm
 1 roll of crepe bandage 10 cm
 5 packs of absorbent gauze 10's
 1 roll of hypoallergenic tape
 2 packs of triangular bandage
 1 pair of scissor
 4 pcs of safety pins
 2 pairs of disposable gloves
 2 pads of eye shields
 2 pads of eye pads
 1 resuscitation mask (one-way)
 7 bottles of sterile water - 15ml tube
 1 torch light
 1 copy of 'First Aid at Work'

The locations of the First Aid Boxes in Geotechnics Laboratory are shown in Appendix 1a, 1b,
1c and 1d:

41
First Aid Box

42
Location of First Aid Boxes in Geotechnics Laboratory

43
44
45
46
 13. Workplace Incident Reporting &
Investigation

The Geotechnics Laboratory keeps a register of all accidents, whether major or minor,
including near misses. Reporting of incidents is done by filling out the Incident
Reporting Form and submitting it to the Laboratory Safety Co-coordinator. A copy of
the completed form will be kept in the laboratory

Submitted Incident Reporting Forms are reviewed by the Laboratory Safety coordinator
and action (if any) will be taken to prevent a similar reoccurrence. All Incident Reporting
Forms are to be presented to the School Safety Committee during Safety Committee
meetings. This allows for further discussion of the incident and for any preventative
measures to be taken.

Incident Reporting Forms can also be used to report any unsafe practices or situations
that may result in an accident.

Reporting of all accidents, including near misses, serves two main purposes:

It seeks to protect the injured person should complications subsequently arise. For
example, if at a later stage, a cut finger becomes infected, the report will provide
evidence of the injury and also additional protection when claiming insurance
compensation.

It enables problem areas and operations to be identified, so that corrective

measures can be taken before a serious accident occurs.

Steps to follow when reporting an accident

If an accident occurs in the Laboratory,

47
Step 1: Contact Laboratory Safety coordinator or any laboratory staff immediately.

Step 2: Laboratory Safety coordinator will inform Laboratory First Aiders. Laboratory
First Aiders will render first aid immediately and if further medical treatment is required,
will accompany the injured to see a doctor or call for an ambulance.

Step 3: Once the person is granted medical leave (> 3 days) or hospitalized (> 24hrs),
the School Safety Committee is required to inform Ministry of Manpower. The incident
reporting form can be found at www.mom.gov.sg.

Step 4: If the person meets with an accident and results in immediate death, the School
Safety Committee will report the case to MOM immediately after informing the Chair or
Acting Chair.

If the accident occurs after office hours or during weekends, the injured should exercise
common sense and discretion on the seriousness of the injury. Proceed to seek
professional medical treatment if necessary and inform the laboratory staff as soon as
possible.

Campus policy on medical emergency in campus from 1300 hrs to 1400 hrs on
working

Weekdays

With effect from 29 May 2006, any student or staff member who wishes to seek help for
a medical emergency during the lunch hour from 1300hrs to 1400hrs on working
weekdays should contact the Singapore Civil Defence Force directly at 995 instead of
the medical centre on campus. This will ensure the conveying of emergency patients in
critical time.

Please log on to
http://www.scdf.gov.sg/General/Information/emergency_ambulance_service.html to
determine

48
if a particular situation is defined by the Singapore Civil Defence Force as a medical
emergency that requires an emergency ambulance.

However, if one is unsure about his or her situation, he or she may call the Campus
Security, Quality, and Safety Division at 67905200 for assistance. The division may
contact the doctor in charge of the medical centre on campus at his mobile phone
number if the need arises.

NTU School Of Civil & Environmental Engineering Incident

Reporting Form
Please complete Parts 1 & 2, and then submit to the Laboratory Safety Coordinator. Do
not leave any field blank, write N/A if not applicable.

Part 1. Details of Involved/ Injured Person

Full name (underline surname):

Designation:

Contact Phone:

Contact Email:

Staff/Student Card Number:

Other (Specify):

49
Medical Treatment provided:

(First Aid/ Doctor/ Hospital/ None/ Other (Specify)):

Name of medical treatment provider:

Contact email/phone:

Part 2. Details of incident

Nature of this incident:

(Personal Injury/Property Damage/ Environmental Damage/ Near Miss)

Exact Location of incident:

Date/Time:

Incident reported to:

Designation:

Date/Time:

Describe the incident (Attach a sketch if necessary):

(Please include any particular chemical, process or equipment involved.)

50
For personal injuries, please describe the injury sustained:

Details of any damage to Property/ Environment:

Was there a witness?

If Yes, Name:

Email/Phone:

Incident was notified to:

(NTU Security/Police/Fire/Other (Specify))

Part 3. Action taken by Chair of School, or Nominated Deputy, to Prevent Similar

Occurrence:

Please specify action taken including dates:

Name:

Designation:

51
 14. Use of Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)

All activities that required Personal Protective Equipment ( e.g. laboratory work ,
fieldwork or manual handling ) must have a risk assessment completed prior to the
commencement of the work. The risk assessment should stipulate what personal
protective equipment should be employed.

Staff running laboratory classes are required to bring attention of students ( on class
handout whenever possible ) any hazards involved with their work and any specific
safety procedures such as the use of Personal Protective Equipment, etc.

Appropriate PPE must be worn relative to the risks associated with the experiments
being conducted in Geotechnics main Laboratory, Geotechnics Research Laboratory
and Geotechnics Workshop.

1. Foot Protection: Covered shoes must be worn at all times when working in the
Geotechnics main Laboratory, Research Laboratory and Workshop. No open-toed shoes
should be worn.
2. Hand Protection: Appropriate gloves must be worn when working with:
 Hot objects, sharp or abrasive materials. E.g. transferring or handling of tray of soil
sample from or to the conventional oven, as most of the conventional oven is set to 110
Degree Celsius.
3. Head Protection: Long hair should be tied back when starting work in the laboratories
and workshop.
4. Respiratory Protection: Appropriate face mask must be worn when working with
harmful material, sand that produce fine dust. E.g. the silica sand which when inhaling
the fine dust over time could lead to health problem.
5. Hearing Protection: Earplug or earmuff must be worn when working with equipment
that produced loud noise. E.g. the vibrating table for Relative Density Test, as exposing
to the loud vibrating sound over a long period could lead to hearing problem.
6. Eye Protection: Appropriate safety goggles must be worn when necessary when
working with:
 High pressure, e.g. the 15 Bar pressure plate apparatus,
 Machine that produce flying objects, e.g. the rock grinder and
 Certain chemical which according to the Safety Data Sheet.

52
Types of Personal Protection Equipment in Geotechnics
Laboratory

53
 15. Fire Safety
Laboratory fires can by caused by bunsen burners, hotplate, electrical heating units,
failure of unattended or defective equipment, or overloaded electrical circuits.
Familiarize yourself with the operation of the fire extinguishers, emergency exits and
evacuation routes where you work. In the event that the general alarm is sounded use
the evacuation routes established for your area and follow the instructions of the
Evacuation route. Once outside of the building, move away from the doors to enable
others to exit.

The fire triangle

Fire cannot occur without an ignition source, fuel and an oxidizing atmosphere (usually
air), the three elements that comprise what is called the "fire triangle":

Fire will not be initiated if any one of these elements is absent, and will not be sustained
if one of these elements is removed. This concept is useful in understanding prevention
and control of fires. For example, the coexistence of flammable vapours and ignition
sources should be avoided, but when flammable vapours cannot be controlled
elimination of ignition sources is essential.

54
Classes of fire

Special powder
is required.

Heavy duty type.

55
What are the fire hazards in the laboratory and how to
prevent them?

HAZARDS DON'TS DOS

Do NOT overload electrical Use authority approved type

outlet with too many plugs.
of plugs and extension cords.
Total appliances current
consumption should not
exceed the approved rating of
one socket outlet.

Do NOT obstruct fire exit and All fire exits and escape
escape passageways. passageways shall be free
from obstruction.

Smoking is prohibited in the Comply with NO SMOKING

campus. rules.

Do NOT wedge the fire door All fire door shall be kept
open. closed at all times.

56
Do NOT use the Electrical or M&E All goods are to be kept in their
Riser compartments as storage appropriate storage area.
areas.

Do NOT use frayed electrical Ensure all electrical cable is well

cable. insulated and maintained.

Do NOT let unwanted items Unwanted items shall be removed

accumulate in your work area. and disposed in the authorised
dumping site

57
 16. Fire extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are rated as A, B, C or D (or combinations of A, B, C and D) for use
against the different classes of fires. Familiarize yourself with the fire class ratings of the
extinguishers in your work area so that you will know what types of fire you can attempt
to extinguish with them.

Learn how to use the extinguisher in your lab, as there will be no time to read
instructions during an emergency. Attempt to fight small fires only, and only if there is an
escape route behind you. Remember to have the extinguisher recharged after every
use:. If you do fight a fire, remember the acronym "PASS" when using the extinguisher:

58
How to use fire extinguisher?

Hold the extinguisher in an upright position.

Pull out the safety device which is fitted to

prevent accidental discharge.

Aim the extinguisher nozzle at the base of the

fire.

Keep a safe distance of about 1 to 1.5 metres

away from the fire.

Press the top lever of the extinguisher.

Use a sweeping motion to allow the discharge

to be directed over entire area of the fire.

59
Care and Maintenance of Fire Extinguisher

At least once a month (more often in severe environments) you should inspect
your extinguisher. Ensure that:
a. The extinguisher is not blocked by equipment, coats or other objects
that could interfere with access in an emergency.
b. The pressure is at the recommended level. On extinguishers equipped
with a gauge (such as that shown on the right) that means the needle
should be in the green zone - not too high and not too low.
c. The nozzle or other parts are not obstructed.
d. The pin and tamper seal (if it has one) are intact.
e. There are no dents, leaks, rust, chemical deposits and other signs of
abuse/wear. Wipe off any corrosive chemicals, oil, gunk etc. that may
have landed on the extinguisher.
f. Fire extinguishers should be pressure tested (a process called
hydrostatic testing) after 5 years to ensure that the cylinder is safe to
use.

If the extinguisher is damaged or needs recharging, get it replaced immediately!

One more time: Recharge all extinguishers immediately after use regardless of how
much they were used.

60
Evacuations
In the event that the general alarm is sounded, follow the evacuation routes established
for your area; do not use the elevators. Follow the instructions of the Evacuation Route.
Once outside the building, move away from the doors to allow others to exit.

Fire Instruction Notice for Building Evacuation of Geotechnics

Laboratory ( N1-B2c-26 )

61
Fire Instruction Notice for Building Evacuation of Research
Laboratory ( N1-B2b-19 )

62
 17. Fire Blanket

There are a few fire blankets in Geotechnics laboratory and

workshop located near the entrance of the door.

What are they?

They are made out of fire resistant fabric and are used to smother flames caused
through cooking or clothing fires. They should be located at the appropriate area where
everyone can reach. Fire blankets can only be used once. When a fire blanket is used,
please ensure that you discard the used blanket and replace it with a new blanket.

 Do not remove or touch a fire blanket that has smothered any type of fire until
completely cool.
 Ensure that the source of heat is turned off once the blanket has been placed on
the flames.
 Always place the blanket carefully over cooking fat fires (do not throw)
 In circumstances of a clothing fire, wrap the victim in the blanket and roll them on
the ground.
 Do not use a fire blanket on electrical fires.

63
Instructions for Use of a Fire Blanket
To use a fire blanket:

 Pull the tabs to release the blanket;

 Shake it open and, holding the tabs, cover hands with the blanket ends;
 Place the blanket carefully over the vessel (eg frypan) to contain the fire;
 The source of heat (eg gas ring) should then be turned off and the fire blanket left
in place until cool and the fire brigade called;
 Under no circumstances should the blanket be lifted until completely cool.

Advantages

 Quick to apply
 Light
 Easy to maintain
 Cheaper than extinguishers

Disadvantages

 To use on a fire, you have to move close to the fire, and your hands are
particularly vulnerable
 You can only use on a very small and contained fire
 You probably only get one go at extinguishing the fire - if you fail to put it out, you
can't retrieve the blanket

64
How to use Fire Hose Reel
Turn on the
hose reel
valve before
releasing
the hose
reel.

Run out the

hose.

Turn on
water at
nozzle and
direct the
stream at
the base of
the fire.

65
 18. Electrical Safety
Electrical Hazards
The major hazards associated with electricity are electrical shock and fire. Electrical
shock occurs when the body becomes part of the electric circuit, either when an
individual comes in contact with both wires of an electrical circuit, one wire of an
energized circuit and the ground, or a metallic part that has become energized by
contact with an electrical conductor.

The severity and effects of an electrical shock depend on a number of factors, such as
the pathway through the body, the amount of current, the length of time of the exposure,
and whether the skin is wet or dry. Water is a great conductor of electricity, allowing
current to flow more easily in wet conditions and through wet skin. The effect of the
shock may range from a slight tingle to severe burns to cardiac arrest.
In addition to the electrical shock hazards, sparks from electrical equipment can serve
as an ignition source for flammable or explosive vapors or combustible materials.

Preventing Electrical Hazards

There are various ways of protecting people from the hazards caused by electricity,
including insulation, guarding, grounding, and electrical protective devices. Laboratory
workers can significantly reduce electrical hazards by following some basic precautions:

Inspect wiring of equipment before each use. Replace damaged or frayed

electrical cords immediately.
Know the location and how to operate shut-off switches and/or circuit
breaker panels. Use these devices to shut off equipment in the event of a
fire or electrocution.
Limit the use of extension cords. Use only for temporary operations and
then only for short periods of time. In all other cases, request installation of
a new electrical outlet.
Multi-plug adapters must have circuit breakers or fuses.
Place exposed electrical conductors (such as those sometimes used with
electrophoresis devices) behind shields.
Minimize the potential for water or chemical spills on or near electrical
equipment.

66
Things we must not do to prevent electrical fires

 DO NOT use extension socket as a permanent wiring, especially in the

laboratories & workshop. Extension sockets are not to be used outdoors.
 Use extension sockets for low current appliances; the total rated current for such
extension should NOT exceed 13A.
 DO NOT use extension sockets if the rated current of the appliances is more
than 13A.
 Check the equipment and appliance regularly by service agent. If the equipment
had not been used for some time, have them checked before using.
 Conduct regular safety inspection of work area and office to include sockets,
connecting wires and extension sockets.
 Check equipment, if there are frequent electrical trips; do not turn on the
equipment until it has been checked.
 Maintain good housekeeping. Keep all combustible and flammable materials well
away from all electrical outlets and connections.
 Do not attempt to repair any sockets and equipment unless you are trained.
Electrical work must be done by a licensed electrician.
 SWITCH off any equipment when not in use; preferably at the socket. They
should be done at the end of the working day. Avoid putting equipment on „stand
by‟ or „on‟ mode.
 Never pull out a plug when the current is flowing. Switch it off first.

Insulation
All electrical cords should have sufficient insulation to prevent direct contact with wires.
In a laboratory, it is particularly important to check all cords before each use, since
corrosive chemicals or solvents may erode the insulation.

Damaged cords should be repaired or taken out of service immediately, especially in

wet environments such as cold rooms and near water baths.

Guarding

67
Live parts of electric equipment operating at 50 volts or more (i.e., electrophoresis
devices) must be guarded against accidental contact. Plexiglas shields may be used to
protect against exposed live parts.

Grounding
Only equipment with three-prong plugs should be used
in the laboratory. The third prong provides a path to
ground for internal electrical short circuits, thereby
protecting the user from a potential electrical shock.

Circuit Protection Devices

Circuit protection devices are designed to

automatically limit or shut off the flow of
electricity in the event of a ground-fault,
overload or short circuit in the wiring system.
Earth leakage circuit breakers and fuses are
well-known examples of such devices.

Fuses and circuit breakers prevent over-heating

of wires and components that might otherwise
create fire hazards. They disconnect the circuit
when it becomes overloaded. This overload
protection is very useful for equipment that is left
on for extended periods of time, such as stirrers,
drying ovens, vacuum pump and other electrical
equipment.

68
 19. Safety Instructions For After Office Hours

Rules and Regulations

Conduct
 Observe all warning signs & notices.
 Be conscious of safety at all times and avoid taking unnecessary risk.
 Be considerate and always think of other users in the laboratory.
 Appropriate shoes and clothing must be worn when working in the laboratory or
operating field equipment.
 No wearing of slippers/sandals exposing the toes is allowed.
 Smoking is strictly prohibited in the laboratory.
 Eating, cooking and storing of food are strictly prohibited in the lab working area
at all times.
 No playing or listening to audio equipment while conducting experiments.
Personal Protection
 Gloves, safety goggles and other protective equipment MUST be worn as
required.
 Safety Shoes must be worn when moving heavy objects or dealing with heavy
equipment.
 Appropriate face mask should be donned on when performing dusty work.
Handling Equipment
 Long hair should be tied up to avoid being entangled while machinery is running.
 Always inspect all tools and equipment before use. Do not use defective tools
and equipment.
 Any damage to instrument/equipment must be reported immediately so as to
facilitate fast repair for future users.
 Never handle or operate any unfamiliar equipment without permission and proper
supervision from the laboratory technical staff.
 Know where emergency stop controls are located when using high capacity
equipment.
 Barricades or guard rails must be installed around any hazard zones eg. floor
openings or hot surface and warning signs must be displayed.
 Never run or leave electrical cables across passage-ways.
 Never lift or shift any large/heavy objects alone. Ask for assistance.
 Experiments or equipment involving the use of high compressed air should not
be carried out without proper supervision.

69
Special attention should be paid when using the following
potentially dangerous facilities:
 Rock sample cutting and preparation apparatus
 High temperature ovens and furnace
 Hydraulic & motorized sample extruders
 Automatic compactors
 Grinder & mixer
 High air pressure systems
 Rock testing equipment
 Load reaction frame, 100 KN
Handling Chemicals
 MSDS of all chemicals and materials must be thoroughly read and strictly
adhered to. Any hazard must be identified before use.
 Waste chemical should be disposed into proper waste container at the
designated location. No chemical or soil should be discharged into the sink.
 Spilled chemical should be cleaned up immediately and disposed properly.
 Before lighting a flame, remove all flammable substances from the surrounding
area. All lids must be tightly closed and all unused flammable substance eg.
kerosene, thinner and paint etc. must be store in the industrial safety cupboard
located in the Geotechnics Workshop.
Housekeeping
 Work areas should clean up after the completion of any operation or at the end of
the day.
 All soil samples must be clearly labeled and stored properly; any unidentified
containers and samples will be disposed.
 Walkway, emergency exits and equipment should never be blocked.
 Unused soil samples/glassware/chemical should NOT be left on the lab bench.
Good house-keeping prevents accidents.

Security after Office Hours

 Never work alone.
 No outsiders or unauthorised personnel are allowed to enter the laboratory.
 Make sure all doors are securely locked and lights switched off before you
leaving the laboratory.
 Always inform the laboratory staff if the experiment is to be continued after office
hour and approval must be obtained from the laboratory faculty-in-charge.
Working beyond 2200hrs (10 pm) and beyond specified hours are strictly
prohibited.
 You will be fully responsible for any damage, loss or accident.

70
 20. Safety Guidelines for FYP Students
Working in Geotechnics Laboratory

Students are advised to adhere to the following safety rules when working in the
Geotechnics Laboratory and Workshop at all times:
 Always observe all safety measures when operating any equipment, e.g.
wearing of goggles, gloves, safety boots, ear plugs, etc.
 Slippers, sandals and open-ended shoes are prohibited in the laboratory and
workshop.
 When operating moving or turning machines, students with long hair must tie
them up.
 It is very important to inform the laboratory staff when using any high-risk
equipment.
Keep the working space tidy and avoid having any loose or unwanted items lying
around.

Students should never work alone or when no one is around. Always make sure
that someone knows where or what you are doing in the laboratory/workshop.

If there are strong reasons for the students to carry out their projects after office
hours, approval must be obtained from the project supervisor and staff-in-charge
(SIC). For such cases, booking form will need to be filled in and be submitted 7
(seven) days in advance to the laboratory staff. During their overtime, there
must always be two students present, at all times, during such occasions. The
guidelines for working after office hours will be briefed by the laboratory staff for
first overtime and, subsequently, no briefing will be conducted. A key, to be
shared among the overtime group, will be issued to students to gain access into
the laboratory or workshop.

Due to security reason; students, who do not have overtime booking, are required to
leave the laboratory/workshop by 5:45 pm (Monday – Thursday) and 5:15 pm
(Friday).

71
 21. Precaution when working with some
common laboratory equipment
Use of Pressure Vessels
High pressure operations should be performed only in pressure equipment appropriately
selected for the operation, properly labeled and installed, and protected by pressure
relief and necessary control valves.

Equipment must be strong enough to withstand the stresses encountered at the

intended operating pressures and must not corrode.

Safety operation procedures should be developed by the laboratory to manage the use
and operation of the pressure equipment. All persons involved in the use or operation of
pressure equipment must be trained prior to its use. Training should include awareness
of hazards associated with high pressure, safe operating procedures, emergency
procedures and the appropriate control measures required to ensure protection of
personnel, equipment and the environment.

Safety requirement for the use of high pressure equipment are as follow:

 Only materials and equipment design to withstand high pressure shall be use in it
manufacture.
 Safety valves and other methods of pressure release so that their operation
cannot injure people and damaged equipment.
 Regular inspection must be certified.
 Operators must be provided with and use of appropriate personal protective
equipment.
 Ensure that individuals working with pressure equipment are adequately trained
to understand the hazards associated with high air pressure with good laboratory
practices.

72
Vacuum Apparatus
Vacuum work can result in an implosion and the possible hazards of flying glass,
splattering chemicals and fire. All vacuum operations must be set up and operated with
Careful consideration of the potential risks. Equipment at reduced pressure is especially
prone to rapid pressure. Such conditions can force liquids through an apparatus,
sometimes with undesirable consequences.

Personal protective equipment, such as safety gasses, goggles or face shields should
be used to protect against the hazards of vacuum procedures.

Do not allow water, solvents and corrosive gases to be drawn into vacuum systems.
Avoid putting pressure on a vacuum line to prevent stopcocks from popping out or glass
apparatus from exploding.

When using a vacuum source, it is important to place a trap between the experimental
apparatus and the vacuum source. The vacuum trap protect the pump and the piping
from the potentially damaging effects of material, protect people who work on the
vacuum lines or system and also prevents vapors and related odors from being emitted
back into the laboratory or system exhaust.
To prevent contamination, all lines leading from experimental apparatus to the vacuum
source should be equipped with filtration or other trapping as appropriate.

High Pressure Vessels

High pressure vessels can present a variety of hazards due to their pressure and /or
contents. Statutory pressure vessels such as steam boiler, steam receiver, air receiver,
refrigerant plant pressure receiver and cast-iron under fired vulcanize need to apply for
approval before they are brought into use. For details as well as information on how to
apply for approval, please visit the website
athttp://www.mom.gov.sg/FAQs/OSHD/HazardousEquipment.htm

As for other high pressure equipments not classified under the statutory equipment
above, you are advised to carry out a suitable risk assessment to identify the hazards in
operating such equipment and to develop appropriate measures and control systems to
address the risks in consultation with the Safety Officer. For guidelines on risks
assessment and management, please visit the website at
http://www.mom.gov.sg/OSHD/Resources/Guides/Guidelines/index.htm.

In the event that a high pressure line ruptures, quickly determine which of the high
pressure lines has ruptured, close the appropriate valves.

All pressure vessels should be inspected and tested at intervals determined by the
severity of the equipment usage. Visual inspections and running test should be done by
authorized examiner every two years

73
Air receiver records in CEE

74
75
Sample report of examination (Air Receiver)

76
77
APPENDIX A: LABORATORY SAFETY INSPECTION
CHECKLIST

78
79
APPENDIX B: FIRE EQUIPMENT MONTHLY
CHECKLIST

80
81
82
83
APPENDIX C: SAFETY INFRINGEMENT RECORDS
FORM

84
APPENDIX D: FIRST AID TREATMENT RECORDS
FORM

85
APPENDIX E: AUTHORIZATION FORM FOR THE USE
OF LABORATORY/ WORKSHOP

86
APPENDIX F: ACCIDENT AND INCIDENT RECORDS
FORM

87