(IITJEE Differential Calculus Booster with Problems and Solutions for IIT JEE Main and Advanced) Rejaul Makshud - Differential Calculus Booster with Problems and Solutions for IIT JEE Main and Advance.pdf

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Differential Calculus Booster JEE main & Adv

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Differential Calculus
Booster
with Problems & Solutions
JEE
Main and Advanced
About the Author
REJAUL MAKSHUD (RM)
Post Graduated from Calcutta University in PURE MATHEMATICS.
Presently, he trains IIT Aspirants at RACE IIT Academy, Jamshedpur.
Differential Calculus
Booster
with Problems & Solutions
JEE
Main and Advanced
Rejaul Makshud
M. Sc. (Calcutta University, Kolkata)
McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

chennai
McGraw Hill Education Offices

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Differential Calculus Booster
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Dedicated to
My Beloved Mom and Dad
Preface
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS BOOSTER with Problems & Solutions for JEE Main and Advanced is meant for aspirants
preparing for the entrance examinations of different technical institutions, especially NIT/IIT/BITSAT/IISc. In writing this
book, I have drawn heavily from my long teaching experience at National Level Institutes. After many years of teaching I
have realised the need of designing a book that will help the readers to build their base, improve their level of mathemati-
cal concepts and enjoy the subject.
This book is designed keeping in view the new pattern of questions asked in JEE Main and Advanced Exams. It has
nine chapters. Each chapter has the concept booster followed by a large number of exercises with the exact solutions to
the problems as given below:
Level - I : Problems based on Fundamentals

Level - II : Mixed Problems (Objective Type Questions)
Level - III : Problems for JEE Advanced
Level - IV : Tougher problems for JEE Advanced
(0.......9) : Integer type Questions
Passages : Comprehensive link passages
Matching : Matrix Match
Reasoning : Assertion and Reason
Previous years papers : Questions asked in Previous Years’ IIT-JEE Exams
Remember friends, no problem in mathematics is difficult. Once you understand the concept, they will become easy.
So please don’t jump to exercise problems before you go through the Concept Booster and the objectives. Once you are
confident in the theory part, attempt the exercises. The exercise problems are arranged in a manner that they gradually
require advanced thinking.
I hope this book will help you to build your base, enjoy the subject and improve your confidence to tackle any type of
problem easily and skillfully.
My special thanks goes to Mr. M.P. Singh (IISc. Bangalore), Mr. Yogesh Sindhwani (Head of School, Lancers International
School, Gurugram), Mr. Manoj Kumar (IIT, Delhi), Mr. Nazre Hussain (B.Tech.), Dr. Syed Kashan Ali (MBBS) and Mr.
Shahid Iqbal, who have helped, inspired and motivated me to accomplish this task. As a matter of fact, teaching being the
best learning process, I must thank all my students who inspired me most for writing this book.
I would like to convey my affectionate thanks to my wife, who helped me immensely and my children who bore with
patience my neglect during the period I remained devoted to this book.
I also convey my sincere thanks to Mr Biswajit Das of McGraw Hill Education for publishing this book in such a
beautiful format.
viii Preface
I owe a special debt of gratitude to my father and elder brother, who taught me the first lesson of Mathematics and to
all my learned teachers—Mr. Swapan Halder, Mr. Jadunandan Mishra, Mr. Mahadev Roy and Mr. Dilip Bhattacharya, who
instilled the value of quality teaching in me.
I have tried my best to keep this book error-free. I shall be grateful to the readers for their constructive suggestions
toward the improvement of the book.
Rejaul Makshud
M. Sc. (Calcutta University, Kolkata)
Contents
Preface vii
1. Real Function 1.1–1.95

Basic concepts of Real Functions 1.1
Algebraic operation on domain of a function 1.2
Range of a function 1.2
Types of functions 1.2
Classification of functions with respect to its images 1.12
Inverse Function 1.14
Compostion of Functions 1.14
Even and Odd Functions 1.15
Algebra of Even and Odd Functions 1.15
Even and Odd extensions of a function 1.16
Periodic Function 1.16
Functional Equation 1.18
Exercises 1.18
Answers 1.40
Hints and Solutions 1.40
2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 2.1–2.84

Introduction to Inverse Function 2.1
Inverse Trigonometric Functions 2.1
Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 2.2
Constant Property 2.4
Conversion of Inverse Trigonometric Functions 2.4
Composition of Trigonometric Functions and its Inverse 2.5
Composition of Inverse Trigonometric Functions and Trigonometric Functions 2.5
Sum of Angles 2.6
Multiple Angles 2.7
More Multiple Angles 2.7
Exercises 2.8
Answers 2.24
x Contents
3. The Limit 3.1–3.67

Meaning of x a 3.1
Neighbourhood of a Point 3.1
Limit of a function 3.1
Formal definition of a limit 3.1
Concept of infinity 3.1
Concept of limit 3.1
Algebra of limits 3.2
Evaluation of limit 3.2
Exercises 3.5
Answers 3.22
4. The Continuity and Differentiability 4.1–4.71

Introduction 4.1
Continuity 4.1
Reasons of Discontinuity 4.1
Types of discontinuities 4.1
Continuity of an Interval 4.3
Single Point Continuity 4.4
Properties of Continuous Functions 4.4
Differentiability 4.4
Exercises 4.9
Answers 4.28
5. Differentiation 5.1–5.66
Introduction 5.1
Definitions 5.1
Derivative of some standard functions 5.2
Differentiation of Composite function 5.3
Differentiation by Inverse Trigonometric Function 5.3
Formula for differentiation of inverse function 5.3
Differentiation of Implicit Functions 5.4
Logarithmic Differentiation 5.4
Differentiation of Infinite Series 5.4
Differentiation of Parametric Functions 5.4
Differentiation of a function w.r.t another function 5.4
Higher Order Derivatives 5.4
Differentiation of a Determinant 5.4
Leibnitz Rules for Differentiation 5.5
Exercises 5.5
Answers 5.21
Contents xi
6. Rolle’s theorem and Lagrange’s mean value theorem 6.1–6.24

Rolle’s Theorem 6.1
Lagranges Mean Value Theorem 6.2
Constant Function Theorem 6.2
Constant Difference Theorem 6.2
Applications of L.M.V. Theorem 6.2
Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem 6.3
Generalised Mean Value Theorem 6.3
Nature of the cubic polynomial 6.3
Exercises 6.4
Answers 6.10
7. Monotonocity 7.1–7.36
Definitions 7.1
Test for Finding the Monotonicity at an End Point 7.2
Necessary Condition for Monotonicity 7.2
Sufficient Condition for Monotonicity 7.2
Critical Point 7.2
Application of Monotonocity in Isolations of Roots 7.2
Algebra of Monotonous Functions 7.2
General Approach to Proving Inequalities 7.3
Concave up and Concave Down 7.3
Inflection Point 7.3
Exercises 7.4
Answers 7.14
8. The Tangent and Normal 8.1–8.43

Introduction 8.1
Secant 8.1
Tangent 8.1
Normal 8.1
Relation between tangent and normal 8.1
Equations of tangent and Normal 8.2
Conditions of different types of tangents 8.2
Equation of Tangent and Normal to a second degree curve 8.2
Length of Intercepts of the tangents by the axes 8.3
Tangents at the Origin or Through Origin 8.3
Angle between two curves 8.3
Shortest distance 8.3
Common tangent 8.3
Tangent to the curve at point P intersects the curve again at Q 8.3
Lengths of tangent, sub-tangent, normal and sub-normal to the curve at a point 8.4
xii Contents
Exercises 8.4
Answers 8.14
9. The Maxima and Minima 9.1–9.38

Definitions 9.1
Concept of Local Maxima and Local Minima 9.1
The First Order derivative Test 9.2
Test for Local maxima / Local minima, when f(x) is not differentiable at x = a 9.3
Extremum at end-points 9.3
More idea on Local Maximum and Local Minimum 9.3
Global Maximum / Global Minimum 9.3
Algebra of Global Extrema 9.4
The Second Order derivative Test 9.4
Exercises 9.6
Answers 9.21
Chapter
1 Real Function
1.2 Domain
Concept Booster
The first set is called the domain of a function. It is denoted
1. Basic concepts of Real Functions as Df . In f (x) = x + 4 above, Df = A
1.1 Definition 1.3 Co-domain

Let A and B be two non-empty sets. A function ‘f ’ is a rule The second set is called the co-domain of a function. It is
between two sets A and B in such a way that for every ele- denoted as Cf . In f (x) = x + 4 above, Cf = B
ment in A there exists a unique element in B. It is denoted Example-1. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5, 6, 8, 10}
as f: A Æ B and it is read as f is a function from A to B and f is a relation from A to B such that f = {(1, 4), (2, 5),
or f maps from A to B. (3, 6), (4, 8)} is f a function?
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} If so, then find its domain.
and f (x) = x + 4. Sol.
A B
A B
f 4
1 5
5 2 6
1
6 8
2 3
7 10
3 4
8
4 9

Yes, it is a function. Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4}
Note: 1.4 Image

1. Every point in A is related to some point in B If f(1) = 5, then 5 is called in image of 1 under the function f
2. A point in A cannot be related to two or more points and 1 is called an inverse element of 5 or pre-image of 5.
in B.
3. Two or more points in A can be related to a single 1.5 Range
point in B. The set of all images is called the range of a function. It
4. There some point in B which are not related to any is denoted as Rf Here, Rf = {5, 6, 7, 8} Õ B. In another
point in A. way, we can define, the range of a function is a subset of
5. Every function is a relation but every relation is not co-domain.
a function.
6. If the sets A and B consists of m and n elements 1.6 Real function
respectively, then the total number of function If the domain and co-domain are the subsets of a real num-
between A to B is nm and the total number of rela- ber, then it is called a real valued function or simply a real
tions between A to B is 2nm . function. It is generally denoted as f : R Æ R.
1.2 Differential Calculus Booster
__________
1.7 Number of real functions between two sets A 5. y = ÷x  2 – 3x   
+ 2  
and B
Ans.
A f B
1. Df = R, Rf = [2, •)
a1 b1 2. Df = [2, •), Rf = [0, •)
a2 b2
a3 b3 3. Df = [– 3, 3], Rf = [0, 3]
a4 b4 4. Df = (– •, 2] » [2, • ) and Rf = [0, •)
am bn 5. Df = (– •, 1] » [2, •) and Rf = [0, •)
m n
4. Types of functions
If the number of elements of a set A contains are m and the
set B are n, then the number of real functions between two Basic functions can be divide into two categories
sets A and B are nm. (i) Algebraic Function
Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 6}. Then the number of (ii) Transcendental Function
functions between two sets A and B are 23 = 8
4.1 Algebraic Functions
2. Algebraic operation on domain of a function
(A) Polynomial functions
(i) Dom ( f ± g) = Dom f « Dom g (i) Constant Function
(ii) Dom ( f ± g ± h) = Dom f « Dom g Dom h (ii) Identity Function
(iii) Dom ( f ◊ g) = Dom f « Dom g (iii) Parabolic Function
(iv) Dom ( f ◊ g ◊ h) = Dom f « Dom g « Dom h (iv) Even Power Function
(  )
f (v) Cubical Function
(v) Dom __
 g    = Dom f « Dom g – {x : g (x) = 0} (vi) Odd Power Function
____ (B) Rational functions
    ) = {x : f(x) ≥ 0}
(vi) Dom (÷f(x) 
(i) Reciprocal Function
(vii) Dom (  loga ( f (x)) ) = {x : f (x) > 0}
(ii) Even power reciprocal Function
(viii) Dom (  a f(x) ) = Dom f provided a > 0 (iii) Odd power reciprocal Function
(C) Irrational functions
3. Range of a function
(i) Square root Function
There is no specific method to find out the range of a func- (ii) Even root Function
tion. But the following points should be kept in mind in
(iii) Odd root Function
finding the range of a function.
(D) Piece-wise defined functions
(i) First we find the domain of a function f(x).
(i) Modulus Function
(ii) If Df lie finite number of points, then the Rf is the
set of corresponding values of {f(x)} (ii) Signum Function/Sign Function
(iii) If Df = R, R – {some finite points}, then we express (iii) Greatest Integer Function
x in terms of y and define x. (iv) Least Integer Function
(iv) If D f is a finite interval, say, [a, b], then Rf is (v) Fractional part Function
the greatest and the least values of y = f (x) i.e.
Rf = [Least Value, Greatest Value] 4.2 Transcendental Functions
Note: We should note that determining range of a function
(Non-algebraic functions)
is comparatively more difficult proposition than determin- (i) Trigonometric Functions
ing domain of a function. (ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Q. Find the domains and ranges of each of the following (iii) Exponential Functions
functions (iv) Logarithmic Functions
1. y = x2_____
+2 (A) Polynomial Function
2. y = ÷ x  – 2 
  A function f : R Æ R is defined as
_____
9  – x2 
3. y = ÷   f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + ... + an x n where n Œ W
______
4. y = ÷ x  2 – 4  
 
Real Function 1.3
Degree of a polynomial
The highest index power of x having non-zero co-efficient
is called the degree of the polynomial. The degree of the
above polynomial is n, when an π 0.
For examples,
The degree of the polynomials
1. f(x) = 3 is 0
2. f(x) = 2x + 4 is 1 Df = R and Rf = [0, •)
3. f(x) = x2 + 3x + 2 is 2
4. f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 6 is 3 (iv) Even power Function
5. f(x) = x2014 + 10x2000 + 5x199 + 6 is 2014 A function f :R Æ R is defined as
6. f(x) = 0 is undefined. f (x) = x2n, n Œ N
Note: i.e. f (x) = x2, x4, x6, x8, x10,......
1. The domains and ranges of a polynomial depends
on the degree of a polynomial.
2. If the degree of a polynomial is odd, then its domains
and ranges are R.
3. If the degree of a polynomial is even, then its will
not be all real number.
(i) Constant Function
A function f : R Æ R is defined as f (x) = constant
=c
Y
Domains and ranges will remain same
(O, C) y = c
i.e Df = R and Rf = [0, •)
(v) Odd Power Function
X¢ X
O A function f : R Æ R is defined as
f (x) = x2n + 1, n Œ N
i.e. f(x) = x3, x5, x7, x9, x11,......
Y¢
D f = R, Rf = {c}
(ii) Identity Function
A function f : R Æ R is defined as f (x) = x
Y
x
y=
X¢ X Df = R and Rf = R
O
(B) Rational Functions
A function f : R Æ R is defined as
g(x)
Y¢
f(x) = ____
    , h(x) π 0, g(x) and h(x) are two polynomials
h(x)
functions.
Df = R, R f = R
(i) Reciprocal Function
(iii) Parabolic Function
A function f :R Æ R is defined as f (x) = x2 A function f :R Æ R is defined as
1   lim  (y – mx) =   
and      lim  (f (x) – mx) = c.
f(x) = __
 x  x Æ ± • x Æ ± •
1
Suppose f(x) = x + __  x 
Now   
y
__ (  )
lim        =  
x Æ • x
f (x)
____
 lim     x   
x Æ •
(  )
   =  
x Æ •
x + __
______
 lim     x   
1
 x  
(  )
   = 1
lim  (y – x) =  
and   
x Æ •
 lim  (y – x) =  
x Æ •
 lim   x + __
x Æ •
1
(  )
 x  – x 
=0
fi y = x is an oblique asymptote
1
Note: 1. Let f (x) = _____
       
x–2
Df = R – {0} = Rf Vertical Asymptote: Dr = 0
Asymptote fi x – 2 = 0
It is a straight line which touches the curve at infinity. fi x = 2
There are three types of asymptotes Horizontal Asymptote: y =    lim  f(x)
x Æ •
(  )
(i) Vertical Asymptote
1
(ii) Horizontal Asymptote fi  lim   _____
y=          = 0
x Æ • x – 2
(iii) Oblique Asymptote.
Then Df = R – V.A = R – {2}
(i) Vertical Asymptotes A line x = a is said to be a
and Rf = R – H.A = R – {0}.
vertical asymptotes of the graph y = f(x) if
 lim     f (x) = ± • (ii) Even power reciprocal function
x Æ a
1 A function f : R Æ R is defined as
Suppose f(x) = _____
     
 
x–2 1
f(x) = __
  2   
Then the vertical asymptote is x – 2 = 0 x
Y
fi x=2
1
Also, if f(x) = ______
  2    
 , then its vertical asymptotes
x – 9
are x2 – 9 = 0 fi x = ± 3 X¢ X
(ii) Horizontal Asymptotes A line y = b is said to be
a horizontal asymptote of the graph y = f(x) if
f(x) = b =   
 lim 
      lim  f(x)
x Æ • x Æ – •
Y¢
1 Df = R – {0} and Rf = R+
Suppose f(x) = _____
      
x–1
1
Then the horizontal asymptote is Note: The graph of f (x) = ___
  2n  ,  n Œ N – {1}
(  )
x
1
y=   lim   _____
 lim  f(x) =           = 0
x Æ • x Æ • 1 – x 1 1 __ 1 1
i.e. f(x) = __
  4   , __
    ,      ,  ___
    ,  .....
x–2 x x6 x8 x10
Also, let f(x) =  _____ 
  
x+2
Then its horizontal asymptote is
y= 
 lim  
xÆ • xÆ • ( 
x+2
x–2 )
 lim    ______    
f(x) =    = 1
(iii) Oblique Asymptotes

A line y = mx + c is said to be an oblique asymptote
of the graph y = f(x) if
   
y
lim   __
 x   =   
x Æ ± •
(  ) f(x)
  lim   ____
  x    (  )
   = m
x Æ ± •
Real Function 1.5
(iii) Odd power reciprocal functions

1
f(x) = _____    , n Œ N
  2n + 1
x
1 1 __ 1 1
i.e. f(x) = __
  3   , __
    ,      ,  __
    ,  ....
x x5 x7 x9
Df = R – {0} = Rf
i.e. f(x) = x1/2, x1/4, x1/6, x1/8,....
Df = [0, •) and Rf = [0, •)
(iii) Cube root Function

__
f(x) = 3÷
x 
   
(C) Irrational Functions

The algebraic function containing one or more terms
having non-integral rational powers of x are called irrational
functions.
2p + 1

_____ 
f(x) = (g(x))  m    , p, m, Œ N
D f = R = Rf
It is undefined for g(x) < 0
Note:
More over these functions are also not defined when __
1. The graph of y = f (x) = 3÷x 
   is the image of the graph
denominator is zero.
of y = f(x) = x3 with respect to the line y = x.
(i) Square root Function
__
f(x) = ÷
x 
   
Df = [0, •) and Rf = Rf = [0, •) 2n+1 __

Note: The graph of y = f(x) = ÷x 
   , n Œ N
(ii) Even root Function
i.e y = x1/3, x1/5, x1/7,....
2n __
f(x) = ÷x 
  ,  n ŒN
(iii) Greatest Integer Function (G.I.F)

f (x) = [x] £ x
Greatest integer of x means, we shall consider of all
those integers which are less than or equal to x.
i.e. any Real Number = Integral + Fractional Part
fi Greatest integers of x = Integral part of x.
Thus, [2.1] = 2, [3.5] = 3, [0.8] = 0, [1.9] = 1, [– 0.7]
= – 1, [– 1.7] = – 2, [– 2.8] = – 3 etc.

Therefore, [x] = n, if n £ x < n + 1.
Df = R = Rf
(D) Piece-wise Defined Functions Ï- 2 : - 2 £ x < -1

Ô- 1 : -1£ x < 0
(i) Modulus Function ÔÔ
A function f : R Æ R is defined as Thus y = f (x) = [x] = Ì0 : 0 £ x <1
Ô1 : 1£ x < 2
Ï x : x≥0 Ô
f(x) = |x| = Ì ÔÓ2 : 2£ x<3
Ó- x : x < 0
Df = R and Rf = [0, •)
(ii) Signum Function (Sign function/sgn function)
A function f : R Æ R is defined as f (x) = sgn (x)
Ï | x| Ïx
Ô : xπ0 Ô : xπ0
= Ìx Ì | x| Df = R and Rf = I
ÔÓ0 : x = 0 Ô0 : x = 0
Ó
Properties of greatest integer function
Ï1 : x > 0 (i) [x] = x, if x Œ I
Ô
= Ì0 : x = 0 . (ii) [– x] = – 1 – [x], if x œ I
Ô- 1 : x < 0
Ó Ï 0 : x ŒI
(iii) [x] + [–x] = Ì
Ó- 1 : x œ I
(iv) [x + m] = [x] + m, m Œ I
Ïx+y : x, y Œ I
ÔÔ
(v) [x + y] = Ì [ x ] + [ y] : 0 £ fx + fy < 1
Ô
ÔÓ[ x ] + [ y] + 1 : 1 £ f x + f y < 2
(vi) If [x] = n if n £ x < + 1
(vii) [x] ≥ n fi x ≥ n, n Œ I
(viii) [x] > n fi x ≥ n + 1, n Œ I
(ix) [x] £ n fi x < n + 1, n Œ I
Df = R and Rf = {– 1, 0, 1}
Real Function 1.7
(x) [x] < n fi x < n, n Œ I For examples,

(i) If x = 3.45, [x] = 3
[ 1
(xi) [x] + x + __
Œ N
] [  2
 n   + x + __ ] [  n – 1
 n   + ...+ x + ____
  n    ]
   = [nx], n Thus, {x} = x – [x] = 3.45 – 3 = 0.45
(ii) If x = 5, then [x] = 5
Thus, {x} = x – [x] = 5 – 5 = 0
[  ] [  ] [  ] [  ]
n+1
(xii)  _____
2
   
n+2
  +  _____
4
   
n+4
  +  _____
8
   
n+8
  +  _____
16
   
  + ... = n, n (iii) If x = – 2.75, [x] = – 3
Thus, {x} = x – [x] = – 2.75 + 3 = 0.25
Œ N As we know that, x – 1 < [x] £ x
(iv) Least Integer Function fi – x £ – [x] < 1 – x
fi – x + x £ x – [x] < 1 – x + x
A function f : R Æ R is defined as f(x) = (x) ≥ x
fi 0 £ x – [x] < 1.
The least integer of x means, we shal considere of all
fi 0 £ {x} < 1.
those integers, which are more than and equal to x.
Though ‘0’ is not a function, but fractional part func-
For examples, (2.5) = 3, (3.1) = 4, (1.7) = 2, (0.5) = 1
tion evaluates to zero for integral values. We should keep
(– 1.4) = – 1 etc.
this exception in mind, while working with fractional part
Ï- 2 : - 3 < x £ - 2
Ô- 1 : - 2 < x £ - 1 function.
Ô Ïx + 3 : - 3 £ x < - 2
Ô0 : -1 < x £ 0 Ôx + 2 : - 2 £ x < - 1
y = f(x) = Ì Ô
Ô1 : 0 < x £1 Ô x + 1 : -1 £ x < 0
Ô2 : 1< x £ 2 y = f(x) = Ì
Ô Ôx : 0 £ x <1
Ó3 : 2< x£3 Ôx - 1 : 1 £ x < 2
Ô
Thus, y = (x) = n, n < x £ n + 1 Óx - 2 : 2 £ x < 3
y Thus, y = {x} = x – n, n £ x < n + 1
y = [x]
x¢ x
Df = R and Rf = [0, 1).
Properties of Fractional part Function

(i) 0 £ {x} < 1
y¢
(ii) {– x} = 1 – {x}, x œ I
Df = R and Rf = I
(iii) {– x} = 0, x Œ I
Properties of Least Integer Function (iv) {x + m} = {x}, m Œ I
(v) If {x} = f, 0 < f < 1
(i) (x) = x, x Œ I
then x = n + f, when n Œ I
(ii) (x) = [x], x Œ I 1
(iii) (x) = [x] + 1, x œ I For examples, if {x} = __     
2
In fact, (x) = – [– x] 1
then x = n + __     , n Œ I
(iv) (x + n) = (x) + n, n Œ I 2
(v) (– x) = – x, x Œ I (vi) If {x} < f, 0 < f < 1
(vi) (– x) = 1 – (x), x œ I then n £ x < n + f, n Œ I
1
(v) Fractional part Function For examples, if {x} < __     
3
A function f : R Æ R is defined as 1
__
then n £ x < n +     , n Œ I
f(x) = {x} = x – [x] 3
(vii) If {x} > f, 0 < f < 1 Characteristics of cosine function

then n + f < x < n + 1, n Œ I 1. Df = R
1 2. Rf = [– 1, 1]
For examples, if {x} > __      3. It is an even function.
4
1 4. It is a periodic function.
then n + __
     < x < n + 1, n Œ I 5. It is non-monotonic function.
4
6. If cos x = 1 fi x = 2 np, n Œ I
4.2 Transcendental Functions 7. cos x = – 1 fi x = (2n + 1) p, n Œ I
p
All functions which are not algebraic are called transcen- 8. cos x = 0 fi x = (2n + 1) __     , n Œ I
dental functions. 2
9. If cos x > 0
(i) Trigonometric Functions fi (  p p
)
x Œ (2n – 1) __  , (2n + 1) __    , n Œ I
2 2
(a) Sine function: A function f : R Æ R is defined as 10. If cos x < 0
f(x) = sin x
Graph of f(x) = sin x
fi (  p
2
p
2 )
x Œ (2n + 1)  __  , (2n + 3)  __    , n Œ I
11. If x > y fi cos x < cos y, " x, y Œ (0, p)
Y (c) Tangent function: A function f : R Æ R is defined as
f(x) = tan x.
y=1
Graph of f(x) = tan x
x p x Y
o
y = –1
Y¢ X¢ X
O
Characteristics of sine function
1. Df = R
2. Rf = [– 1,1] Y¢
3. It is an odd function. Characteristics of tangent function
4. It is a periodic function.
p
5. It is non-monotonic function. 1. Df = R – (2n + 1)  __  , n Œ I
p 2
6. If sin x = 1 fi x = (4n + 1) __
    , n Œ I 2. Rf = R
4
3. It is an odd function.
p
__
7. sin x = – 1 fi x = (4n – 1)     , n Œ I 4. It is a periodic function.
4
8. sin x = 0 fi x = np, n Œ I 5. It is monotonic function.
9. If sin x > 0 fi x Œ (2np, (2n + 1)p), n Œ I p
6. If tan x = 1 fi x = (4n + 1)  __  , n Œ I
10. If sin x < 0 fi x Œ ((2n – 1)p, 2np), n Œ I. 4
( 
p
p 7. If tan x = – 1 fi x = (4n – 1)  __  , n Œ I
p
11. If x > y fi sin x > sin y, " x, y Œ –  __  ,
2
__
)
     
2

4
8. If tan x = 0 fi x = np, n Œ I
(b) Cosine function: A function f : R Æ R is defined as
9. If tan x > 0
f(x) = cos x
Graph of f(x) = cos x
fi (  p
2 )
x Œ np, (2n + 1)  __    , n Œ I
Y
10. If tan x < 0
( 
(0, 1)
p
X¢
y=1
X
fi
2 )
x Œ (2n – 1)  __  , np  , n Œ I
O
y = –1
11. If x > y fi tan x > tan y " x, y Œ R – np, n Œ I
(d) Co-tangent function: A function f : R Æ R is defined
Y¢ as f(x) = cot x
Real Function 1.9
p
Graph of f(x) = cot x 7. If cosec x = – 1 fi x = (4n – 1)  __  , n Œ I
4
8. cosec x can never be zero.
9. If cosec x > 0 fi x Œ (2np, (2n +1)p), n Œ I
10. If cosec x < 0 fi x Œ ((2n – 1)p, 2np), n Œ I.
(f) Secant function: A function f : R Æ R is defined as
f(x) = sec x
Graph of f(x) = sec x
Characteristics of co-tangent function

1. Df = R – np, n Œ I
2. Rf = R
3. It is an odd function. X¢ X
O
5. It is monotonic function.
p
6. If cot x = 1 fi x = (4n + 1)  __  , n Œ I Y¢
4
p Characteristics of secant function
7. If cot x = – 1 fi x = (4n – 1)  __  , n Œ I p
4 1. Df = R – (2n + 1) __    , n Œ I
2
p
8. If cot x = 0 fi x = (2n + 1) __     , n Œ I 2. Rf = (– •, – 1] » [1, •)
2
9. If cot x > 0 3. It is an even function.
fi (  )p
x Œ np, (2n + 1)  __    , n Œ I
2 4. It is a periodic function.
10. If cot x < 0 5. It is non-monotonic function.
fi (  p
2 )
x Œ (2n – 1)  __  , np  , n Œ I

6.
7.
If sec x = 1 fi = 2np, n Œ I
If sec x = – 1 fi x = (2n + 1) p, n Œ I
(e) Co-secant function: A function f : R Æ R is defined as
f(x) = cosec x 8. sec x can never be zero.
Graph of f (x) = cosec x 9. If sec x > 0
Y
fi (  p p
)
x Œ (4n – 1)  __  , (4n + 1)  __    , n Œ I
2 2
10. If sec x < 0
fi (  p p
)
x Œ (4n + 1)  __  , (4n + 3)  __    , n Œ I
2 2
(ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions
X¢
O
X
[ 
p p
(a) sin– 1x : A function f : [– 1, 1] Æ –  __  , __
– 1
f(x) = sin x = arc sin x
2 2 ]
      is defined as
Graph of f (x) = sin– 1 x.
Y¢
Characteristics of co-secant function

1. Df = R – np, n Œ I
2. Rf = (– •, – 1] » [1, •)
5. It is non-monotonic function.
p
6. If cosec x = 1 fi x = (4n + 1)  __  , n Œ I
4
haracteristics of arc sine function

C Characteristics of arc tangent function
1. Df = [– 1, 1] 1. Df = R
[ 
p p
]
2. Rf = –  __  , __
2 2
      ( 
p p
2. Rf = – __
    , __
2 2 )
     
3. It is not a periodic function.

3. It is not a periodic function.
4. It is an odd function since, tan– 1(– x) = – tan– 1x
5. It is strictly increasing function.
since, sin– 1 (– x) = – sin– 1x
6. It is one-one function
5. It is strictly increasing function.
p
6. It is one-one function. 7. For 0 < x < __     , tan– 1x < x < tan x.
2
p (d) cot– 1 x : A function f : R Æ (0, p) is defined as
7. For 0 < x <  __  , sin x < x < sin– 1.
2 f (x) = cot– 1x.
(b) cos– 1x : A function f : [– 1, 1] Æ [0, p] is defined as
f (x) = cos– 1x = arc cos x Graph of f (x) = cot– 1x
Graph of f (x) = cos– 1x
Characteristics of arc co-tangent function

1. Df = R
haracteristics of arc cosine function
C 2. Rf = (0, p)
1. Df = [– 1, 1] 3. It is not a periodic function.
2. [0, p] 4. It is neither even nor odd function
3. It is not a periodic function. since, cot– 1 (– x) = p – cot– 1 x
4. It is neither even nor odd function 5. It is strictly decreasing function.
since, cos– 1(– x) = p – cos– 1(x) 6. It is one-one function
5. It is strictly decreasing function. p
7. For 0 < x < __     , cot x < x < cot– 1x
2
[ 
6. It is one-one function.
7. For 0 < x < __
p
    , cos– 1x < x < cos x
2
p p
2 2 ]
(e) cosec– 1: A function f : (– •, –1] » [1, •) Æ –  __  ,  __   
( p p
2 2 )
(c) tan– 1x : A function f : R Æ –  __  ,  __    is defined as
– {0} is defined as f (x) = cosec– 1x.
Graph of f (x) = cosec– 1x.
f (x) = tan– 1 x.
Graph of f (x) = tan– 1x Y
y = p/2
X¢ X
O
y = – p/2
X = –1 Y ¢ X=1
Real Function 1.11
Characteristics of arc co-secant function Now, f(x) = a cos x + b sin x + c

= (sin q cos x + cos q sin x)
1. Df = (– •, –1] » [1, •)
= r = sin (q + x)
[ 
p p
2. R f = –  __  , __
2 2 ]
      – {0}
As we know that, – 1 £ sin (q + x) £ 1
fi – r + c £ r sin (q + x) + c £ r + c
3. It is an odd function, since fi – r + c £ f(x) £ r + c
_______ ______
cosec– 1(– x) = – cosec– 1(x) – ÷a  2 + b2 
  + c £ f(x) £ ÷a  2+ b2  
+c
_______
4. It is non-periodic function.
a  2 + b2 
Thus, the maximum value of f (x) is ÷   + c
5. It is one-one function. _______
a  2 + b2 
and the minimum values of f (x) is – ÷   + c
6. It is strictly decreasing function with respect to its
domain.
p
__ (iii) Exponential Function
    
7. For 0 < x <
2 A function f : R Æ R is defined as
cosec– 1x < cosec x
f(x) = ax, a π 1, a > 0, x Œ R
(v) sec– 1x : A function f : (– •, –1] » [1, •) Æ [0, p]
{  }
p Case I: When a > 1
– __
      is defined as f(x) = sec– 1 x.
2
Graph of f (x) = sec– 1 x.

Df = R and Rf = R+
Case II: When 0 < a < 1
Characteristics of arc secant function

1. Df = (– •, –1] » [1, •)

p
2. Rf = [0, p] – __ {  }
     
2
3. It is neither an even function nor an odd function,

since sec– 1 (– x) = p – sec– 1(x)
Df = R and Rf = R+
4. It is non-periodic function.
5. It is one-one function. (iv) Logarithmic Function
6. It is strictly decreasing function with respect to its A function f : R Æ R is defined as f(x) = loga x, a π 1,
domain. a > 0, x > 0
p
7. For 0 < x < __      Case I: When a > 1
2
sec– 1x < x < sec x.
(ii) The maximum and minimum values of

f (x) = a cos x + b sin x + c
We have f(x) = a cos x + b sin x + c
Let a = r sin q and b = r cos q
_______
a
Then   and tan (q) = __
r = ÷a  2 + b2     
b
Df = R+ and Rf = R
Case II: when 0 < a < 1
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4 }, B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

and f (x) = x + 4.
Df = R+ and Rf = R Thus, f (1) = 5, f (2) = 7, ....., f (4) = 8. Clearly f is a
one-one function.
(v) Equal Functions (b) Checking algebraically:
(i) If x π y fi f (x) π f (y), then it is one-one
function.
(ii) If x π y fi f(x) = f(y), then it is not a one-one
function.
(c) Checking geometrically: Draw a system of lines
parallel to x-axis on the given curve. If those lines
intersects the curve in only one point, then it is one-
one function otherwise many-one function.
(d) Checking by Calculus: If a function is either strictly
increasing or strictly decreasing function, then it is
one-one function.
i.e. either f ¢(x) > 0 or f ¢(x) < 0, then it is one-one
function.
Example-1. Let y = f(x) = 3x + 4
Then f ¢(x) = 3 > 0
fi f(x) is strictly increasing function.
fi f(x) is one-one function.
Two functions f and g are said to be equal if Example-2. Let f(x) = tan–1(3 log (x) + 5)
1 1
(i) Df = Dg Then f ¢(x) = _______________
        × __
    > 0 for all positive x
(ii) Rf = Rg 1  +  (3 log x + 5)2 x
(iii) f(x) = g (x), " x Œ D fi f(x) is strictly increasing function.
5. Classification of functions with respect to its images fi f(x) is one-one function.
There are 5 types of functions w.r.t its images such as Example-3. Let f(x) = 2 tan x + 3 sin x + 4 cos x + 10
(i) One-One Function Then f ¢(x) = 2 sec 2x + 3 cos x – 4 sin x.
(ii) Many-One Function fi f ¢(x) > 0 for all x in R.
(iii) Onto Function fi f(x) is strictly increasing function.
(iv) Into Function fi f(x) is one-one function.
x
(v) One-one-onto Function Example-4. Let f(x) = _____
       
1 + |x|
5.1 One-One function Case I: when x ≥ 0
x
(a) Definition: If different elements of the first set pro- Then f(x) = _____
      

1+x
vide us different images in the second set, then it is
known as one-one function or injective function. (1 + x) – 1 1
fi f(x) =  _________
  
  = 1 – _____
      
1+x 1+x
Real Function 1.13
1 (b) Number of onto function between two sets A and

fi f ¢(x) = _______
        > 0
(1 + x)2 B: If two set A and B having m and n elements
respectively, where m ≥ n, then the number of onto
Case II: when x < 0 function between two sets A and B = Number of
x distribution of m balls into n boxes where no box is
Then f (x) = _____
       
1–x remain empty.
x–1+1 1
f(x) = –  ________   
 = – 1 – _____
     
 
x–1 x–1 5.4 Into Function
1
f ¢(x) = _______
       > 0 for all x < 0 If a function is not onto function, then it is into function.
(x – 1)2 In another way we can say, if the range of a function is a
Thus f is strictly increasing function. Hence, f is one-one proper subset of a co-domain then it is into function.
function.
(e) Number of one-one function between two sets A
and B.

The number of into functions
= The total number of functions

– The number of onto functions.
If A and B having m and n elements respectively,
then the total number of one-one functions between
5.5 One-one onto Function
ÏÔ0 : n<m
two sets A and B is = Ì n (a) Definition: If a function is one-one as well as onto
ÔÓ Pm : n≥m function, then it is one-one-onto function or bijective
function.
5.2 Many-One Function
Note: One-one-onto function exists only when the
If a function is not one-one function, then it is many-one number of elements of both the sets are same.
function.
Number of many one function
Number of many one function = Number of total func-
tion – Number of one-one function.
5.3 Onto Function
(a) Definition: If the range of a function is equal to its
co-domain, then it is called Onto function or surjec-
tive function
i.e. Rf = Co-domain. (b) Number of one-one onto functons between two
sets A and B.

Let two sets A and B having m and n elements (viii) If f : A Æ B be a one one function, then f – 1of =
respectiovely. IA and fof – 1 = IB , where IA and IB are the identity
Then the number of one-one onto functions between functions of the sets A and B respectively.
ÏÔ0 : mπn (ix) Let f : A Æ B, g : B Æ C be two invertible functions,
two sets A and B = Ì n then gof is also invertible with (gof) – 1 = (f –1og –1).
ÔÓ Pm : m=n
Rule to find out the Inverse of a Function
6. Inverse Function (i) First, we check the given function is bijective or
not.
(ii) If the function is bijective, then inverse exists,
otherwise not.
(iii) Find x in terms of y and replace y by x, then we get
inverse of f. i.e. f – 1(x).
7. Compostion of Functions
Let f and g be two real functions such that f : A Æ B and
g : B Æ C.
Here the set B is common to the two functions. Thus we
can define a function h : A Æ C for which h(x) = g(f (x)),
Let f : X Æ Y be a bijective function. If we can make a where for all x Œ A, f (x) Œ B, g( f (x)) Œ C. Then h = go f
function g from Y to X, then we shall say that g is the inverse is the composition of f and g. We read as h as g of f or
of f. “g composed with f ”
1
i.e. g = f – 1 π __     . A B C
f
Thus, f – 1( f (x)) = x f g
X f(X) g{f(x)}
Note:
(i) The inverse of a function exists only when the
function f is bijective.
gof
(ii) If the inverse of a function is exists, then it is called
Similarly we can define a function u : A Æ D such that
an invertible function.
u(x) = (ho (go f ))(x) = h (g( f (x)))
(iii) The inverse of a bijective function is unique.
f g h
(iv) Geometrically f – 1(x) is the image of f (x) with respect
to the line y = x.
A B C D
x f(x) g(fx) h(g(f(x)))
gof ho(gof)
Properties of Composition of Functions

(i) Let f : A Æ B and g : B Æ C be two real functions.
Then go f is defined only when if Rf Õ Dg.
(ii) Composition of functions is not commutative i.e. if
f and g are two real functions such that fog & go f,
(v) In another can say that f – 1(x) is the symmetrical
then fog π go f.
with respect to the line y = x.
(iii) Composition of functions is associative. i.e. if f, g, h
(vi) A function f(x) is said to be involution if for all
are three real functions such that (fo (go) oh)) are exist,
x for which f(x) and f(f(x)) are defined such that
then (fo (goh)) = ((fog) oh)
f(f(x)) = x.
(iv) The composition of two bijections is bijection i.e f
(vii) If f is an invertible function, then (f – 1) = f.
and g are two bijections, then go f is also bijection
Real Function 1.15
(v) The composition of any function with the identity 4. Product

function is the function itself. (i) E × E = E
i.e. foI = Io f = f (ii) O × O = E
8. Even and Odd Functions (iii) E × O = O
(iv) O × E = O
8.1 Even Function 5. Reciprocality
1
A function f (x) is said to be an even function if f (– x) (i)  __   = E
E
= f (x) for all x in Df . Geometrically, an even function is
1
symmetrical about y-axis. (ii)  __    = O
O
6. Quotient
E 1
(i)  __  = E × __
     = E × E = E
E E
O 1
(ii)  __   = O × __
      = O × O = E
O O
O 1
(iii)  __   = O × __
     = O × E = O
E E
E 1
(iv)  __   = E × __
      = E × O = O
O O
7. Composition
8.2 Odd Function (i) E(E) = E
(ii) E(O) = E
A function f (x) is said to be an odd function if f(– x) = – f(x),
" x Œ Df . Geometrically, an odd function is symmetrical (iii) O(E) = E
about the origin. (iv) O(O) = O
Note: Composition of functions will be odd only when
all are odd.
Properties of even and odd functions

1. A function which is both even as well as odd is a
zero function.
i.e. f (x) = 0, " x Œ Df
2. A non-zero constant function is an even function.
i.e. f (x) = c, c π 0 is an even function.
3. Odd function always pass through the origin.
9. Algebra of Even and Odd Functions
4. Even function is many-one function.
Let the even function, odd function and neither even nor odd 5. The derivative of an odd function is even and an even
functions are denoted as E, O and Æ EO function is odd.
1. Addition 6. The integral of an odd function is even and even
(i) E + E = E function is odd.
(ii) O + O = O 7. Inverse of an even function is not defined.
(iii) E + O = EO 8. Every function can be expressed as a sum of an even
(iv) O + E = EO and an odd function.
2. Negativity 1
Let f (x) = __     × (2f (x))
(i) – E = E 2
1
(ii) – O = O = __
     × ((f (x) + f (– x)) + (f (x) – f (– x)))
2
3. Difference
1 1
(i) E – E = E = __
     (f (x) + f (x)) + __
     (f (x) – f (– x))
2 2
(ii) O – O = O
= g(x) + h(x), (say)
(iii) E – O = EO
(iv) O – E = EO =E+O
To prove g(– x) = g(x) & h(– x)

1
Now, g(x) = __
     ( f (x) + f (– x))
2
1
fi g(– x) = __      ( f (– x) + f(x))
2
1
fi g(– x) = __      ( f (x) + f(– x)) = g(x)
2
fi g(x) is an even function.
1
Also, h(x) = __      ( f (x) – f (– x))
2
Let f (x) be defined on [a, b]
1
fi h(– x) = __      ( f (– x) – f (x)) Then its odd extension can be written as
2
1
fi h(– x) = –  __   ( f (x) – f (– x)) = – h(x) Ï f ( x) : a£x£b
2 g(x) = Ì
fi h(x) is an odd function. Ó- f (– x ) : - b £ x < - a
Hence, the result. 11. Periodic Function
10. Even and Odd extensions of a function A function f : R Æ R is said to a periodic func-
tion if there exists a positive real number T such that
10.1 Even Extension f (x + T) = f (x), " x Œ R
Let f (x) be defined on [0, a] The least positive value of T is called the fundamental
Then the even extension of f is defined as period or simply the period of a function.
Geometrically, if the graph of y = f (x) repeat itself after
Ï f ( x) : 0 £ x £ a a fixed interval, then the width of the interval is called the
g(x) = Ì
Ó f (– x ) : - a £ x < 0 period of the function y = f (x).
Geometrically, an even extension of a function is the Example-1. Let y = sin x

mirror image of the graph of f (x) with respect to y-axis.
Since the graph of y = sin x repeats after a fixed interval

2p
Thus, the period of sin x is 2p
Let f (x) be defined on [a, b]. Then its even extension can
be written as
Example-2. Let y = tan x
Ï f ( x) : a £ x £ b
g(x) = Ì
Ó f (– x ) : - b £ x < - a
10.2 Odd Extension
Let f (x) be defined on [0, a]
Then its odd extension is defined as
Ï f ( x) : 0£ x£a
g(x) = Ì
Ó - f (– x ) : -a £ x < -0 Since the graph of y = tan x repeats after a fixed
interval p
Geometrically, odd extension of a function is symmetrical
about the origin. Thus, the period of y = tan x is p
Real Function 1.17
Example-3. Let y = {x} = x – [x] f (x)

(iv)  ____  , g(x) π 0 is the L.C.M of {T1, T2}
  
g(x)
Example-6. Find the period of f (x) = sinx + sin 2x

Sol. Here, the period of sin x = 2p and the period of
2p
sin 2x = ___
    = p
2
Thus, the period of f (x) = L.C.M of {2p, p} = 2p
Example-7. Find the period of f(x) = sin 2x + cos 3x

Since the graph of y = x – [x] repeats after a fixed
interval 1. 2p
Sol. Here, the period of sin 2x = ___
    = p and
So the period of y = x – [x] is 1. 2
2p
the period of cos 3x = ___
    
Basic concepts of L.C.M 3
{ 2p
Thus, the period of f (x) = L.C.M of p , ___ }
     
{ 
L.C.M. of {a, c, e, ...} 3

a
1. L.C.M of __
   ,
b
c
__
   ,
d
e
__
}
    , ...  =
f
 ___________________
   
     
H.C.F. of {b, d, f, ...} 
L.C.M. of {p, 2p} 
= ________________
    
    
2. L.C.M of rational with rational is possible. H.C.F. of {1,3}
3. L.C.M of irrational with irrational is also possible. 2p
4. But L.C.M of rational with irrational is not = ___
    = 2p
1
possible. 3. If f (x) and g(x) both are periodic with periods T1 and T2
5. Two important irrational number are p, e. respectively, and both are even & co-functions and pairwise
Example-4. The L.C.M of comparable funtions, then the period of
(i) f (x) + g(x)
1 1 __
__
    , __
2 3 4 { 
1
}
L.C.M. of {1, 1, 1}
    ,       = __________________
  
   
H.C.F. of {2, 3, 4}
(ii) f (x) – g(x)
(iii) f (x). g(x)
1 f (x) 1
= __
     = 1 (iv)  ____  , g(x) π 0 is the L.C. M of __
        × {T1, T2}
1 g(x) 2
Example-8. Find the period of f (x) = sin4x + cos4x
Properties of periodic functions Sol. Here, the period of sin4x = p and the period of
1. If f (x) is a periodic function with period T then the cos4x = p
period of Since both the functions are periodic, even, co-function
(i) f (a x) as well as both are pairwise comparable functions, so the
(ii) f (ax + b) period of f (x) is
1
(iii) f (ax + b) + c =  __   × L.C.M. of {p, p}
2
T
(iv) df (ax + b) + c is __
      p
|a| = __
    
2
Example-5. The period of Example-9. Find the period of f (x) = cos(cos x) + cos
(i) sin 2x (sin x)
(ii) sin (2x + 3) Sol. Here, the period of cos(cos x) is p and the period of
(iii) sin (2x + 3) + 5 cos(sin x) is also p
2p
(iv) 7 sin (2x + 3) + 5 is  ___  = p Since both the functions are periodic, even, co-function
2 as well as both are pairwise comparable functions, so the
2. If f (x) and g (x) are two periodic functions with periods period of f (x) is
T1 and T2 respectively, then the period of 1
= __
     × L.C.M. of {p, p}
(i) f (x) + g(x) 2
(ii) f (x) – g(x) p
= __
    
(iii) f (x). g(x) 2
4. If f (x) is a periodic functions with period T, then the Thus, the period of cos x is 2p, whereas the period of
period of sin x is also 2p
1
(i)  ____      7. Constant function is periodic having no fundamental
f (x) period.
(ii) k f(x), k Œ R + – {1} 8. Algebraic function is non periodic.
(iii) (f (x))1/n is also T.
____ Note:
Example-10. Find the period of f (x) = ÷ sin
  x  
1. The functions sinn x, cosn x, cosecn x, secn x are
Sol. Since the period of sin x is 2p, so the period of f (x) periodic with period 2p when n is odd and p when
is also 2p n is even.
2015 _____ 2. The functions tann x, cotn x are periodic with periods
Example-11. Find the period of f (x) = ÷cos
 
x   p, whatever n may be.
Sol. Since the period of cos x is 2p, so the period of f (x) 3. The functions |sin x|, |cos x|, |tan x|, |cot x| |cosec x|,
is also 2p |sec x| are periodic with period p.
1
Example-12. Find the period of f (x) = ____
     
  4. The functions |sin x| + |cos x|, |tan x| + |cot x|,
sin x p
| cosec x | + |sec x| are periodic with period  __  
Sol. Since the period of sin x is 2p, so the period of f (x) 2
is also 2p 5. The functions |sin x| – |cos x|, |tan x| – |cot x|,
|cosec x| – |sec x| are periodic with period p.
5. If f (x) is a periodic function with period T and g(x) be ____ _____ _______ _____
a non-periodic function, then g(f (x)) is periodic with period 6. The functions ÷sin  x   , ÷
cos
  , ÷
x   cosec
  and ÷
x   sec
 
x  
T and f (g(x)) is non periodic. are periodic with period 2p.
7. The functions sin–1(sin x), cos–1(cos x) sec–1 (sec x),
Example-13. Find the period of f (x) = sin–1 (sin x) cosec–1 (cosec x) are periodic with period 2p.
Sol. Let h(x) = sin x and g(x) = sin–1x
8. The functions tan–1 (tan x), cot–1 (cot x) are periodic
Thus, the period of h(x) is 2p and g(x) is non-periodic. with period p.
Therefore, the period of f (x) is = 2p
9. The functions sin–1x, cos–1x, tan–1x, cot–1x are non-
Note: 1. The function f (x) = sin (sin–1x) is non-periodic, periodic.
whereas sin x is periodic but sin–1x is non-periodic. 10. The function x –[x] is periodic with period 1.
6. If f (x) is a periodic function with period T then f ¢(x) is 12. Functional Equation

also periodic with period T
It is an equation where the unknown is a function. A func-
Example-14. Find the period of f (x) = sin x tional equation asks for a formula satisfying certain condi-
Sol. We have f ¢(x) = cos x tions. On solving such type of equation we can get one or
more functions as solutions.
Exercises
2x
5. If f (x) =  ______
    , show that, f (tan q) = sin 2q
1 + x2 
(Problems Based on Fundamentals)
Basics Concepts of Real Functions
x
(  )
6. If f (x) = log ____
     
x –1
   , show that,
1. If f (x) = 3x4 – 5x2 + 9, find f (x – 1). f (x + 1) + f (x) = log  _____  (  )
x+1
x–1
  

x
2. If f (x) = _____
     
x+1
1
 , prove that (f (x))3 = f (x3) + 3f __ (  )
 x   (  )
1+x
7. If f (x) = log  _____ 
1–x (  )
2x
   , show that, f  _____
  
1 + x2
   = 2f (x)
(  )
1–x
3. If f (x) = log  _____ 
1+x
   , show that, 8. If f (x) = cos(log e x), find the value of
( 
1
x+y
f (x) + f (y) = f  _____ 
1 – xy
 
   ) f (x) f (y) – __
     ( f (x) + f (y))
2
ax – b
9. If y = f (x) =  ______ 
4. If f(x) = x3 – __
1 1
(  )
  3   , show that, f (x) + f __
x
 x   = 0. bx – a
 , show that x = f (y)
Real Function 1.19
1
10. If for non zero x, af (x) + bf __ (  )
 x   =
1
__
 x  – 5,
3x2 + 9x + 17
(x) f (x) =  ___________
  
   
3x2 + 9x + 7
where a π b, find f (x). 15. Find the domain of each of the following functions
9x _____
11. If f (x) = _____
  x      , then prove that f (x) + f (1 – x) = 1. x  – 2  
(i) f (x) = ÷
9 +3 _____
(  2 tan x
12. If f  ________
1 + tan2 x
   
) 1
   = __
     (1 + cos 2x) (sec2 x + 2 tan x)
2

x  + 5  
(ii) f (x) = ÷
_____
4  – x  
(iii) f (x) = ÷
_____ _____
then find f (x). x  – 2  + ÷
(iv) f (x) = ÷ 4  – x  

_____ _____
ABC of a Real Functions x  – 3  – ÷7  – x  
(v) f (x) = ÷
÷ 
_____
13. Which one of the followings are functions? If so then x–2
find its Domains and Ranges. If not, then find when (vi) f (x) =  _____ 
 
  
5–x
 
it can be a function and also find their Domains and _____
x

Ranges..
(i) y = m x + c

÷_____
(vii) f (x) = _____
     
x–1
  
 
1  – __
(viii) f (x) = ÷
1
(ii) y = 0  x  
 
_____
  x  – 1  
(iii) x = 0
(ix) f (x) = ÷
1
(iv) y = 5 __
_____
  _____
(v) x = 3
(x) f (x) = ÷
x–2
x      
(vi) x2 + y2 = 9
(vii) y2 = 4x 16 Find the domain of each of the following functions
_____
(viii) x2 = 4y (i) f (x) = ÷   – 2  
|x|
_____
x2 y2 4  – |x|  
(ii) f (x) = ÷
(ix)  __   +  __   = 1 _____ _____
9 4 (iii) f (x) = ÷   – 1  + ÷4
|x|   – |x|  
÷ 
2 ______
x 2 y
(x)  ___   –  __   = 1
|x| – 1
(iv) f (x) =  _____     
16 9 3 – |x|
_____
(xi) x2 – y2 = 4 (v) f (x) = ÷   – x  
|x|
(xii) y = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) 1
(vi) f (x) = ______
  _____
     
Domain of Real Functions ÷   – x  
|x|
1
14 Find the domain of each of the following func- (vii) f (x) = _______
  _____
     
tions. x  – |x|  
÷
______
x–2   – x  
(i) f (x) =  _____    (viii) f (x) = ÷
[x]
x+3
1
x+4 (ix) f (x) = _______
  ______
    
(ii) f (x) =  _____      – x  
÷[x]
x–3
1

1
(iii) f (x) = __
 x  – 1 (x) f (x) = _______
  ______
     
÷x  – [x]  
1
(iv) f (x) = __
 x  + 1 Algebraical functions
1

x–1
(v) f (x) =  _________      17. Find the domain of f (x) = ______
       
x2 – 3x + 2 [x – 2]
x+3
x2 – 5x + 4 18. Find the domain of f (x) =  ______   
(vi) f (x) = __________      [x + 1]
x2 – 3x + 2
x2 + x + 1
x2 + 4 19. Find the domain of f (x) =  _________  
 
 
(vii) f (x) = _____
  2  
  [x] – 4
x +2
1
x2 + 9 20. Find the domain of f (x) = _______
  ______
    
(viii) f (x) =  _____    x  – [x]  
÷
x2 – 4
1
x2 + x + 1 21. Find the domain of f (x) = _______
  ______
    
(ix) f (x) =  ________  
  ÷   – x  
[x]
x2 – x + 1
22. Let f (x) = cos[p 2]x + cos[– p 2]x

[  ]
1
39. Prove that [2x] = [x] + x + __
     
2
p
Then find f __
2 (  )
      , f (p)
     ] + [  x + __
40. Prove that [3x] = [x] + [  x + __
1
     ]
2
3 3
23. Find the exact value of
[loge 1] + [loge 2] + [loge 3] + ... + [loge 66]
24. 2
Solve for [x] – 3[x] + 2 = 0

2x2
41. Find the number of integral values of  _____  
x2 + 1
   [  ]
25. Solve for [x] 2 – 2[x] – 8 = 0 42. Solve for x : {x} + {sin x} = 2
26. Find the number of solution of x2 – 4 – [x] = 0 43. If {x} and [x] represent fractional and integral part
27. Find the value of of x respectively, then find the value of
[  ] [  __ 14   + ____ +  __         + ... + [  __

100 ] [ 4 100 ] 4 100 ] ( 
1 1 1 2 1 99
__
      +
4
             + ____      +  ____     2014 {x + r}
     ______
[x] + S
r = 1 2014
   
 
. )
where [,] = G.I.F.
44. Solve for x : 4{x} = x + [x], where {x} and [x] are the
28. Find the value of
[  ] [  ] [ 
fractional and integral part of x respectively.
3
4
1
[1007] + 503  __    + 252 __
5
      + 126  ___     + ...
8 16 ] 45. Solve for x : 2x + 3{x} = 4[x] – 2
29. Solve the equation [sin x] = 0 46. Solve for x : x2 – 4x + [x] + 3 = 0
30. If y = 2[x] + 3 = 3 [x – 2] + 5, then find the value 47. Find the number of values of x satisfying
of [x + y] {x2} + [x4] = 1
______
31. Find the doamin of f (x) = ÷   – 2  
[x] 48. Find the number of solutions of
______ {x} + {tan p x} = 0
4  – [x]  
32. Find the domain of f (x) = ÷ . 49. Find the number of integral values of
{  }
______ ______
33. Find the domain of f (x) = ÷   – 1  + ÷
[x] 3  – [x]   x2 + 1
y =  _____   , 0 £ x £ 2
   
÷ 
______ 2
[x] – 2
34. Find the domain of f (x) =  ______   
   50. Find the values of x satisfying the equation
5 –  [x]
35. Find the value of 2{ 
cos2 x  – 2
 ________
   
1
  = __
    
4 }
[  ]
sin2 x
(i)  _____
2
   
 
51. Find the domain of the function
f (x) = ÷
2{x}
______________
  2 – 3{x}  
+ 1 , x > 0
[  (  ) ]
p
(ii) sin2 __
      x 
2
Trigonometric functions
52. Find the max and min values of
(iii) [ cos ( __

f (x) = 3 sin x + 4 cos x + 10
     ) x ]
p
2
53. Find the range of f (x) = sin x + cos x + 3
2
54. Let A = sin4 q + cos4 q, then find A
 [  ]
cos2 x
(iv) _____
2014
   
. 55. Find the max and min values of
f (q) = sin6q + cos6q
36. Find the set of values of x satisfying 56. If A = cos2q + sin4q and B = cos4q + sin2q such that
[sin x] + [cos x] = 1, " x Œ [0, 2p] m1 = Max of A and m2 = Min of B then find the
37. If x satisfies the equation value of m12 + m22 + m1m2
[x + 0.19] + [x + 0.20] + [x + 0.21] + ... + [x + 0.22] 57. Find the max and min values of
+ ... + [x + 0.91] = 542
f (q) = sin2 (sin q) + cos2 (cos q)
Then find the value of [100x]
38. Find the value of 58. Find the minimum value of
f (q) = (3 sin(q) – 4 cos(q) – 10)
2015
_____
2 [  ] [  ] [  ] [  ]
2016
  + _____
           
4
2018
  + _____
     
8
2022
  +  _____
16
   
  + ... (3 sin(q) + 4 cos(q) – 10)
Real Function 1.21
59. Find the range of A = sin2010q + cos2014q 79. Find the domain of the function
x2 sin2 x + 4
60. Find the minimum value of f (x) =  _________
  
   , where
2–x
x–4 ( 
f(x) = log1/2  _____ 
   
)
(  )
p x sin x
__
x Œ 0,      
2 80. Find the domain of the function
Exponential functions f (x) = log10 (1 – log10 (x2 – 5x + 16))

x
 __   – 1
61. Find the domain of f (x) = e 2 81. Find the domain of the function
62. Find the domain of f (x) = | ex – 2 | f (x) = log10 ((log10 x2) – 5log10x + 6)
63. Find the domain of f (x) = | e|x| – 2 | 82. Find the domain of the function
|  1
64. Find the domain of f (x) = e– |x| – __
     
2 | ( 
1
f (x) = log ______
     
x – [x]
   . )
÷ 
_______
1
65. Find the domain of f (x) = e–|x|  – __
         83. Find the number of real solutions of
2 
2 – x – log e x = 0
66. Find the domain of f (x) = (e2x + ex + 1)
Equal Functions
67. Find the domain of f (x) = (ex + 1)2 + 3
84. Let f : {1, 2} Æ {1, 4} and g : {1, 2} Æ {1, 4} such
68. Find the domain of f (x) satisfying ex + e f (x) = e that f (x) = x2 & g(x) = 3x – 2 Is f = g?
69. Find the number of solutions of x2
85. Let f (x) = x and g(x) =  __
x   Is f = g?
2x + 3x + 4x – 5x = 0.
__
70. Find the number of solutions of 1 + 3x/2 = 2x x  2   Is f = g?
86. Let f (x) = x & g(x) = ÷
Logarithmic functions 87. Let f (x) = 2logx & g(x) = log(x2) Is f = g?
f (x) = log2 (x2 – 4x + 3)

x–1
x–2 ( 
88. Let f (x) = log  _____ 
   
and )
72. Find the domain of the function g(x) = log(x – 1) – log (x – 2). Is f = g?
÷ 
x
__
_________
f (x) = e  2  – 1 + log(l – x) + x1001 1 – cos  2x
89. Let f (x) = sin x & g(x) =  ________
    
Is f = g?
 
2
( 
Classification of Functions
f (x) = log _____
x
     
x–2
   ) 90. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5}
74. Find the domain of the function Then find the total number of one-one function
1 between two sets A and B.
f (x) = ________
       
log(x – 2) 91. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {p, q, r}
75. Find the domain of the functions Then find the total number of function between
A and B.
log(l – x) 92. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B {a, b, c, d, e}
f (x) =  __________
      
x2 – 3x + 2  Then find the number of one-one function between
A and B.
93. Let a function f : A Æ B, where A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and
log(3 – x) B = {3, 4, 5, 6} such that f (1) = 3. Then find the
f (x) =  _________     number of one-one function between A to B.
x2 – 5x + 4
94. Let a function f : A Æ B, where A = {1, 2, 3} and
77. Find the domain of the function B = {4, 5, 6} such that f (1) π 4. Then find the number
1 of one-one function between A to B.
f (x) = __________
       
log (9 – x2)  95. Let a function f : A Æ B, where
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {6, 7, 8}
78. Find the domain of the function such that a < b fi f (a) < f (b),
_____ _____
+ ÷3  – x ) 
f (x) = log1/2 (÷x  – 1   where a Œ A & b Œ B.
Then find the number of one-one function between 113. Find the number of bijective functions between two
A to B. sets A and B, where A = {a, b, c, d, e} and B = {p,
q, r, s, t}
96. Find the number of many-one function between two
sets A = {3, 4, 5} and B = {2, 3, 4, 5}. 114. Find the number of bijective functions between two
sets A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {5, 6, 7, 8} such that
97. Find the number of many-one function between two f (1) = 5.
sets A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 4, 5}.
Inverse of a Function
98. Find the number of many-one function between
two sets A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5, 6} such that 115. A function f : R Æ R is defined as f(x) = 3x + 5. Find
f (1) π 4 f –1(x).
99. A function f : R – {– 1} Æ R – {1} is defined as 116. A function f : (0, •) Æ (2, •) is defined as f (x) = x2
x + 2. Find f –1(x).
f (x) = _____
      . prove that f is onto function.
x+1 x2
1 117. A function f : R + Æ [0, 1] is defined as f (x) =  _____  
 .
100. Let a function f : R Æ A is defined as f (x) =  _____
2
  
 . 2
x +1
–1
x +1 Find f (x).
If f is onto function, then find the set of values of
A. 118. A function f : [1, •) Æ [1, •) is defined as
x2
101. Let a function f : A Æ B is defined as f (x) =  _____
2
  
 . f(x) = 2x(x – 1). Find f –1 (x).
x +1
If f is onto function, then find the set of values of 10x – 10 –x
119. If a function f is bijective such that f (x) =  _________   
 .
A « B. 10x + 10 – x
–1
Find f (x)
102. Find the number of onto function between two sets
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5} 120. A function f : R Æ R is defined as f (x) = x + sinx.
Find f –1(x)
103. Find the number of onto function between two sets
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5, 6} 121. A function f : [2, •) Æ [5, •) is defined as
f (x) = x2 – 4x + 9. Find its inverse.
104. Find the number of onto function between two sets A
122. Find all the real solutions to the equation
and B where A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {6, 7, 8}.
÷ 
_____
1 1
105. Find the number of into function between two sets x2 –  __   = x + __
   
   .
A and B, where A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5}. 4 4
106. Find the number of into function between two sets 123. For what values of m is f (x) = (m + 2)x3 – 3mx2 + 9m
A and B where A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {5, 6, 7}. x – 1 is invertible?
_________________________
107. Find the number of into functions between two sets A   –  x3  +  3bx2   
124. Let f (x) = 3÷a    –  3bx + b3  +  b . Find b,
and B where A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {6, 7, 8}. if f (x) is inverse of itself.
108. A function f : R Æ R is defined as f (x) = 3x + 5.
Prove that f is a bijective function. Inverse Trigonometric Functions
109. A function f : R + Æ (1, •) is defined as f (x) = x2 + 1. 125. Find the domain of f (x) = sin– 1 (3x + 4)
Prove that the function is bijective. 126. Find the domain of f (x) = cos– 1 (4x + 5).
1 127. Find the domains of
110. A function f : R + Æ (0, 1) is defined as f (x) =  _____
   .
x2 + 1
Prove that f is a bijective function. x
f (x) = cos–1 __ (  ) 1
     – 1  + ex + ______
2
       
|x – 1|
1 1
( 
111. A function f : R Æ –  __  , __
2 2 )
      is defined as 128. Find the domains of
x
f (x) =  _____
   
x2 + 1
 , " x Œ (–1, 1). Prove that f (x) is a
|x| – 3
f (x) = cos–1  _____
5 ( 
   
1
  +  _____
ex + 1 )
   
bijective function. 129. Find the domains of

112. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {2, 3, 4} then find
the number of one-one onto functions between A
and B.
1– |x|
2 (  ) ( 
f (x) = sin–1  _____
   
ex – 1
  +  ______
ex + 1
  )
   
+ 2015
Real Function 1.23
131. Find the domain of

 
3
130. Find the domain of f (x) = cos–1 __________( 
     
4 + 2 sin x ) 146. If the roots of
(c – 1)(x2 + x + 1)2 – (c + 1)(x4 + x2 + 1) = 0 are
1–x
real and distinct and f(x) =  _____ 
(  )
 , then find the value
1 + x2
(  (  ) )
f (x) = sin–1  _____
   
 
  + cos(sin x). 1+x
1
2x of f (f (x)) + f f __         .
–1
2
132. Find the domains of f (x) = sin (log2 x).
133. Find the domains of f (x) = sin–1(log4 x2). ( 
p
) p
( 
147. If f (x) = sin x + sin2 x +  __    + cos x cos x +  __   
2
3 3 )
134. Find the domains of
(  )
and g __
5
      = 1, then find (go f)(x)
4
( 
1
f (x) = sin–1 ______
  2    
|x – 1|
  
) 148. Let f (x) = 1 + x2. Find a function g(x) such that
f (g(x)) = 1 + x2 – 2x3 + x4
Composition of Functions 149. Let g(x) = 1 + x – [x] and
135. Let two real functions f and g are defined as Ï- 1 : x < 0
f : R Æ R, f (x) = x2 + 1 and g : R Æ R, f (x) = x – 1. Ô
f (x) = Ì 0 : x = 0 then for all x, find f (g(x))
Determine fog & go f. Ô 1 : x>0
Ó
136. Find fog and go f for the functions f (x) = sin x and a x
_____ 150 Let f (x) = _____
      , x π –1 then for what value of a is
x+1
g(x) = ÷x  – 2  
f (f (x)) = x?
137. Find the domain of the function fog, where
_____
x  – 3  and g(x) = x2 + 1.
f (x) = ÷ Even and Odd Functions
__ Determine the nature of each of the following functions.
2
( 
138. Find fog, where f (x) = ÷
x 
    and g(x) = x – 1.
139. A function f (x) is defined as

3x – 1
151. f (x) = x  ______
3x + 1
 
   
)
2
f (x) = (a – xn)1/n, x > 0, n Œ I + 152. f (x) = x sin (x + 1)
1
Then find f(f (x)) + f f __(  (  ) )
 x     . 153. f (x) = tan–1 ( sin(cos–1(x)) )
154. f (x) = sin x + cos x
( 
140. Find the number of distinct real solutions of the
equation f ( f ( f (x) ) ) = 0, where f (x) = x2 – 1 155. (x) = _____
x
e –1 2
x
  + __
  x          + 1  )
ÔÏ x 2 : x ≥ 0
141. If f (x) = Ì and g(x) = – |x|, x Œ R ( 
3–x
156. f (x) = log _____ 
3+x
  
  )
ÔÓ x : x < 0 _____
157. f (x) = log( x + ÷x  2 + 1  
  )
Then find fog & go f
_________ _________
x  2 – x + 1 
158. f (x) = ÷   x  2 + x + 1 
–÷  
142. A function f is defined as
159. Determine the nature of the function
( 
Ï1 + x : x ≥ 0
f(x) = Ì
Óx - x : x < 0
. Then find fo f 2–x
f (x) = x sin2 x + tan(x5) + log  _____ 
2+x
   . )
143. Let f : R + Æ R be defined as f (x) = x2 – x + 2 and 2 7
g : [1, 2] Æ [1, 2] be defined as g(x) = {x} + 1, where f (x) = (tan(x5))ex sgn(x )

{,} = Fractional part function. If the domain and 161. Determine the nature of the function
range of f (g(x)) are [a, b] and [c, d), then find the _____
x2 (log(x + ÷x  2+ 1  
))
b __
value of  __
d f (x) =  ___________________
       7  
a  +  c . 2
(x cos x + tan x + x )
144. If g is the inverse of f and f ¢(x) = sin x, find g¢(x). 162 Determine the nature of the function
_____
1
145. If g(x) = ____
      
1 – x
and g2 (x) = g(g(x)) and g3 (x) = g(g(g(x))), (  ( 
sin tan log( x + ÷x  2 + 1  
f (x) =  ____________________________
_____     
   
  )   
 
))
then find the range of g2016 (x). ÷ x  2 + 1  + sin(cos x) + cos(sin x)  
163. Express the function f (x) = 4sin x as a sum of an even 183. Let f : R – {0} Æ R be any real function such that
and an odd function.
2015
1
f (x) + 3f __ (  )
 x   = 5x. Find f (x).
164. Express the function f (x) = (1 + x) as a sum of
an even and an odd function. 184. Let 2f (sin x) + 3f (cos x) = 5, " x Œ R. Find f (x).
185. Let a function f saisfy f (x + 1) = f (x) + x, " x Œ N
ÔÏ x + x 2 : 0 £ x < 3
165. Let f (x) = Ì where f (1) = 0. Find f (x).
ÔÓ x + x : 3 < x £ 5
186. Suppose f is real function satisfying f (x + f (x)) = 4f (x)
Then find its even and odd extension. and f(1) = 4
166. Let f (x) = x + e x + sin x be defined on [0, 2]. Then Then find f(5).
find its even and odd extension. 187. Find all polynomial P(x) which satisfy the relation
167. Let f (x) = x2 + x + sin x – cos x + loge (1 + x) be P(x + 1) = P(x) + 2x + 1, where P(0) = 0
defined on [0, 1]. Find its even and odd extension in 188. Find the natural number ‘a’ for which
the interval [– 1, 1]
n
Periodicity of functions S    f (a + k) = 16 (2 n – 1), where f satisfies the
k =1
168. Find the period of f (x) = 3 sin 4x + 4 cos 3x
relation f (x + y)
169. Find the period of f (x) = 3 sin 4x + 4 |sin 4x|
= f (x). f (y) for all x, y are in N and f (1) = 2.
170. Find the period of f (x) = sin x. cosec x
189. Let a polynomail function f satisfies the relation
171. Find the period of f (x) = tan x. cot x.
172. Find the period of
f (x) + f __
1
(  ) 1
(  )
 x   = f (x). f __
 x   for all x Œ R – {0}
__ __
  x  ) + 7 cos (3÷  2  x).
f (x) = 5 sin (2÷2  Then find f(x).
173. Find the period of 190. If f (x) is a polynomial function of x, satisfying

__ __
f (x). f (y) = f (x) + f (y) + f (xy) – 2 such that f (1) = 2
  x  ) + 2 cos (5÷3 
f (x) = 3 sin (2÷3    x  ).
and f (2) = 5, then find the value of f (6) + 2009.
174. Find the period of 191. If P(x) be a polynomial satisfying the identity
(  ( 
p p P(x2) + 2x2 + 10x = 2x P(x + 1) + 3, find P(x).
3 )
f (x) = sin2 x + sin2 x +  __    – cos x cos x + __
     
3 ) 192. If f(x) is a polynomial of degree 2 such that
|sin x + cos x| f (0) = 1 and f (x + 2) = f (x) + 4x + 2, find the poly-
175. Find the period of f (x) =  ______________
  
     nomial f (x).
|sin x| + |cos x|  
|sin x + cos x|
176. Find the period of f (x) =  _____________
  
     (Mixed Problems)
|sin x| – |cos x| 
Choose the most appropriate one
(  )
1 |sin x| _____ sin x _____
177. Find the period of f (x) = __
       _____  +        1. If f (x) = ÷   – 1| 
|x  and g(x) = sin x, then (fog)(x) =
2 cos x |cos x|
______
(a) sin ÷   – 1|  
|x   (b) |sin x/2 – cos x/2|
178. Find the period of f (x) = 3 sin {2x} + 2 cos {3x}
(c) |sin x – cos x| (d) None of these
( 
179. Let f (x) + f (x + 3) = 5 for all x in R. Prove that f (x)
is periodic with period 6.
180. Find the period of the function ‘f ’ which satisfy the

f (x) =
x1 + x 2
2. If f (x1) + f (x2) = f ________
   
1 + x1 x 2
  )
   , x1x2 Œ (–1, 1), then
(  (  )
equation f (x + 4) + f (x – 4) = f (x)
181. If f is a function satisfying the equation

1–x
(a) log  _____ 
1+x )
  
1–x
(b) tan–1  _____ 
1+x
  
__
(  ) (  _____ 
1 – x)
f (x – 1) + f(x + 1) = ÷2      f (x), then prove that f (x) is 2x 1+x
periodic with period 8. (c) log  _____
      (d) tan–1   
1 + x2
182. Let f (x + 1) + f (x + 5) = f (x + 3) + f (x + 7) for
2x + 2– x
all x in R. Prove that f (x) is periodic Functional 3. If f (x) =  ________
   , then f (x + y) f (x – y) =
Equation. 2
Real Function 1.25
1 (a) One-one (b) Onto

(a)  __   [ f (x + y) + f (x – y)]
2 (c) One-one onto (d) Many-one into
1
(b)  __   [ f (2x) + f (2y)] 12. If f (x) and g(x) are two functions of x such that
2 f (x) + g(x) = ex and f (x) – g(x) = e–x then
1
(c)  __   [ f (x + y). f (x – y)] (a) f (x) is an odd function
2
(d) None of these (b) g(x) is an odd function
÷  ( 
__________

1
4. The domain of the function f (x) = log _____
     
|sin x|
 
     is )

(c) f (x) is an even function
(d) g(x) is an even function

(a) R – {– p , p}
(c) R – {2np /n Œ Z}
(b) R – {np /n Œ Z}
(d) (– •, •)
(  )
px px
(  )
13. The period of the function sin  ___    + cos  ___    is
2 2
10x – 10 – x (a) 4 (b) 6
5. The inverse of the function f (x) =  __________
      is
10x + 10 – x (c) 12 (d) 24
(  )
1 1+x 14. The domain of definition of the function y(x) is given
(a) log10 (2 – x) (b)  __   log10 _____
      by the equation 2x + 2y = 2 is
2 1–x
(a) 0 < x £ 1 (b) 0 £ x £ 1
(d)  __   log (  _____
2 – x)
1 1 2x
(c)  __   log10 (2x – 1) 10    
  (c) – • < x £ 0 (d) – • < x < 1
2 4 2
15. Suppose f(x) = (x + 1) for x ≥ – 1. If g(x) is the func-
6. Domain of the function tion whose graph is reflection of the graph of f (x)
_________________________ with respect to the line y = x, then g(x) equals :
f (x) = ÷   0.5(3x – 8)    
log – log0.5 (x2 + 4)  is

__
    – 1, x ≥ 0
(a) – ÷x 
1
(b)  _______
     , x > – 1
(  ) ( 
(x + 1)2

8
(a) __
    , • 
3
8
(b) – •, __
     
3 )
__
(c) ÷x     + 1, x ≥ – 1
__
(d) ÷ x   –1, x ≥ 0
x
(c) (– •, •) (d) (0, •) 16. If f : [0, •) Æ [0, •) and f(x) = ____     , then f is
1 + x
7. The domain of the function (a) One-one and onto
f (x) = 16 – xC2x – 1 + 20 – 3xP4x – 5 (b) One-one but not onto
(a) {2, 3} (b) {2, 3, 4} (c) Onto but not one-one
(d) Neither one-one nor onto
(c) {1, 2, 3, 4} (d) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
17. Let f (x) = |x – 1|. Then
x2 – x + 1
8. Range of the function f (x) =  __________
     (a) f (x2) = (f (x))2 (b) f(x + y) = f (x) + f (y)
x2 + x + 1
(c) f (|x|) = |f (x)| (d) None of these
(a) R (b) [3, •)
18. Let function f : R Æ R be defined by

1
(c) __[  ]
    , 3 
3
(d) None of these f (x) = 2x + sin x for x Œ R. Then f is:
(a) One-one and onto
9. Function f : R Æ R, f (x) = x3 + 7 is (b) One-one but not onto
(a) One-one onto (b) One-one into (c) Onto but not one-one
(c) Many-one onto (d) Many one into (d) Neither one-one nor onto
10. Let f : (– 1, 1) Æ B be a function defined by 19. Let f (q) = sin q (sin q + sin3q). Then f (q)
(  )
2x (a) ≥ 0 only when q ≥ 0 (b) £ 0 for all real q
f (x) = tan–1  _____
      then f is both one-one and onto (c) ≥ 0 for all real q (d) £ 0 only when q £ 0
1 – x2
when B is in the interval 1
20. If : [1, •) Æ [2, •) is given by f (x) = x + __
 x  then
[  ]
p p
(a) –  __  ,  __   
2 2 ( 
p p
(b) –  __  , __
2 2 )
      f –1(x) =
______
(  )
(c) 0, __
p
     
2
p
2 )
(d) 0,   __   
x + ÷x  2 – 4  
(a)  _________
2
 
     
x
(b)  _____
   
1 + x2
 
_____
11. If A = {x| –1 £ x £ 1} = B and f : A Æ B _____
x – ÷x  2 – 4  
f (x) = sin(p x), then f is (c)  ________       (d) 1 + ÷x  2 – 4 
 
2
1 ___________
21. If f (x) = cos(log x), then (c)  __   (1 + ÷1  + 4 log  2 x)  (d) Not defined
2
1 x
f (x) f (y) – __
2 y [  (  )
     f __ ]
     + f(xy)  has the value
29. Let f (x) =  _____
ax
x+1
   , x π – 1. Then, for what value of a
1 is f (f (x))?
(a) – 1 (b)  __   __ __
2
  
(a) ÷2    
(b) – ÷2 
(c) – 2 (d) None of these
(c) 1 (d) – 1
log2 (x + 3) 30. Which of the following function is periodic
22. The domain of definition of f(x) = __________
  2      is
x + 3x + 2 (a) f (x) = x – [x] where [x] denotes the greatest
(a) R/{– 1, – 2} (b) (– 2, •) integer less than or equal to the real number x
(c) R/{– 1, – 2, – 3} (d) (– 3, •)/{– 1, 2}

1
(b) f (x) = sin __ (  )
 x   for x π 0, f (0) = 0
23. Let f(x) = (1 + b2)x2 + 2bx + 1 and let m(b) be the (c) f (x) = x cos x
minimum value of f (x). As b varies, the range of (d) None of these
x
m(b) is
31. Let f : (0, •) Æ R and F (x) = Ú      f (t) dt.
(a) [0, 1] [  ] 1
(b) 0,  __   
2
0
[  ]
2 2
1 If F(x ) = x (1 + x), then f (4) equals:
__
(c)     , 1  (d) (0, 1]
2 (a) 5/4 (b) 7
24. The domain of definition of the function (c) 4 (d) 2
1 _____ __ 2
y = __________
  x  + 2 
      + ÷  is: 32. If g(f (x)) = |sin x| and f(g(x) = (sin ÷x 
  )  , then:
log10 (1 – x) 2 __
(a) f (x) = sin x, g(x) = ÷
x 
   
(a) (– 3, – 2) excluding – 2.5
(b) f (x) = sin x, g(x) = |x|
(b) [0, 1] excluding 0.5 __
(c) f(x) = x2, g(x) = sin ÷ x 
   
(c) (– 2, 1) excluding 0
(d) f and g can not be determined
(d) None of these.
33. Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4} and F = {1, 2}. Then the number
25. Let g(x) = 1 + x – [x] and of onto functions from E to F is :
Ï- 1, x < 0 (a) 14 (b) 16
Ô
f (x) = Ì 0, x = 0 , then for all x, f (g(x)) = (c) 12 (d) 8
Ô 1, x > 0
Ó 34. If f (x) = cos [p2] x + cos [– p2] x, where [x] stands
(a) x (b) 1 for the greatest integer function, then:
(c) (x) (d) g(x)
–1
26. If f (x) = 3x – 5, then f (x)
p
(  )
(a) f __
      = –1
2
(b) f (p) = 1
(  )
1
(a) Is given by ______
        (c) f (– p) = 0
p
(d) f __
      = 1
3x – 5 4
x  +  5 2x – 1
(b) Is given by _____
       35. If S is the set of all real x such that  ____________   
   
3 2x3 + 3x2 + x
is positive, then S contains:
(c) Does not exist because f is not one-one
(d) Does not exist because f is not onto (  ) 3

(a) – •, –  __   
2 (  )
3 1
(b) –  __  , –  __   
2 4
x2 + x + 2
(c) ( –  __  , __ (d) ( __
27. Range of the function f (x) =  _________
4 2)
    , 3 )
;  x Œ R is
     1 1 1
x2 + x + 1      
2
(a) (1, •) (b) (1, 11/7) 36. Domain of definition of the function
(c) (1, 7/3] (d) (1, 7/5)
÷ 
_____________
p
28. If the function f : [1, •) Æ [1, •) is defined by + __
f (x) = sin–1 (2x)         for real valued x, is
6
f (x) = 2x(x – 1), then f – 1(x) is:
(  )
1 x(x – 1)
(a) __
     
2

1 ___________
(b)  __   (1 + ÷1  + 4 log  
2 2 x)  
[  ]
1 1
(a) –  __  , __
4 2
      [  ]
1 1
(b) –  __  , __
2 2
     
Real Function 1.27
( 
1
(c) –  __  ,
1
__
)
      [  __ 14   ]
1
(d) –  __  ,
2x(sin x + tan x)
44. Let f(x) = _______________
    
    . Then the function f(x)

2 9
37. For a positive integer n, let
4
is [ 
x + 21p
2  _______
p    
 
  ]
– 41
( 
(a) odd (b) even
q
2 )
f n (q) = t an  __     (1 + sec q )(1 + sec 2q ) (c) periodic (d) None.
(1 + sec 4q) ... (1 + sec 2nq) then:
45. Let f: [– 2, 2] Æ R, where
(  ) p
(a) f 2 ___
       = 1 (  ) p
(b) f 3 ___
       = 1
16 32 x2 + 1
f(x) = x3 + sin x +  _____[  ]
a   
   be an odd function. Then
(c) f ( ___ (d) f ( ____
p p
      ) = 1
128 )
4 5       = 1 the set of values of ‘a’ is
64
(a) R (b) (– •, 5)
38. If f (x) = sin x + cos x, g(x) = x2 – 1, then g(f (x)) is (c) (5, •) (d) [– 5, 5]
invertible in the domain:
46. Let A = {a1,........, a5} and B = {y1,........, y5}. Then
[  ]p
(a) 0, __
     
2 [ 
p
(b) –  __  ,
4
p
__
]
     
4
the number of one-one functions of
f : A Æ B such that f(xi) π yi, i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 is
(c) [ –  __  ,  __   ]
p p
(d) [0, p] (a) 40 (b) 44
2 2
(c) 24 (d) 60
39. The range of the function
47. The number of bijective functions of f : A Æ A, where
f : [0, 1] Æ R, f (x) = x3 – x2 + 4x + 2 sin–1 x is A = {1, 2, 3} such that f(1) π 3, f(2) π 1, f(3) π 2
is
(a) [– p – 2, 0] (b) [2, 3]
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) [0, 4 + p] (d) (0, 2 + p] (c) 9 (d) None
40. The range of the function 48. The number of onto functions from A to B where
________ ________ A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {3, 4, 5} is
f (x) = ÷  
sin(cos x) 
  +÷  
cos(sin x) 
  is
______ (a) 100 (b) 120
 
(a) Î1, 1 + ÷cos(1)  ˚ 
______ ______ (c) 140 (d) 150
 
(b) Î÷cos(1) , 1 + ÷   (1) ˚ 
cos  1
______ ______ 49. The domain of the function f(x) = __________
  _________
      is
______
  (1)  
(c) Î÷cos ,1+÷   (1) ˚ 
sin  ÷  ÷
x–1
  – 3  
81   
______
  (1) ˚ 
(d) Î1, 1 + ÷sin  (a) {2, 3} (b) {3, 4}
(c) (2, 3) (d) (3, 4)
sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + sin 7x
41. If f (x) = ____________________________
      , then the
    
cos x + cos 3x + cos 5x + cos 7x 50. The domain of the function
period of f (x) is
f(x) = logs (4 – x) (x – 1) – sin–1 [2x – 3] is
p p (a) (1, 2) (b) (1, 2.5)
(a)  __    (b)  __  
4 3 (c) (1, 1.5) (d) (3, 4).
p
__
(c)       (d) p
2
42. If the period of f (x) = cos (x + 4x + 9x + ... + n2 x) (Problems for JEE-Advanced)
p
is __
     then the value of n, n Œ N, is
7 (  )
1
1. If 2f(x) + 3f __
 x   = x – 3, x π 0, find f(x)
(a) 2 (b) 3
2. If f(x) + 2f(1 – x) = x2 + 2, " x Œ R, find f(x).
(c) 4 (d) 5
43. Let f (x) = [sin 3x] + |cos 6x|, where [,] = G.I.F. Then 3. If f(2x + 3y, 2x – 7y) = 20x, find f(x, y).
the period of f (x) is 4. If f(x) is a polynomial function satisfying

(a) p /3
(c) p /6
(b) 2p /3
(c) p /12 (  )
1
f(x) + f __ (  ) 1
 x   = f(x). f __
 x   and f(3) = 28, find f(4).
÷ 
_______
5. If f(x + y, x – y) = xy, find the arithmetic mean of [x] – 1
f(x) =  ______     
, where [,] = G.I.F
f(x, y) and f(y, x). 4 – [x]
2F(n) + 1 22. Find the domain of f(x) = sin–1(log2 x)

6. If F(n + 1) =  ________ n Œ N and F(1) = 2, find
  , 
(  )
2
1 + x2
the value of F(2015) 23. Find the domain of f(x) = sin–1  _____
   
 
 
2x
(  (  ) )
7. If f(x) = cos(log e x), find the value of
x2
24. Find the domain of f(x) = cos–1 log2  __     
1
f(x). f(y) – __
x
     __
2 {  (  ) }
 y   + f(x y)  2
8. If f(x + 1) + f(x – 1) = 2f(x) and f(0) = 0 then find 25. Find the domain of
f(n), n Œ N.
(  )
4x 1 f(x) = log4 (log5(log3 (18x – x2 – 77)))
9. Let f(x) =  _____      
, find the value of f _____
      
  + f
4x + 2 2015 __________________
26. 1  – logx log
Find the domain of f(x) = ÷    
x
2 (4 – 12) 
(  ) (  )
2
_____ 3
_____
(  )
2014
_____
        + f         + .... + f  
2015 2015 2015
   .
27. Find the domain of the function y = f(x) where
4 2
3y + 2x = 24x – 3
(  1
10. Let f x + __ )
 x   = x2 + __
1
  2   , x π 0, find f(x)
x 28. Find the domian of definitions of
(  ( 
______
))
n – 1 m
    f(r), find S    f (n)
11. Let f(1) = 1 and f(n) = 2 S ÷ 4  – x2  
r = 1 r = 1 f(x) = sin loge  ______    
   
1–x
12. Consider the function f(x) and g(x) are defined as
f(x) = (x + 1) (x2 + 1) (x4 + 1)... (x2
2007
+ 1) and 29. Find the domain of the function
2008
g(x) (x2 – 1) = (f(x)–1), find g(2). f(x) = (x12 – x9+ x4 – x + 1) –1/2
13. If f(x – 1) = x2 – 1, find f(x). 30. Find the range of the function f(x) = x2 + x + 1
8
14. Let f be a function such that f  _______
__    
( 
__    = x,
÷ 1   + ÷ x   )
x2
31. Find the range of the function f(x) =  _____
x2 + 1
  
 
for all x ≥ 0, find the value of f(4). x2

32. Find the range of the function f(x) =  _____
4
  
 
15. Find the natural domain of the function x +1
_____ 1 33. Find the range of the function
f(x) = ÷ + ______
1  – x     _____
    
1  + x  
÷ x2 + x + _1
16. Find the domain of the function f(x) =   _________
     
x4 + x2 + 1 
_____ _____
f(x) = ÷ + ÷5  – x   
x  – 2   x2 – x + 1
34. Find the range of the function f(x) =  _________
     
x2 + x + 1
_____ ______ 35. Find the range of the function
f(x) = log2 ( ÷x  – 2  + ÷4  – x   ) 
_____ _____
f(x) = log2 (÷x  – 2   4  – x   
 + ÷ )
1
log(3 – x) 36. Find the range of the function f(x) = x2 + _____
  2    
 
f(x) =  ___________
2
  
   . x +1
x   – 3x + 2
_____ _____ 37. Find the range of the function
19. Find the domian of f(x) = ÷   – 1 
|x| 3  – |x| 
 + ÷  
1
_____ f(x) = x4 + 4x2 + ___________
  4       + 10
÷   – 1 
|x|   x + 4x2 + 9
20. Find the domain of f(x) =  _______
_____      
4  – |x| 
÷  
38. Find the range of the function
21. Find the domain of
Real Function 1.29
f(x) = log2 ( log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4) )

( 
2x(sin17 x + tan99 x)
f(x) =   ________________
[ 
x + 21p
2 ______
  p    ]
  
  
   – 41 )
   , [x] £ x
cos2 x + 1
f(x) = sin  ________
2
–1
   
 (  ) 55. Find the inverse of the functions
_______
__
40 Find the range of the function x  + ÷x 
f (x) = ÷ where f : [0, •) Æ [0, •)
    , 
f(x) = 2x + 3x + 4x + 2– x + 3 – x + 4 – x + 10
56. Find the inverse of the functions

42.
f(x) = 3 tan2 x + 12 cot2 x + 5
Find the range of the function
1
f(x) = 4x3 – 3x, where f : __ [  ]
    , 1  Æ [– 1, 1]
2
__ ________________________
f(x) = ÷     sin x + cos x + 4
3  a  – x3 + 3x2    
57. Let f(x) = 3÷ – 3bx + b3 + b  .
1 Find b if f(x) is the inverse of itself.
f(x) = _______________________
           ax + 1
2 cos2 x + 4 sin x cos x + 4   58. Find the value of a so that f(x) =  ______  is identical
(  )
x+3
x2 with f –1(x)
44. Find the range of the function f(x) = cos–1  _____  
  
1 + x2
59. Determine the nature of the function f (x), where f (x)
45. Find the range of the function satisfying the relation f(x + y) + f (x – y) = 2f (x).
( 
_______
)
f(y)
  2 + 1  
÷ 2x
f(x) = cos   ________
–1  
   
  60. If f is a polynomial function satisfying 2 + f(x). f(y)
x2 + 1 = f(x) + f(y) + f(xy) for all x, y in R and if f(2) = 5,
then find f(f (2))
46. Find the range of the function 61. If f (x) is symmetrical about x = a and x = b, then
[  ] [  ]
1 1 find the period of f (x).
f(x) = sin–1 x2 +  __    + cos–1 x2 –  __    where [,] =
2 2 62. Find the number of integral values of a for which the
G.I.F
function f (x) = log(log1/3 (log7(sin x + a))) be defined
47. Find the range of the function for every real value of x.
x2 + 2x + 3
f(x) =   _________
x     , 
x>0 63. Find the domain of the function

2
(  (  1
f(x) = log2 – log1/2 1 +  ___
x1/4 ) )
      – 1 

x +x+2 64. Find the domain of the function
f(x) =  _________   where x Œ R
 
x2 + x + 1 f(x) = log2 (log3 (log4 (tan–1x)2))
x
e
49. Find the range of the function f(x) =  ______
     65. Find the domain of the function
1 + [x]
{x}
50. Find the range of the function f(x) = _______
 
1 + {x}
  
 , where
1
( 
f(x) = sin–1 ______
|x – 1| ) 1
   + _________________
  2       ________________
     
  x + sin x  
÷ sin 2
+ 1   
{,} = F.PF 66. Find the domain of the function
51. Find the range of the function 1
f(x) = __________________
  ________________
      
p
f(x) = 2 cos x + sec2 x, x Œ 0,  __   
2 (  )   – |x – 10x  
÷ 4x 2
+ 9| 
52. Find the range of the function 67. Find the domain of the function f(x)
p
f(x) = 3 tan x + cot3 x, x 0, __
     
2 (  ) _______________________
  –1 |sin x| –   
= ÷sin cos–1 |cos x|   for all x [0, 2p]
2
sin4 xe x
÷  ( 
____________
f(x) =  __________
)
  
   , where [,] = G.I.F
[ 
x + 3p
_____
  p   
5
__
   –     
2 ] 3x – x2
f(x) = log0.5  ______
   
x – 1 
    
54. Determine the nature of the function 69. Find the domain of the function
(  )
f(x) = log7 log5( log3( log2 (2x3 + 5x2 – 14x) ) )  86. If f(x) = ax + b and f ( f( f (x) ) ) = 27x + 26 where a,
b Œ R, find the value of a2 + b2 + 2
x x
____________________ 87. If f(x) = _______
  ______
     , prove that f ( f (f(x)) ) = ________
  ______
     
f(x) = ÷ 3  x–1 + 5x–1    
+ 7x–1 – 83    ÷ 1  + x  
2
  ÷1  + 3x2 
 
71. Find the domain of the function 88. Find the domain of the function
___________ __________________________________
f(x) = ÷ 3  – 2x –   
21–x     f(x) = ÷   10 (log10x) –    
log log10 (4 – log103)  –  log10
3 
log2015( 1 – log7(x2 – 5x + 13) ) ___________________
f(x) = ÷   1/2log2 [x   
log 2
+ 4x + 5],  [x] £ x  
________ ______ 90. Let f(x) = 1 + x2. Find a function g(x) such that
f(x) ÷   – [x
24 2
+÷
]     – 4  
|x|   f(g(x)) = 1 + x2 – 2x3 + x4.
(  )
1 + x2
74. Find the range of the function f(x) = sin–1  _____
2x
  
   p
(  ) ( p
91. Let f(x) = sin2 x + sin2 x +  __    + cos x. cos x + __
3 )
     
3
(  )
x
75. Find the range of the function f(x) = cos–1  _____
2
     
1 + x2
Ï2 x
Ô
and g(x) = Ì 1
: 0 £ x <1
then find g( f (x) )
ÔÓ x + 4 : 1 £ x < 2
(  )
x2 + 1
76. Find the range of the function f(x) = sin–1  _____
x2 + 2
 
  
ax2 + 2x + 1
92. Let f(x) =  ___________
  
   . Find the values of a if
( ÷  )
______ 2x2 – 2x + 1
p2
77. Find the range of the function f(x) = tan  __   – x    

9 f : R Æ [– 1, 2] is onto.
93. Find x, if | | |x2 – x + 4  –2 | – 3 | = x2 + x – 12.

( ÷  )
______
p 2
78. Find the range of the function f(x) = sin ___
    – x  
  94. Find the set of values of a for which the function
16
f : R Æ R is given by f(x) = x3 + (a + 2)x2 + 3ax
79. Find the range of the function f(x) = log2 (4x – x2) + 5 is one-one.
(  )
x2 + e
80. Find the range of the function f(x) = log  _____ 
x2 + 1
   
95. Let g(x) = f(x) – 1. If f(x) + f(1 – x) = 2 for all x in R,
then find the line about which g(x) is symmetrical.
81. Find the range of the function 96. If f(2 + x) = f(2 – x) and f(7 – x) = f(7 + x) and
(  ( ÷  ) )
_____ f(0) = 0, find the minimum number of roots of
4 – x2 f(x) = 0, where 20 £ x £ 20.
f(x) = sin log  _____ 
  
    
1–x
97. If a, b Œ R + and for all x in R, f(a + x) = b + [b3
82. Find the range of the function + 1 – 3b2 f(x) + 3b{f(x)}2 – {f(x)}3]1/3. Prove that
_________ f(x) is periodic.
f(x) = log( sin–1(÷x  2 + x + 1  
) )
98. If 4x – 2x + 2 + 5 + | |b – 1|–3 | = |sin y|, " x, y Œ R,
find the possible value of b.
f(x) = sin( log(5x2 – 8x + 4) ) (Tougher Problems for JEE-Advanced)

84. Find the range of the function 1. Find the domain of the function
f(x) = cot ( log0.5(x – 2x + 3) )
–1 4 2
(  ( 
f(x) = log2 log3 log4/p (tan–1 x) –1    ))
______________________________
______________________
1  – cos x÷1      
f(x) = ÷
_____________
– cos x÷1     
____
– cos x÷  
....• 
        
1
f(x) = sin–1 ______
( 
|x – 1| ) 1
   + ________________
  2       ______________
     
  x + sin x  
÷ sin 2
+ 1  
Real Function 1.31
3. Find the domain of the function 18 Find the range of the function
1
f(x) = __________________ x2 – 3x + 2
  ________________
       . f(x) =   ___________
  
    
  – |x – 10x  
÷ 4x 2
+ 9|   x2 + x – 6   
2
_______________________ f(x) = (tan–1 x)2 + _______
  ______
   
 
f(x) = ÷   –1 |sin x| –   
sin cos–1 (cos x)  in [0, 2p] ÷ 1  + x2 
 
5. Find the domain of the function _________________ _______________
_______________ a  2cos2 x + b2   
f(x) = ÷ b  2 cos2 x + a2  
sin2 x  + ÷ sin2 x ,
 
f(x) = ÷ 2{x}2 – 3 {x}  
+ 1 , x Œ [– 1, 1], b>a
where {,} = F.P.F 21. Find the range of the function
6. Find the domain of the function p
f(x) = log( (cos x) cos x + 1 ), x Œ 0, __
     
2 (  )
÷  ( 
_____________
3x – x2
f(x) = log0.3  ______ ) 22. Find the range of the function
( 
 
     . _______
)
  
x – 1    2 + 1  
÷ 2x  
f(x) = cos   ________
–1
2
   
 .
7. Find the domain of the function x +1
f(x) = log10( 1–log10 (x2 – 5x + 16) ) 23. Find the range of the function
8. Find the domain of the function (  (16 sin2 x + 1) 

f(x) = log2 2 – log÷ __2 
   )
___________
÷   0.3(x   
– log – 1)  24. Find the range of the function
f(x) = _____________
  ___________
  
     f(x) = tan–1( log5/4 (5x2 – 8x + 4) )
  2 + 2x   
÷– x + 8 
÷ 
_______
x–1 25. Find the range of the function
9. Find the domain of f(x) = _______
       
 
x – 2{x} f(x) = 6x + 3 – x + 6 – x + 3x + 2.
10. Find the domain of f(x) = log[x2](4 – |x|) 26. Find the Range of
(  )
_____
1 + x2
11. Find the domain of f(x) = cos–1  _____   2  – x2 
  + ÷
     
2x
27. Find the range of
[x2 – 3]
f(x) = cos–1  ______
5
   (  )
  + log2 (|x| – 1)
___________
1
f(x) = __
x+1
 p  (tan–1 x + sin–1 x) +  ___________
 
    
x2 + 2x + 5  
 
12. Find the domain of f(x) = ÷ x2  
[x] – 1 +   28. Find the range of
[  ] [  ]
_____________
1 1
  13. Find the domain of f(x) =   x – (cos
÷ sin   x) , f(x) = sin–1 x 2 +  __    + cos–1 x 2 +  __    , where [,]
2 2
where (x) ≥ x. = G.I.F
{  ÷ 
______
14. Find the domain of definition of the function
1
f(x) = ___
1
     + log(2{x}–5) (x2 – 3x + 10) +  _______
   
______  
p2
29. Find the range of f(x) = log cos  __   – x2 
9
   }
[x] 1  – |x|  
÷   30. Find the range of f(x) = [1 + sin x] + [cos x – 1]
15. Find the domain of definition of the function + [tan–1 x] where [,] = G.I.F.
________
f(x) = ÷  
sin(cos + log(– 2 cos2 x + 3 cos x – 1)
x)   31. Find the range of the function
{  }
_____
( 
3p
+ e
2 sin x + 1
cos –1  ________
  )
____    

2 ÷sin x 
 
f(x) = log10 sin–1(÷x  – 5  ) + ___
     
2
16 Find the domain of the definition of the function 32. Find the range of the function
_________________
f(x) =  
÷ 1 – log
x
x log2 (4 – 12) 
   f(x) = loge (2 sin x + tan x – 3x + 1),
17. Find the domain of the definition of the function p p

where  __   £ x £ __
    
___________________ 6 3
 
f(x) = ÷ 2
log1/2log2 [x   
+ 4x + 5]   33. Find the range of the function
__
{ ÷2 
f(x) = log __5 
  
  (  sin x – cos x) + 3 } 48. Find the solution of the equation
÷
÷(   )
__________ ______
34. Solve for x : ÷3  – 4cos  
2
x  > 2 sin x + 1 2 1
x – x + 1 = __
3
     + x – __
       
 
2 4
1
35. Let m = __ [  ] [ __ 14   + ____
      +
4
       ] + [ __
1
200 4 200 ]
1 2
     + ____
        + .... + 49. Let f(x) = sin2016 x – x – cos2016 x and, g(x) = sin x + cos x,
[  (  ) ]
p
then find the general solution of f(x) = g ___
        where
1 199
__ [ 
     + ____
4 200
    ]
   . Find the value of m + 50. [,] = G.I.F.
10
50. Find the maximum and minimum values of

36. Solve for x : {x} + sin{x} = 2, where {,} = F.I.F
f(x, y) = 7x2 + 4xy + 3y2, where subject to the condition
37. Solve for x : x2 – 4x + [x] + 3 =0 x2 + y2 = 1.
38. Let F(x) be a function defined by F(x) = x – [x], x Integer Type Questions
Œ R – {0}, [,] = G.I.F, find the number of solutions 1. If the fundamental period of the function
1
of F(x) + F __ (  )
 x   = 1
x–p
(  )
f( ) = 4 cos4  _____
4p 2 (  )
x–p
    – 2 cos _____
  2   
2p
39. Find the number of values of x satisfying n
is m(p) , where m and n are positive integers, then
{x2} + [x4] = 1 (m + n) is
2. If the domain of the function
40. Find the least value of the function _____ _____
f(x) = |x – a| + |x – b| + |x – c| + |x – d| where a < b < f (x) = log2 ( ÷x  – 2  + ÷  ) is [a, b]
4  – x  
c < d and x takes any arbitrary real number. then find the value of (2b – 3a) is
( 
3. If the natural domain of the function
)
89
1
÷  (  )
41. Find the value of S      __________
         __________
x–2
n = 1 1 + (tan no)2 f (x) = log2  _____
        is [a, b), then find the value of
3–x
42. Find the set of values of x satisfying the equality (2a – b) is
[  ] [  ]
3
 __
4
__
x   +  x   = 5, where [,] = G..I.F belongs to the
4. If the equation |x – 2| – |x + 1| = p has exactly one
solution, then find the number of integral values
(  ]
interval a,   __
b
__
b
c    , where a, b, c are natural number
and  c  is in its lowest forms. Find the value of a +
of p.
5. If the range of the function
b + c + abc + 30. x2 + x + a
f (x) =  _________
   
5 3
 , x Œ R is __ [  ]
   , __
   
(  ) (  )
1 x 1 x – 1
2
x + 2x + a 6 2
43. If the equation __
      + __
(  )
      + b = 0 has a positive
4 2 a2 + a
then find the value of  ______
   

  
solution, find the value of b. 5
6. The number of integral values of x satisfying the
( [  ] )
44. If f(x) = px + q and f( f ( f(x)) ) = 8x + 21 where p
15
and q are real numbers, find the value of p2 + q2 equation sgn _____   = [ 1 + {2x} ] is
  2    
+ p + q. x +1
7. Find the number of integral values_____of x for which
45. Find the set of values of p for which the function 3
_____
f(x) = x3 – 2x2 – px + 1 is one-one. = ÷x  – 3 
satisfying the equation ÷x  + 1    
8. Find the number of solutions of
ax2 + 6a – 8 .
46. A function f : R Æ R is given by f(x) =  ___________
  
     sgn(x + 1) = 2x2 – x
a + 6x – 8x2
9. Find the number of integers in the do main of the
Find the values of ‘a’ for which the function ‘f ’ is 1
onto. function f (x) = ___________
  _______   
___
÷   ÷81  
x–1
     –3
2(ex – e–x)(sin x + tan x)
47. Prove that f(x) =   ____________________
        is an odd   10. If the range of the function
x + 2p
2 ______
  p    [ 
   – 3 ] x2
f (x) =  _____
4 [  ]
  is a, __
  
b
 c  , where a, b, c Œ I
x +1
function, where [,] = G.I.F
Real Function 1.33
( 
x 2008
then find the value of (a + b + c + 2)
11. If the range of the function

4
(i) If f(x) =  _____
4x + 2 r = 1
r
   f _____
     where x Œ Q, then S      
2009
   is )
equal to
ex – 1
f (x) =  _____  
  is (a, b), then find the value of
ex + 1 (a) 1004 (b) 2006
(a + b + 2) 2 2 (c) 2007 (d) None
3x–3
12. If f (x) = ax + b and f ( f (x)) = 8x + 21 where a, b Œ R, (ii) If f(x) = _______  , x Œ Q, then the value of
  1–x  x 
3 +3
then find the value of (a + b + 3).
(  )
54
r
S      f  ___     is
Comprehensive Link Passages r = 1 55
Passage I (a) 54 (b) 27

If the function f : R Æ R and g : R Æ R be defined as (c) 1 (d) 55
f(x) = ex and g(x) = 3x – 2. On the basis of the above ax
(iii) If f(x) =  _______
x  __    (a > 0), then the value of
information answers the following questions. a +÷ a 
   
(  )
(i) The function fog is 2n–1
r
S    2f __
  n    
(a) e3x–2 (b) e3x+2 r = 1 2
(c) 3ex – 2 (d) 3ex + 2
(ii) The function goo is (a) 1 (b) 2n
a
(a) e3x – 2 (b) e3x+2 (c) 2n–1 (d) (2n – 1)  __  .
x
2
(c) 3e – 2 (d) 3ex + 2
Passage III
[  ]
(iii) Domain of (fog) –1 (x) is
1
(a) (– •, •) (b) (– •, 0) Let [,] = G.I.F, then x + __
      = [2x] – [x] for every x Œ R.
2
(c) (0, •) (d) [1, 3] 1
Any real x can be taken as k + f or k +  __   + f , where k
(iv) Domain of (goo) –1 (x) is 2
1
is an integer and. 0 £ f < __    
(a) (– •, 2] (b) [– 2, 2] 2
(c) (– •, •) (d) (– 2, •) If x = k + f, then [x] = k, x +  __     = k [ 
1
2 ]
Passage II and [2x] = [2k + 2f] = 2k.
[  ]
Let f(x) be a function satisfying the functional equation
1
f(x) + f(1 – x) = k, for every x Œ Q, where k is a constant Thus x + __
      = [2x] – [x].
2
quantity.
Let m be a positive integer.
r
Again, if x = k + __
1
2 [  ]
1
     + f, then [x] = k, x + __
      = k + 1
2
Put x = _____
       in the given equation we get
m+1 and [2x] = [2k + 2 f + 1] = 2k + 1.
r
f _____
     
m+1 (  m+1–r
 
m+1) ( 
   + f _________
  
  = k ) [  ]
1
Thus, x + __
      = [2x] – [x].
2
( 
(i) If x < 2k, x and k being positive integers then the
(  ) [  ]
m m
r =1 m
r
fi S     f _____
     
+ 1 )r =1
m + 1 – r
   + S    f __________
 
m+1
   
   = mk n + 2k
value of  ______    
  is
2k + 1
(a) n (b) n + 1
(  ( 
m m
r
fi S     f _____
     
m+1 )
r=1 m + 1
t
   + S    f _____)
        = mk (c) 0 (d) None
[  ] [  ]
r=1
1 1
(ii) For every real x, x + __
      + x + __
      + [x] is equal
2 2
where t = m + 1 – r. to
(a) [3x] (b) [2x] + 1
(  )
m
r
fi 2S     f _____
        = mk (c) [2x] + 3 (d) None
r = 1 m +1
(iii) For every positive integers n, the sum of
S    f ( _____
m
m + 1)
r mk
[  ]
   =  ___  
[  ] [  ] [ 
fi        
r = 1 2 n+1
 _____
2
n+2
  +  _____
   
22
  
 
  +  
+ 22
n______
23
   
n + 2k
  + ... +  ______
2k + 1
   
  is
]
(a) 0 (b) n Matrix Match

(c) 2k n (d) infinite. (For JEE-Advanced Examination only)
Passage IV 1. Match the statement in Column-I with the state-
Let two sets A and B consists of m and n elements respec- ment in Column-II
tively. Then the number of onto functions between two sets
Column I Column II
A and B is the number of distributions of ‘m’ balls into ‘n’
(  ]
boxes, where no box is remain empty. (A) Range of p
(P) 0,   __     
(i) The number of onto functions between two sets f(x) = cos–1(|1 – x2|) 4
A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {5, 6} is (B) Range of

(a) 16
(c) 20
(b) 14
(d) 18
f(x) = cot–1
(x2– 4x + 5)
(Q) [  ] p
0, __
     
2
(ii) The number of onto functions between two sets

A = {a, b, c, d} and {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is
(a) 0 (b) 10
(C) Range of
f(x) = log |log x| (  ) (  )
1
(R) 0, __
2
1
      » __
    , 1 
2
(c) 20 (d) 625 (D) Range of f(x)

  log 3  
  
(iii) The number of onto functions between two sets (S) (0, 1) » (1, •)
= ___________
2x
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {5, 10, 15} is cos–1 (2x – 1)
(a) 100 (b) 150
(c) 200 (d) 125 2. Match the statement in Column-I with the state-
Passage V ment in Column-II
Let two sets A and B consists of m and n elements respec- Column I Column II
tively. Then the number of one-one function between two
(A) Period of (P) 1
ÔÏ n P : n > m 1
sets is = Ì m f(x) = __
     {sin (3x) +
ÔÓ 0 : n < m 3
|sin 3x| + [sin 3x]}
(i) The number of one-one functions between two sets
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {3, 4} is (B) Period of f(x) = cos(tan x + (Q) 2p
cot x) + cos(tan x – cot x)  ___  
(a) 0 (b) 3 3
cos 4 (px) + x – [x]
(c) 2 (d) 1 (C) Period of f(x) = e (R) 10p
(ii) The number of one-one functions between two sets + cos2 (px)
A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {4, 6, 8} is
(D) Period of (S)
|  | | 
(a) 4 (b) 6 p
(c) 8 (d) 10 2
x
5
x
f(x) = sin       + cos __
3 __ 5
|
     
__
    
2
(iii) The number of one-one function between two sets
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 3, 4, 5} is
(a) 4 (b) 5 3. Match the statement in Column-I with the state-
ment in Column-II
(c) 6 (d) 8
(iv) The number of one-one functions between tswo sets Column I Column II
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5, 6} such that f(1) = 4 (Functions) (Ranges)
[  )
is 1
(A) f (x) = sin(px) (P) 0,   __     
(a) 3 (b) 2 2
(c) 1 (d) 6. x – [x]
(v) The number of one-one functions between two sets (B) f(x) = ________
      (Q) [1, •)
1 – [x] + x
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5, 6} such that f(1) π 4
[  )
is ex
______ p
(C) f(x) =  1 + [x]
     (R)   __
     , p 
(a) 3 (b) 2 4
(c) 4 (d) 6 (D) f(x) =cot–1(2x – x2) (S) [–1, 1]
Real Function 1.35
p
4. Match the statement in Column-I with the state- f(x) = sin2n+2 x + cos2n+2 x is __     , n Œ N
2
ment in Column-II
Reason (R): If f(x) and g(x) be two periodic func-
Column I Column II tions with periods T1, T2 respectively, as well as both
are even, co-functions and comparable functions, then
(A) f(x) = 2x + (1 – x) sgn(x) (P) one-one into
1
the period of f(x) + g(x) is __
     × L.C.M of {T1, T2}.
(B) f(x) = 2x + (x – 1) sgn(x) (Q) Many-one onto 2
7. Assetion (A): The range of the function
[  [ 
3
(C) f(x) = x – x + 1 (R) Onto but not
one-one.
1
f(x) = sin–1 x2 + __ ] 1
      + cos–1 x2 – __
2 ]
      is p
2
Reason (R): The range of the above function is a
2x + 1  
(D) f(x) =  _____  (S) neither one-one singletone set.
3x + 4 nor onto.
8. Assetion (A): A function f: R Æ R is defined as
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), then it is an odd function.
Assertion (A) and Reason (R) Reason (R): A function f(x) = 0 is the only one
function, which is even as well as odd function.
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explana-
tion of A.
(B) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct

1
9. Assetion (A): Let f(x) = __ | |  | |
 x   – 2  Then the number
of solutions of f(x) = 1 is 4.
explanation of A.
Reason (R): Inverse of an even function is
(C) A is true and R is false.
defined.
(D) A is false and R is true.
10. Assetion (A): Every periodic function is an even
1. Assertion (A): The number of one-one function function.
between two sets A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2, 3}
is 6.
Reason (R): The domain of f(x) = sin–1 log3 __
{1, 9]
x
[  (  ) ]
        is
3
Reason (R): The number of onto function between
two sets A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {5, 6} is 14.
Questions asked in Previous Years’
2. Aseertion (A): The range of the function JEE Main Exams (2002 to 2014)
f(x) = 2x + 3x + 4x + 2–x + 3 –x + 4 –x + 10 is 16 1. Which one is not periodic?

__
(a) |sin 3x| + sin2 x (b) cos ÷ x  2
    + cos x
Reason (R): For any two positive numbers a, b, 2
(c) cos 4x + tan x (d) cos 2x + sin x
a+b ___
 _____  ≥ ÷ab 
       [JEE-Main, 2002]
|  |
2
x 2
x
3. Assertion (A): The solution set of  ____
  
x – 1
   + |x| (  (  ) )
x
2. The domain of sin–1 log3 __
        is
3
=  _____   is (1, •) » {0}
  
|x – 1| (a) [1, 9] (b) [– 1, 9]
Reason (R): If |f(x) + g(x)| = |f(x)| + |g(x)|, then (c) [– 9, 1] (d) [– 9, – 1]
f(x) g(x) ≥ 0 [JEE-Main, 2002]
4. Assertion (A): The number of solutions of 3. Domain of definition of the function
5
|x| + |x2–1| = __
     is 6 3
6 f(x) = _____   + log10 (x3 – x) is
    2 
4–x
Reason (R): The number of solutions of
(a) (– 1, 0) » (1, 2)
sin x = x2 + x + 1 is 0
(b) (1, 2) » (2, •)
5. Assetion (A): The domain of the function
_____ _____ (c) (– 1, 0) » (1, 2) » (2, •)
x  – 2   + ÷4  – x  
f(x) = ÷  is [2, 4]
(d) (1, 2) [JEE-Main, 2003]
Reason__ (R): The range of the function f(x) is 4. If R Æ R satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y
Î÷2 
   , 2˚
n
6. Assetion (A): The period of the function      f(r) is
in R such that f(1) = 7, then S
r =1
7(n + 1) 12. The largest interval lying in

(a)  _______
   
  (b) 7n(n + 1)
2

7n(n + 1)
(c)  ________
    
7n
(d)  ___   is
2
x
f(x) = 4 –x + cos–1 __
2
(  )
     – 1  + log(cos x) is defined
2 2
[JEE-Main, 2003]
5. The range of the function f(x) = 7–x

Px–3 is [ 
p p
4 2 )
(a) –  __  ,   __      [  )p
(b) 0,  __
       
2
(a) {1, 2, 3, 4} (b) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} (c) [0, p] ( 
p p
(d) –  __  , __
2 2 )
     
(c) {1, 2, 3} (d) {1, 2, 3, 4,5}
[JEE-Main, 2007]
[JEE-Main, 2004]
13. Let f : N Æ Y be a function defined as f(x) = 4x + 3,
sin–1(x – 3) where Y = {y Œ N: y = 4x + 3 for some x Œ N} and
6. The domain of the function f(x) =  _________
_____    
 
is f is invertible, then f –1(x) is
÷ 9  – x2 
 
x– 3 3x + 4
(a)  _____
   
  (b)  ______
  
 
(a) [1, 2] (b) [2, 3) 4 3
(c) [2, 3] (d) [1, 2) x + 3 x + 3
(c) 4 +  _____
   
  (d)  _____
  
 
[JEE-Main, 2004] 4 4
__ [JEE-Main, 2008]
7. If R Æ S defined by f(x) = sin x – ÷    cos x + 1 is
3 
onto, then S is 14. Let f(x) = (x + 1)2 – 1, x ≥ – 1
(a) [0, 1] (b) [– 1, 1] Statement-I: The set {x: f(x) = f –1 (x)} = {0, 1}
(c) [0, 3] (d) [– 1, 3] Statement-II: f is a bijection
[JEE-Main, 2009]
[JEE-Main, 2004]
15. No question asked in 2010.
8. The graph of the function is symmetrical about the 1
line x = 2, then 16. The domain of the definition f(x) = ______
  _____
     is
÷   – x  
|x|
(a) f(x) = f(–x) (b) f(2 + x) = f(2 – x)
(a) (– •, 0) (b) (– •, •) – {0}
(c) f(x + 2) = f(x – 2) (d) f(x) = – f(– x)
[JEE-Main, 2004] (c) (– •, •) (d) (0, •)
9. Let f : (– 1, 1) Æ B be a function is defined by [JEE-Main, 2011]
17. No question asked in 2012.
f(x) = tan  _____
–1
(  ) 2x
     
1 – x2
, then f is one-one and onto, when 18. Let A and B be two sets containing 2 elements and
4 elements respectively. The number of subsets of
B is the interval A × B having 3 or more elements is
[  ) p
(a) 0,   __     
2 (  )
(b) 0, __
p
     
2

(1) 220
(3) 211
(2) 219
(4) 256
( 
p p
)
(c) –  __  ,  __   
2 2 [  ] p
(d) –  __  , __
2 2
p
      [JEE-main, 2013]
19. If X = {4n – 3n – 1: n Œ N} and Y = {9(n – 1):
[JEE-Main, 2005]
n Œ N} where N is the set of natural numbers, then
10. A real valued function f(x) satisfies the functional X » Y is equal to
equation f(x – y) = f(x) f(y) – f(a – x) f(a + y) where
(1) N (2) Y – X
a is a given constant and f(0) = 1, then f(2a – x) is
(3) X (4) Y
(a) f(x) (b) – f(x)
[JEE-Main, 2014]
(c) f(– x) (d) f(a) + f (a – x)
[JEE-Main, 2005] 20. Let A and B be two sets containing four and two
elements respectively. Then the number of subsets
3x2 + 9x + 17 of the set A × B, each having at least three elements
11. If x is real, the max value of  ____________
  
     is is
3x2 + 9x + 7 
(a) 1/4 (b) 41 (1) 256 (2) 275
(c) 1 (d) 17/7 (3) 510 (4) 219
[JEE-Main, 2006] [JEE-Main, 2015]
Real Function 1.37
(x – a)(x – b)
Question asked in Previous Years’ 11. For real x, the function f(x) =  ____________
     
will
(x – c)
JEE-Advanced Examinations assume all real value provided
{ p p (a) a > b > c (b) a c < b (d) a £ c £ b
[IIT-JEE, 1980] [IIT-JEE, 1984]
( 
______
)
2. Let f be a function with domain {x, y, z} and range
{1, 2, 3}. It is given that exactly one of the following ÷ 4  – x2  
12. If f(x) = sin ln  ______      , then the domain of f(x) is
statement is true and the remaining two are false: 1–x
f (x) = 1, f(y) π 1, f(z) π 2 Determine f –1(1) .......... [IIT-JEE, 1985]
[IIT-J22, 1982] 13. No questions asked in 1986.
( ÷ 
_______ 14. Let f(x) be a function satisfying the condition

p 2
3. The values of f(x) = 3 sin  ___   – x2 
16 )
   lies in the f(– x) = f(x) for all x. If f(0) exists, then find its
value
interval .......... [IIT-JEE, 1983] [IIT-JEE, 1987]
4. If f(x) = (a – xn)1/n, where a > 0 and n is a positive 15. If f1(x) and f 2 (x) are defined on domains D1 and
integer, then f(f(x)) = x Is it true? [IIT-JEE, 1983] D 2 respectively, then ( f1(x) + f 2 (x)) is defined on
D1 » D2. Is it true? [IIT-JEE, 1988]
x2 + 4x + 30
5. The fucntion f(x) =  ___________
  
     is not one to one. 16. There are exactly two distinct linear functions .........
x2 – 8x + 18 and .......... which map [–1, 1] onto [0, 2].
Is it true? [IIT-JEE, 1983]
[IIT-JEE, 1989
(  )
6. If f(x) = |x – 1|. Then 1 px
17. If the function f(x) = __
     – tan  ___    , – 1 < x < 1 and
(a) f(x2) = (f(x))2 (b) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) 2 2
___________
(c) f(|x|) = |f(x)| (d) None of these. g(x) = ÷ 3  + 4x –  
4x2 , then the domain of (go f ) is
[IIT-JEE, 1983]
1
__
[  (  )
x
__
]
7. If f(x) = cos (log(x)), then f(x) f(y) –      f  y   + f(xy) 
(a) (– 1, 1) [  ] 1 1
(b) –  __  , __
2 2
     
[  ] [  ]
2 1 1
has the value (c) – 1,  __    (d) __
    , 1 
(a) – 1 (b) 1/2 2 2
(c) – 2 (d) None. [IIT-JEE, 1990]
[IIT-JEE, 1983] 18. No questions asked in 1991.
8. The domain of the function
_____ 19. The values of b and c for which the identity f(x + 1)
1
f(x) = __________
  x  + 2 
     + ÷  is – f(x) = 8x + 3 is satisfied, where f(x) = bx2 + cx + d,
log10 (1 – x)
are
(a) (– 3, – 2) – {– 2.5} (b) (0, 1) – {0. 5} (a) b = 2, c = 1 (b) b = 4, c = – 1
(c) (– 2, 1) – {0} (d) None of these. (c) b = – 1, c = 4 (d) None
[IIT-JEE, 1983] [IIT-JEE, 1992]
9. Which of the following functions are periodic? 20. The value of the parameter a, for which the function
(a) f(x) = x – [x], [.] = G.I.F f(x) = 1 + a x, a π 0 is the inverse of itself, if
(a) – 2 (b) – 1
Ï Ê 1ˆ
sin : x π 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
(b) f(x) = ÔÌ ÁË x ˜¯
Ô0 [IIT-JEE, 1992]
Ó : x=0
21. No questions asked in 1993.
(c) f(x) = x cos x 22. Let f(x) = sin x and g(x) = n |x|. If the ranges of the
(d) None of these. [IIT-JEE, 1983] composite functions (fog) and (gof) are R1 and R2
(  (  ) )
10. The domain of the function f(x) = sin–1 log2  __     
x
2
2

respectively then
(a) R1 = {u: – 1 < u < 1}, R2 = {v:– • < v < 0}
is ..... [IIT-JEE, 1984] (b) R1 = {u: – • < u £ 1}, R2 = {v: – 1 £ v £ 0}
1
(c) R1 = {u: – 1 < u < 1}, R2 = {v: – • < v < 0} (c)  __   (1 + 4 log2 x) (d) Not defined
2
(d) R1 = {u: – 1 £ u £ 1}, R2 = {v: – • < v £ 0}
[IIT-JEE, 1999]
[IIT-JEE, 1994]
2 31. The domain of definition of the function y(x) is given
23. Let f(x) = (x + 1) – 1, x ≥ – 1. Then the set
by the equation 2x + 2y = 2 is
{x : f(x) = f –1(x)} is (a) 0 < x £ 1 (b) 0 £ x £ 1
{ 
__ __

2
    – 3
– 3 + i÷3 
(a) 0, – 1,  ________
   ,  _______
 
2
  
– i÷3 
      } (c) – • < x £ 0 (d) – • < x < 1
[IIT-JEE, 2000]
(b) {–1, 0, 1} 32. The domain of definition of the function
(c) {–1, 0} log2 (x + 3)
f(x) =  ___________
  
     is
(d) Empty [IIT-JEE, 1995] x2 + 3x + 2  
24. If f is an even function defined on the interval (– 5, 5), (a) R – {– 1, – 2} (b) (– 2, •)
then the real values of x satisfying the equation (c) R – {– 1, – 2, – 3} (d) (– 3, •) – {–1, – 2}
(  )
x + 1 [IIT-JEE, 2001]
f(x) = f ____       are ..... [IIT-JEE, 1996]
x + 2 Ï- 1, x < 0
(  p
) p
25. If f(x) = sin2 x + sin2 x +  __    + cos x cos x + __
3 ( 
      and
3 ) Ô
33. Let g(x) = 1 – x + [x] and f(x) = Ì 0, x = 0 ,
(  )
5 Ô 1, x > 0
g  __    , = 1, then (go f)(x) is then for all x is Ó
4
(a) – 2 (b) – 1 (a) x (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 1 (c) f(x) (d) g(x)
[IIT-JEE, 1996] [IIT-JEE, 2001]
1
26. A function f : R Æ R, where R is the set of real- 34. If f : [1, •) Æ [2, •) is given by f(x) = x +  __
x , then
ax2 + 5x – 8
numbers, is defined by f(x) =   ____________
  
   . Find –1
f (x) equals
a + 5x – 8x2 _____ _____
the interval of values of a for which is onto. Is the x + ÷x  2– 4   x + ÷x  2 – 4 
 
(a)  ________     (b)  _________    
function one to one for a = 3? Justify your answer. 2_____ 4
_____
[IIT-JEE, 1996] x–÷ x  2 – 4  
(c)  _________
 
     (d) 1 + ÷x  2 – 4  
27. No questions asked in 1997. 2
__ [IIT-JEE, 2001]
2
28. If g(f(x)) = |sin(x)| and f(g(x)) = (     ) ) then
sin(÷x  2 2
35. Let f(x) = (1 + b )x + 2bx + 1 and let m(b) be the
__ minimum value of f(x). As b varies, the range of
(a) f(x) = sin2 x, g(x) = ÷
x 
   
m(b) is
[  ]
(b) f(x) = sin x, g(x) = |x|
1
(c) f(x) = x2, g(x) = sin (÷x 
__
  )  (a) [0, 1] (b) 0,  __   
2
(d) f and g can not be determined.
29. If f(x) = 3x – 5, then f (x) is –1

[IIT-JEE, 1998] [  ]
1
(c) __
    , 1 
2
(d) (0, 1]
[IIT-JEE, 2001]
1
(a)  ______
     36. Let e {1, 2, 3, 4} and F = {1, 2}. Then the number
3x – 5 of onto functions from E to F is
(  )5
(b) x + __
     
3

(a) 14
(c) 12
(b) 16
(d) 8
(c) does not exist because f is not one-one
[IIT-JEE, 2001]
(d) does not exist because f is not onto. ax
37. Let f(x) =  _____
   , x π – 1. Then for what value of a
[IIT-JEE, 1999] x+1
30. If the function f : [1, •) Æ [1, •) is defined by is f(x(x))
__
= x? __
f(x) = 2x(x–1), then f –1(x) is   
(a) ÷2    
(b) – ÷2 
(  )
__________ (c) 1 (d) – 1
1 x(x–2) 1
(a) __
      (b)  __   (1 + ÷1  + 4 log  
2 x  ) [IIT-JEE, 2001]
2 2
Real Function 1.39
38. Suppose f(x) = (x + 1)2, x ≥ – 1. If g(x) is the inverse Then f – g is

whose graph is reflection of the graph of f(x) with (a) one-one and into
respect to the line y = x, then g(x) equals (b) neither one-one nor onto.
__ 1
    – 1, x ≥ 0
(a) – ÷x  (b)  _______     , x > – 1 (c) many one and onto
(x + 1)2 (d) one-one and onto.
_____ __
, x ≥ –1
(c) ÷x  + 1 
  (d) ÷ x   – 1, x ≥ 0 [IIT-JEE, 2005]
[IIT-JEE, 2002] 45. X and Y are two sets and
f : X Æ Y If { f(c) = ; c Ã X, y Ã Y} and
39. Let function f : R Æ R be defined by f(x) = 2x + sin x
for all x in R. Then ‘f ’ is {f –1(d) = x; d Ã Y, x Ã X} then the true statement
(a) one-to-one and onto is
(b) one-to-one but not onto. (a) f(f –1(b)) = b (b) f –1(f(a)) = a
(c) onto but not one-to-one. (c) f(f –1(b)) = b, b Ã Y (d) f –1(f(a)) = a, a Ã X
(d) neither one-to-one nor onto. [IIT-JEE, 2005]
[IIT-JEE, 2002]
x
_____ 46. No question asked in between 2006 to 2010.
40. If f : [0, •) Æ [0, •) and f(x) =       , then f is
x+1 47. Find the domain of the function
(a) one-to-one and onto

(b) one-to-one but not onto.
(c) onto but not one-to-one.
 
8.3x–1
f(x) = sin–1 ________   
1 – 32(x–1)
   (  ) [IIT-JEE, 2011]
(d) neither one-to-one nor onto.

48. The function f : [0, 3] Æ [1, 29] is defined by
[IIT-JEE, 2003]
f(x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x +1, is
x2 + x + 2
41. Range of the function f(x) =  __________    
  for all x in (a) one-one and onto
R, is x2 + x + 1
(b) onto but not one-one
(a) (1, •) (  )
11
(b) 1, ___
     
7
(c) one-one but not onto
(  ] (  )
(d) neither one-one not onto [IIT-JEE, 2012]
7 7
(c) 1,   __      (d) 1,  __   
3 5 2
49. Let f : (–1, 1) Æ R be such that for f(cos 4q) = ________       
[IIT-JEE, 2003] 2 – sec2 q
42. The domain of definition of the function for q Œ 0, __
p
(  ) (  )
p p
      » __
    , __
      . Then find the value of f
÷ 
____________ 4 4 2
p
f(x) = sin–1(2x)    + __
      for real valued x is
6
( __ 13   ) is / are
[  ]
1 1
(a) –  __  , __ [  __ 12   ]
1
(b) –  __  ,
(a) ( 1 – __
÷  2    ) (  ÷  )
      __ __
4 2 2 3 3
(b) 1 + __
       
[  __ 14   ]
 
(  )
– 1 1
(c) ___
    , __      
1
(d) –  __  ,
2
(c) ( 1 – __ ( 
÷  3    ) ÷  3    )
2 9 4 __ __
2 2
[IIT-JEE, 2003]   (d) 1 + __  
43. If f(x) = sin x + cos x, g(x) = x2 – 1, then g(f(x)) is

[IIT-JEE, 2012]
invertible in the domain
[  ] [ 

p
(a) 0,  __   
p p
(b) –  __  , __
      ]
2 4 4

p p
( 
51. Let f : –  __  , __ )
      Æ R be given by
[  ]
p p
(c) –  __  ,  __   
2 2
(d) [0, p]
2 2
f(x) = (log(sec x + tan x))3 Then
[IIT-JEE, 2004] (a) f(x) is an odd function
(b) f (x) is a one-one function
Ï x , if x is rational
44. Let f(x) = Ì (c) f(x) is an onto function
Ó0 , if x is irrational
(d) f(x) is an even function.
Ï0 , if x is rational [IIT-JEE, 2014]
and g(x) = Ì
Ó x , if x is irrational 52. No questions asked in 2015, 2016.
Answers
LEVEL II Matrix Match

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 1. (A) Æ (Q), (B) Æ (P), (C) Æ (S), (D) Æ (R)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (b) 2. (A) Æ (Q), (B) Æ (S), (C) Æ (P), (D) Æ (R)
11. (b) 12. (b,c) 13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) 3. (A) Æ (S), (B) Æ (P), (C) Æ (Q), (D) Æ (R)
16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (a) 4. (A) Æ (S), (B) Æ (R), (C) Æ (Q), (D) Æ (P).
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (b)
Comprehensive Link Passages
26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (a,c) 35. (a,d) P-I : (i) (a), (ii) (c), (iii) (c), (iv) (d)
36. (a) 37. (a,b,c,d) 38. (b). 39. (c) P-II : (i) (a), (ii) (c), (iii) (c)
40. (c) 41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (a) P-III : (i) (c), (ii) (a), (iii) (b)
45. (c) 46. (b) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (b) P-IV : (i) (b), (ii) (a), (iii) (b)
50. (b) P-V : (i) (a), (ii) (b), (iii) (a) (iv) (b), (v) (c)
Integer type questions Assertion and Reason

1. (5) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (5) 5. (4) 1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (B)
6. (7) 7. (1) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (5) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (B)
11. (4) 12. (8)
Hints and solutions
( 
1 + xy – x – y
= log  _____________
      
   )
(  )
1 + xy + x + y
1. Given f (x) = 3x4 – 5x2 + 9
x+y
Thus, f (x – 1) 1 –  ______ 
  
1 + xy
= 3(x – 1) 4 – 5 (x – 1)2 + 9 _________
= log      
x+y
= 3(x4 – 4x3 + 6x2 – 4x + 1) – 5(x2 – 2x + 1) + 9 1 + ______
      

1 + xy
= 3x4 – 12x3 + 13x2 – 2x + 7
2. If f (x) = x + __
1 1
 x , prove that ( f (x))3 = f (x3) + 3f __
1
 x   (  ) (  x+y
= f  ______ 
1 + xy
    )
2. Given f (x) = x + __  x  Hence, the result.
1
4. Given f (x) = x3 – __
We have f (x3) + 3f __ (  ) 1
 x  
  3   
x
= x3 + __
1
(  1
  3    + 3 x + __
x
)
 x  
1
Now, f (x) + f __
 x   (  )
( 
= x + __
13
)
 x   = x3 – __
x
1
  3    + __
1
  3    – x3
x
= ( f (x))3 =0
Hence, the result. Hence, the result.
2x
3. We have f (x) + f (y) 5. Given f (x) =  _____
    
(  )
1 + x2
(  )
1–x
= log  _____ 
1+x
1–y
   + log  _____  
1 +y
  Now, f (tan q)
( 
1–x
= log  _____ 
1+x
1–y
  ×  _____ 
1 +y )
  
2 tan q
=  ________ 
1 + tan2 q
  
( 
1 – x – y + xy
= log  _____________
     
  
1 + x + y + xy )
Hence, the result.
= sin (2q)
Real Function 1.41

x
6. Given f (x) = log _____
     
x–1
   (  ) fi
fi
(bx – a) y = ax – b
b x y – ay = ax – b
We have f (x + 1) + f (x) fi x (by – a) = ay – b
(  ( 
ay – b

x+1
= log  _____
x    )
   + log _____
     
x–1
x
   ) fi x =  ______ 
by – a
 
( x + 1 _____
= log  _____
x   
x
 ×      
x–1
   ) fi x = f (y)
Hence, the result.
= log (  _____ 
x – 1)
x+1 10. We have
  

1
a f (x) + bf __ (  )
1
 x   = __
 x  – 5 ...(i)
Hence, the result.
1

1+x
7. Given f (x) = log  _____  
1–x (  )
 
Replace x by  __
x , we get
(  )
1
( 
a f __
 x   + bf (x) = x – 5 ...(ii)
Now,
2x
f  _____
     
)
(  )
1 + x2 Multiplying (i) by a (ii) by b and subtracting, we
2x get
1 +  _____

  
1 + x3
= log  _________ 
 
  

1
(a2 – b2) f (x) = __ ( 
 x  – 5  – b (x – 5))
2x
1 –  _____
1+x
 2  
( 
1
a __ )
 x  – 5  – b (x – 5)
_________________
( 
f (x) =     
 
  

x2 + 2x + 1
= log  _________
     
x2 – 2x + 1 )
9x
11. Given f (x) = _____
  x    
(a2 – b2)
{ (  ) }
x+1 2 9 +3
= log  _____ 
    
x–1   We have f (x) + f (1 – x)
= 2 log (  _____ 
x – 1)
x+1 9x 91 – x
   = _____   + ________
  x      1 – x    
9 +3 9 +3
= 2f (x)
9x 9
Hence, the result. = _____   + _______
  x           
9 + 3 9 + 3 ◊ 9x
9. If f (x) = cos (loge x), then find the value of
9x 3
= _____   + _____
1
f (x) f (y) – __ (  x
      f (xy) + f __
2
 y     (  ) )
  x    
9 + 3 3 + 9x
     
 
9x 3
9. Given f (x) = cos (loge x) = _____  x       + _____
     
 
9 + 3 9x + 3
1
We have f (x) f (y) – __
2 ( x
     f (xy) + f __
 y     (  ) )
9x + 3
=  _____
9x + 3
  
    { 2f (x) f (y) – ( f (xy) + f ( __

 y  ) ) }
1 x
= __ = 1.
2
Hence, the result.
{ 
1 2 cos (log x) cos (log y) –
= __
                 
2 (cos (log x) + cos (log y)) } (  2 tan x
12. We have f  ________
1 + tan2 x
   
)
  
= __
2 { 
1 cos (log x + log y) +  cos (log x – log y)
          
(  x   
(  ) )
 
– cos (log xy) + cos log  __y    
 
} = __
1
     (1 + cos 2x) (sec2 x + tan x)
2
1
{ 
__
=      × 2 cos2 x × (1 + tan2 x + 2 tan x)
}
2
cos (log (xy)) + cos ( log ( __
 y  ) )
x
1 = cos2 x × (1 + tan x)2
__    
2 –  cos (log xy) + cos  log __
=             
= {cos x × (1 + tan x)}2
( ( (  y   )  )
x

= (cos x + sin x)2
=0 = 1 + sin (2x)
ax – b Thus, f (sin 2x) = 1 + sin (2x)
9. We have y = f (x) =  ______  
bx – a fi f (x) = 1 + x
13. Do Yourself (vi) Df = (0, •)

14. (i) Df = R – {– 3} (vii) Df = f
(ii) Df = R – {3} (viii) Df = f
(iii) Df = R – {0} (ix) Df = f
(iv) Df = R – {0} (x) Df = R – I
(v) Df = R – {1, 2} 17. Dr = 0 gives [x – 2] = 0
(vi) Df = R – {1, 2} fi 0 £ (x – 2) < 1
(vii) Df = R fi 2£x<3
(viii) Df = R – {– 2, 2} Thus, D f = R – [2, 3)
(ix) Df = R 18. Dr = 0 gives [x + 1] = 0
(x) Df = R
fi 0£x+1<1
15. (i) Df = [2, •)
fi – 1 £ x < 0
(ii) Df = [– 5, •)
Thus, D f = R – [– 1, 0)
(iii) Df = (– •, 4]
(iv) Df = [2, 4] 19. Dr = 0 gives [x] – 4 = 0
(v) Df = [3, 7]
fi [x] = 4
(vi) Df = [2, 5]
fi 4£x<5
(vii) Df = [– •, 0] » [1, •)
Thus, D f = R – [4, 5)
(viii) Df = (– •, 0) » [1, •)
(ix) Df = [0, 1] 20. Dr = 0 gives x – [x] = 0
(x) Df = (– •, 1] » [2, •) fi [x] = x
_____
16. (i) Given f (x) = ÷   – 2  
|x| fi xŒI
Thus, |x| – 2 ≥ 0 Also, x – [x] > 0
fi |x| ≥ 2 fi x > [x]
fi x ≥ 2, x £ – 2 fi x Œ f, 0 < f < 1
Therefore, Df = (– •, – 2] » [2, •) Thus, D f = R – I
_____
(ii) Given f (x) = 4  – |x|  
÷ 21. Dr = 0 gives [x] – x = 0
Thus, 4 – |x| ≥ 2
fi |x| £ 4 fi [x] = x
fi – 4 £ x £ 4 fi xŒI
Therefore, Df = [– 4, 4] Also, [x] – x > 0
_____ _____ fi [x] > x
(iii) Given f (x) = ÷   – 1  + ÷
|x| 4  – |x|  
fi x=f
We have |x| – 1 ≥ 0 and 4 – |x| ≥ 0
Thus, D f = f
fi |x| ≥ 1 and |x| £ 4
fi x ≥ 1, x £ – 1 and – 4 £ x £ 4 22. We have f (x) = cos[p 2]x + cos[– p 2]x
fi x Œ [– 4, – 1] » [1, 4] fi f (x) = cos9x + cos (–10)x
Therefore, Df = [– 4, – 1] » [1, 4] fi f (x) = cos9x + cos (10)x
÷ 
______
(  )
|x| – 1 p
(iv) Given f (x) =  _____       Now, f  __   
3 – |x| 2
(  )
|x| – 1
We have  _____    ≥ 0 9p
3 – |x| = cos  ___    + cos(5p)
2
|x| – 1 =0–1
fi  _____    £ 0
|x| – 3 = – 1
fi 1 £ |x| £ 3 Also, f(p)
fi x Œ [– 3, – 1] » [1, 3] = cos(9p) + cos(10p)
Therefore, Df = [– 3, – 1] » [1, 3] = – 1 + 1
(v) Df = [0, •) =0
Real Function 1.43
23. We have fi 0 £ x + 4 – x2 < 1

[log2 1] + [log2 2] + [log2 3] + ... + [log2 64] Now, x + 4 – x2 ≥ 0
= [log2 1] + [log2 2] + ... + [log2 4] fi x2 – x – 4 £ 0
+ [log2 5] + [log2 6] + ... + [log2 8]
[ 
___ ___
+ [log2 9] + [log2 10] + ... + [log2 16] fi

2
    1_______
1 – ÷17 
x Œ  _______
  
,  
+÷
2
   
17 
     ]
+ [log2 17] + [log2 18] + ... + [log2 32]
Also, x + 4 – x2 < 1
+ [log2 33] + [log2 34] + ... [log2 64]
fi x + 3 – x2 < 0
+ [log2 65] + [log2 + 66]
fi x2 – x – 3 > 0
(  ) ( 
___ ___
)
= 2.3 + 3.4 + 4.16 + 5.32 + 6.2
   
1 – ÷13     
1 + ÷13 
fi x Œ – •  _______   » •, _______
       
 
= 6 + 12 + 64 + 160 + 12 2 2
Thus, the number of solution is infinite.
= 254.
27. We have
24. We have [x] 2 – 3[x] + 2 = 0
fi
fi
a2 – 3a + 2 = 0, a = [x]
(a – 1)(a – 2) = 0
[  ] [  ] [ 
1
__
1 1
      +  __   + ____
4 4 100
1
        + __
2
     + ____
4 100 ] 1
        + ... + __[  99
]
     +  ____    
4 100
= [  __
     × 100 ] = 25
fi a = 1, 2 1
when a = 1 fi [x] = 1 4
fi1£x<2 28. We have
[  ] [  ] [  ]
fi x Œ [1, 2)
3 1 5
When a = 2 fi [x] = 2 [1007] + 503  __    + 252  __    + 126  ___     + ...
4 8 16
fi2£x<3
fi x Œ [2, 3)
Hence, the solution set is x Œ [1, 3)
= [   ________
2013 + 1
2
   
 ] + [  20134
+2
________
] + [   2013
   
 
+4
________
8 ]
   
 
25. We have [x] 2 – 2[x] – 8 = 0

fi
fi
b2 – 2b – 8 = 0, b = [x]
(b – 4)(b + 2) = 0
[ 
2013 + 8
+  ________
16
   
  + ...]
fi b = – 2, 4 = 2013
when b = – 2 fi [x] = – 2 29. We have [sin x] = 0
fi – 2 £ x < 1 fi 0 £ sin x < 1
fi x Œ [– 2, – 1) Ïsin x ≥ 0
when b = 4 fi [x] = 4 fi Ì
Ó sin x < 1
fi4£x<5
fi x Œ [4, 5) Ï 2 np £ x £ (2 n + 1)p
Ô
Hence, the solution set is fi Ì p p : n ŒI
ÔÓ2 np + 2 £ x < 2 np - 2
x Œ [– 2, – 1) » [4, 5).
26. We have x2 – 4 [x] = 0 30. We have 2[x] + 3 = 3[x – 2] + 5
Case-I: When x Œ I fi 2[x] + 3 = 3[x] – 6 + 5
fi x2 – 4 – x = 0 fi [x] = 4
2
fi x –x–4=0 fi 4£x<5
______ ___
± ÷1  + 16  
1__________ ± ÷17 
   
1_______ Also, y = 2[x] + 3 = 2.4 + 3 = 11
fi x =    
     =     
 
2 2
Now, [x + y] = [x + 11] = [x] + 11 = 4 + 11 = 15
Case-II: When x œ I
31. We have f (x) = [x] – 2
fi x2 – 4 – (x – {x}) = 0
fi [x] – 2 ≥ 0
fi x2 – 4 – x + {x} = 0
fi [x] ≥ 2
fi {x} = x + 4 – x2
fi
fi
x≥2
x Œ [2, •)
(  [  ] [  ] )
1
fi [100 x] – [x] + x + ____
18
        + ... + x + ____
100
       
100
– ( [ x +  ____     + ... + [  x +  ____    

100 ] 100 ] )
Thus, D f = [2, •) 92 99
  = 542
32. We have 4 – [x] ≥ 0
fi [x] £ 4
fi [100x] – 7 × 19 – 8 × 8 = 542
fi x<4+1=5
[ 7.42 £ x < 8]
fi x Œ (– •, 5)
Thus, D f = (– •, 5) fi [100x] = 542 + 133 + 64 = 739
33. Let D1 : [x] –1 ≥ 0
Henec, the result.
fi [x] ≥ 1 38. We have
fi x≥1
Also, let D2 : 3 – [x] ≥ 0
fi [x] £ 3
[  ] [  ] [  ] [  ]
2015
_____
     
2
2016
  + _____
     
4
2018
  + _____
     
8
2022
  +  _____
16
   
  + ...
fi
Thus, Df = [1, 4)
x<3+1=4   2014 +
= [________
2
1
      [   20144  
] + ________ ] + [  20148  +4 
+2 ________
 
  ]
 
+ [  ________
16 ]
[x] – 2 2014 + 8
      + ...
34. We have  ______    ≥ 0, [x] π 5
5 – [x]
[x] – 2 = 2014.
fi  ______    £ 0, [x] π [5, 6)
5 – [x] 39. Case-I: When x is integer
fi 2 £ [x] £ 5, x π [5, 6) i.e x = n
L.H.S = [2 n] = 2 n
fi 2£x£4
Df = [2, 4]
35. As we know that, 0 £ sin2 x, cos2 x £ 1
R.H.S = [n] + n + __
1
2 [  ]
      = n + n = 2n
Case-II: when x is not an integer.
Thus, the values of i.e. x = n + f, where 0 £ f < 1
sin x
 _____
2 [  ] 2
[  (  ) ] [  (  ) ]
p
  = 0 = sin2 __
   
p
      x  = cos2 __
2
      x 
2
L.H.S = [2(n + f)] = 2n + [2 f]
Ï2 n : 0 £ f < 0.5
[  ]
cos2 x
=  _____   
2014
= Ì
Ó 2 n + 1 : 0.5 £ f < 1
36. When [sin x] = 0, then [cos x] = 1

1
R.H.S = [n + f] + n + f + __ [ 
     
2 ]
= n + [f] + n + [  f + __
fi x = 0, p, 2p and x = 0, 2 p
     ]
1
fi x = 0, 2 p
2
= 2n + [f] + [  f + __
Also, when [cos x] = 0, then = [sin x] = 1
     ]
1
p p
fi x = __
     and x = __
     2
2 2
p Ï2 n : 0 £ f < 0.5
fi __
x =      = Ì
2 Ó2 n + 1 : 0.5 £ f < 1
Thus, the solution set is 0, __ { 
p
    , 2 p 
2 } Hence, the result.
37. We have 40. Case-I: when x is an integer.
[x + 0.19] + [x + 0.20] + [x + 0.21] + ... i.e x = n
L.H.S = [3n] = 3n
+ ... + [x + 0.22] + ... + [x + 0.91] = 542
1
R.H.S = [n] + n + __ [  ] [  ] 2
      + n + __
     
[ 
19
fi x + ____
100 ] [ 
100
20
] 91
       + x +  ____     + ... + x + ____[ 
       = 542
100 ]
3
= n + n + n = 3n
3
Real Function 1.45
Case-II: when x is not an integer = [x] + {x}

i.e. x = n + f = x
L.H.S = [3[n + f] = [3 + 3f] = 3n + [3f]
Ï 1
2014
r = 1
( 
{x + r}
     ______
Thus, [x] + S
2014
   
 )
= x
Ô3n : 0 £ f < 3 44. We have 4{x} = x + [x]

Ô
Ô 1 2 fi 4 {x} = [x] + {x} + [x]
= Ì3n + 1: £ f <
Ô 3 3 fi 3 {x} = 2 [x]
Ô 2
2
Ô3n + 2 : 3 £ f < 1 fi {x} = __      [x]
Ó 3
[  1
R.H.S = [n + f] + n + f + __ ] [  2
      + n + f + __
3
     
3 ] As we know that, 0 £ {x} < 1
fi
2
0 £ __
     [x] < 1
= 3n + [f] + [  f + __
     ] + [ f + __
3
     ]
1 2
fi 0 £ [x] < 2
3 3
fi [x] = 0, 1
Ï 1
Ô3n : 0 £ f < 3 when [x] = 0 fi {x} = 0
Ô
Ô 2

1
= Ì3n + 1: £ f <
2 when [x] = 1 fi {x} = __
    
3 3 3
Ô 2 5
Ô 2 Thus x = [x] + {x} = 0, 1 + __
     = 0, __
    
Ô3n + 2 : 3 £ f < 1 3 3
Ó
Hence, the result.
5
Hence, the solutions are 0, __ {  }
     
3
[  ]
2x2
41. We have _____
  2   
x +1
  
45. We have 2x + 3{x} = 4[x] – 2
fi 2([x] + {x}) + 3{x} = 4[x] – 2
[  2
2
= 2  –  _____
x +1
  
  
] fi 5{x} = 2[x] – 2
[ 
2
= 2 + – _____
  2    
x +1
  
] fi ( 
2[x] – 2
{x} =  _______
5
   
  )
= 2 + (– 2), 2 + (–1) }
(  (  2
– 2 £ –  _____
x2 + 1
  
) )
   < 0  As we know that, 0 £ {x} < 1

= 0, 1
Hence, the number of integral values is 2.
fi { 
2[x] – 2
0 £  _______
5
    }
  < 1
42. We have {x} + {sin x} = 2 fi 0 £ 2[x] – 2 < 5

since {x} < 1 and {sin x} < 1 7
fi 2 £ [x] < __
    
so {x} + {sin x} < 2 2
Thus, the given equation has no solution. fi [x] = 2, 3
Therefore, x = j 2
when [x] = 2 fi {x} = __
    
43. As we know that {x + r} = {x} as x Œ I 5
( 
2 12
2014
r = 1
{x + r}
     ______
we have [x] + S
2014
   
 
) Thus. x = [x] + {x} = 2 + __
4
__
     =
5
___
    
5
Also, [x] = 3 fi {x} =     
2014
r = 1
( 
{x + r}
     ______
= [x] + S
2014
   
 
) 5
Thus, x = [x] + {x} = 3 + __
4
     =
19
___
    
5 5
{x}
= [x] + _____
   
2014 ( (  ) (  ) {x}
    + _____
   
2014
    + ... 2014 times  ) 12 19
Hence, the solutions are ___ { 
    , ___
5 5
      .}
(  (  ) )
{x}
= [x] + 2014 × _____
   
2014
     46. We have x2 – 4x + [x] + 3 = 0
fi
fi
x2 – 4x + x – {x} + 3 = 0
x2 – 3x + 3 = {x}
fi ( 
cos2 x – 2
– 1 £  ________
2
   
1
)
  £ –  __  
2
As we know that 0 £ {x} < 1

fi 0 £ x2 – 3x + 3 < 1
cos2 x – 2
From (i), we get,  ________
2
    (  1
  – (– 1) =  __  
4 )

when
fi
x2 – 3x + 3 < 1
x2 – 3x + 2 < 0
cos2 x – 2
fi  ________
2
    (  3
  = –  __  
4 )
3
fi (x – 1)(x – 2) < 0 fi (cos2 x – 2) = –  __  
2
fi 1<x<2
2 3 __
__ 1
when x2 – 3x + 3 ≥ 0 fi cos x = 2 –      =     
2 2

fi x Œ R
Thus the solution set is 1 < x < 2 which does not
fi (  )
1 2
cos2 x = ___
p
(  )
  __     = cos2 __
÷   
2 
     
4
satisfy the given equation.
p
Hence, the equation does not have any solution. fi x = 2 n p ±  __  , n Œ I
4
47. It has two solutions only when at x = 1 and 51. F(x) is defined only when 2 {x}2 – 3 { } + 1 ≥ 0
x = – 1.
48. We have 0 £ {x} < 1 and 0 £ {tan(p x)} < 1 fi 2 {x}2 – 2 {x} – {x} + 1 ≥ 0
Now, {x} + {tan (p x)} ≥ 0 fi (2 {x} – 1)({x} – 1) ≥ 0
Thus, the equation holds only when 1
fi {x} £ __
    , {x} ≥ 1
2
{x} = 0 fi x Œ 1
But {x} ≥ 1 is not possible.
and {tan(p x)} = 0 fi x Œ I 1
Thus, {x} £ __
    
Thus, the equation have infinitely many solution. 2
{ 
x2 + 1
49. Given, y =  _____
   
  }
fi [  1
2 ] [  ]
1
Df = – 1, –  __    » 0,  __    » {1}
2
2
52. Here, a = 3, b = 4 and c = 10
fi ( 
x2 + 1
y =  _____
2
    ) [ 
x2 + 1
  –  _____
2 ]
   
  Thus, the minimum values of f (x)
______
when x Œ [0, 1) = – ÷a  2 + b2 
  + c = – 5 + 10 = 5
and the maximum values of f (x)
fi y Œ (0, 1) ______
when x Œ [1, 2) a  2 + b2 
=÷   + c = 5 + 10 = 15.
__ __
fi y Œ [0, 1) 53. Rf = [min f (x), max f (x)] = Î– ÷2 
    + 3, ÷     + 3˚
2 
when x = 2
fi y Œ (0, 1) 54. We have, A = sin4 q + cos4 q
Thus the number of integral values of y satisfy the = (sin2 q)2 + (cos2 q)2
given expression is 1. = 1 – 2 sin2 q. cos2 q
i.e. y = 0 only.
(sin2 q)2
= 1 –  _______
) [ 
    
( 
cos2 x – 2
50. We have  ________
2
   
cos2 x – 2
  –  ________
2
   
1
  = __ ]
     
4
...(i)

2
{– sin2 (2 q)}
= 1 +  ___________
     
2
Also, 0 £ cos2 x £ 1 As we know that, – 1 £ {– sin2 (2 q)} £ 0
fi 0 – 2 £ cos2 x – 2 £ 1 – 2 2
1 {– sin (2 q)}
fi –  __   £  ___________
 
    £0+1
fi – 2 £ (cos2 x – 2) £ – 1 2 2
{– sin2 (2 q)}
(  )
1
– 2 cos2 x – 2 – 1 fi –  __   + 1 £  ___________
 
     £0+1
fi  ___  £  ________
     £ ___
     2 2
2 2 2
1
fi  __   £ A £ 1
2
Real Function 1.47
55. We have, f (q) = sin6 q + cos6 q 3 1

B = m2 =  __   + __
3
    . 0 = __
    
2 3 2 3 4 4 4
= (sin q) + (cos q)
Now, the value of m12 + m22 + m1m2
= (sin2 q + cos2 q)2
9 3 37
– 3 sin2 q cos2 q (sin2 q + cos2 q) = 1 + ___
     + __
     = ___
    
16 4 16
= 1 – 3 sin2 q cos2 q
3 57. We have, sin2 (sinq) + cos2 (cosq)
= 1 – __     (4 sin2 q cos2 q)
4 = sin2 (cosq) + cos2 (cosq) + sin2 (sinq) – sin2 (cosq)
3
= 1 –  __  (sin2 2q) = (sin2 (cosq) + cos2 (cosq)) + sin2 (sinq) – sin2 (cosq)
4
3 = 1 + (sin2 (sinq) – sin2 (cosq))
= 1 + __      (– sin2 2q)
4 Max value of f (q)
As we know that, – 1 £ (– sin2 2q) £ 0
3 3(– sin 2q)
2
(  (  (  ) )
p
= 1 + sin2 sin __
2 (  (  ) ) )
p
        – sin2 cos __
         
2
fi –  __   £  __________
  £0
     = 1 + sin2 (1)
4 4
3 3(– sin2 2q) Min value of f (q)
fi 1 –  __   £ 1 +  __________
 
    £1
4 4 = 1 + (sin2 (sin(0)) – sin2 (cos(0)))
1 = 1 – sin2 (1)
fi  __   £ f (q) £ 1
4 58. We have, f (q) = (3sin(q) – 4 cos(q) – 10)
Hence, the maximum value = 1 and the minimum (3sin(q) + 4cos(q) – 10)
value = 1/4 = (9sin2 (q) – 16 cos2 (q))
56. We have – 10(3sinq + 4cosq) – 10(3sinq – 4 cosq)
A = cos2 q + sin4 q = (9sin2 (q) – 16cos2 (q)) – 10 (3sinq + 4cosq

+ 3sinq – 4cosq)
1 1
= __
     (2cos2 q) + __      (2sin2 q)2 = (9sin2 (q) – 16 cos2 (q)) – 60 sin (q)
2 4
1 1 = 25 sin2q – 60 sin (q) – 16
=  __   (1 + cos (2q)) + __      (1 – 2cos(2q))2
2 4 = (5 sinq – 6)2 – 36 – 16
1
= __
     (1 + cos (2q)) + __
1
     (1 – 2cos(2q) + cos2 (2q)) = (5 sinq – 6)2 – 52
2 4
Hence, the minimum value of f (q) = 121 – 52 = 69
1 __ 1 1 __ 1 1
=      +      cos (2q) +      –      cos (2q) + __
__ __     (cos2 (2q)) 59. Now, 0 < sin2010 q £ sin2 q ....(i)
2 2 4 2 4
3 __
__ 1 2 and 0 < cos2014 q £ cos2 q ....(ii)
=      +      (cos (2q))
4 4
Adding (i) and (ii), we get,
3 1
Max value of A = m1 = __      + __
    . 1 = 1
4 4 0 < sin2012 q + cos2014 q £ sin2 q + cos2 q
Also,
fi 0 < A £ 1
B = sin2 q + cos4 q
Thus, the range of A = (0, 1]
1 1
= __
     (2sin2 q) + __      (4cos4 q)
2 4 x2 sin2 x + 4
60. We have, f (x) =   __________
  
   
1 1 x sin x
= __
     (2sin2 q) + __      (2cos2 q)2
2 4 4
= x sin x +  _____ £ 4
    
1 1 x sin x
=      (1 – cos (2q)) + __
__      (1 + cos (2q))2
2 4 Hence, the minimum values of f (x) is 4
1 1
=  __   (1 – cos (2q)) + __      (1 + 2cos (2q) + cos2 (2q)) 61. Here, the function f is defined for all x in R
2 4
Thus, Df = R
1 1 1
=  __   + __
     + __ 2
     cos (2q) 62. Here, the function f is defined for all x in R.
2 4 4
3 1 2 Thus, Df = R
= __
     + __
     cos (2q)
4 4 63. Here, the function f is defined for all x in R.
Thus, the minimum value of Thus, Df = R
64. Here, the function f is defined for all x in R. Thus, the number of solution is 1.
Thus, Df = R 71. f is defined if (x2 – 4x + 3)
65. Here, the function f is defined for fi (x – 1)(x – 3) > 0
1
e–|x| – __
     ≥ 0 fi x < 1, x > 3
2
1 Thus, Df = (– •, 1) » (3, •)
fi e ≥ __
–|x|
     x
 2  –1
2 __
72. Here, e is defined for all x in R log(1 – x) is defined
fi –|x| ≥ loge __
1
     
2 (  ) fi
for 1 – x > 0
x<1
fi –|x| ≥ loge 1 – loge 2 = –loge 2 fi x Œ (– •, 1)
fi |x| £ loge 2 Also, x1001 is defined for all x in R.
fi –loge 2 £ x £ loge 2 Hence, the domain of the given function
= R « (– •, 0) « R
(  )

1
fi loge __
      £ x £ loge 2 = (– •, 1)
2
[ 
x
1
fi x Œ loge __ (  ) ]
      , loge 2 
2
73. Here, the function f is defined for  _____
fi x < 0 and x > 2
x–2
     > 0
D = [  log ( __
     ), log 2 ]
1 fi x Œ (– •, 0) » (2, •)
Thus, f e e
2 Thus Df = (– •, 0) » (2, •)
66. Here, the function f is defined for all x in R
74. Here, the function f is defined for (x – 2) > 0
Thus, Df = R
fi x>2
67. Here, the function f is defined for all x in R
fi x Œ (2, •)
Thus, Df = R
Thus, Df = (2, •)
68. We have ex + e f (x) = e
75. Here, log(1 – x) is defined for 1 – x > 0
fi e f(x) = e – ex fi x<1
fi f (x) = loge (e – ex)
fi x Œ (– •, 1)
It is defined for e – ex > 0 2
Also, x – 3x + 2 = 0 gives x = 1, 2
fi e > ex
Thus, Df = (– •, 1)
fi ex < e
fi x<1 76. Here, the function log(3 – x) is defined for
fi x Œ (– •, 1) 3 – x > 0 fi x < 3 x Œ (– •, 3)
Thus, Df = (– •, 1) Also, x2 – 5x + 4 = 0 gives x = 1, 4
69. We have 2x + 3x + 4x – 5x = 0 Thus, Df = (– •, 3) – {1} = (– •, 1) » (1, 3)
fi 2x + 3x + 4x = 5x 77. Here, the function f is defined for
(  ) (  ) (  )
x x x
2
fi __
3
      + __
4
      + __
      = 1 fi (9 – x2) > 0, (9 – x2) π 1, (9 – x2) π 0
5 5 5
fi (x2 – 9) < 0, x2 π 8, x2 π 9
__
fi (x + 3)(x – 3) < 0, x π ± 2÷2 
  ,  x π ± 3
__
fi – 3 < x < 3, x π ± 2÷2 
  ,  x π ± 3
__ __
Thus,   )  » (2÷2 
Df = (– 3, – 2÷2    ,  3)
78. Here, the function f is defined for
(x – 1) ≥ 0 & (3 – x) £ 0
fi x≥1&x£3
fi x Œ [1, 3]
Df = [1, 3]
(  )
Clearly it has only 1 solution.
2–x
70. We have 1 + 3x/2 = 2x 79. Here, the function f is defined for _____
      > 0
x –4
The given equation holds good only for x = 2
Real Function 1.49
2–x
fi  _____ 
x–4 ( 
   < 0 ) Hence, f = g
85. Here Df = R & Dg = R – {0}
fi 2<x<4
Since Df π Dg, so f π g
__
Thus, Df = (2, 4)
x  2   = |x|
86. Here, f (x) = x & g(x) = ÷
80. Here, the function f is defined for Thus, R f = R & Rg = [0, •)
(1 – log10 (x2 – 5x + 16)) > 0 Since R f π Rg, so f π g
fi 2
log10 (x – 5x + 16) < 1 87. Here, D f = R + & Dg = R – {0}
fi (x2 – 5x + 16) < 10 Since, D f π Dg, so f π g
fi (x2 – 5x + 6) < 0
(  )
x–1
88. Here, f is defined for  _____    > 0
x–2
fi (x – 2)(x – 3) < 0
fi x < 1 and x > 2
fi 2<x<3
fi x Œ (– •, 1) » (2, •)
Thus, Df = (2, 3)
Thus, Df = (– •, 1) » (2, •)
81. Here the function f is defined for Also, the function g is defined for
(log10 x)2 – 5 (log10 x) + 6 > 0 x > 1 and x > 2
fi a2 – 5a + 6 > 0 a = log10 x fi x>2
fi (a – 2)(a – 3) > 0, a = log10 x Thus, Dg = (2, •)
fi a < 2 & a > 3, a = log10 x Since D f π Dg, so f π g
fi log10 x < 2 & log10 x > 3 89. Given f (x) = sin x and
x < 102 & x > 103 and x > 0
÷ 
fi ________ _____
1 – cos2x
fi 2 3
x Œ (0, 10 ) » (10 , •) g(x) =  ________ 
    2 x  
 = ÷sin
   = |sin x|
2
Thus, Df = (0, 102) » (103, •) Clearly, Rf = [– 1, 1] & Rg = [0, 1]
82. Here, the function f is defined for Since Rf π Rg, so f π g
x – [x] > 0, x œ I 90. 0
fi x > [x], x œ I 91. 3P3 = 3! = 6
Thus, Df = R + – I 92. 5P4 = 5! = 120.
83. Given equation can be written as 2 – x = loge x 93. 3P3 = 3! = 6
From the graph it is clear that it has only one 94. 4
solution. 95. is 3 since
Y (i) 1 < 2 fi f (1) = 6 < f (2) = 7
(ii) 1 < 3 fi f (1) = 6 < f (3) = 8
y = log x (iii) 2 < 3 fi f (2) = 7 < f (3) = 8.
96. Number of many one function = Number of total
X¢ X function – Number of one-one function.
O
y=x–2
= 43 – 4P3 = 64 – 24 = 40.
97. Number of many one function = Number of total
function – Number of one-one function.
Y¢
= 34 – 0 = 81
84. Here, Df = {1, 2} = Dg and Rf = {1, 4} = Rg 98. Number of many one function = Number of total
Also f (1) = 1, f (2) = 4 and g(1) = 1, g(2) = 4 function – Number of one-one function.
Thus all the conditions of equal functions are = 33 – 2 = 27 – 2 = 25
satisfied.
x
99. Now, let y = _____
     
x+1
  ( 4!
= 34 –  __________
 
2! × 1! × 1! 2!
3!
     × __
      )
fi y x + y = x = 81 – 36
fi x(y – 1) = – y = 45.
– y 107. The number of into functions = The total number of
fi x = ______
      functions – the number of onto functions.
(y – 1)
Then the range of a function is R – {1}  
5!
  ( 
= 35 – __________
3!
     × __
5!
     + __________
 
3! × 1! × 1! 2! 2! × 2! × 1! 2!
 
3!
     × __
      )
Thus, Rf = R – {1} = Co-domain
= 243 – 150
Hence, f is onto function.
= 93.
100. Clearly, the range of a function is = (0, 1]
i.e. R f = (0, 1]. Since f is onto function, so 108. Given f(x) = 3x + 5.
Rf = Co-domain fi f ¢(x) = 3 > 0
fi A = Rf = (0, 1] fi f is strictly increasing function.
Hence, the set A is (0, 1]. fi f is one-one function.
101. Clearly, domain of a function is R. Also, the range of a function is R
i.e. Df = A = R. fi f is onto function.
Now, range of the function is [0, 1) Hence, f is a bijective function.
Thus, Rf = [0, 1). 109. Given f (x) = x2 + 1
Since f is onto function, so Rf = B. fi f ¢(x) = 2x > 0 " x Œ R +
Thus, B = [0, 1) fi f is strictly increasing function.
Hence, A « B = [0, 1). fi f is one-one function.

102. Number of onto function = Number of distribution Also, the range of a function is (1, •)
of 4 balls into 2 boxes, where no box is remain fi Rf = (1, •) = Co-domain
empty. fi f is onto function.
4! 4! 2!
=  ______
     × 2! +  ______
     ×  __   Hence, the function f is bijective.
3! × 1! 2! × 2! 2!
1
= 8 + 6 = 14. 110. Given f (x) = _____
  2     
x +1
103. Number of onto function = Number of distribution 2x
of 4 balls into 3 boxes, where no box is remain fi f ¢(x) =  _______
     > 0, " x Œ R +
(x2 + 1)2
empty.
4! fi
=  ______
     × 2! f is strictly increasing function.
3! × 1! fi f is one-one function.
=8 Also, the range of a function is (0, 1)
104. Number of onto function = Number of distribution fi Rf = (0, 1) = co-domain
of 5 balls into 3 boxes, where no box is remain fi f is onto function
empty.
5! 3! 5! 3! Thus, f is a bijective function.
= __________
         × __
     + __________
        × __
     x
3! × 1! × 1! 2! 2! × 2! × 1! 2! 111. Given f (x) = _____
  2      , " x Œ (– 1, 1)
= 60 + 90 x +1
1 – x2
= 150. f ¢ (x) =  _______      > 0 " x Œ (– 1, 1)
105. The number of into function = Total number of (1 + x2)2
functions – the number of onto functions fi f is strictly increasing function
=2 –63 fi f is one-one function.

=8–6
= 2.
1
Also, the range of a function is –  __  ,
2 (  1
__
)
     
2
106. The number of into functions = Total number of

functions – the number of onto functions
fi ( 
1
Rf = –  __  ,
2
1
__
)
      = Co-domain
2
Real Function 1.51
fi f is onto function.
Thus f is a bijective function.
112. Since the number of elements of A and B are not
same, so the number of one-one onto function is 0.
113. Since the number of elements of both the sets
are same, so the number of bijective function is
5
P5 = 5! = 120.
114. Hence, the number of bijective functions
= 3P3 = 3! = 6.
115.
Given f (x) = 3x + 5 1
f (x) = 1 – _____
  2      
fi f ¢ (x) = 3 > 0 x +1
fi f is strictly increasing function. 2x
f ¢(x) =  _______     > 0, " x Œ R +
fi f is one-one function (x + 1)2
2
Also, Rf = R = Co-domain fi f is strictly increasing function.

fi f is onto function. fi f is one-one function.
Thus, f is a bijective function.
x2
Hence, f –1 is exists. Also, let y =  _____  
 
x2 + 1
Let y = 3x + 5
fi y.x2 + y = x2
y–5
fi x =  _____  
  fi x2 (y – 1) = – y
3
– y y
x –5
Thus, f –1(x) =  _____
  
 
. fi x2 = ______
      = ______
      
3 (y – 1) (1 – y)
÷ 
______
116. Given f (x) = x2 + 2 y
fi x = ______
         
(1 – y)
fi Rf = (0, 1) = Co-domain
fi f –1 (x) is exists.
÷ 
_____
x
Hence, f (x) = _____
–1
       .
 
1–x
118. Given f (x) = 2x(x – 1).

fi f ¢(x) = 2x(x – 1) × (2x – 1) × loge 2 > 0
fi f ¢(x) = 2x > 0 for every x > 0 for all x in [1, •)
fi f is strictly increasing function. fi f is strictly increasing function.
fi f is one-one function. fi f is one-one function.
Also, Rf = (2, •) = Co-domain
Thus f is a bijective function.
Therefore, the inverse of the given function is
exists.
Let y = x2 + 2
fi x2 = y_____ –2
fi x=÷ y  – 2  
_____
Hence, f –1 (x) = ÷
x  – 2 
 
Also, Rf = [1, •)
x2
117. Given f (x) =  _____  
 
x2 + 1 fi Rf = [1, •) = Co-domain
fi f is onto function. fi f ¢(x) = 2x – 4 ≥ 0 for all x in Df

fi f is strictly increasing function.
So its inverse is exists. fi f is one-one function.
Let y = 2x(x – 1) Also, Rf = [5, •) = Co-domain
y = 2x – x
2
fi fi f is onto function.
fi x2 – x = log2 (y) Therefore, f is a bijective function.
fi x2 – x – log2 (y) = 0 Hence, its inverse is exists.
___________ Let y = x2 – 4x + 5
  + 4 log  
1  ± ÷1  2 (y) 
fi x =   _______________
       fi x2 – 4x + (5 – y) = 0
2 ___________
___________
  + 4 log  
1  + ÷1    – 4(5   
4   ± ÷16 – y) 
2 (y)  fi x =   _______________
     
fi x =  _______________
       2
2 ___________
___________
  + 4 log  
1  + ÷1    +  16  –  
4   ± ÷4y 20 
2 (y)  fi x =   _______________
      
Thus, f –1 (x) =   _______________
       2
2 _______
119. Since f is a bijective function, so its inverse is   – 1)  
4 ± ÷4(y ______
exists. fi x =   ___________
 
       – 1)  
= 2 ± ÷(y
2
10x – 10 –x 102x – 1 ______
Let y =  _________
x   =  _______
–x    . fi   – 1)  
x = 2 + ÷(y , since x ≥ 2
10 + 10 102x + 1 ______
fi y.102x + y = 102x – 1 fi f –1(x) = 2 + ÷   – 1)  
(x
fi 102x (y – 1) = – y – 1
1
1
4 ( 
122. Consider the function f : [0, •) Æ –  __  , •  , where. )
fi
y+1
102x = –  _____ 
 y + 1
  =  _____   f (x) = x2 – __     
y–1 1–y 4
(  )
 y + 1 Clearly, f is one-one and onto function. So its inverse
fi 2x = log10  _____     is exists.
[ 
1–y
1
)
(  )
1 + y __  , •    Æ [0, •).
Let its inverse is f –1 (x) :  –  
fi
1
x = __
     log10  _____ 
   4
÷ 
2 1–y ______
1
fi f –1 (x) = x + __
( 
      . 
Thus, f (x) = __
–1
2
l 1 + x
1–x )
      log10  _____ 
   . 4
Consequently, we can say that, the two sides of the
120. Given f (x) = x + sin x given equation are inverse to each other.
fi f ¢(x) = 1 + cos x ≥ 0 for all x in R. Thus, the intersection point is the solution of the
fi f is strictly increasing function given equation. f (x) = x.
fi f is one-one function. 1
fi x2 – __
     = x
Also, the range of a function is R. 4
fi 1
f is a onto function. fi x2 – x = __     
Thus, f is a bijective function. 4

Hence, f –1 is exists.
Therefore, f –1(x) = x – sin x
(  ) 1 2 1
fi x – __
      = __
2
    
2
Given f (x) = x2 – 4x + 9 fi ( x – __
     ) = ± ___
121. 1 1
      __
2  
÷2   
1 1
fi x = __
     ± ___
  __   
2 ÷   
2 
Hence, the solutions are __
1
     + ___
2 ÷ { 
1 1 ___
  __   , __
1
}
     –   __     .
    2 ÷2 
2    
123. Since the f is invertible, so f is one-one function.
Given f (x) = (m + 2)x2 – 3mx2 + 9mx – 1
fi f ¢(x) = 3(m + 2)x2 – 6mx + 9m
fi f ¢(x) = 3(m + 2)x2 – 6mx + 9m > 0
Real Function 1.53
Thus, (m + 2) > 0 and 36m2 – 108m(m – 2) < 0 ex is defined for all x in R.

fi m > – 2 & m2 – 3m(m + 2) < 0 1
Also,  _____
    is defined for x Œ R –{1}
fi m > – 2 & m2 + 3m > 0 |x – 1|
fi m > – 2 & m Œ (– •, – 3) » (0, •) Thus, Df = [0, 4] » R » R – {1}
fi m Œ (– 2, – 3) » (0, •) = [0, 4] – {1}
124. Given f (x) = f –1 (x) = [0, 1) » (1, 4]
(  )
______________________
|x| – 3
128. Here, cos–1  _____
3
  3 + 3bx2 – 3bx 
Now, y = ÷a – x     +  b3  + b 3
   
  is defined for
( 
3 3 2 3
fi
fi
(y – b) = a – (x – 3bx + 3bx – b )
(y – b)3 = a – (x – b)3
fi
|x| – 3
– 1 £  _____
3 )
  £ 1
   
fi –3 £ |x| – 3 £ 3
fi (x – b)3 = a – (y – b)3
__________ fi 0 £ |x| £ 6
(x – b) = ÷a  – (y –  
3
fi b)3
__________ fi –6 £ x £ 6
x = b + ÷a  – (y –  
3
  fi b)3  x Œ [–6, 6]
__________
f (x) = b + ÷ 
–1 3
Thus, b)3
a – (x –     1
Also,  _____
    is defined for all x in R
ex + 1
125. We have f (x) = sin–1(3x + 4) Thus, Df = [–6, 6] « R = [–6, 6]
fi – 1 £ 3x + 4 £ 1
fi – 5 £ 3x £ – 3 ( 
1 – |x|
129. Here, sin–1  _____
2
    )
  is defined for
5
fi  __   £ x £ – 1
3
fi ( 
1 – |x|
–1 £  _____
2 )
  £ 1
   
fi
5
[ 
x Œ –  __  , – 1 
3 ] fi
fi
–2 £ (1 – |x|) £ 2
–3 £ (– |x|) £ 1
5
[ 
Thus, Df = –  __  , – 1 
3 ] fi
fi
–1 £ |x| £ 3
–3 £ x £ 3
–1
126. Given f (x) = cos (4x + 5) e –1 x
Also,  _____   is defined for all x in R.
fi – 1 £ 4x + 5 £ 1 ex + 1
fi – 6 £ 4x £ – 4 Thus, Df = [–3, 3] « R = [–3, 3]

3
fi –  __   £ x £ – 1
2 130. Here, the given function is defined for
fi
3
[ 
x Œ – __
    , – 1 
2 ] ( 
 
3
–1 £ ________
   
4 + 2sinx )
   £ 1
3
Thus, Df = – __ [ 
    , – 1 
2 ] fi –1 £ (   ________
4 + 2sinx
3
   ) £ 1
 
(  )
x
127. Given f (x) = cos–1 __
2
1
     – 1  + ex + _____
      
|x – 1| fi –3 £ (4 + 2sinx) £ 3
Here, cos ( __

     – 1 ) is defined for
x –1
2 fi –7 £ (2sinx) £ –1
–1 £ ( __      – 1 ) £ 1

x
fi 7 1
2 fi – __
     £ (sin x) £ – __
    
x 2 2
fi 0 £ __
     £ 2
2 1
fi –1 £ (sin x) £ –  __  
fi 0£x£4 2
– p p
fi x Œ [0, 4] fi  ___  £ x £ –  __  
2 6
p p
[ 
Thus, Df = –  __  , –  __   
2 6 ] fi
fi
– 1 £ ( | x2 – 1 | ) £ 1
– 1 £ (x2 – 1) £ 1
1+x
2x( 
131. Here, sin–1  _____
    
2
)
  is defined for fi 0 £ (x2) £ 2
__
( 
fi 0 £ |x| £ ÷2 
)
  
1 + x2
– 1 £  _____   
   £ 1 __ __
2x fi     £ x £ ÷2 
– ÷2    
| 
__ __
1 + x2
fi  _____
2x
|1 + x2|
     £ 1
 
| fi
Thus,
x Œ Î– ÷2 
Df = Î– ÷2 
  ˚ 
  ,  ÷2 
__
  ˚ 
  ,  ÷2 
__
fi  ______  £ 1
   135. We have (fog) (x) = f (g(x))
2|x|
fi 1 + x2 £ 2 |x| = f (x – 1)
fi |x|2 – 2|x| + 1 £ 0 = (x – 1)2 + 1

= x2 – 2x + 2
fi (|x| – 1)2 £ 0
Also, (go f ) (x) = g ( f (x))
fi (|x| – 1)2 = 0
= g (x2 + 1)
fi (|x| – 1) = 0
= g (b), b = x2 + 1
fi |x| = 1
=b–1
fi x = – 1, 1
Also, the function cos (sin x) is defined for all x in R. = (x2+1) – 1
= x2
Thus, Df = {– 1, 1} « R {–1, 1}
Note: Clearly, fog π go f, so composition of functions
132. Here, the given function is defined for is not commutative.
– 1 £ log2 (x) £ 1 136. We have (fog)(x) = f(g(x))

–1 1
_____
fi 2 £ (x) £ 2 = f ( ÷ )
  – 2   
x
_____
1
fi __      £ x £ 2 = sin (÷x   – 2 ) 
[  ]
2
1
Thus, Df = __     , 2  Also, (go f ) (x) = g( f(x))
2
133. Here, the given function is defined for = g(sin x)
2 _______
– 1 £ log4 (x ) £ 1   x – 2  
= ÷sin
fi 4 –1 £ (x2) £ 4 137. We have ( fo g) (x)
1
__ = f (g(x))
fi      £ x2 £ 4
4__ = f ( 2
+ 1)
÷ 
__ __ __________
1
fi __        £ ÷x  2   £ ÷4 
   = ÷ 
(x2 + 1)   – 3 
4
______
1
fi  __   £ |x| £ 2 = ÷x  2 – 2  
2
Thus, the domain of the function fo g
When |x| £ 2 fi – 2 £ x £ 2 __ __
= ( – •, – ÷2 
  ˚    »  Î   ,  • )
÷2 
When
1
|x| ≥ __
1
]  [ __ 12   , • )
( 
     fi x Œ   – •, –  __     »
2 2 138. Here, Df = [0, •) and Rf = [0, •)
D = [ –  __  , – 2 ] » [ __

    , 2 ].
1 1 Also, Dg = R and Rg = [– 1, •)
Thus, f
2 2 As we know that fo g is defined only when
134. Here, the function f is defined for if Rg Õ Df
(  1
– 1 £ ______
  2       
|x –  1|
£ 1 ) But [– 1, •) [0, •)
Therefore, fog is not defined.
Real Function 1.55
139. Now, f ( f(x)) = f ( ( a – xn )1/n

 ) Ï(– x )2 : x≥0
n 1/n Ô
= f(b), where b = (a – x ) Ô(– x ) : x ≥ 0 and x<0
=Ì
2
= (a – bn)1/n Ôx : x ≥ 0 and x<0
Ôx
( 
= a – (a –
1
__
) 1/n
xn) n  × n  Ó : x<0
Ï x2 : x ≥ 0
= (xn )1/n Ô
=x Ô– x : x = 0
=Ì
( (  ( (  ) ) ) )
2
1
Also, f f __ (  (  ) )
 x     = f a  –  a – __
1 1/n n n
  n          
x
Ôx : x = 0
Ôx : x < 0
Ó
(  (  ) )
= f a – a – __
1
  n      
x
1/n
142. we have (fo f ) (x) = f ( f (x))
Ï1 + (1 + x ) :1 + x ≥ 0 and x ≥ 0
= ( __
      ) = __
1 1/n 1 Ô1 – (1 + x ) :1 + x < 0 and x ≥ 0
 x  Ô
x n =Ì
Ô1 + (1 - x ) :1 – x ≥ 0 and x £ 0
1
Therefore, f (f (x)) + f f __ (  (  ) )
1
 x     = x + __
 x .
ÔÓ1 - (1 - x ) :1 - x < 0 and x < 0
140. We have f ( f ( f (x))) = 0 Ï 2+ x:x ≥0

Ô1 - (1 + x ) : no common value
fi f ( f ( x2 – 1 ) ) = 0 Ô
=Ì
fi f ( (x2 – 1)2 – 1 ) = 0 Ô1 + (1 - x ) : no common value
ÔÓ1 – (1 - x ) : x < 0
fi f ( ( x4 – 2x2 + 1 – 1 ) ) = 0
fi f (x4 – 2x2) = 0 Ï2 + x : x ≥ 0
=Ì
Óx : x < 0
4 2 2
fi (x – 2x ) – 1 = 0
fi (x4 – 2x2)2 = 1 143. we have f (g (x))
fi (x4 – 2x2) = ± 1 = f ({x} + 1) : 1 £ x £ 2
When (x4 – 2x2) = – 1 fi x = ± 1 = ({x} + 1)2 – ({x} + 1) + 2 : x Œ R + and 1 £ x £ 2
= {x}2 + {x} + 2 1 £ x £ 2
Thus, domain of f (g (x)) = [1, 2]
and the range of f (g (x)) = [2, 4)
b d
Thus, the value of __
 a  + __
 c 
2 4
= __
     + __
     = 2 + 2 = 4
1 2
144. Given g is the inverse of f
From the graph it is clear that, it has two solutions i.e. g(x) = f –1(x)
Thus, the number of distinct real solutions of the fi f (g (x)) = x
given equation is 4.
fi f ¢(g (x)) ◊ g¢(x) = 1
ÏÔ x 2 : x ≥ 0
141. We have f (x) = Ì 1
ÔÓ x : x < 0 fi g¢(x) = ______
       
f ¢(g(x))
Ï – x, x ≥ 0 1
and g(x) = Ì fi g¢(x) = ________
        = cosec (g(x))
Ó x, x < 0 sin (g(x))
145. Now, g2 (x) = g(g(x))
Ï f (– x ): x ≥ 0
Now, f (g (x)) = Ì
Ó f ( x ): x < 0 (  )
1
= g _____
     
1–x
  
 
1
= ________
   
1
_____
1 –       
1–x
  =  ________
1–x–1
  
x–1
  =  _____
x    
1
= __
2 [  (  2p
3 ( 
      (1  –  cos 2 x)  +  1  –  cos 2x +  ___      ))
(  (  ) ]
1–x p p
Also, g3 (x) = g (g(g(x)))
+ cos 2x + __
      + cos __
3 )
       
3

1
=  ________
   
x –
1 – _____

1
  x     
 
x –
x
  = ________
   
x + 1
  = x
1
=  __ 
2 [  1
  1  +  1 + __
2 3
p
     – cos 2 x  +  cos 2x + __    (  )
Again, g4 (x) = g (g (g (g (x))))
2p
(  )]
– cos 2x +  ___     
3

1
= _____
     
1–x
 
Thus, the period of g(x) is 3.
1 __
= __
   
2 2
5
[  p
       – cos 2x  +  2 sin 2x + __ (  p
      sin __
2 ) (  ) ]
       
6
Now, g2016 (x) = g3 (x) = x

1 5
= __ [ 
     __
2 2
1
     – cos 2x + 2 cos 2x × __
     
2 ]
[ 
Thus, the range of g2016 (x) is R.
146. We have = __
1 5
     __
2 2
     – cos 2x + cos 2 x  ]
(c – 1) (x2 + x + 1)2 – (c + 1) (x4 + x2 + 1) = 0 5
= __   
(  )
fi (x2 + x + 1)[(c – 1)(x2 + x + 1) 4
5
  Also g __       = 1
(  )
– (c + 1)(x2 – + 1)] = 0 4
5
Thus, (go f ) (x) = g (f (x)) = g __       = 1
4
fi (c – 1) (x2 + x + 1) – (c + 1)(x2 – x + 1) = 0
Hence, the result.
fi x2 (c – 1 – c – 1) + x(c – 1 + c + 1) 148. We have f (g(x)) = 1 + x2 – 2x3 + x4
+ (c – 1 + c + 1) = 0 = 1 + (x4 – 2x3 + x2)
fi – 2x2 + 2cx – 2 = 0 = 1 + x2 (x2 – 2x + 1)
fi x2 – cx + 1 = 0 = 1 + x2 (x – 1)2
fi x2 + 1 = cx = 1 + (x(x – 1))2
1–x
Now, f ( f (x)) = f  _____ 
1+x ( 
   ) Thus, g(x) = ± x(x – 1)
149. we have f (g(x))
1- x
1- = f (1 + x – [x])
1 + x 1 + x - 1 + x 2x
= = = =x
1- x 1+ x +1- x 2 = 1, since the Rg = [1, 2)
1+
1+ x
150. Given f (f (x)) = x
1
Also, f f __(  (  ) ) (  x–1
 x     = f  _____ 
x+1
   ) fi (  ax
f  _____
   )
   = x
x+1
x -1
=
1-
x +1 x +1- x +1 2 1
= = = fi  ___________
ax
a ◊  _____  
x +1
     
( 
  
  = x
)
( 
x - 1 x + 1 + x - 1 2x x

1+
x +1
ax
 _____
x + 1
       +  1 )
1
Therefore, f (x (x)) + f f __ (  (  ) )
 x     a2 x
fi  _________
  
ax + x + 1
  = x
1
= x + __  x  fi a2 x = (a + 1)x2 + x
x2 + 1 cx
=  _____
x   =
   __
x   = c
Comparing the co-efficients of x and x2
we get, a2 = 1 & a + 1 = 0
147. We have f (x)
fi a2 = 1 & a = – 1
1
= __ [  (  p
) (  p
)]
     2 sin2 x  +  2 sin2 x  +  __    + 2cos x cos x  +  __     
2 3 3
fi
fi
a = ± 1 & a = – 1
a=1
Real Function 1.57
151. Given ( 3x – 1

f (x) = x  _____
3x + 1
 
    ) fi (  ) (  )
3–x
f(x) + f(– x) = log  _____ 
3+x
3+x
    + log  _____ 
3–x
  
f (x) + f (– x) = log (  _____ 

fi –x( 
3 –x – 1
f (– x) = – x  ______
3 +1
 
  )1 – 3x
   = – x  ______x 
1  +  3 ( 
   
) fi
3 – x 3_____
3+x
  ×  
3 – x)
+x
    = log1
fi ( 
3x – 1
f (– x) = x  _____
3x + 1
 
   = f(x))
fi f (– x) = – f(x)
=0
fi f (x) is an even function. fi f (x) is an odd function.

2 _____
152. Given f (x) = x sin (x + 1) 157. Given f(x) = log ( x + ÷x  2 + 1   
)
fi f (– x) = – x sin ((– x)2 + 1) _____
fi f (– x) = log ( – x + ÷ )
x  2 + 1  
 
fi f (– x) = – x sin (x2 + 1) = – f (x) _____
fi  – x )
f (– x) = log ( ÷x  2 + 1 
fi f (x) is an odd function. _____
fi f (x) + f(– x) = log( x + ÷ )
x  2 + 1  
 
153. Given f (x) = tan–1 (sin (cos–1(x))) _____
fi f(– x) = tan–1 (sin (cos–1(–x))) + log( ÷x  2 + 1  – x )
_____
fi f(– x) = tan–1 (sin (p – cos–1 x)) fi f (x) + f (– x) = log { ( x + ÷ )
x  2 + 1  
 
fi f (– x) = tan–1 (sin (cos–1 x)) _____
 – x ) }
( ÷x  2 + 1 
fi f (x) is an even function.
fi f (x) + f(– x) = log (x2 – x2 + 1) = 0
154. Given f(x) = sin x + cos x
fi f (– x) = – f (x)
fi f (– x) = sin (– x) + cos (– x)
fi f (– x) = – sin x + cos x fi f (x) is an odd function.
________ ________
fi π f (x), – f (x) 158. Given x  2 – x + 1 
f(x) = ÷ x  2 + x + 1 
  – ÷  
________ ________
fi f (x) is neither even nor odd function. fi x  2 + x + 1 
f (– x) = ÷ x  2 – x + 1 
  – ÷   = –f (x)
155. Given (  x
f (x) = _____
  x    
e –1 2
  + __
x
     + 1  ) fi f (x) is an odd function.
–x x 159. we have f (x)

fi f (– x) =  ______
–x      – __      + 1
e –1 2 =O+O+O
x
______ x
=     –x   – __      + 1 = Odd function
1–e 2
160. we have f (x)
xex x
=  _____   – __
3
x         + 1 (tan ( x 5 )) e x sgn x7
e –1 2
( 
= Ø Ø Ø Ø

xex
=  _____
x   
e –1 ) x
  – x  + __
     + 1
2 O O O O
= (  ___________
= even function
e –1 ) 2
x x
xe – xe + x x
   
  x + __
     + 1 161. We have
( 
Numerator = E × O = O
= _____
x
  x       
e –  1
+ ) x
__
     + 1
2 Denominator = O + O + O = O
O
= f (x) Thus, f(x) = __      = E = even function.
O
fi f (x) is an even function. 162. We have
Numerator = O(O(O)) = O
156. Given ( 
3–x
f(x) = log  _____ 
3+x
   ) Denominator = E + E + E = E
O
Thus, f (x) = __      = O = Odd function.
E
fi
3+x
3–x ( 
f(– x) = log  _____ 
   ) 163. We have f (x)
1 1
= __
     ( f(x) + f(– x)) + __
     ( f (x) – f(– x))
2 2
1 1 Thus, the period of f (x) is

= __      (  4sinx – 4 – sin x )
     (4sinx + 4 –sinx) + __
{ 
2 2
= (Even Function) + (Odd Function)

p 2p
= L.C.M of __
    ,  ___   
2 3 }
Hence, the result. L.C.M of {p, 2p}
= ________________
    
   
164. We have f(x) H.C.F of {2, 3}
1 1 2p
= __
     ( f(x) + f (– x)) + __      (f (x)) – f (– x)) =  ___  = 2p
2 2 1
1
     (  (1  +  x)
= __ 2015
+ (1 – x)2015 ) 169. Here, the period of 3 sin 4x is = p /2 and the period
2 p
1 of 4 | sin 4x | is = __
    
+ __     (  (1 + x)2015 – (1 – x)2015 ) 4
2 Thus, the period of f (x) is
= (Even function) + (Odd function)
Hence, the result.
p
= L.C.M of __
2 {  __ p4   }
    ,
165. Even extension of f (x) is
L.C.M of {p, p}
Ï x + x2 : 0 £ x < 3 = _______________
    
   
Ô H.C.F of {2, 4}
Ô x +1 :3 < x £ 5
f ( x) = Ì p
2 = __
    
Ô– x + x : - 3 < x £ 0 2
Ô- x + 1 : - 5 £ x < - 3
Ó 170. We have f (x) = sin x . cosec x
and odd extension of f (x) is = 1
Thus, the function is periodic but it has no funda-
Ï x + x2 : 0 £ x < 3
Ô mental period.
Ô x +1 :3 < x £ 5 171. We have f (x) = tan x . cot x
f ( x) = Ì
2
Ô x - x : -3 < x £ 0 =1
Ô x - 1 : - 5 £ x < -3 Thus, the function is periodic but it has no funda-
Ó
mental period.
Hence, the result. __
166. Even extension    x ) is
172. Here, the period of 5 sin ( 2÷2 
2p__ ___ p
Ï f ( x) : 0 £ x £ 2
=Ì =  ____   =   __   
    ÷2 
2÷2    
Ó f (- x ) : - 2 £ x < 0 __
and the period of 7 cos ( 3÷2     x ) is
ÏÔ x + e x + sin x : 0 £ x £ 2
2p__
=Ì
-x =  ____   
ÔÓ- x + e - sin x : - 2 £ x < 0   
3÷2 
We can not find the odd extension of f (x) Thus, the period of f (x) is
since f (0) = 1.
In case of odd function, the value of f (0) must be

÷
p ____
= L.C.M of  ___ { 
2p
__  ,    __    
    3÷2 
2     }
zero. L.C.M of {p, 2p}
167. Even extension =   _________________
__  
   __  
   , 3÷2 
H.C.F of {÷2     }
Ï f ( x) : 0 £ x £ 1 2p __
f ( x) = Ì =  ___
__ 
  = p/÷2 
  
Ó f (- x ) : - 1 £ x < 0 ÷   
2 
__ 2p__ ___ p
ÏÔ x 2 + x + sin x - cos x + log(1 + x ) : 0 £ x £ 1   x   ) is  ____
173. Here, the period of 3 sin ( 2÷3     =   __   
f ( x) = Ì     ÷3 
2÷3    
2
ÔÓ x - x - sin x - cos x + log(1 - x ) : - 1 £ x < 0 __ 2p__
and the period of 2 cos ( 5÷3    x   ) is  ____   
We can not find the odd extension, since f (0) = – 1.   
5÷3 
2p p Thus, the period of f(x) is
168. Here, the period of 3 sin 4x =  ___  = __
{ 
     and the period
2p
___
of 4 cos 3 x =     .
3
4 2

÷
p__ ____
= L.C.M of  ___
2p
  ,    __    
    5÷3 
3     }
Real Function 1.59
Since, two irrational roots are not of the same kind, 178. Here, the period of 3 sin{ 2x} is
so we can not find its L.C.M 1 1
= __
     and the period of 2 cos {3x} is = __
    
So, the period of the given function is not exist. 2 3
174. Here, the period of sin2 x is p, the period of Hence, the period of f (x) is
(  p
sin2 x + __ )
      is also p.
3
= L.C.M of __
1 1
{  }
    ,  __   
2 3
L.C.M of {1, 1}
Finally, the period of cos x cos x + __
p
     
3 (  ) =  ______________   
   
H.C.F  of  {2, 3}
( 
1

1
= __
     × 2 cos x cos x + __
2
p
( 
       
3 )) = __     = 1
1
(  (  (  ) )
p p 179. We have, f (x) + f ( x + 3) = 5 ...(i)

1
=      × cos 2x +       + cos __
__
2
__
3 )
       
3 Replacing x by x + 3, we get,
2p
=  ___  = p f ( x + 3) + f ( x + 6) = 5 ...(ii)
2
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get,
Thus, the period of f (x) is
fi f (x) + f ( x + 3) – f ( x + 3) – f ( x + 6) = 0
= L.C.M of {p, p, p} fi f (x) – f (x + 6) = 0
=p
fi f (x + 6) = f (x)
175. Here, the period of | sin x + cos x | is
|  ( 
Thus, f (x) is periodic with period 6.
)|
__ p
=÷     sin x + __
2         
4 180. We have f (x + 4) + f (x – 4) = f (x) ...(i)
= 2p Replacing x by x + 4, we get,
p f (x + 8) + f (x) = f (x + 4) ...(ii)
and the period of | sin x | + | cos x | is __
    
2 From (i) and (ii), we get,
Hence, the period of f(x) is
f (x + 8) + f (x + 4) + f (x – 4) = f (x + 4)

p
= L.C.M of 2p,  __   
2 {  } fi f (x + 8) + f (x – 4) = 0
L.C.M of {p, 2p} Replacing x by x + 4, we get,
= ________________
    
   
H.C.F of {1, 2}
f (x + 12) + f (x) = 0 ...(iii)
2p
=  ___  = 2p Again replacing x by x + 12, we get,
1
176. Here, the period of | sin x + cos x | is f (x + 24) + f (x + 12) = 0 ...(iv)
|  (  )|
__ p
    sin x + __
= ÷2          Subtracting (iii) from (iv), we get,
4 f (x + 24) + f (x + 12) – f (x + 12) – f (x) = 0
= 2p
fi f (x + 24) – f (x) = 0
and the period of |sin x| – |cos x| is p
fi f (x + 24) = f (x)
Hence, the period of f (x) is
= L.C.M of {2p, p} Thus f (x) is periodic with period __ 24.
= 2p     f (x)
181. We have f ( x – 1) + f ( x + 1) = ÷2  ...(i)
1 |sin x|
177. Here, the period of __
     _____
2 cos x
      ( 
is ) Replacing x by x + 1 and x by x – 1, we get,
__
f (x) + f (x + 2) = ÷     f (x + 1)
2  ...(ii)
__
= L.C.M of {p, 2p} = 2p and the period
and f (x – 2) + f (x) = ÷     f (x – 1)
2  ...(iii)
1 sinx
2 |cos x| ( 
of  __    ______  )
   is = {2p, p} = 2p
  Adding (ii) and (iii), we get,
f (x + 2) + f (x – 2) + 2f (x)
__
Thus, the period of f (x) is =÷     (f (x – 1) + f (x + 1))
2 
= L.C.M of {2p, 2p} __ __
= ÷     ( ÷2 
2      f (x) )
= 2p
= 2 f(x)
f (x + 2) + f (x – 2) = 0 ...(iv) Multiplying (i) by 2 and (ii) by 3, we get,
Replacing x by x + 2, we get, 4f (sin x) + 6f (cos x) = 10 ...(iii)
f (x + 4) + f (x) = 0 ...(v) and 9f (sin x) + 6f (cos x) = 15 ...(iv)

Again replacing x by x + 4, we get, Subtracting (iii) from (iv), we get,
f (x + 8) + f (x + 4) = 0 ...(vi) 5 f (sin x) = 5
Subtracting (v) from (vi), we get, fi f (sin x) = 1
f (x + 8) + f (x + 4) – f (x + 4) – f (x) = 0 fi f (x) = 1, " x Œ (0, 1)
fi f (x + 8) – f (x) = 0 185. Given f (1) = 0
fi f (x + 8) = f (x) = 0 f (2) = f (1) + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
Hence, the function f (x) is periodic with period 8. f (3) = f (2) + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2
182. We have f (x + 1) + f (x + 5) = f (x + 3) + f (x + 7) f (4) = f (3) + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3, ...

...(i) Now, f (2) – f (1) = 1
Replacing x by x + 2, we get, f (3) – f (2) = 2
f (x + 3) + f (x + 7) = f (x + 5) + f (x + 9) f (4) – f (3) = 3
...(ii) ... ... ...
Adding (i) and (ii), we get, ... ... ...
f (x + 1) + f (x + 5) + f (x + 3) + f (x + 7) ... ... ...
= f (x + 3) + f (x + 7) + f (x + 5) + f (x + 9) f (x + 1) – f (x) = x
On addition, we get,
fi f (x + 1) = f (x + 9) ...(iii)
f (x + 1) – f (1) = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + x
Finally replacing x by (x – 1) in (iii), we get,
fi f (x + 1) = f (1) + 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + x
f (x) = f (x + 8)
fi f (x + 1) = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + ...
Hence, the period of f (x) is 8.
x(x – 1)
183. Given
1
(  )
f (x) + 3f  __
x   = 5x ...(i)

Replacing x by x – 1, we get,
+ x =  _______
2
   
Replacing x by 1/x in (i), we get,

(x – 1)(x – 2)
f(x) =  ____________
 
     for all x in N.
(  )
1
f __
1
 x   + 3f (x) = 5  __
x  ...(ii)
2
186. Given f (x + f (x)) = 4f (x)
Multiplying (ii) by ‘3’ and subtracting from (i)
we get, Put x = 1, we get, f (1 + f(1)) = 4f(1)

1
f (x) + 3f __ (  ) 1
 x   – 3f __ (  ) 15
 x   – 15f (x) = ___
  x   fi f (1 + 4) = 4 × 4
15 fi f (5) = 16
fi – 14f (x) = ___
  x  
187. Given P (x + 1) – P (x) = 2x + 1
15
fi f (x) = –  ____    Put x = 1, 2, 3, ..., n, we get,
14x
P(2) – P(1) = 3
184. Given 2f (sin x) + 3f (cos x) = 5 ...(i)
( 
p P(3) – P(2) = 5
Replacing x by __
2 )
     – x  in (i), we get,
P(4) – P(3) = 7
2f sin  __ (  ( 
p
)) p
     – x    + 3f cos __
2 (  (  ))
     – x    = 5
2

...
...
...
...
...
...
... ... ...
fi 2f (cos x) + 3f (sin x) = 5 ...(ii)
P(n + 1) – P(n) = 2n + 1
Real Function 1.61
On addition, we get, Since, the equation is valid for all x except 0, we

compare the co-efficients of various powers of x on
P(n + 1) – P(1) = 3 + 5 + 7 + ... + (2n + 1)
both sides
fi P(n + 1) = P(1) = 3 + 5 + 7 + ... + (2n + 1) x2n : ao = an ao fi an = 1, where ao π 0
fi P(n + 1) = 1 + 3 + ... + (2n + 1) = n(n + 1) x2n – 1 : a1 = aoan–1 + a1an fi an–1 = 0
fi P(n + 1) = n(n + 1) x2n–2 : an–2 = 0
fi P(n) = n(n – 1) x2n–3 : an–3 = 0
Hence, the polynomial P(x) is P(x) = x(x – 1) ... ... ...
188. Given f (x + y) = f (x). f (y) ... ... ...
... ... ...
Put x = 1 = y, f (2) = f (1) ◊ f (1) = 4 = 22
x 2 : a2 = 0
Put x = 2, y = 1, f (3) = f (2) ◊ f (1) = 23
x : a1 = 0
Put x = 2 = y, f (4) = f (2) ◊ f (2) = 24
n Now, comparing the co-efficients of xn, we get,
Now, Â f (a + k )
k =1 2an = a 02 + an2
= f (a + 1) + f (a + 2) + f (a + 3) + ... + f (a + n) fi 2 = a 02 + 1
= f (a) ◊ f (1) + f (a) ◊ f (2) + ... + f (a) ◊ f (3) fi a 0 = ± 1
= f (a) ( f (1) + f (2) + f (3)+ ... + f (n)) Thus, f (x) = ± xn + 1
= f (a) (2 + 22 + 23 + 24 + ... + 2n) 190. Given f (x) f ( y) = f (x) + f (y) + f (xy) – 2
1
Also, f (a) (2 + 22 + 23 + ... +2n) = 16 (2n – 1) Put y = __
 x 
fi ( 
2 n – 1
f (a) ◊ 2  ______ 
2–1 )
   = 16 (2n – 1) fi (  )
1
f (x) ◊ f __ (  )
1
 x   = f (x) + f __
 x   + f (1) – 2
 x  ) = f (x) + f ( __

f (x) ◊ f ( __  x  ) + 2 – 2
fi f (a) = 8 1 1
fi
fi 2a = 8 = 23
 x  ) = f (x) + f ( __
f (x) ◊ f ( __  x  )
1 1
fi a =3 fi
189. Let f(x) = a 0xn + a1xn–1 + a2 xn – 2 + ... + an fi f(x) = xn + 1

1
Given relation is f(x) + f __ (  )
1
 x   = f(x) ◊ f __
 x   (  ) Also, it is given that, f (2) = 5
( aoxn + a1xn–1 + a2 xn–2 + ...  + an  ) fi

fi
2n + 1 = 5
2n = 4

ao
( 
+  __n   +
x
a1
____
  n–1   +
x
a2
 ____
xn–2 )
   + ...  + an  fi
Thus,
n=2
f (6) + 2009
= (  aox + a1x
n n–1
+ a2 x n–2
+ ... + an  ) = 36 + 2009
( 
= 2045.

ao
.  __n   +
x
a1
____
  n–1   +
x
a2
 ____
xn–2 )
   +  ...  + an 
191. Given P(x2) + 2x2 + 10x = 2x P (x + 1) + 3
Put x = 0, we get, P(0) = 3.
fi ( aox2n + a1x2n–1 + a2 x2n–2 + ...  + anxn )
Put x = –1, we get,
+ (  ao + a1x + a2 x2 +  ...  +  anxn ) P(1) + 2 – 10 = – 2P(0) + 3 = – 6 + 3 = – 3
P(1) = – 3 – 2 + 10 = 5
= (  aoxn + a1xn–1 + a2 xn–2 + ...  + an )
Let P(x) = a x + b
. ( ao + a1x + a2 x2 + ... + anxn )
Then P(0) = b fi b = 3
Also,
fi
P(1) = a + b fi a + b = 5
a+3=5fia=2
Now,
9u + v
20 ( 
f (u, v) = 20 ×  ______
   
  = 9u + v)
fi f (x, y) = 9x + y
Thus, P(x) = 2x + 3
4. As we know that, if a polynomial satisfying
192. Let f (x) = ax2 + b x + c
Put x = 0 fi c = f (0) = 1.
(  )
1
f (x) + f __ (  ) __1
x      = f (x) ◊ f x      , then the polynomial
f(x) = xn + 1
Also, f (x + 2) – f(x) = 4x + 2
Also, f (3) = 28
fi a (x + 2)2 + b(x + 2) + c – ax2 – bx – c
fi 3n + 1 = 28
= 4x + 2 n=3
fi a(x2 + 4x + 4) + b(x + 2) + c – ax2 – bx – c Thus, f (4) = 43 + 1 = 65
= 4x + 2
5. Given f (x + y, x – y) = xy
fi a(4x + 4) + 2b = 4x + 2
Let x + y = u and x – y = v
fi 4a = 4 and b = – 2
1 1
Then x = __     (u+v) & y = __      (u – v)
fi a = 1 and b = – 1 2 2
f (x) = x2 – x + 1 1
Thus, Therefore, f(u, v) = __      (u2 – v2)
4
1
f (x,y) = __      (x2 – y2)
(Problems for JEE-Advanced) 4
1
f (y, x) = __      (y2 – x2)
1. Given
1
2 f (x) + 3 f __ (  )
 x   = x – 3, x π 0 ...(i)
Also,
4
Replacing x by 1/x in (i), we get, f(x, y) + f (y, x)

Now,  _____________
     
2
(  )
1
2f  __
1
__
x   + 3f(x) =  x  – 3 ...(ii) 1
 __   (x2 – y2 + y2 – x2) = 0
8
Multiplying (i) by 2 and (ii) by 3 and subtracting (i)
from (ii), we get, 2F(n) + 1
6. Given F (n + 1) = _________
      
, n Œ N
2
3
9f (x) – 6f (x) = __  x  – 9 – 2x + 6 1
fi F(n + 1) – F(n) = __
     ...(i)
3 2
fi 3f (x) = __
 x  – 2x – 3
( 
Put n = 1, 2, 3, ..., 2014 in (i). we get,

1 2
f (x) = __
 x  – __ )
     x – 1 
3 F (2) – F (1) = 1/2
2. Given f (x) + 2f(1 – x) = x2 + 2 ...(i)
F (3) – F (2) = 1/2
Replacing x by 1 – x, we get, F (4) – F (3) = 1/2
f (1 – x) + 2f (x) = (1 – x)2 + 2 ...(ii) ... ... ...
Multiplying (ii) by 2 and (i) by 1 and subtracting (i) ... ... ...
from (ii), we get, F(2015) – F(2014) = 1/2
fi 3f (x) = 2(1 – x)2 + 4 – x2 – 2 On addition, we get,
1
fi 3f (x) = x2 – 4x + 4 = (x – 2)2 F(2015) – F(1) =  __   × 2014 = 1007
2
1 fi F(2015) = F(1) + 1007 = 1009
fi f (x) = __
     (x – 2)2
3
3. Let 2x + 3y = u and 2x – 7y = v 7. Now,
1
2 {  (  ) x
f (x) ◊ f (y) –  __    f __ }
 y   + f (x y) 
=  __   ( 2 f (x) f (y) – f ( __

 y )  – f (x y) )
9u + v u–v 1 x
Then x =  ______  & y =  _____
     
 
20 10 2
Real Function 1.63

1
= __ [ 
     2 cos (log x) . cos (log y)
2 (  (  ) (  ) ) (  )
1007
+ ... + f _____
 
2015
1008
    + f _____
 
2015
1008
     + f _____
 
2015
   
(  (  ) )
x
– cos log __ ]
 y     – cos(log(xy))  = 1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 (1007 times)
1
[ 
=  __   cos (log(xy)) + cos log __
x
 y    

(  (  ) ) (  )
1008
+ f _____
 
2015
   
(  )
2
1008
= 1007 + f _____      
– cos log __
x
(  (  ) )
 y     – cos(log(xy))  ] 2015
=0
10. Given (  ) 1
f x  +  __ 2 1
__
x   = x +  x2   , x π 0
8. Given f (x + 1) + f (x – 1) = 2f (x) (  ) (  )

f x + __
1
 x   = x + __
1 2
 x   – 2
Replacing ( x + __
Put x = 1, f (2) + f (0) = 2 ◊ f (1) fi f (2) = 2f (1)
 x  ) by y, we get,
1
Put x = 2, f (3) + f (1) = 2 ◊ f (2)
fi f (3) = 2 f (2) – f (1) = 4 f (1) – f (1) = 3 f (1) f (y) = y2 – 2
Put x = 3, f (4) + f (2) = 2 ◊ f (3) fi f (x) = x2 – 2

fi f (4) = 6 f (1) – 2 f (1) = 4 f (1) 11. *
12. 2
Therefore by similarity, we can say that, 13. Given f (x – 1) = x2 – 1
f (n) = n f (1), n Œ N
Replacing x – 1 by x, we get,
4x
9. Given f(x) =  _____
x     
4 +2 f(x) = (x – 1)2 – 1 = x2 – 2x
( 
41–x
Also, f(1 – x) = _______
  1–x   
4 +2
  14. Given
8
f _______
  __   __ 
÷    + ÷
1  x 
   
)
   = x, for all x ≥ 0
Now, f(x) + f(1 – x)

Put x = 9, we get
( 
x 1–x
)
4 4
=  _____
    + _______
    
8
f _______
  __   __    = 9
4x + 2 41–x + 2    + ÷   
÷
1  9 
4x 41–x 4x
( 
  =  _____
x      + _______
  1–x     ×  __x 
4 +2 4 +2 4
4x 4
fi
÷
1
8
f ______
  _____ )
     
  + 3  
= 9
=  _____
x      + _______
      
4 + 2 4 + 2.4x fi f (4) = 9
_____
x
4 2 15. The function ÷ is defined for (1 – x) ≥ 0
1  – x  
=  ______
     + _____
      
4x + 2 2 + 4x fi x£1
x
4 +2
= ______
  x  
  fi x Œ (– •, 1]
4 +2
1
=1 Also, the function  ______    
_____   is defined for
x  + 1 
÷  
Now, (  ) (  ) (  )
1
f _____
2015
2
        + f _____
        + f _____
2015
3
       
2015

fi
x+1>0
x > – 1
(  ) 2014
+ ... + f _____
 
2015
    fi x Œ(– 1, •)
Thus, domain of the function f
(  (  ) (  ) )
1
_____
= f         + f  
2015
2014
_____
2015
     = (–1, 1]
_____ _____
x  – 2  + ÷
f (x) = ÷ 5  – x  
(  (  ) (  ) )
16. Given
2 2013
+ f _____
        + f _____
       _____
2015 2014 Now, ÷ x – 2  is defined for x ≥ 2
_____
+ ( f ( _____ + f ( _____
2015 ) 2015 ) )
3 2012 is defined for x £ 5
and ÷ 5 – x  
              
Thus, Df = [2, 5]
_____
17. Here, ÷ x – 2  is defined for x ≥ 2 23. The function f is defined for
( 
_____
Also, ÷ 4 – x  
Thus,
is defined for x £ 4
Df = [2, 4]

1 + x2
– 1 £  _____
2x
   
  )
  £ 1
18. Here,
Also
x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 gives x = 1, 2
log (3 – x) is defined for 3 – x > 0
1+x2
fi  ____   
2x | 
  £ 1
 
|
fi x<3 |1 + x2|
fi  ______  £ 1
  
fi x Œ (–•, 3) |2x|
Thus, Df = (–•, 3) – {1, 2}
_____ fi | 1 + x2 | £ |2x|
19. Here, ÷ |x| – 1 
 is defined for |x| – 1 ≥ 0
fi 1 + | x2 | £ 2 |x|
fi |x| ≥ 1
fi |x| 2 – 2 |x| + 1 £ 0
fi x Œ (–•, 1] » [1, •)
_____ fi (|x|  –  1)2 £ 0
is defined for 3 – |x| ≥ 0
Also, ÷ 3 – |x|  
fi |x| £ 3 fi (|x| – 1)2 = 0
fi – 3 £ x £ 3 fi |x | – 1 = 0
Thus, Df = [ – 3, – 1] » [1, 3] fi x = ± 1
20. The function f is defined for Thus, Df = { – 1, 1}
| x | – 1
 _______    ≥ 0 |x| π 4 24. The function f is defined for
4 – | x |
| x | – 1
fi  _______  
| x | – 4
£ 0, | x | π 4
x2
2 (  )
– 1 £ log2  __    £ 1
fi
fi
1 £ |x| £ 4, |x| π 4
x Œ (– 4, – 1] » [1, 4)
fi
x2
(  )
2–1 £  __    £ 2
2
Thus, Df = (– 4, – 1] » [1, 4) 1

fi __
x2
(  )
     £  __    £ 2
2 2
21. The function f is defined for
fi 1 £ x2 £ 4
[x] – 1
 ______    ≥ 0, [x] π 4 __ __ __
4 – [x] fi ÷ 1   £ ÷x  2   £ ÷4 
  
[x] – 1
fi  ______    £ 0, [x] π 4 fi 1 £ |x| £ 2
[x]  –  4
fi Œ [– 2, – 1] » [1, 2]
fi 1 £ [x] £ 4, [x] π 4
Thus, Df = [– 2, – 1] » [1, 2]
fi 1 £ x < 5, x œ [4, 5)
fi 1£x<4
log5 ( log3 ( 18x – x2 – 77 ) ) > 0
fi x Œ [1, 4)
fi ( log3  (  18x – x2 – 77 ) ) > 1
Thus, Df = [1, 4)
fi (  18x  – x2 – 77 ) > 3
fi ( 18x– x2 – 80 ) > 0
– 1 £ log2 (x) £ 1
fi x2 – 18x + 80 < 0
fi 2–1 £ x £ 2
(x – 8) (x – 10) < 0
1
fi  __   £ x £ 2
2 fi 8 < x < 10
Thus,
1
Df = __ [  ]
    , 2 
2
Thus, Df = (8, 10)
Real Function 1.65
26. The function f is defined for Case-I: When x ≥ 1

x
1 – logx log2 (4 – 12) ≥ 0 Also, x a > xb fi a > b
fi logx log2 (4x – 12) £ 1 Thus, (x12 – x9) + (x4 – x) + 1 > 0
fi log2 (4x – 12) £ x Case-II: when 0 £ x < 1
fi x
(4 – 12) £ 2 x Also, x a < xb fi a > b
Thus, (x9 – x4) + (x – 1) < 0
fi ((2x)2 – 2x – 12) £ 0
So, x12 – (x9 – x4) + (x – 1) > 0
fi (2x – 4) (2x + 3) £ 0
Case-III: when x < 0
fi – 3 £ 2x £ 4
Also, a > b fi x a < xb
fi 2x £ 4 = 22
Thus, (x9 – x4) + (x – 1) < 0
fi x£2
Therefore, x12 – (x9 – x4) + (x – 1) > 0
Also, log2 (4x – 12) > 0
Thus, the domain of the function is
fi (4x – 12) > 20 = 1
= Df = R
fi 4x > 13
30. Given y = f (x) = x2 + x + 1
fi x > log4 (13)
Thus, Df = (log4 (13), 2]

(  ) 1
2
3
= x +  __    2 + __
    
4
27. Given
4
3y + 2 x = 2 4x

2
– 3
Thus, [  )
3
Rf =   __  , •   
4
y = log3 ( 24x
–3 – 2 x  )
2 4
fi x2
31. Given y = f (x) =  _____   
 
x2 + 1
It is defined for (  24x
–3 – 2x  ) > 0
2 4
fi 2x < 2 4x
–3
4 2
( 
x2 + 1 – 1
=   ________
x2 + 1
  
 
  )
( 
4 2
fi x < 4x – 3
fi x4 – 4x2 + 3 < 0

1
= 1 – _____
  2    
x +1
  
)
fi (x2 – 1) (x2 – 3) < 0 Here, y Æ 1, x Æ •
__ __
fi (x + 1) (x – 1) ( x + ÷3  
   ) ( x – ÷3  
   ) < 0 Thus, Rf = [0, 1)
__ __
fi x Œ ( – ÷3 
  ,  –1 ) » ( 1, ÷3  
   ) x2 1
__ __ 32. Given y = f(x) =  _____     = _______
       
4 1
Thus,   ,  –  1 ) » ( 1, ÷3  
Df = (  –÷3     ) x +1 x + __
2
  2   
(  (  ))
x
_____ 1 1
4  – x2  fi y = f(x) = ______
        £ __
    
f(x) = sin loge  ÷______  
  1 2
28. Given       2 __
x +   2   
1–x
x
______
Now, ÷ 4  – x2 
fi
  is defined for x2 < 4
2
x –4<0
Thus, [  ]
1
Rf = 0, __
     
2
x2 + x + 1
fi (x + 2) (x – 2) < 0 33. Given f (x) =   __________
    
x4 + x2 + 1
fi – 2 < x < 2
(x2 + x + 1)
Also, 1–x>0 =   _____________________
   
    
(x2 + x + 1) (x2 – x + 1)
fi x<1
1
= _________
  2      
Thus, Df = (– 2, 1). (x – x + 1)
29. Given f (x) = (x12 – x9 + x4 – x + 1) –1/2 Let
1
g(x) = (x2 – x + 1) = x – __ (  ) 3
      2 + __
2
    
4
Thus, [  ]
4
Rf = 1,  __   
3
Applying, A.M ≥ G.M, we get,
y ≥ 2 + 10 = 12
x2 – x + 1 Thus, Rf = [12, •)
34. Given f (x) =  _________  
x2 + x + 1
38. Let g(x) = (x2 + 4x + 4) = (x + 2)2
2
(x + x + 1) – 2x Dg = R & Rg = [0, •)
  =  ______________
  
     Thus
(x2 + x + 1)
So, – • < log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4) < •
2x
= 1 –  __________
   
2
(x + x + 1) fi 0 < log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4) < •
2 – • < log2 (log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4)) < •
  = 1 – __________
        fi
1
( 
__
x +  x  + 1  ) Thus, Rf = (–•, •)
Let ( 1
g(x) = x + __
 x  + 1  ) 39. Let ( 
cos2 x + 1
g(x) =   _________
   
  )
( 
2
g¢(x) = 1 – __
x
1
  2    
) Thus,
1
[  ]
Rg = __
    , 1 
2
[  (  )
Now, g¢(x) = 0 gives x = ± 1 Therefore,
At the nbd of x = – 1, g¢(x) changes from positive
to negative, so g (x) will provide us the max value
and the max value of g(x) is – 1.

40. we have
2 ]
 1    , sin–1 (1)  =
Rf = sin–1 __ [  __ p6  ,  __p2   ]
f (x) = 2x + 3x + 4x + 2– x + 3 – x + 4 – x + 10
At the nbd of x = 1, g’(x) changes from negetive
to positive, so g(x) will provide us the min value and = (2x + 2–x) + (3x + 3 –x) + (4x + 4 –x) + 10
the min value of g(x) is 3. ≥ 2 + 2 + 2 + 10 = 16, since A.M ≥ G.M
Thus, the range of the function is = __
1
    , 3 
3 [  ] Thus, Rf = [16, •)
_____ _____
35. Given y = f(x) = log2 ( ÷x  – 2  + ÷4  – x  
 ) 41. Given f (x) = 3 tan2 x + 12 cot2 x + 5
= (3 tan2 x + 12 cot2 x) + 5
Clearly, domain of the function = [2, 4]
__ 1 1 = (3tan2 x + 12cot2 x) + 5
At    ) = __
x = 2, y = log2 (÷2        (log2 2) = __
    
2 2 ≥ 12 + 5 = 17, since A.M ≥ G.M
__ 1 1
At   )  = __
x = 4, y = log2 (÷2       (log22) = __
     Thus, Rf = [17, •)
2 2 __
At x = 3, log2 (2) = 1 42. Given f (x) = ÷     sin x + cos x + 4
3 
[  ]
_____
1 3  + 1 
Max value of f (x) = ÷  + 4 = 2 + 4 = 6
Thus, Rf = __
    , 1 
2 _____
1 Min value of f (x) = – ÷3  + 1 
 + 4 = – 2 + 4 = 2
36. Given y = f(x) = x2 + _____
  2    
 
x +1 Thus, Rf = [2, 6]
1
= (x2 + 1) +  _______
2
   
  – 1 43. Given     
1
f (x) = ________________________
     
(x + 1) 2
2 cos x + 4 sin x cos x + 4
Let g(x) = 2 cos2 x + 4 sin x cos x + 4
y≥2–1=1
= 1 + cos 2x + 2 sin 2x + 4
Thus, Rf = [1, •)
= cos 2x + 2 sin 2x + 5
1
y = f (x) = x + 4x + ___________
4 2 __ __
37. Given   4       + 10 Thus, Rg = Î5 + ÷5    ˚ 
  ,  5 – ÷5 
x + 4x2 + 9
  4
1
= (x4 + 4x2 +9) + ___________
      + 10
(x + 4x2 + 9)
 
1
Therefore, Rf = ________
[ 
 __  
(  5 – ÷5  
) (
1
 , ________
 
     5 + ÷
 __  
   )
5  
  
]
Real Function 1.67
44. Given
x2
f(x) = cos–1  ______
1 + x2 (  )
    
Therefore,

p p
f (x) = sin–1(1) + cos–1 (0) = __
     +  __   = p
2 2
Let 2
x2
g(x) =  _____
x +1
   2
x +1
1
  = 1–  _____  
( 
  
) Also,
Thus,
f(x) = sin–1(0) + cos–1(–1) = 0 + p = p
Rf = {p}
Thus, Rg = [0, 1) x2 + 2x + 3
47. Given f(x) =  __________
x     ,  x>0
Now,
p
cos–1(0) = cos–1 cos __
2 (  (  ) )
p
        = __
    
2 ( 3
= x + __
 x  + 2  )
–1 –1
and cos (1) = cos (cos(0)) = 0 __
≥ 2 ÷3 
    + 2, since A.M ≥ G.M
p
Thus, Rf = 0,  __   __
2 Thus,   ,  • )
Rf =  Î2 + 2÷3 
( 
______
45. Given f(x) = cos–1

  2 + 1  
÷ 2x
  ________
x2 + 1
  
   ) 48. Given
x2 + x + 2
f(x) =  _________
x2 + x + 1
  
( ÷ 
____________
–1 2x2 + 1
= sin 1 –   _______
    
 
(x2 + 1)2
   
)
(x2 + x + 1) + 1
=   ______________
  
  
(x2 + x + 1)
 
( ÷ 
1
= 1 + __________
)
________________   2      
2 2 2
(x + 1) – 2x – 1 (x + x + 1)
= sin–1  ________________
  
     
  
(x2 + 1)2 Let g(x) = (x2 + x + 1)
(  )
( ÷ 
1 2 3
____________________ = x + __
      + __
)
    
4
x + 2x + 1 – 2x – 1 2 2 2 4
= sin  ____________________
–1
   
       
  
(x2 + 1)2 4 7
Thus, max value of f(x) = 1 + __
     = __
    
( ÷ 
________ 3 3

x4
= sin  _______
–1
(x + 1)2
2
   
   
) 7
Therefore, Rf = 2, __ [  ]
     
3

( x2
= sin  _______
–1
(x2 + 1)
    
) 49. Given
ex
f(x) =  ______
  
1 + [x]
 
Clearly, Rf = R
x2
Let g(x) =  _____  
  {x}
2
x +1 50. Given y = f (x) = _______
     
1 + {x}
Thus, Rg = [0, 1) 1
fi y = 1 – _______
      
2
p
Therefore, Rf = [sin (0), sin (1)) =   0, __
–1
       –1
[  ) Also,
1 + {x}
0 £ {x} < 1
46. Given [  ] [  ] 1
f (x) = sin–1 x2 + __
2
1
      + cos–1 x2 – __
     
2
fi 1 £ 1 + {x} < 2
1 1
fi __
     < _______
Now, [ x + __      ] = [  x – __      + 1 ] = [ x – __
       £ 1
     ] + 1
1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 + {x}
2 2 2 1 1
fi – 1 £ –  _______ < –  __  
    
f(x) = sin [ x + __      ] + cos [ x – __
1  +  {x} 2
     ]
–1 1 2 1 –1 2
Thus,
2 2 1 1
fi 1 – 1 £ 1 – _______
  < 1 – __
         
1  +  {x} 2
= sin [  ( x –  __   ) + 1 ] + cos [ x –  __   ]
( 
1 1
)
–1 2 –1 2
1 1
2 2 fi 0 £ 1 – _______
        < __
    
1 + {x} 2
It is defined for [  x – __      ] = 0, – 1

1 1
0 £ y < __
2
fi     
2 2
[  )
1 2
Thus, __
Rf =  0,         sin4 (x) . e(x)
2 =  __________      
__[  ]
x 1
 p  + __
    
51. Given
p
f (x) = 2 cos x + sec2 x, x Œ 0,  __   
2 (  ) = – f (x)
2
2
= cos x + cos x + sec x
Thus, f (x) is an odd function.
(  [ 
cos x + cos x + sec2 x 3
 __________________
3
        ≥ ÷  
cos x. cos x sec
  
2
x  = 1
______________
54. Given
2x (sin17 x + tan99 x)
f (x) =  ________________
x + 21p
2  _______
p    
 

 
  

    
– 41 ] )
( 
2
cos x + cos x + sec
fi  _________________ ≥1
)
      
3 2x (sin17 x + tan99 x)
=  ________________   
    
fi 2 cos x + sec2 x ≥ 3
2 __
x
[ 
 p  + 21  – 41 ]
( 
Thus, Rf = [3, •)

p
52. Given f (x) = 3 tan x + cot3 x, x Œ 0,  __   
2
= tan x + tan x + tan x + cot3 x
(  )
2x (sin17x + tan99x)
=  ________________
2 __
x
[  ]
  
    
 p  + 42 – 41 )
tan x + tan x + tan x + cot3 x
fi  ________________________
   
4
    
___________________

( 
2x (sin17 x + tan99 x)
=  ________________
2 __
x   
[  ]
 p  + 1
  
  
)

4
 
≥ ÷tan x ◊ tan
x ◊ tan x ◊ cot
   
3
x  = 1 Nowt, f ( – x)
(  )
tan x + tan x + tan x + cot3 x
fi  ________________________
 
       ≥ 1 2 (– x)(sin17(– x) + tan99 (– x))
4 = ________________________
  x      
  
fi 3tan x + cot x ≥ 4 3 2 –  __[  ]
p  + 1
Thus,
53. Given
Rf = [4, •)
sin4x ex
f(x) =  ____________     
2

( 
2(x)(sin17(x) + tan99 (x))
=  ___________________
– 2 __
x    
[  ]
  
 p  – 2 + 1
  
)
[  ]
( 
+ 3p
x______ 5
  p       – __
    

2
sin4 x ◊ ex
=  ___________       
2
2 (x)(sin17(x) + tan99 (x))
=  ____________________
   
– 2 __
x
  
(  [  ] )
  
 p  + 1  )
( 
[ 
__x
] 5
__
 p  + 3  –     
)
2 2(x) (sin17(x) + tan99 (x))
= –  ____________________
      
  
(  [  ] )
4 x2 x
sin x ◊ e 2 __
=  ___________         p  + 1 
[  ]
__
x
 p  +  3 – __
5
    
2
sin4 x. ex
2
Thus, f (x) is an odd function.
=  ________    ______
[  ]
x 1 __
__
 p  + __
     55. Given x  + ÷
f (x) = ÷ x 
     
( 
2
Now,
sin4 (– x) ◊ e(–x)
f (– x) =  ____________

  
   
2
1
f ¢ (x) = ________
  ______
  __ 
2÷x  + ÷ x 
  
  
1
  × 1 + ____
  __
     
2÷x 
    )
[  ]
– __
x 1
 p  + __
    
2
>0
2
Thus f (x) is strictly increasing function.
sin4 (x) ◊ e(x)

=  ___________   
     Thus f is one-one function.
[  ]
________
x 1
– __
 p  – 1  +  __   Also, let y = ÷x  + ÷
x 
     
2 __
fi y2 = x + ÷x 
   
2
__ __
sin4 (x) ◊ e(x)
fi (÷x  2
  )  + ÷x 
2
    – y = 0
=  __________      
[  ]
x 1 _______
– __
 p  – __
     __ – 1 ± ÷1  + 4y2  
2 fi (÷x  ____________
  )  =        
2
Real Function 1.69
( 
_______
fi
__
(÷x 
– 1
   ) =  
+÷ 1  + 4y2  
_____________
2
     
ax + 1
a  ______     + 1
x+3
____________
fi     
   = x
)
( 
– 1 + ÷1  + 4y2 
______
   2 )
ax +1
______
 
x+3 ( 
  
  + 3 )
fi x =   _______________
     
4 fi a2 x + a + x + 3 = x (ax + 1 + 3x + a)
Clearly, x is defined for [0, •) fi (a2 + 1) x + a + 3 = (a + 3) x2 + 10x
So it is onto function fi a + 3 = 0 and a2 + 1 = 10
Thus, f is a bijective function. fi a = – 3 and a = ± 3
So, its inverse is exist. a = – 3
______
(  1 – ÷ 1  + 4x  
  )
2
2
59. Given f (x + y) + f (x – y) = 2f (x) ◊ f(y) ...(i)
Hence, f –1 (x) =  ______________ 
    
4 Putting y = x, we get,
______
1 – 2÷1  + 4x   2
  + 1 + 4x 2 f (2x) + f (0) = 2(f (x))2 ...(ii)
=  _____________________
   
    
______
4 Putting y = – x in (i), we get,
2 – 2÷1  + 4x2 
  + 4x2 f (0) + f (2x) = 2 f (x) f (– x) ...(iii)
=  __________________
       
4
Subtracting (iii) from (ii), we get,
( 
_______

1 – ÷1  + 4x2   2
=  ___________
2
 
     + x   )
fi
2( f(x))2 = 2 f (x) ◊ f (– x)
f (x) (f (x) – f (– x)) = 0
56. Given y = f (x) = 4x3 – 3x fi f (x) = 0 or f(– x) = f (x)
fi y = f (cos q) = 4 cos3 q – 3 cos q Thus, in both the cases, function is an even function.
fi y = f (cos q) = cos 3 q 60. Given 2 + f (x) ◊ f (y) = f (x) + f (y) + f (xy) ...(i)
Clearly f is one-one and onto 1
Put y =  __
x , we get,
So, its inverse exist.
Thus,
1
( 
f –1(x) = cos  __   cos–1 x  )
1
(  )
2 + f (x) ◊ f __
1
 x   = f (x) + f __ (  )
 x   + f (1) ...(ii)
3
Again put x = 1 in (ii), we get,
57. Here y = f(x) fi x = f –1(x)
2 + f (1) ◊ f (1) = f (1) + f (1) + f (1)
____________________
3 fi (f (1))2 – 3 f (1) + 2 = 0
Now, y= ÷a  – x3 + 3x   
2
– 3bx + b3  + b
fi (f (1) – 1) (f (1) – 2) = 0
fi (y – b)3 = a – (x – b)3 fi f (1) = 1 or 2
fi (x – b)3 = a – (y – b)3 But f(1) π 1, thus, f (1) = 2
fi
__________
(x – b) = ÷a  – (y –  
3
b)3 
Thus, (  )
1
f (x) ◊ f __ (  )
1
 x   = f (x) + f __
 x  
__________
fi f (x) = xn + 1
x = ÷a  – (y –  
3
fi b)3  + b
__________ Also, f (2) = 5 fi 2n + 1 = 5
f –1(x) = ÷a  – (x –  
3
Thus, b)3  + b
fi n=2
–1
Therefore, f(x) = f (x) Therefore, f (f (2)) = f(5) = 52 + 1 = 26
So, f (f (x)) = x
61. Since f (x) is symmetrical about the lines
fi b ŒR
x = a and x = b
58. Given f (x) = f –1(x)
Thus, f (a – x) = f (a + x)
fi f (f (x)) = x
and f (b – x) = f (b + x)
Now, f (x) = f (a + (x – a))
= f (a – (x – a)) fi ((tan–1 x) – 1) ((tan–1 x) – 1) > 0

= f (2a – x) fi x < – tan1 and x > tan1 ...(ii)
= f (b + (2a – x – b)) Again, (tan–1 x)2 > 0
= f (b – (2a – x – b)) fi (tan–1 x) > 0
= f (2b – 2a + x) fi x > 0 ...(iii)
= f (x + (2b – 2a)) From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get,
Thus, f(x) is a periodic with period (2b – 2a) x > tan2
62. The function f is defined for Thus, Df = (tan 2, •)
log1/3 (log7 (sin x + a)) > 0 65. Here, sin2 x + sin x + 1 > 0, which is true for all x
fi 0 < (log7(sin x + a)) < 1 in R.
fi 1 < (sin x + a) < 7 Also,

(  2
1
sin–1  ______
|x – 1|
   
)
   is defined for
fi 1 – sin x < a < 7 – sin x
1
fi 2<a<6 fi – 1 £ _______
  2     
£1
|x – 1|
63. Given
(  1
x1/4( 
f (x) = log2 – log1/2 1 +  ___
) )
      – 1 
fi
1
0 < ______
     
|x2 – 1|
  £ 1
(  1
It is defined for – log1/2  1  +  ___
(  ) )
       –  1  > 0
x1/4
fi |x2 – 1| ≥ 1 and x2 –1 £ – 1
(  ( 
fi (x2 – 1) ≥ 1 and x2 £ 0
fi log1/2 1 + ___
1
  1/4      + 1  < 0
x ) ) fi x2 ≥ 2 and x = 0
( 
__
(  ))
1 fi |x| ≥ ÷2 
    and x = 0
fi log1/2 1 + ___
  1/4       < – 1
x __ __
fi x Œ ( – •, –÷2 
  ˚    »  Î   ,  • ) » {0}
÷2 
1
fi 1 +  ___
x1/4
    
  ( 
>
1 –1
__
 
2 ) (  )
    Thus, Df = (  – •, – ÷2 
__
  ˚    »  Î
__
  ,  • ) » {0}
÷2 
fi 1 + ___
1
( 
  1/4      > 2
x ) 66. The function f is defined for
4x – | x2 – 10x + 9 | > 0

1
fi ___
  1/4    > 1 fi | x2 – 10x + 9 | < 4x
x
fi – 4x < (x2 – 10x + 9) < 4x
fi 0<x<1
fi (x2 – 10x + 9) < 4x
Thus, Df = (0, 1)
and – 4x < (x2 – 10x + 9)
fi x2 – 14x + 9 < 0 and x2 – 6x + 9 > 0
log3 (log4 (tan–1 x)2) > 0 ___ ___
fi    ) x – (7– ÷40 
x – (7 + ÷40     ) < 0
–1 2
fi (log4 (tan x) ) > 1
and (x – 3)2 > 0
–1 2
fi (tan x) > 4 ___ ___
fi x Œ (7 – ÷40 
   , 7 + ÷    ) – {3}
40 
( (tan–1x) + 2 ) ( (tan–1 x) – 2 ) > 0
___ ___
fi Thus,    , 7 + ÷40 
Df = (7 – ÷40     ) – {3}
fi x < – tan2 and x > tan2 ...(i) 67. The function f is defined for
Also, log4 (tan–1 x)2 > 0 sin–1 |sin x| ≥ cos–1 (cos x)
fi (tan–1 x)2 > 1
Real Function 1.71
Ï p fi ( 3x–1 + 5x–1 + 7x–1 ) ≥ ( 32 + 52 + 72 )

Ôx :0 £ x £
2 fi x–1≥2
Ô
p
Ôp – x : £ x £ p
Ô fi x≥3
–1 2
Now, sin |sin x| = Ì
Ô x - p : p £ x £ 3p Thus, Df = [3, •)
Ô 2 71. The function f is defined for
Ô 3p
Ô2p - x : £ x £ 2p 3 – 2x – 21–x ≥ 0
Ó 2
fi 3.2x – (2x) 2 – 2 ≥ 0
Ïx :0 £ x £p
Also, cos–1 (cos x) = Ì fi (2x)2 – 3.2x + 2 £ 0
Ó2p - x : p £ x £ 2p
fi (2x – 1) (2x – 2) £ 0
From the above relation, it is clear that
[  ] [  ]
fi 1 £ 2x £ 2
p 3p
      » ___
x Œ 0, __     , 2p 
2 2 fi 20 £ 2x £ 21
     ] » [ ___
D = [  0, __     , 2p ]
p 3p fi 0£x£1
Thus, f
2 2
Thus, Df = [0, 1]
68. The function is defined for 72. The function f is defined for
fi ( 
3x – x
log0.5  ______  
x–1
2
3x – x
)
  ≥ 0 and  ______  
 
x–1
 
  > 0 (  2
)
fi
(1 – log7 (x2 – 5x + 13)) > 0
log7 (x2 – 5x + 13) < 1
3x – x
fi  ______ 
x–1 (  x – 3x 2
   £ 1 and  ______  
x–1 )
  < 0
  (  2
) fi (x2 – 5x + 13) < 7
fi (x2 – 5x + 6) < 0
2 x(x – 3)
x – 2x – 1
fi  __________
  
  ≥ 0 and ________
    
 
<0 fi (x – 2) (x – 3) < 0
x–1 (x – 1)
__ __ fi 2<x<3
fi   ,  1 ) »  Î1 + ÷
x Œ  Î1 – ÷2    ,  • )
2 
Thus, Df = (2, 3)
and x Œ (– •, 0) » (1, 3)
__ __ 73. The function f is defined for
Thus,   ,  0 ) »  Î1
Df =  Î1 – ÷2    ,  3 )
+ ÷2 
24 – [x2] ≥ 0 and |x| – 4 ≥ 0
fi [x2] £ 24 and |x| ≥ 4
( 
log5 log3 ( log2 ( 2x3 + 5x2 – 14x ) )  > 0 ) fi 24 £ x2 < 25 and |x| ≥ 4
__
( 
fi log3 ( log2 ( 2x3 + 5x2 – 14x ) )  > 1 ) ___
fi ÷ 24  £ ÷x  2   < ÷25 
___
   and |x| ≥ 4
__
fi ( log2 ( 2x3 + 5x2 – 14x ) ) > 3 fi     £ |x| < 5 and x Œ (– •, – 4] » [4, •)
2 ÷6 
__ __
fi (  2x3 + 5x2 – 14x ) > 8 fi x Œ ( – 5, – 2÷6 
  ˚    » Î2÷6 
  ,  5)
(  2x3 + 5x2 – 14x – 8 ) > 0 and x Œ(– •, – 4] » [4, •)

fi
fi (x – 2) (x + 4) (2x + 1) > 0 Thus, Df = (–5, –4] » [4, 5)
( 
74. Clearly, Df = {–1, 1}
fi
1
x Œ – 4, –  __    » (2, •)
2 ) Thus,
p
Rf = __ {  }
     
2
Thus,
1
2 ( 
Df = – 4, –  __    » (2, •)

) 75. Given (  )
x2
y = f(x) = cos–1  _____
1 + x2
  
  
fi 3x–1 + 5x–1 + 7x–1 – 83 ≥ 0 2

x2
Clearly, range of the function  _____
x +1
  (  )
   is [0, 1)
fi 3x–1 + 5x–1 + 7x–1 ≥ 83 fi __

y Œ  0,
p
(  ]
       
2
...(i)
( 
_____
Also, 0 £ y £ p
From (i) and (ii), we get,
...(ii) ÷ 4  – x2 
1–x
 
81. Since the range of  ______   
  is R )
(  ]
p
y Œ   0,  __     Thus, Rf = [– 1, 1]
(  )
2 1 2 3
82. We have, x2 + x + 1 = x +  __    + __
    
Thus, (  ]
Rf =   0, __
2
p
      
Also, the function is defined for
2 4
76. Given x2 + 1 
y = f(x) = sin–1  ______
x2 + 2
   

(  ) fi x2 + x + 1 £ 1
3
Therefore, __
     £ x2 + x + 1 £ 1
4
(  ) ÷ 
__
x2 + 1 ________
__
Clearly, the range of the function  _____     3
fi __
       £ ÷x  2 + x + 1 
  £ ÷1 
  
x2 + 2 4
[  ) ÷  2    £ ÷x  + x + 1  £ 1

__ _________
1
is   __  , 1    3
fi __  
2
 
2
Thus,
[  (  )
 1    ,  sin–1(1)  
Rf =   sin–1 __
2 ) fi sin (  __
÷  2    ) £ sin ( ÷x  + x + 1  ) £ sin
3 –1
__
 
–1
_________
2
 
–1
(1)
[  ) p p
=   __
    , __
6 2
       p
     £ sin–1 ( ÷x  2 + x + 1   
fi __
3
_________
) £ __ p  
2
D = [ – __
3 3]
p p
77. Clearly, f     , __
     
fi
p
(  )
log __ (  (  _________
      £ ln sin–1 ÷x  2 + x + 1   
3
) 2 (  )
)  £ log __ p   
R = [ tan( – __      ), tan( __
     ) ]
R = [ log ( __
p p
     ), log ( __
     ) ]
Thus, p p
f
3 3 Thus, f
__ __
3 3
= Î– ÷3    ˚ 
  ,  ÷3 
83. Clearly, 5x2 – 8x + 4 > 0, " x Œ R
78. Clearly, Df = – __
p p
    , __
4 4 [  ]
     
Also,
4 2 4
(  )
5x2 – 8x + 4 = 5 x –  __    + __
    
[  (  ) (  ) ]
p p 5 5
Thus, Rf = sin –  __    , sin __       
4 4 Thus, the range of log (5x2 – 8x + 4) is

÷
1__ ___
= –  ___
   ÷
2  [  1
  ,    __    
2    ] (  (  ) )
4
= log __
      ,  • 
5
Hence, Rf = [–1, 1]
(4x – x2) > 0
84. We have (x4 – 2x2 + 3) = (x2 – 1)2 + 2 ≥ 2
fi (x2 – 4x) < 0
Let g (x) = (x4 – 2x3 + 3)
fi x(x – 4) < 0
and h(x) = log (x4 – 2x2 + 3)
fi 0<x<4
Thus, Df = (0, 4) Now, Rg = [2, •)
and Rh = (log0.5 (•), log0.5 (2)] = (–•, –1]
Therefore, Rf = (log2 (0), log2 4) = (–•, 2).
Also, Range of cot–1 x is (0, p)
80. Given 2
+e
y = f(x) = log  x_____    (  x +1
2
) and cot–1 x is a decreasing function.

p
[  )
( 
Thus, Rf = [cot–1(–1), p) =   3__
    , p  

x2 + 1 + e – 1
= log _____________
 
x2 + 1
  
  
   ) 85. Given
4
___________________________
( 
___________________
____________
 
)
____

e–1
= log 1 +  _____     y = f(x) = ÷
1 – cos x       
÷1 – cos x      
÷1 – cos x   
÷... • 
    
x2 + 1
= (1 – cos x)1/2 ◊ (1 – cos x)1/4 ◊ (1 – cos x)1/8...
Thus, Rf = (0, 1]
Real Function 1.73
b
1 1 1 1
__
     +  __   +  __   +  ___    ... to • =  _______
   
______  
= (1 – cos x)2 4 8 16 ÷ 1  + b2 
 
1
__
     x
________
2
____
         ______
     
1
1 –  __   ÷
 
1 +
=  ____________
2x 2
  
÷ 
= (1 – cos x) 2 __________       
2
x
1 +  ______   
     
= (1 – cos x) 1 + 2x2
x
= ________
(  )
  ______      
 x   
= 2 sin2 __ ÷ 1  + 3x2   
2
Hence, the result.
Thus, Rf = [0, 2]
86. Given f (x) = ax + b
log10 a – log10 (4 – a) – log10 3 ≥ 0
Now, f (f (f (x)))
fi log10 a – log10{3(4 – a)} ≥ 0
= f (f (ax + b))
= f (a(ax + b)) + b) fi  
( a
log10 ________
   
3 (4 – a) )
   ≥ 0
( 
= f((a2 x + ab + b))
2
= a(a x + ab + b) + b
a
fi _______
     
3(4 – a)
   ≥ 1 )
= (a3x + a2b + ab + b)
3 2
 
a
fi _______
   
12 – 3a ( 
   –  1  ≥ 0 )
( 
Thus, (a x + a b + ab + b) = 27 x + 26
fi a3 = 27, a2b + ab + b = 26
a – 12 + 3a
fi  ___________
  
12 – 3a
  ≥ 0
    )
fi (  _______ 
3a – 12 )
fi a = 3, 9 b + 3 b + b = 26 4a –12
   £ 0
 
fi a = 3, 13 b = 26
fi (  _____ 
a – 4)
fi a = 3, b = 2 a–3
   £ 0
 
Therefore, a2 + b2 + 2
=9+4+2 fi 3£a<4
= 15 fi 3 £ log10 x < 4
x
87. Given f (x) = _______
  _____
     fi 103 £ x < 104
÷ 1  + x2 
 
(  ( 
Thus, Df = [103, 104)
Now,
x
f (f (f (x))) = f f _______
  _____
       
÷ 1  + x2 
  )) 89. The function f is defined for
= f (f (a)), a =  _______ _____

2
   
  log1/2 (log2 [x2 + 4x + 5]) ≥ 0
÷ 1  + x2    fi (log2 [x2 + 4x + 5]) £ 1

(  a
= f  _______      
)
 ( ÷  )
______
fi ([x2 + 4x + 5]) £ 2
÷ 1  + a2   
x
_______ fi 2 £ (x2 + 4x + 5) < 3
  _____
     
1  + x2 
÷
___________   when 2 £ (x2 + 4x + 5)
= f   _________       
x2
_____ fi (x2 + 4x + 5) ≥ 0
1 +           
1 + x2

(   x
= f ________
  ______
      
÷ 1  + 2x2 
  )
fi
fi
(x + 1) (x + 3) ≥ 0
Œ (–•, –3] » [–1, •)
x when (x2 + 4x + 5) < 3

= f (b), b = ________
  ______
     
÷ 1  + 2x2 
  fi (x2 + 4x + 2) < 0
__ __
fi ( x + 2 + ÷    ) ( x + 2 – ÷
2      ) < 0
2   fi 4(y + 1)2 – 4 (2y – a) (y – 1) ≥ 0
__ __
fi – ( 2 + ÷2  
   ) < x < (  – 2 + ÷    )
2   fi y2 – (a + 4) y + (a – 1) £ 0
Since the function is onto,
Thus, Df
__ __ so, Rf = Cf = [–1, 2]
= ( –( 2 + ÷2      )
   ), –3˚ » Î–1, –2 + ÷2  
when y = 2, 4 – 2(a + 4) + (a – 1) £ 0
90. Given f (g(x)) = 1 + x2 – 2x3 + x4
fi 4 – 2a – 8 + (a – 1) £ 0
= 1 + (x4 – 2x3 + x2) fi – a – 5 £ 0
= 1 + x2 (x2 – 2x + 1) fi a≥5
when y = – 1, 1 + (a + 4) + (a – 1) £ 0
= 1 + x2 (x – 1)2
fi 2a + 4 £ 0
= 1 + (x (x – 1))2 fi a £ – 2
= g(x) = ± (x (1 – x)) Thus, Œ [– 5, – 2]
p
91. Given f(x) = sin2 x + sin2 x + __
     
3 (  ) 93. Given
fi
|||x2 – x + 4| – 2| – 3| = x2 + x – 12
|||x2 – x + 2| – 3|| = x2 + x – 12
+ cos x ◊ cos x + __
p
(  )
      fi
3 |x2 – x – 1| = x2 + x – 12
[ 
fi x2 – x – 1 = x2 + x – 12
1
= __
2
p
     2sin2 x + sin2 x + __(  ) p
        + 2cos x . cos x + __
3
       
3 (  ) ]
fi 2x = 11
     [ 1 – cos 2 x + 1 – cos 2 ( x + __

p
     )
1 fi x = 11/2
= __
2 3
Hence, the value of x is 11/2.
+ cos 2x + __
p
(  p
      + cos __
3 ) (  ) ]
        94. Given
3 f (x) = x3 + (a + 2)x2 + 3ax + 5
1 __
= __
2 2
5
(  2p
(  )
       – cos2 x –  cos 2x +  ___      + cos 2x + __
   
3
p
(  ) )
       
3
Since the function is one-one, so is monotonic.
Now, f ¢ (x) = 3x2 + 2(a + 2) x + 3a > 0
     ( __
     – cos 2 x + cos ( 2x + __     )  – cos( 2x +  ___   ) )
1 5 p 2p
= __ fi 4(a + 2)2 – 36 < 0
2 2 3 3
     ( __
     – cos 2 x + 2 sin (  2x + __      ) sin ( __
fi (a + 2)2 – 9 < 0
     ) )
1 5 p p
= __
2 2 2 6 fi (a + 2)2 – 32 < 0
     ( __
     – cos 2 x + 2 sin ( 2x + __      )
p
     ) × __
1 5 1
= __ fi (a + 2 + 3) (a + 2 – 3) < 0
2 2 2 2
     ( __
fi (a + 5) (a – 1) < 0
     – cos 2 x + sin ( 2x + __
     ) )
1 5 p
= __ fi – 5 < a < 1
2 2 2
     ( __
     – cos 2 x + cos 2 x )
1 5 95. Given f (x) = g(x) + 1
= __
2 2
Also, f (x) + f (1 – x) = 2
5
= __
     fi g(x) + 1 + g (1 – x) + 1 = 2
4
Now,
5
g (f(x)) = g __
4 (  ) 5 1 __
      = __
     + __
4 4 2
3
     =      fi g(x) + g (1 – x) = 0 ...(i)
a x2 + 2x + 1 Replacing x by (1 – x) in (i), we get,

92. Let y =  ____________
  
  
2x2 – 2x + 1 g(1 – x) + g(– x) = 0 ...(ii)
  fi 2x2 y – 2xy + y – ax2 – 2x – 1 = 0 From (i) and (ii), we get,

fi (2x2 – a) y – (2y + 1) x + (y – 1) = 0 g(x) – g(– x) = 0
since x Œ R, so D ≥ 0 fi g(x) = g (– x)

Real Function 1.75
Thus, (x) is symmetrical about the line x = 0. From (i) and (ii), we get,
96. Given f (2 + x) = f (2 – x) fi (f(x + 2a) – b)3 – (f (x) – b)3 = 0
and f (7 – x) = f (7 + x) fi (f (x + 2a) – b)3 = (f(x) – b)3
Now, f (x) = f (2 + (x – 2)) fi (f(x + 2a) – b) = (f(x) – b)
= f (2 – (x – 2)) fi f(x) = f(x + 2a)
= f (4 – x) Thus f (x) is periodic with period 2a.
= f (7 + (4 – x – 7)) 98. We have 4x – 2x+2 + 5 + ||b –1| – 3| = |sin y|
= f (7 – (4 – x – 7)) fi (4x – 4.2x + 4) + 1 + ||b – 1| –3| = |sin y|
= f (10 + x) fi (2x – 2)2 + 1 + || b – 1| – 3| = |sin y|
Thus, f (x) is periodic with period 10. L.H.S ≥ 1 & R.H.S £ 1
Therefore, the number roots of f (x) = 0 is 5. Thus, (2x – 2) = 0, |b – 1| – 3 = 0
97. We have f (a + x) – b fi |b – 1| – 3 = 0
= {1 + (b – f(x))3}1/3 fi |b – 1| = 3
3 3
fi ( f (a + x)– b) = 1 + (b – f (x)) fi (b – 1) = ± 3
3 3
fi ( f (a + x) – b) + ( f (x) – b) = 1 ...(i) fi b = – 2, 4
Replacing x by x + a, we get, Hence, the values of b are – 2, 4
( f (x + 2a) – b)3 + (f (x + a) – b)3 = 1 ...(ii)
Hints and solutions
(Tougher Problems for JEE-Advanced)
1. We have
log3 (log4/p (tan–1 x) –1) > 0
fi (log4/p (tan–1 x) –1) > 0
fi
4
(tan–1 x) –1 > __ (  )
 p 
fi
p
(tan–1 x) < __(  )
     
4
x<1
1
Thus, 0, ______   £ 1
  2    
Also, f (x) is defined only when x > 0 |x – 1|
Thus, 0<x<1 fi |x2 – 1| ≥ 1
__ __
x Œ (0, 1) fi x Œ ( – •, – ÷2 
  ˚    »  Î   ,  • ) » {0}
÷2 
1 3. f is defined for
2. f is defined for – 1 £  ______       £ 1 and
|x 2 – 1| 4x – |x2 – 10x + 9| > 0
sin2 x + sinx + 1 > 0 is true for every x in R. fi |x2 – 10x + 9| < 4x ...(i)
3x – x2
( 
Now,  ______   
x–1
  £ 1 )
3x – x2
( 
fi  ______  – 1 
x–1
  £ 0
  )
x–1 ( 
3x – x2 – x + 1
fi  ______________
  
     £ 0 )
2x – x2 + 1
x–1
  ( 
fi  __________ £ 0
    )
x2 – 2x – 1
x–1
  ( 
fi  __________ £ 0
    )
__ __
We draw y = x2 – 10x + 9 and y = 4x fi   ,  1 ) » ( 1 + ÷
x Œ   Î1 – ÷2    ,  1˚ 
2  ...(i)
and solving x2 – 10x + 9 = ± 4x

we get, x = 7 ± 4 ÷3 
  ,  3
__
3x – x2
x–1 ( 
Again  _______   
 > 0 )
since |x2 – 10 x + 9| < 4x
__ __ x–1( 
x(x – 3)
fi  _______    
  < 0 )
so x Œ (7 – 4÷3 
  ,  7 + 4÷3 
   ) – {3}
__ __ x Œ (– •, 0) » (1, 3) ...(ii)
Thus,   ,  7 + 4÷3 
Df = (7 – 4÷3    )  – {3}
4. f is defined for __ __
  ,  0 ) » ( Î1 + ÷2 
x Œ  Î1 – ÷2    ,  3 )
–1 –1
sin (|sin x|) – cos (|cos x|) ≥ 0 __ __
   , 0 ) »  Î1 + ÷2 
Df =  Î1 – ÷2    ,  3 )
fi sin–1 (|sin x|) ≥ cos–1 (|cos x|)
7. f is defined for
It is possible only when
(1 – log10 (x2 – 5x + 16)) > 0
[  ] [  ]
p
x Œ 0, __
2
3p
      » ___
    , 2p 
2 fi log10 (x2 – 5x + 16) < 1
fi (x2 – 5x + 16) < 10
     ] » [ ___
D = [ 0, __     , 2p ]
p 3p
Thus, f fi (x2 – 5x + 6) < 0
2 2
fi (x – 2) (x – 3) < 0
5. f is defined for fi 2<x<3
2
2{x} – 3{x} + 1 ≥ 0 Thus, Df = (2, 3)
(2{x} – 1)({x} – 1) ≥ 0 8. f is defined for
(2{x} – 1) £ 0, ({x} – 1) ≥ 0 – log 0.3 (x – 1) ≥ 0, (x – 4)(x + 2) < 0
1
{x} £ __
    , {x} ≥ 1 (x – 1) > 0 and x π – 2, 4
2
1
__ fi x ≥ 2, –2 < x < 4, x > 1, x π – 2, 4
{x} £     , since {x} ≥ 1 is not possible
2 fi x Œ [2, 4)
Thus, [ 1
2 ] [  ] 1
x Œ –1, –  __    » 0, __
      » {1}
2
fi Df = [2, 4)
÷ 
________
D = [ –1,  __   ] » [ 0, __

     ] » {1}
x–1

1 1 9. Given f (x) =  _______
     
 
f
2 2 x – 2{x}
x–1
6. f is defined for f is defined for  _______
    ≥ 0
(  ( 
x – 2{x}

3x – x2
log0.3  ______  
x–1
  )
3x – x2
  ≥ 0 and  ______  
x–1
 
  > 0 ) case-I: when (x – 1) ≥ 0 and (x – {2x}) > 0
x ≥ 1 and x > 2{x}
3x – x2
 ______  
x–1
  (  3x – x2
  £ 1 and  ______  
x–1
  )
  > 0 (  )

x≥2
case-II: (x – 1) £ 0 and (x – 2{x}) < 0
Real Function 1.77
x £ 1 and x < 2{x} 1 1

14. Given f (x) =  ___   + log(2{x}–5) (x2 – 3x + 10) + _______
  _____
    
[x] ÷   – |x|  
1
x £ 1 and x π 0
x Œ (– •, 0) » (0, 1] f is defined for
Hence, the domain of the given function R – [0, 1), |x| < 1, 2 {x} – 5 > 0, π 1
5
= (– •, 0) » (0, 1] » [2, •) R – [0, 1), – 1 < x < 1, {x} >  __  , π 3
2
10. Given f (x) = log[x2] (4 – |x|) Thus, Df = j.
f is defined for 15. f is defined for
(4 – |x|) > 0, [x2] > 0 and [x2] π 1 (i) sin (cos x) ≥ 0
– 4 < x < 4, [x2] > 0 and [x2] π 1 (ii) – 2 cos2 x + 3 cosx – 1 > 0
– 4 < x < 4, [x2] = 2, 3, 4, ...

2sin_____
x+1
(iii) – 1 £  _________ £1
  
 
– 4 < x < 4, [x ] ≥ 2 2  
2÷2sinx 

 
– 4 < x < 4, x2 ≥ 2 Now, from (i), we get,

__ __
– 4 < x < 4, x ≥ ÷2 
    and x £ –÷2 
   0 £ cosx £ p
__ __
Thus, Df = (  – 4, –÷2    ,  4 )
  ˚    »  Î÷2  as p >1
( 
[x 2 – 3]
11. Given f (x) = cos –1   _______
5
  
  )
  + log2 (|x| – 1)

0 £ cosx £ 1
( 
p
2np £ x £ 2np + __ )
      , n Œ I ...(1)
f is defined for 2
( 
[x2 – 3]
– 1 £  _______
5 )
  £ 1, (|x| – 1) > 0
   
Also, from (ii), we get,
– 2 cos2 x + 3 cos x – 1 > 0
fi – 5 £ [x2 – 3] £ 5, |x| > 1 2 cos2 x – 3 cos x + 1 < 0
fi
fi
– 5 £ [x2] – 3 £ 5, |x| > 1
2
– 2 £ [x ] £ 8, |x| > 1
(  1
cosx –  __    (cosx – 1)
2 ) <0
1
fi – 2 £ (x2) < 9, |x| > 1  __   < cosx < 1
2
p p
fi – 3 < x < 3, x < –1, x > 1 2np – __     < x < 2np + __
    , n Œ I ...(2)
3 3
Thus, Df = (–3, –1) » (1, 3) Again from (iii), we get,
__________ ____
12. Given f (x) = ÷   – 1 +  x2  f is defined for
[x]    x + 1 ≥ 0
2 sin x + 2 ÷2sin 
_____
[x] – 1 + x2 ≥ 0   + 1 £ 0
and 2 sin x – 2÷2sinx 
 
_____ _____
fi [x] ≥ 1 – x2   + 1)2 ≥ 0 and (÷2 sinx 
(÷2sinx 
    – 1)2 £ 0
 
fi 1 – x2 £ [x] It is possible only when sinx = __

1
    
__ 2
It is possible only when ÷   
3 
__ ___
cos x =     
x ≥ 1 and x £ –÷3 
   2
__ p
Thus, Df = ( – •, –÷3 
  ˚    » [1, •) x = 2np ± __     , n Œ I ...(3)
_____________ 6
13. Given f (x) =   x) – (cos
÷ (sin    x)  From (1), (2) and (3), we get,
f is defined for (sin x) – (cos x) ≥ 0 p
x = 2np + __
    , n Œ I
6
(sin x) ≥ (cos x)
p
Thus, Df = 2np + __    , n Œ I
3p
It is true for x Œ 0, ___
2 (  )
     
16. Given
6
___________________
1  – logx log   
f (x) = ÷ x
2 (4 – 12) 
Thus, (  3p
Df = 2np, 2np + ___
      , n Œ I
2 ) f is defined for
(i) (4x – 12) > 0 Again, from (iii), we get,

(ii) log2 (4x – 12) > 0 [x2 + 4x + 5] > 0
(iii) logx (log2 (4x – 12)) £ 1 x2 + 4x + 5 ≥ 1
From (i), we get, x2 + 4x + 4 ≥ 0
4x > 12 (x + 2)2 ≥ 0
x > log4 (12) ...(1) which is true for all x in R. ...(3)
Also, from (ii), we get, From (1), (2) and (3), we get,
__ __
x
4 – 12 > 1 x Œ ( – 2 – ÷2 
  ,  – 3˚  »  Î– 1,
   )
– 2 + ÷2  
__ __
4x > 13 Thus, Df = (  –2 –÷2 
   , –3˚  »  Î–1,
   )
–2 + ÷2  
x > log4 (13) ...(2) x2 – 3x + 2
18. Let y =  __________
    
Again, from (iii), we get, x2 + x – 6
log2 (4x – 12) £ x (x – 1)(x – 2) (x – 1)
fi y = ____________
    
    =  ______  , x π 2
(x + 3)(x – 2) (x + 3)
(4x – 12) £ 2x
3y + 1
(4x – 2x – 12) £ 0 x =  ______ 
 
1–y
((2x)2 – 2x – 12) £ 0 1
Also, when x = 2, then y = __    
(2x – 4)(2x – 3) £ 0 5
3 £ 2x £ 4 1
Hence, the range is R – 1,  __    .
5 {  }
log2 (3) £ x £ log2 (4) ...(3)
19. Clearly, the domain of the given function is [0, •)
From (1), (2) and (3), we get,
x Œ [log4 (13), 2]
Thus, Rf =   f(0),   

lim  f (x) 
x Æ • )
Thus, Df = [log4 (13), 2]

____________________
 
17. Given f (x) = ÷ 2
log1/2  log2 [x   
+ 4x + 5] 

[  )
p 2
=   2, ___
      
4
_________________
f is defined for 20. Let y = ÷a  2 cos2 x  + b2   
sin2 x 
________________
(i) log1/2 (log2 [x2 + 4x + 5]) ≥ 0 a  2sin2 x + b2   
+÷ cos2 x 
(ii) log2 [x2 + 4x + 5] > 0 __ ___________
2
fi y = ÷l    2 + b2)   
    + ÷(a – l , where
(iii) [x + 4x + 5] > 0
Now from (i), we get, l = a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x
_____________
(log2 [x2 + 4x + 5]) £ 1 fi  
y2 = l + (a2 + b2) – l + 2÷l( 2
+ b2)   
– l2 
_____________
[x2 + 4x + 5] £ 2
fi y2 = (a2 + b2) + 2÷  l(a2 + b2)   
– l2 
x2 + 4x + 5 < 3
Max value of
( 
x2 + 4x + 2 < 0
)

a2 + b2
__ __ y2 = 2(a2 + b2), when l =  _______
   
 
x Œ (– 2 –÷2 
  ,  – 2 + ÷2 
  )  ...(1) 2
Min value of
Also, from (ii), we get, _____________
log2 [x2 + 4x + 5] > 0 a  2  +  b2 +   
y2 = ÷ 2ab , when l = b2
______
[x2 + 4x + 5] > 1 Thus, Rf = Î(a + b), 2÷a  2 + b2 
 ˚
x2 + 4x + 5 ≥ 2 p
21. As 0 < x <  __  , so 0 < x < 1
2
x + 4x + 3 ≥ 0 2
Now, range of

(x + 1)(x + 3) ≥ 0
x £ – 3, x ≥ – 1 ...(2)

p
y = ln {(cos x) cos x + 1} in 0, __(  )
     
2
Real Function 1.79

Let
Ry = ln (xx + 1) in (0, 1)
g(x) = x + 1 x
fi 0 £ sin–1  _______
( 
x2   
(  x + 1 ) 2
2
p
   < __
    
)
Thus, the range of a function is
fi g¢(x) = xx (1 + ln x)
For max / min, g¢(x) = 0 gives
2
p
R f =   0, __ [  )
      
fi xx (1 + ln x) = 0
(  ( 16 sin2 x + 1 ) 
23. Given f (x) = log2 2 – log÷ __2 
   )
fi (1 + ln x) = 0
f is defined for
fi ln x = – 1
1 (  16 sin2 x + 1 ) > 0
(i) 2 – log÷ __2 
x = e–1 = __
  
fi  e 
(ii) ( 16 sin2 x + 1 ) > 0
1
Now, g(x) is minimum at x = __
 e 
which is true for all x in R
Minimum value of g(x) is
Now, from (i), we get,
(  ) (  )
1
= g __
1 1/e
 e   = __
 e   + 1
(16 sin2 x + 1) < 2
x
Also, lim   (x + 1)
g (0) =   
x Æ 0 0 £ (16 sin 2 x) < 1
lim  (  e x log x + 1 )
=    1 £ (16 sin2 x + 1) < 2
x Æ 0
= e x Æ 0 (  )
logx
lim   ____
        
1/x + 1
log÷__2 
     
(16 sin2 x + 1) < log ÷__2 
(1) £ log÷ __2    
(2)
(  )
1 0 £ log ÷__2  (16 sin2 x + 1) < 2
 __
x 
  
lim   ___
  
x Æ 0 ___
      
– 1
    
–2 < –log÷ __ (16 sin2 x + 1) £ 0
2    
= e x2 + 1
(16 sin2 x + 1) £ 2
2 – 2 < 2 – log ÷__2 
  
  
lim   (– x)
= e x Æ 0 + 1 (16 sin2 x + 1) £ 2
0 < 2 – log ÷__2  
   
=1+1
= 2. ( 
log2 (0) < log2 2 – log ÷__2 
   
(  16 sin2 x + 1 )  £ log2 2 )
Thus, (  )
1 1/e
1 + __
 e   < x < 2
( 
– • < log2 2  –  log ÷__2 
   )
(  16 sin2 x + 1 )  £ 1
Thus, R f = (– •, 1]
fi (  (  ) )
ln 1 + __
1 1/e
 e     < ln (xx + 1) < ln (2)
24. Let g (x) = (5x2 – 8x + 4)
ln ( 1 + ( __
 e  )  )< ln ( (cos x)
1
(  )
1/e cos x
+ 1 )< ln (2) 8 4
fi = 5 x2  –  __   x + __
     
5 5
R = (  ln ( 1 + (  __  e  )  ),  ln (2) ) = ( 5 ( x  –  __   ) + __
1 1/e
fi      )
4 2  4
f
( 
_______ 5 5
22. Given f (x) = cos  ÷
  2 + 1 
2x
________
–1
2
x +1
 
   
  ) Thus, Rg =  [ __
5
    , •  )
4
( ÷ 
___________
)
4
2x2 + 1  __   £ g(x) < •
= sin –1
1  –  _______
         5
(  )
(x2 + 1)2 4
log5/4 __
      £ log5/4 ( g (x) ) < log5/4 (•)
( ÷ 
________
)
4 5
x
= sin–1  _______
        –1 £ log5/4 ( g (x) ) < •
(x2 + 1)2

2
x2   
= sin–1  _______
( 
  
(  x + 1 ) )

tan–1 (– 1) £ tan–1 ( log5/4 ( g (x) ) )< tan–1 (•)
p p
–  __   £ tan–1 ( log5/4 (( g (x) ) ) < __
    
As we know that 4 2
x2 p p
0 £  _______
     <1 – __
     £ f (x) < __    
(x2 + 1)  4 2
(  ) [  p p
fi x2   
sin–1(0) £ sin–1  _______    < sin–1 (1)
(  x2 +1 )
  Thus, __  , __
R f =  –  
4 2 )
       
25. Given f (x) = 6x + 3 – x + 6 – x + 3x + 2. xŒ [– 1, 1]

= (6x + 6 – x) + (3x + 3 – x) + 2 Df = [– 1, 1]
≥2+2+2=6 Thus, Rf = [f (–1), f (1)]
Thus, R f =  [ 6, •  )
[  ] 3
= –  __  , 1 
(  )
______ 4
1 + x2
26. Given f (x) = cos–1  _____
   
    –  x2 
  + ÷2   
f (x) = sin [ x + __      ] + cos [ x – __      ]
2x –1 1 2 1
– 1 2
28. Given
f is defined for 2 2
Now, [ x + __      ] = [  x – __      + 1 ] = [ x – __

     ] + 1
( 
1 1 1
)
2 2 2
1 + x2
(i) – 1 £  _____   £ 1
   
  2 2 2
2x
f (x) = sin [ x + __      ] + cos [ x – __     ]
–1 1 2 1
–1 2
(ii) 2 – x2 ≥ 0 Thus,
2 2
= sin [ ( x –  __   ) + 1 ] + cos [ x –  __   ]

Now, from (i), we get, 1 1
|  |
–1 2 –1 2

2 2 2
1+x
 _____   £ 1
   
 
It is defined for [  x – __      ] = 0, – 1
2x 1 2
2 2
|1 + x | £ 2 |x|
Therefore,
(1 + x2) £ 2 |x|
p p
f (x) = sin–1 (1) + cos– 1(0) = __
     + __
     = p
|x|2 – 2 |x| + 1 £ 0 2 2
Also, f (x) = sin–1 (0) + cos– 1(– 1) = 0 = p = p
(|x| – 1)2 £ 0
Thus, Rf = {p}
(|x| – 1) = 0
{  ÷ 
_______
x = ± 1 ...(1) 29. Given

p2
f (x) = log cos ___
    – x2   
9
}
Also, from (ii), we get, f is defined for
( ÷ 
2 – x2 ≥ 0 _______
)

p2
2 (i) cos  ___  – x2   
> 0
x –2£0 9
__

( x + ÷
x2 – ( ÷2  
   ) ( x  – ÷2  
2  
   )2 £ 0
__
   ) £ 0
__ ( 
p2
(ii) ___
9 )
    – x2  ≥ 0
__ __
    £ x £ ÷2 
–÷2     ...(2) Now, from (ii), we get,
From (1) and (2), we get, x2 – ___

      £ 0
9 (  2
)
x = {– 1, 1}
Thus, Df = {– 1, 1}
x + __
3 ( 
p x–p
       _____
3 ) ( 
   
  £ 0 )
p p
Rf = { f (1), f (– 1)} –  __   £ x £  __  
3 3
[ 
= {1, 1 + p}
1 x+1
Thus,
p p
Df = –  __  , __
3 3
      ]
27. Given (x) = __
 p  ( tan –1x + sin–1x ) +  __________
 
   
÷ 
_______
2
x + 2x + 5 p2 p
Also, 0 £ ___ £ __
    – x2       
f is defined for 9 3
( ÷ 
_______

(i) – 1 £ x£1
(ii) x2 + 2x + 5 π 0

p
cos __ (  ) p2
      £ cos ___
3
    – x2   
9 )
£ cos (0)
( ÷ 
_______
which is true for all x in R
From (i) and (ii), we get
1
2
p2
 __   £ cos ___
    – x2   
9
£ 1 )
Real Function 1.81
(  ( ÷  ) ) (  )
_______
(  )
3p

1
log __
p2
      £ log cos ___
    – x2   
  £ log (1) log ___
      £ f (x) £ log (2p)
2 9 2
[  (  )
3p
]
( 
Rf = log ___
( ÷  ) )
_______ Thus,       , log (2 p) 
p2 2
– log (2) £ log cos ___
    – x2   
  £ 0
9 32. Find the range of the function
Thus, Rf = [– log (2), 0] f (x) = loge (2 sin x + tan x – 3x + 1),
p p
30. Given f (x) = [1 + sin x] + [cos x – 1] + [tan–1 x] where  __   £ x £ __
    
6 3

__
= 1 + [sin x] + [cos x] – 1 + [tan–1 x] 33. Given { ÷2 
f (x) = log __5     (sin x – cos x) + 3 }
   ÷
__
= [sin x] + [cos x] + [tan x] –1 Now, { ÷2 
    (sin x – cos x) + 3 }
Ï 1: x = 0
Ô 0 : 0 < x < tan (1)
{  (  ) } p
= 2 sin x – __
      + 3 
4
Ô
Ô p
(  ) p
– 1 £ sin x –  __    £ 1
4
Ô 1 : tan(1) £ x <
Ô
Ô p
2
(  )
– 2 £ sin x – __
p
      £ 2
4
Ô 2:x = 2
Ô
=Ì p
(  )
– 2 + 3 £ sin x – __
p
      + 3 £ 2 + 3
4
Ô 0: 2 < x <p
Ô
Ô –1 : p £ x £ 3p
(  )p
1 £ sin x –  __    + 3 £ 5
4
log (1) £ log {  sin (  x – __

Ô
     )+ 3 }£ log (5)
2 p
Ô __ __ __
3p ÷   
5  ÷   
5  4 ÷   
5 
Ô 0: £ x £ 2p
0 £ log { sin (  x – __
Ô 2
     ) + 3 } £ 2
p
Ô 2 : x = 2p __
Ó   
÷5  4
Hence, the range of the function is 0 £ f (x) £ 2

= {–1, 0, 1, 2} Rf = [0 2]
{  }
_____ 3p
31. Given   )  +  ___   
f (x) = log10 sin–1 ( ÷x  – 5  34. Given equation is
2 __________
f is defined for ÷ 3 – 4 cos  
2
x  > 2 sin x + 1
_________
(i) (x – 5) ≥ 0 ÷ 4 sin2 x – 1    > 2 sin x + 1
Let sin x = t
x ≥ 5
So, the given equation becomes
_____ ______
(ii) – 1 £ ÷x  – 5  £ 1
÷ 4t 2 – 1 
  > 2t + 1
0 £ (x – 5) £ 1 It is defined for 4t 2 – 1 ≥ 0
5 £ x £ 6 fi (2t + 1) (2t – 1) ≥ 0
Thus, Df = [5, 6] 1 1
fi t ≥ __
     and t £ –  __  
_____ 2 2
p
0 £ sin–1 ÷x  – 5  £  __  
Now, Case-I: when (2t + 1) ≥ 0
2
3p _____ 3p p ___ 3p The given equation becomes
 ___  £ sin–1 ( ÷x  – 5   
) + ___
    £ __
     +     
2 2 2 2 fi (4t 2 – 1) > (2t + 1)2
3p _____ 3p
 ___  £ sin–1 ( ÷x  – 5   
) + ___
    £ 2p fi (4t 2 – 1) > 4t 2 + 4t + 1
2 2
fi 4t < – 2
(  ) (  )
3p _____ 3p
log ___
      £ log sin–1 (÷ x – 5 ) + ___
      £ log (2p) fi
1
t < –  __  
2 2 2
So, it has no solution 1 1

fi (x – [x]) + __
 x  – ___
     = 1
Case-II: when 2t + 1 < 0 [x]
1 1
fi
1
t < –  __   fi x + __
 x  = [x] + ___
     + 1
2 [x]
(  ( 
1
fi sin x < –  __  
2
1
fi x + __ ) 1
 x   – [x] + ___
       = 1
[x] ) ...(i)
5p p
fi 2nx – ___
    < x < 2np – __
    , n Œ I Since R.H.S is an integer, so L.H.S is also an
6 6 integer.
35. Given
1
m = __[  ] [  1
      + __
4
1
      +  ____
4 200 ] [  1
      + __
2
     + ____
4 200 ]
        Let [x] + ___ ( 
1
)
     + 1  = t (Integer)
[x]

1
+ ... + __ [ 
     +
4
199
____
   
200 ] 1
   fi x + __ (  )
 x   = t, from (i)
[ 1
= __ ]
     × 200  = 50
4
fi x2 – tx + 1 = 0
______
Hence, the value of m + 50. t±÷ t  2 – 4  
fi x =  __________
     
= 50 + 50 2
= 100 For real x, t 2 – 4 ≥ 0

36. Given equation is {x} + sin {x} = 2 fi (t + 2) (t – 2) ≥ 0
Now, {x} < 1 and {sin x} < 1 fi t £ – 2 and t ≥ 2
fi {x} + {sin x} < 2 fi t = 2 and – 2 does not satisfy the equation (i)
Hence, it has no solution. So, the equation (i) has infinitely many solutions.
37. The given equation is 39. Given equation is {x2} + [x4] = 1
x2 – 4x + [x] + 3 = 0 ...(i) It can be solved graphically, it has only 2 real
fi 2
x – 4x + x – {x} + 3 = 0 solutions.
fi x2 – 3x + 3 = {x} 40. Given f (x) = |x – a| + |x – b| + |x – c| + |x – d|
fi 0 £ x2 – 3x + 3 < 1
Now, x2 – 3x + 3 ≥ 0
It is true for all x, since D < 0
Also, x2 – 3x + 3 < 1
fi x2 – 3x + 2 < 0
fi (x – 1) (x – 2) < 0
fi 1<x<2
fi [x] = 1
Now, from (i), we get, Hence, the least value of the function is
x2 – 4x + 4 = 0 = (c + d – a – b) at x = b or c.
(  )
89
fi (x – 2)2 = 0 1
41. Let S = Â ___________
     2  
n = 1 1 + (tan n°)
fi x=2
which does not satisfy 1 < x < 2 1 1 1
= + +
Thus, the given equation has no solution. 1 + tan (1∞) 1 = tan (2∞) 1 + tan 2 (3∞)
2 2
38. Given F(x) = x – [x] 1 1 1

+ 2
+ 2
+
1 1 + tan (87∞) 1 = tan (88∞) 1 + tan 2 (89∞)
Now, F (x) + ____
      = 1
F(x)
...(i)
Real Function 1.83
1 x
=
1
+
1
+
1 fi __     < __      £ 1
2 3
1 + cot (89∞) 1 + cot (88∞) 1 + cot 2 (87∞)
2 2
3
fi  __   < x £ 3
1 1 1 2
1 + cot 2 (3∞) 1 + cot 2 (2∞) 1 + cot 2 (1∞) 4

and __
 x   = 4 [  ]
...(ii) 4
Adding (i) and (ii), we get, fi 4 £ __  x  < 5
4
89 1 2 fi __      < x £ 1
fi 2S = Â 2
+ 5
n = 1 1 + tan ( n∞) 1 + cot 2 (n∞)
This is not possible simultaneously,
89 1 tan 2 (n∞) So, it has no solution.
fi 2S = Â +
2
n = 1 1 + tan ( n∞) 1 + tan 2 (n∞) From (iii), we get,
(  ) [  ] [  ]
3 4
89 1 + tan2 (n°) __ x   = 2 and __ x   = 3
fi 2 S = Â =  ___________
  
    
n =1 1 + tan2 (n°) 3 4
fi 2 £ __  x  < 3 and 3 £ __
 x  < 4
89
fi 2 S = Â 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1 (89 times) 1 x __ 1 1 x __ 1
n =1 fi __
     < __
     £      and __
     < __
     £     
3 3 2 4 4 3
fi 2S = 89
3 4
1 fi 1 < x £ __      and 1 < x £ __
   
fi S = 44  __   2 3
4
4
  fi 1 < x £ __
[  ] [  ]
3 4     
42. Given equation is __
 x   + __
 x   = 5 3
when x is negative, the value of fi (  ]

x Œ  1,
4
 __     
3
3
__ [  ] [  __ 4x  ] can never be equal to 5
 x   + Thus, = 1, b = 4, c = 3
when x is positive, there are 3 possibilities Hence, the value of a + b + c + abc + 30

= 1 + 4 + 3 + 12 + 30
[  ] 3
(i) __ [  ]
4
 x   = 0 and __
 x   = 5 = 50.
(ii) [ __
 x  ] = 1 and [  __  x  ] = 4
3 4 43. Given equation is

(iii) [ __
 x  ] = 2 and [  __
3
 x  ] = 3
4 4(  ) (  __ 12   ) + b = 0
1 x
__
      +
x–1
fi ( ( __
     )  ) + ( __
     ) + b = 0
x 2
1 1 x–1
From (i) [ __  x  ] = 0, then 0 £ __

3 3 2 2
 x  < 1
t + 2t + b = 0, t = (  __      )

x
2 1
fi x>3 fi
2
4
and __
 x   = 5 [  ] where 0<t<1
Sum of the roots = – 2 < 0
4
fi 5 £ __  x  < 6 So, there is a + ve root in (0, 1)
1 x __ 1 Thus, f (0), f (1) < 0
fi __     < __      £     
6 4 5
fi b (b + 3) < 0
2 4
fi __      < x £ __
     fi – 3 < b < 0
3 5
This is not possible simultaneously, fi bŒ (– 3, 0)
So, it has no solution. 44. Given f (x) = px + q
3
[  ] 3
 x   = 1, then 1 £ __
From (ii), __  x  < 2
Now,

f (f (f (x)))
= f (f (px + q))
= f (f (a)), a = px + q fi (a2 + 46)2 – {2(9 + 8a)2} < 0

= f (pa + q) fi (a2 + 16a + 64) (a2 – 16a + 28) < 0
= f (p(px + q) + q) fi (a + 8)2 (a – 2) (a – 14) < 0
2
= f (p x + pq + q) fi (a – 2) (a – 14) < 0
= f (c), c = (p2 x + pq + q)
fi 2 < a < 14
= pc + q
Hence, the value of a is (2, 14).
= p(p2 x + pq + q) + q
2 (ex – e–x) (sin x + tan x)
= p3x + p2 q + pq + q 47. Given f (x) =  _____________________
       
Given f ( f ( f (x))) = 8x + 21
+ 2p
x______
2   p   [ 
   – 3 ]
Thus, p3 = 8, p2 q + pq + q = 21
2 (ex – e– x) (sin x + tan x)
= _____________________
         
fi p = 2, q = 3
[ 
2 2 + __
x
]
 p  – 3
Hence, the value of p2 + q2 + p + q
2 (ex – e–x) (sin x + tan x)
=4+9+2+3 =  _____________________
x     
  
= 18.
2 __ [  ]
 p  + 1
45. Given f (x) = x3 – 2x2 – px + 1 2 (ex – e–x) (sin x + tan x)

f (– x) =  _____________________
     
  
f ¢(x) = 3x2 – 4x – p
Since f is one-one function
p
x
[  ]
2 –  __  + 1
So, f is either strictly increasing or decreasing 2 (ex – e–x) (sin x + tan x)

=  _____________________
     
  
function
Thus, f ¢(x) > 0 (since, a = 3 > 0)
[  ]
– 2 __
x
 p  – 1
fi D<0 2 (ex – e–x) (sin x + tan x)

= –  _____________________
x     
   = – f (x)
fi 16 + 12p < 0 [  ]
2 __
 p  + 1
fi 4 + 3p < 0
4 Thus, f (x) is an odd function.
fi p < – __
     48. Given equation is
3
÷(   )
______
1 3
46. Since the given function is onto, so the range of a x – x + 1 = __
2
     + x – __
       
 
function is equal to its co-domain 2 4
     +    x – __
_______
( x – __
4 2 ÷(
     ) + __      ) 
Thus, Rf = R 1 3 1 2 3
     = __  
2 4
ax2 + 6a – 8
Let y =  ___________
    
     = (   x – __
_______
( x – __
     ) + __      ) 
4 ÷
a + 6x – 8x2 1 1 2 3
 
2 4
fi (a + 8y) x2 + 6 (1 – y) x – (8 + ay) = 0
since x is real, so D ≥ 0
fi 36 (1 – y)2 + 4 (a + 8y) (8 + ay) ≥ 0
fi 9 (1 – y)2 + (a + 8y) (8 + ay) ≥ 0
fi (9 + 8a) y2 + (a2 + 46)y + (9 + 8a) ≥ 0
Since the range of a function is R, so the given equal-
ity holds good for all real values of y
Thus, (9 + 8a) > 0 and D < 0
9
fi a > –  __   and D < 0
8
Now, D<0 Clearly, it has a solution at x = 1.
Real Function 1.85
_____ _____
p
49. We have f (x) = g ___ [ 
       
10 (  ) ] 2. Given f (x) = log2 ( ÷x  – 2 
Clearly, Df = [2, 4]
 )
  – x  
 + ÷4

p
[  (  ) p
= sin  ___     + cos ___
18
       
18 (  ) ] Thus, a = 2, b = 4
Hence, the value of (2b – 3a)
= [sin (18°) + cos (18°)] =8–6=2
÷  (  )
__________
[ 
_________
]
__ __ x–2
   – 1
÷5    + 2 ÷ 5  
÷__________
10      3. Given f (x) = log2  _____
       
=  ______  
 +     
    
3–x
4 4
Thus, (  _____    > 0 and (  _____  
3 – x) 3 – x)
x–2 x–2
= [1. 26]   ≥ 1
=1
fi (  _____     < 0 and (  _____ 
x – 3) 3 – x)
x–2 x–2
   – 1 ≥ 0
fi sin2016 x – cos 2016 x = 1
fi (  _____     < 0 and (  ______   
x – 3) x–3)
x–2 2x – 5
£ 0
fi sin 2016 x = cos 2016 x + 1 ≥ 1
It is possible only when cos 2016 x = 0 fi 2 < x < 3 and __
5
     £ x £ 3
p 2
fi
50. Given
x = (2n + 1)  __  , n Œ I
2
f (x, y) = 7x + 4xy + 3y2
2
fi
5
2 [  )
Df =    __   , 3 
Thus, a = 5/2, b = 3
Put x = cos q, y = sin q Therefore, the value of (2a – b)
Thus, y = f (q) =5–3=2
4. Let f (x) = |x – 2| – |x + 1|
= 7 cos 2 q + 4 sinq cosq + 3 sin2 q
Clearly, Range of the function f (x) is [– 3, 3]
= 3(sin 2 q + cos 2 q) + 4 sinq cosq + 4 cos2 q Thus, – 3 £ p £ 3
= 3 + 2 sin 2q + 2(1 + cos 2q) Therefore, the number of integral values of p is 7,
where p = – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3.
= 5 + 2 sin 2q + 2 cos 2q
x2 + x + a
5. Let y = _________     
= 5 + 2 (sin 2q + cos 2q) x2 + 2x + a
__
Max value = ( 5 + 2÷2  
   ) a
x + __
 x  + 1
__
=   _________   
Min Value = (  5 – 2÷2  
   ) a
x + __ x  + 2
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS Let g(x) = x + __
a
 x 
1. We have a
fi g¢(x) = 1 – __
(  ) (  )
x–p x–p   2  
f (x) = 4 cos4  _____     – 2 cos  _____     x
4p 2 2p 2   For max or min, g¢(x) = 0
=  2cos   _____     – 2 cos   _____   

{ ( x4p – p ) } ( x2p – p )
2
2
2
2 fi 1 – __
a
  2    = 0
x
=  1 + cos   _____     – 2 cos   _____   
{ ( x2p – p ) } ( x2p – p ) 2 __
fi x = ± ÷a     
2 2
__
Minimum value at x = ÷a 
    is
= 1 + cos   _____   
2
( x2p – p ) 2
2÷a 
= _______
    + 1
  __
2 ÷a 
    + 2
 
 
__
__
Thus, the period of f (x) is Maximum value at x = – ÷a 
    is
__
2
÷ a 
 
  – 1

p
= ____
      = 2p 3 = _______
  __  
1 2 ÷a 
    – 2
____
   2   __
2p 2 ÷a 
   + 1 5
  Clearly,  _______
__ = __
       
Clearly, m = 2 and n = 3 2 ÷a 
   + 2 6
__ __ __
Hence, the value of (m + n) is 5. fi 12 ÷a 
    + 6 = 10 ÷a 
    + 10 ÷a 
    = 2
__
fi 2 ÷a 
    = 4 10. Clearly, f (x) ≥ 0 for any x in R
__
fi ÷ a   = 2 When x is non zero,
fi a=4 1 1
f (x) = ______   £ __
(  )
          
2 1 2
a +a
Hence, the value of  ______
   
  is 4 x2 + __
  2   
5 x
6. Given equation is But at x = 0, f (0) = 0

( [  ] )
15
sgn _____
  2    
x +1
     = [1 + {2x}]
1
Thus, the range of the given function is 0, __
     
2 [  ]
( [  ] )
Clearly, a = 0, b = 1 and c = 2
15
fi sgn _____
  2    
     = 1 Hence, the value of (a + b + c + 2) is 5
x +1
ex – 1
Thus, 1 + x2 £ 15 y =  _____
11. Let  
 
ex + 1
fi x2 £ 14 1+y
Hence, the number of integral values of x are 7 fi ex =  _____   
1–y
where x = – 3, – 2, – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3. 1+y
_____ _____ fi  _____    = ex > 0
7. Given equation is 3÷ x  – 3  
x  + 1  = ÷ 1–y
y+1
Y fi  _____    < 0
y–1
fi – 1 < y < 1
X¢
Thus, the range is (– 1, 1)
X
O
Clearly, a = – 1, b = 1
Hence, the value of (a2 + b2 + 2) is 4.
12. Given f (x) = ax + b
Y¢
We have f ( f (x))
From the graph, it is clear that, the number of = f (ax + b)
solutions is 1.
= a (ax + b) + b
8. Given equation is sgn (x + 1) = 2x2 – x
= a2 x + (ab + b)
Y
Also, f ( f ( f (x)))
= f (a2 x + (ab + b))
y=1 = a(a2 x + (ab + b)) + b
X¢ X
y = –1
O = a3x + a(ab + ) + b
= a3x + a2b + ab + b
= 8x + 21
Y¢
Clearly, a = 2, b = 3
Clearly, the number of solutions is 2. Hence, the value of (a + b + 3) is 8.
1
9. Given function is f (x) = ________
  _______
 ___  
–3
÷   ÷81  
x – 1
     questions asked in
It is defined for Past JEE Main Exams (2002 to 2014)
___
x – 1
x – 1 ≥ 2, x – 1 Œ N and    > 3
÷81  1. Clearly the option is (b)
x – 1 __
fi x ≥ 3, x Œ N and 81 > 3 Let f (x) = cos x and g(x) = ÷
x 
   
__ __
fi x ≥ 3, x Œ N and 34 > 3x – 1 Thus, f (g(x)) = f (÷x 
  )  cos ÷x 
    is non-periodic.
fi
fi
x ≥ 3, x Œ N and x < 5
x = {3, 4}
2. we have – 1 £ log3 __(  (  ) )
x
        £ 1
3
Thus, the integral values of x is 2 fi

x
3 –1 £ __ (  )
      £ 3
3
Real Function 1.87
1 x
fi  __   £ __
3 (  )
      £ 3
3
Ans. (c)
6. The function sin–1 (x – 3) is defined for

fi 1£x£9
– 1 £ (x – 3) £ 1
fi x Œ [1, 9]
fi 2£x£4 ...(i)
Thus, Df = [1, 9] _____
Also, the function ÷9  – x2 
  is defined for
Ans. (a)
9 – x2 > 0
3. The expression log10 (x3 – x) is defined for
(x3 – x) > 0 fi x2 – 9 < 0
fi (x + 3) (x – 3) < 0
x (x2 – 1) > 0
fi – 3 < x < 3 ...(ii)
x (x + 1) (x – 1) > 0
From (i) and (ii), we get, x Œ [2, 3)
x Œ (– 1, 0) » (1, •)
Thus, Df = [2, 3)
3
Also, the function  _____
    is defined only when 7. Since the function is onto, so Rf = Cf = S
4 – x2 _____
x π ± 2   +  3  
Max value of f = ÷1  +1=2+1=3
_____
Thus, Df = (– 1, 0) » (1, •) – {2} Min value of f = – ÷1  + 3 
 + 1 = – 2 + 1 = – 1
= (– 1, 0) » (1, 2) » (2, •) Thus, S = Rf = [– 1, 3]

Ans. (c) Ans. (d)
8. Since f (x) is symmetrical about the line x = 2
4. Given f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y)
f (2) = 7 + 7 = 14 then f (2 + x) = f (2 – x)
f (3) = 14 + 7 = 21 Ans. (b)

f (4) = 21 + 7 = 28
... ... ...

p p
2 2 ( 
9. The range of the function f is –  __  , __
      )
... ... ... Since the function f is onto, so Rf = Cf = B
( 
... ... ... p p
f (n) = 7 ◊ n Thus, B = –  __  , __
2 2 )
     
n
Thus, S     f (r) 10. Given f (x – y) = f (x) f(y) – f (a – x) f (a + y)
r =1
Put x = 0 = y, we get,
= (7 + 14 + 21 + 28 + ... + 7 ◊ n)
f (0) = f(0) f (0) – ( f (a))2
= 7(1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n)
1 = 1 – (f (a))2
7n(n + 1)
=  ________
    f (a) = 0
2
Ans. (c) Also, f (2a – x) = f (a – (x – a))
7 – x
5. The function Px – 3 is defined for = f (a)f (x – a) – f (a – a)f (a + x – a)
x – 3 ≥ 0, 7 – x > 0 & x – 3 £ 7 – x = f (a)f (x – a) – f (0)f (x)
fi x ≥ 3, x < 7 & x £ 5 = 0 ◊ f (x – a) – 1◊ f (x)

fi x = 3, 4, 5
= – f (x)
Thus, Df = {3, 4, 5} Ans. (b)
when x = 3, y = 4P0 = 1
11. The given expression
when x = 4, y = 3P1 = 3
3x2  + 9x + 17
when x = 5, y = P1 = 2 2 = ____________
  2   
   
3x + 9x + 7
Thus, Rf = {1, 2, 3}
_____
(3x2 + 9x + 7) + 10 fi ÷ x + 1  2
 – 1 = (x + 1) – 1
=  _________________
  
    
(3x2 + 9x + 7) _____
2
fi ÷ x + 1 
 = (x + 1)
10 _____
= 1 + ____________
         fi (x + 1)2 – ÷x  + 1 
 = 0
(3x3 + 9x + 7) _____
2
( (x + 1)3/2 – 1 ) = 0
fi ÷ x + 1  
Let g(x) = (3x + 9x + 7)

_____
fi ÷ x + 1   = 0, (  (x + 1)
3/2–1
)
  = 0
D fi x = – 1, 0
Min value of g(x) = ___
     
4a Thus, the solution set is {– 1, 0}
81 – 84 __ 1 Hence, the statement-II is a correct explanation for
= –  _______
  
 =      statement-I
12 4
Thus, the max value of the given expression Ans. (a)
16. The function f is defined for |x| – x > 0
= 1 + 10 × 4 = 41
fi |x| > x
Ans. (b)
2 fi x Œ (– •, 0)
12. Here, 4 – x is defined for all R.
Thus, Df = (– •, 0)
x
(  ) x
cos–1  __   – 1  is defined for – 1 £ __
2 ( 
     – 1  £ 1
2 ) Ans. (a)
(  )
x 17. No questions asked in 2012.
fi 0 £ __
      £ 2 18. Ans. (2)
2
fi 0£x£4 Here A × B has 8 elements respectively
Now, total subsets of A × B is 28
Also, log (cos x) is defined for cos x > 0
Thus, the number of subsets of 28 having 3 or more
p p
fi –  __   < x < __
     elements
2 2 = 28 – 8C0 – 8C1 – 8C2
Thus, the function f is defined for = 256 – (1 + 8 + 28)
[  )
2
p
x Œ   0, __
      

= 256 – 37
= 219
D =  [ 0, __
      )
p 19. Ans. (3)
fi f
2 We have
Ans. (b) X = {4n – 3n – 1 : n Œ N}
13. Since f is invertivle, so its inverse is exist. = {(1 + 3) n – 3n – 1}
Let y = 4x + 3 = {(1 + nC1◊3 + nC2◊32 + nC3◊33 + ... + nCn ◊3n)
y–3 – 3n – 1}
fi x =  _____
  
 
4 n 2 n 3
= ( C2 ◊ 3 + C3 ◊ 3 + ... Cn ◊ 3 ) n n
x–3
Thus, f –1(x) =  _____  
  = 9(nC2 + nC3 ◊ 3 + ... nCn ◊ 3n – 2)
4
and
Ans. (a)
Y = {9(n – 1) : n Œ N}
14. Since f is a bijection, so its inverse is exist.
= {0, 9, 18, 27, 36,...}
Given y = f (x) = (x – 1)2 – 1 fi YÃX
fi (x – 1)2 = y + 1 fi X»Y=X
_____ 20. Ans. (4)
fi (x – 1) = ÷y  + 1 
  Here A × B has 8 elements respectively
_____
fi x = ÷y  + 1  – 1 Now, total subsets of A × B is 28
_____ Thus, the number of subsets of 28 having 3 or more
Thus, f –1(x) = ÷
x  + 1 
 – 1 elements
It is also given that, f –1(x) = f(x) = 28 – 8C0 – 8C1 – 8C2
Real Function 1.89
= 256 – (1 + 8 + 28) = (xn)1/n

= 256 – 37 =x
= 219 So, it is true.
5. Here, we can consider any value of f (x) other than 1
questions asked in Past Iit-JEE Examinations Let f (x) = 2
1. Given f (x) = cos x – x(x + 1)
x2 + 4x + 30
f ¢(x) = – sin x – 2x – 1 Then  ___________
  
    = 2
x2 – 8x + 18
= – (sin x + 2x + 1)
fi 2x2 – 16x + 36 = x2 + 4x + 30

p p
< 0, " x Œ __
    , __
6 3 [  ]
     
fi x2 – 20x + 6 = 0
Clearly, f is a decreasing function ________
20 ± ÷  
400 – 24  
Thus, the range of the function f = f (A) fi x =  ______________
 
    
[  (  ) (  ) ]
2
p p
= f __
      , f __
        ___
3 6 fi x = 10 ± ÷94 
   
[ 
__

1 p 2 __
= __
     – ___
2 9
p ÷     p 2 p
3 
    –     , ___
    ,  ___  – __
3 2 36 6 ]
      Thus, for x = 10 + ÷
___
   and 10 – ÷94 
94     
___
the value of f (x) = 2

2. Case-I: Let f (x) = 1 is true
So, f is not one-one function. It is false.
Then f(y) = 1 and f (z) = 2 6. Ans. (d)
So, f is not one-one, since f (x) = 1 = f (y) Now, f (x2) = | x2 – 1 | π |x – 1|2
Case-II: Let (y) π 1 is true f (x + y) = |x + y – 1| π |x – 1| + |y – 1|
Then f (x) π 1 and f(z) = 2
f (|x|) = ||x| – 1| π ||x – 1||
So, f is not one, since f (x) = 2 = f(y) 7. Ans. (d)
or f (x) = 2 = f (z), f (y) = 3 Given f (x) = cos (log (x))
Case-III: Let f (z) π 2 is true
Then f (x) π 1, f(y) = 1
Now,
1 x
f (x) f (y) – __
2 y [  (  )
     f __ ]
     + f (xy) 
Thus,
since
f is one-one,
f (x) = 2, f(y) = 1, f(z) = 3
[  1
(  ) x
=  __    2f (x) f (y) – f __
2 ]
 y   – f (xy) 
     [ 2 cos (log x) cos (log y)

1
Therefore, f –1(y) = 1 = __
[  ]
p 2
3. Clearly, the domain of the function is 0,  __    and it
– cos ( log ( __
4
 y  ) ) – cos (log (xy)) ]
x
is a decreasing function.
Hence, the range of the function is
     [ cos (log x + log y) + cos (log x – log y)
[  (  )
1
= __

p
= f __
      , f (0) 
4 ]
2
– cos ( log ( __
[  ]  y  ) ) – cos (log (xy)) ]
x
3__
= 0,  ___    
÷   
2 
     [ cos (log (xy))  +  cos ( log ( __ y  ) )
1 x
= __
4. Given f (x) = (a – xn)1/n 2
f ( f (x)) = f (a – xn)1/n
– cos ( log ( __

 y  ) ) – cos (log (xy)) ]
x
= f (b), b = (a – xn)1/n
=0
= ( a – bn )1/n

8. Ans. (c)
= ( a – { (a – an)1/n }  )
n 1/n
_____
1
1/n Given f (x) = __________
  x  + 2 
      + ÷  
= ( a – (a – x ) ) n
log10 (1 – x)
f is defined for (1 – x) > 0, (1 – x) π 0, 1; x ≥ – 2 16. Let f (x) = ax + b, where f : [– 1, 1] Æ [0, 2]
fi x < 1, x π 1, 0; x ≥ – 2 Clearly, f (– 1) = 0, f (1) = 2
fi [– 2, 1) – {0}
or f (– 1) = 2, f (1) = 0
9. Ans. (a)
Here, f(x) = x – [x] , [.] = G.I.F ÔÏ – a + b = 0 Ï – a + b = 2
fi Ì or Ì
is a periodic function with period 1. ÓÔa + b = 2 Óa + b = 0
10. We have
Ïa = 1, b = 1
(  (  ) ) 2 fi Ì
x      
f (x) = sin–1 log2  __ Óa = –1, b = 1
2
fi f (x) = x + 1, 1 – x
(  )
f is defined for – 1 £ log2  __
2
2
x     £ 1 17. Ans. (b)
Now, (g 0 f) (x)
fi
x
(  )
2
2–1 £  __    £ 21
2
= g(f(x))

1
( 
= g __
p x
     – tan ___ (  ) )
      

1
fi __
x2
(  )
     £  __    £ 2
2 2
2 2
÷  ( 
_______________________________
fi 1£x £4 2
__

1
= 3 + 4 __
     – tan
2
    
px
___
2 (  ) ) (  1
        – 4 __
     – tan ___
2 (  ) )
px 2
         
2
fi 1 £ ÷x  2   £ 2
÷  (  ( 
______________________
fi 1 £ |x| £ 2
p x
(  ) ) )
1 2
= 4 – 2 __
     – tan
    ___
       – 1 
fi |x| ≥ 1, |x| £ 2 2 2
÷ 
_____________
fi x ≥ 1, x £ – 1 ; – 2 £ x £ 2
 
p x
___
= 4 + 4 tan2   
      
2 (  )
fi x Œ [– 2, 1] » [1, 2]
÷  (  (  ) )
______________
(  ( 
_____
÷ 4  – x  
12. Given f(x) = sin ln  ______  
1–x
 
 
2
    ))  p x      
___
= 4 1 + tan2  
2
÷ 
f is defined for __________
(  )
 px
= 4 sec2 ___
( 
_____      
)
  

÷ 4  – x2 
 ______ 
 
   > 0
2
(1 – x)
(4 – x2) ≥ 0, 1 – x > 0

|  px
= 2 sec ___(  ) |
       
2
(x2 – 4) ≥ 0, x <1 It is defined for, x Œ R – (2n + 1), n Œ I
– 2 £ x £ 2, x < 1 Also, 3 + 4x – 4x2 ≥ 0
Thus, Df = [– 2, 1) fi 4x2 – 4x – 3 £ 0
Clearly, the range of the function f is
fi (2x – 3) (2x + 1) £ 0
= [– 1, 1]
1 3
13. No questions asked in 1986. fi –  __   £ x £ __
    
2 2
14. Clearly, f (x) = 0 Thus,
which is an even function as well as it has a 1 3
value at x = 0 –  __   £ x £ __
     ; – 1 < x < 1 ; x Œ R – (2n + 1), n Œ I
2 2
15. The domain of ( f 1(x) + f 2 (x)) is D1 « D 2 not
D1 » D2. It is false.

1 1
Therefore, the domain of (g 0 f ) is –  __  , __
2 2
      [  ]
Real Function 1.91
18. No questions asked in 1991. fi (x + 1) ((x + 1)3 – 1) = 0

19. Ans. (b)
fi (x + 1) x ((x + 1)2 + (x + 1) + 1) = 0
Given f (x) = bx2 + cx + d
and f (x + 1) – f (x) = 8x + 3 fi x (x + 1) (x2 + 3x + 3) = 0
b(x + 1)2 + c(x + 1) + d – (bx2 + cx + d) __
– 3 ± i÷3 
  
=8x+3 fi x = 0, –1,  ________
    
2
b((x + 1)2 – x2) + c(x + 1 – x) = 8x + 3
Hence, the solutions are
b(2x + 1) + c = 8x + 3
{ 
__ __
2bx + (b + c) = 8x + 3
2
    – 3 – i
– 3 + i ÷3 
– 1, 0,   ________
  
2
  
÷3 
,  _______
     }
= 4 and c = – 1
20. Ans. (b)
Let y = 1 + ax
24. Given
x+1
x+2( 
f (x) = f  _____ 
   )
fi
y–1
x =  _____
a   
  fi
x+1
x+2( 
x = ±  _____ 
   )
x–1
fi f –1(x) =  _____
a   
It is given that, f (x) = f (x)
 
–1
fi ( 
x+1
x =  _____ 
x+2 ) x+1
   and x = –  _____ 
x+2
   (  )
fi x2 + x – 1 = 0 and x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
x–1
fi 1 + ax =  _____
a     __ __
– 1 ± ÷5 
   – 3 ± ÷5 
  
fi x =  _______
   and x =  _______
   
  Comparing the co-efficients, we get, 2 2
a 2 = 1 and a = – 1 25. Ans. (d)
fi a = – 1 We have
22. Ans. (d)
p
f (x) = sin2 x + sin2 x + __ (  )p
      + cos x cos x + __
3
      
3 (  )
We have (f o g) (x) = f (g (x))
= f (ln |x|) = sin (ln |x|)

1
= __ [  p
     2 sin2 x + 2 sin2 x + __
2 (  ) p
      + 2 cos x cos x + __
3
       
3 (  )]
Thus,
Also,
R1 = {u : – 1 £ u £ 1}
(g o f ) (x)

1
= __ [  2p
( 
     1 – cos 2 x + 1 – cos 2x +  ___   
2 3 )
= g(f(x)) = g(sin x)= ln|sin (x)|
p
( 
3
p
+ cos 2x +  __    + cos __)
       
3 (  ) ]

Since

0 £ |sin(x)|, £ 1 we get,
R2 = {v: – • < v £ 0}
1
= __ [  1
     1 + 1 + __
2
p
     – cos2 x + cos 2x + __
2
     
3 (  )
23. Ans. (a)
Let y = (x + 1)2 – 1
(  2p
3 )]
– cos 2x +  ___     
fi (x + 1)2 = y + 1
_____
1 5
=  __    __
2 2 [  1
     – cos 2 x + 2 cos 2 x × __ ]
     
2
     [ __
fi (x + 1) = ÷y  + 1 
     – cos 2 x + cos 2 x ]
 
1 5
_____ = __
fi y  + 1 
x=÷  – 1 2 2
5
Thus, f –1(x) = ÷
_____
x  + 1 
 – 1
=  __  
4
Now, f (x) = f –1(x) Now, (g0 f) (x)
_____
fi (x + 1)2 – 1 = ÷x  + 1 
 – 1 = g (f (x))
(  )
_____
fi (x + 1)2 = ÷x  + 1  5
  = g __
     
4
4
fi (x + 1) = (x + 1) =1
ax2 + 5x – 8 29. Ans. (b)

26. Let y =  ___________
    
a + 5x – 8x2 Let y = 3x – 5
fi y (a + 5x – 8x2) = a x2 + 5x – 8 y+5

fi x =  _____   
3
(a + 8y) x2 + 5 (1 – y) x –(8 + ya) = 0
x+5
fi f –1(x) =  _____
  
 
Since for all x in R, so D ≥ 0 3
fi 25 (1 – y)2 + 4(a + 8y)(8 + ya) ≥ 0 30. Ans. (b)
fi 25(y2 – 2y + 1) + 4 (8a + 64y a 2y + 8ay 2) ≥ 0 Let y = f (x) = 2x(x–1)

2
fi (25 + 32a) y2 + (4a 2 + 256 – 50)y + (25 + 32a) ≥ 0 fi y = 2 x – x

fi x2 – x = log2 (y)
fi (25 + 32a)y2 + (4a 2 + 206)y + (25 + 32a) ≥ 0
fi x2 – x – log2 (y) = 0
Since the range of a function is R, so
__________
fi (25 + 256a) > 0 and 1 ± ÷1  + 4log  
2 (y) 
fi x =   _______________
      f(x)
2
fi (4a2 + 206)2 – 4 (25 + 32a) (25 + 32a) < 0
since f is defined for [1, •) to [1, •)
fi (4a2 + 206 – 50 – 64a) (4a2 + 206 + 50 + 64a) < 0
__________
fi (4a2 – 64a + 156) (5a2 + 64a + 256) < 0 1+÷ 1  + 4log  
2 (y) 
so, x =  ________________
     
fi (a2 – 16a + 39) (a2 + 16a + 64) < 0 2
__________
fi (a – 3) (a – 13) (a + 8)2 < 0 1+÷ 1  + 4log  
2 (x) 
Thus, f –1(x) =  _______________
     
2
fi (a – 3) (a – 13) < 0
31. Given equation is 2x + 2y = 2
fi 3 < a < 13
fi 2y = 2 – 2x
Hence, the value of is a (3, 13). fi y = log2 (2 – 2x)
2
3x
  + 5x – 8
when a = 3, f(x) = ___________
       It is defined for (2 – 2x) > 0
3 + 5x – 8x2
fi 2x < 2 = 21
3x2 + 5x – 8
= –  ___________
  
    fi x<1
8x2 – 5x – 3
Thus, Df = (– •, 1)
(3x + 8)(x – 1)
= –  _____________
  
    Ans. (d)
(8x + 3)(x – 1)
32. Ans. (d)
(3x + 8)
= –  _______   , x π 1
(8x + 3) Here, x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 gives x = – 1, – 2
55
f ¢(x) = –  ________
   The function log2 (x + 3) is defined for x + 3 > 0
(3x + 8)2
fi x > – 3
8
  Thus, f ¢(x) is not defined at x = –  __   fi x Œ (– 3, •)
3
So f is neither increasing nor decreasing function Thus domian of the function f is
Therefore, f is not one-one function. = (– 3, •) – (– 1, – 2)

27. No questions asked in 1997. 33. Here, g(x) = 1 + x – [x] = 1 + {x} ≥ 1
28. Ans. (a)
Thus, f (g(x)) = 1
Given g (f (x)) = |sin(x)|
__ 2
Ans. (b)
and f (g(x)) = (sin(÷x 
  )  )
34. Clearly f is bijective.
__
fi f (x) = sin2 x and g (x) = ÷
x 
    So, its inverse exists.
Real Function 1.93
1 Ans. (d)
Let y = x + __
 x 
38. Clearly g(x) is the inverse of f(x)
fi x2 – xy + 1 = 0 Let y = (x + 1)2
__
_____    
(x + 1) = ÷y 
y ± ÷y  2 – 4   __
fi x = __________
         x=÷     – 1
y 
2
__
_____ ______ Thus, f –1(x) = g(x) = ÷     – 1, x ≥ 0
x 
y+÷ y  – 4  __________
2
y – ÷y  – 4  
2
fi x =  __________
 
    
,    
     39. Given f (x) = 2x + sinx
2 2
Since the values of x and y are positive, fi f ¢(x) = 2 + cos x > 0
_____ fi f is monotonic function
y + ÷y  2 – 4   fi f is one-one function
so x =  __________
     
2 Also, Rf = R = Co-domain
_____
x+÷ x  – 4  
2
Thus, f is one-one and onto function.
fi f –1 (x) =  __________
 
    
2 Ans. (a)
Ans. (a) x 1
40. Given f(x) = _____
       = 1 – _____
      
35. Given f (x) = (1 + b2)x2 + 2bx + 1 x+1 x+1
1
Now, m(b) = Min value of f (x) f ¢(x) = _______
        > 0
(x + 1)2
D
= – ___
     
4a f is monotonic function
f is one-one function
(4b2 – 4(1 + b2))
= –  _______________
    
  x
4(b2 + 1) Also, let y = _____
      
x+1
1
= _______
  2       x y + y = x
(b + 1)
( – 1) x = – y
Thus, the range of m(b) = (0, 1]
Ans. (d) – y y
x = ______
    = ______
          
36. The number of onto function (y – 1) (1 – y)
= 24 – 2
Thus, Rf = R – {1} π Co-domain
= 14
Ans. (a) Therefore f is not onto.
ax Ans. (b)
37. Given f(x) = _____
      , x π – 1
x+1 x2 + x + 2
41. Given f (x) =  _________
     
x2 + x + 1
Now, f (f (x)) = x
(x2 + x + 1) + 1
fi (  ) ax
f _____
    
x+1
   = x =  ______________
  
  
(x2 + x + 1)
 
1
= 1 + __________
a ( _____
  2      
x + 1)
ax
        (x + x + 1)
fi  _________     = x
ax
_____ Let g(x) = (x2 + x + 1)
       + 1
x+1
Thus, the min value of g(x)
a2 x
fi  __________
      = x D (1– 4) 3
ax + x + 1 = –  ___    = –  ______
  
 = __
    
4a 4 4
fi (a + 1)x2 + (1 – a 2) x = 0 4 7
Thus, max value of f(x) is = 1 + __
     = __
    
fi (a + 1) = 0 & (1 – a ) = 0 2 3 3
Also, f(x) Æ 1 as x Æ •
fi a = – 1 & a = ± 1
fi a = – 1 Thus, (  ]
Rf =  1,
7
 __     
3
Ans. (c) Now, if a Ã X fi f (a) Ã f (x) = d
÷ 
____________
p fi f –1(f(a)) = a
42. Given f(x) = sin – 1 (2x)    + __    
6
Ans. (d)
p
  It is defined for sin (2x) + __
– 1
     ≥ 0
6 47. The function f is defined for
p
fi sin – 1 (2x) ≥ –  __    
8.3x
– 1 £ _________
    £1
6
1 – 32(x–1)

p
6(  ) 1
2x ≥ sin –  __    = –  __  
2 fi
3x – 3x–2
– 1 £  ________  
    £ 1
1 – 32(x–1)
1
fi x ≥ – __
    
4 3x – 3x–2
Case-I: When  ________  
    £ 1
Also, – 1 £ (2x) £ 1 1 – 32(x–1)
1 1 3 – 3x–2 –1 + 32x–2
     £ x £ __
– __      fi  _________________
     £ 0
 
2 2 1 – 32x–2
Thus, [ 
1 1
Df = – __
    , __
4 2 ]
     

(3x – 1)(3x–2 – 1)
fi _______________
    
    £ 0
Ans. (a) (32x–2 – 1)
43. Given f (x) = sin x + cos x, g(x) = x2 – 1 fi x Œ (– •, 0] » (1, •)
Now, g(f (x)) = (sin x + cos x)2 – 1 3x – 3x–2
Case-II: when ________
   
   ≥ – 1
= sin 2 x 1 – 32(x–1)
Clearly g(f(x)) is invertible in the domain of 3x – 3x–2
fi  _______   + 1 ≥ 0
p p 1 – 32x–2
–  __   £ 2 x £ __
    
2 2
3x – 3x–2 + 1 – 32x–2
p p fi  _________________  
    ≥ 0
–  __   £ x £ __
     1 – 32x–2
4 4

Thus,
Ans. (b)
[ 
p p
Dg( f(x)) = –  __  , __
4 4 ]
     
(3x–2 – 1)(3x + 1)
fi  _______________  
  
(3x . 3x–2 – 1)
  ≥ 0
Ï x : If x is rational fi x Œ (– •, 1) » [2, •)

44. Given f(x) = Ì
Ó x : If x is irrational Thus, Df = (–•, 0] » [2, •)
where f : R Æ 48. Given f (x) = 2x3 – 15x2 + 36x + 1
Ï0, if x is rational fi f ¢(x) = 6x2 – 30x + 36
and g(x) = Ì
Ó x, if x is irrational fi f ¢(x) = 6(x2 – 5x + 6)
where g : R Æ R = 6(x – 2) (x – 3)
Now, f (x) – g (x)
Thus, f ¢(x) is positive at x < 2
Ï – x : x Œ Rational fi f ¢ (x) is negative at 2 < x < 3
=Ì
Ó x : x Œ Irrational fi f ¢(x) is positive at x > 3
where ( f – g) : R Æ R Therefore f(x) is many-one function.
Clearly, (f – g) is one-one and onto. Also, Rf = [1, 29] = Co-domain
Ans. (a) Thus f is many-one onto function.

Ans. (b)
45. Given that X and Y are two sets and f : X Æ Y,
2
49. Given f (cos 4q) = _________
        for
{f (c) = y; c Ã X, y Ã Y} and 2 – 2 sec2 q
(  ) ( __ p4  , __ p2   )
{f –1(d) = x ; d Ã Y, x Ã X} p
q Œ 0, __
      »
since –1
f (d) = x fi f (x) = d 4
Real Function 1.95
1 50. No question asked in 2013.

Let cos (4q) = __     
3
1 51. We have f(x) = (log(sec x + tan x))3
fi 2 cos (2q) – 1 = __
2
    
3 f(– x) = {log(sec(– x) + tan(– x))}3
2 4
__
fi 2 cos (2q) =     
3 = {log(sec(x) – tan(x))}3
2 2
__
fi cos (2q) =     
{  (  )}
3 sec(x) – tan(x)) (sec(x) + tan(x)) 3
= log  ___________________________
÷ 
__
2              
cos(2q) = ±  __     (sec(x) + tan(x))
3
Now, (  )
1
f __
3
 
2
      = _________
2 – sec2q 
      {  (   
1
= log ______________ )}
3
        
(sec(x) + tan(x))
2cos2q = {– log (sec(x) + tan(x))}3

= __________
      
2cos2q – 1 = – {log (sec (x) + tan(x))}3
cos 2 q + 1
=  _________   

  = – f (x)
cos 2 q
1
_____
= 1 +        Thus, f(x) is an odd function.
cos2q
52. No questions asked in 2015, 2016.
(  ÷  )
__
3
= 1 ± __
       
2
Ans. (a, b)
Chapter
3 The Limit
5. Concept of infinity
Concept Booster
Let us consider that n assumes sucessively the values 1, 2, 3,
... Then n gets larger and larger and there is no limit to
1. Meaning of xÆa
the extent of its increase. It is convenient to that n tends to
The symbol x Æ a is called as x tends to a or x approaches infinity. When we say that n tends to infinity, we simply
to a. It implies that x takes values closer and closer to a mean it that n is supposed to assume a series of values which
but not equal to a. increas beyond limit.
A function y = f (x) which approaches infinity as x Æ a
2. Neighbourhood of a Point
does not have a limit in the ordinary sense.
Any open interval containing a point a as its mid-point is
called a neighbourhood of a. A positive number d is called 6. Concept of limit
a neighbourhood of a, if a – d < x < d + a. The concept of limit is used to discuss the behaviour of a
function close to a certain point
3. Limit of a function
x2 – 1
If there is a number l such that x approaches to a, either Let f (x) =  ______  
,xπ1
from the right or from the left, f (x) approaches l, then l is x–1
called the limit of f (x) as x approaches to a. Clearly the given function is not defined at x = 1.
A number l is said to be a limiting value only if it is It is defined only when x π 1, that means, either x > 1
finite and real, otherwise we say that limit does not exist. or x < 1.
In a piece-wise defined function or more than one Case I: When x > 1 (just slightly more than 1)
function, we shall use the concept of right hand limit as
well as left hand limit. In a function(s), if right hand limit x>1 f (x) = x + 1
as well as left hand limit both are exist and their values are 1.1 2.1
same, then limit exist, otherwise not. 1.01 2.01
4. Formal definition of a limit 1.001 2.001
1.0001 2.0001
A number l is said to be limit of the function f(x) at x = a,
for any positive number Œ > 0, there corresponds a positive Thus, x Æ 1+ fi f (x) Æ 2+
number d such that | f (x) – l | < Œ, " x Œ Df , x π a, |x – a|
we define it the right hand limit of a function
< d.
Case II: When x < 1 (just slightly less than 1)
x<1 f (x) = x + 1
.9 1.9
.99 1.99
.999 1.999
.9999 1.9999
x Æ 1– fi f (x) Æ 2–. m
Thus, (iii)  lim 
   ( f (x) ÷ g(x)) =    lim  g(x) = __
lim  f (x) ÷     n  , n π 0
x Æ a x Æ a x Æ a
We define it the left hand limit of a function.
Both the concept simultaneously known as limit of a    (  f (x) g(x)  ) =   
(iv)  lim  lim   ( f (x)) x Æ a
  lim   g (x)
= mn
(  )
x Æ a x Æ a
x2 – 1
lim    ______   
function. i.e.    = 2    (kf (x)) = k (   
(v)  lim  lim   ( f(x)) ) = km
x Æ 1 x – 1 x Æ a x Æ a
| 
Note:    | f(x) | =   
1. The value of a function at any x Œ Df is the the exact
(vi)  lim 
x Æ a
lim   ( f (x))  = |m|
x Æ a |
value of a function.
   e f(x) = e   
(vii)  lim  lim   ( f(x))
x Æ a = e m
2. But the limiting value of a function is the closer x Æ a
value of the exact value of a function.    f(g(x)) = f (   

(viii)  lim  lim ( g(x)) ) = f(n)
x Æ a x Æ a
3. If the limiting value of a function is a real and finite
___ _______
÷ x Æ a
then limit is exist, otherwise not. n __
n
   ÷
(ix)  lim     =
f(x) 
x Æ a
n
  
lim  f (x)  
= ÷    
m 
4. We shall use the concepts of R.H.L as well as L.H.L
only when, we get a piece-wise defined function or    ( f(x)) n = (    
(x)  lim  lim  f (x) )n = mn
x Æ a x Æ a
more than one function.
Example 1.  lim 
   [x] Some Important expansions to remember
x Æ 1
n(n – 1) 2
(i)  lim 
  +  [x] = 1 (i) (1 + x) n = 1 + nx +  _______     x
x Æ 1 2!
(ii)  lim 
  –  [x] = 0 n(n – 1)(n – 2) 3
x Æ 1 +  _____________       
x + ...
3!
5. In a function, if the R.H.L and L.H.L both are exist
x2 x3 x4
and their values are same, then limit is exist. (ii) ex = 1 + x +  __   +  __   +  __   + ...
2! 3! 4!
Ï x2 : x >1
Example 2. Let f (x) = ÔÌ (logea)2 2 _______
(iii) ax = 1 + (logea)x +  _______
  x
 
(logea)3 3
  +     x
 
  + ...
ÔÓ2 – x : x < 1 2! 3!
Then  lim 
  + f (x) = 1 x2 x3 x4
x Æ 1 (iv) log (1 + x) = x –  __   +  __   –  __   + ...
2 3 4
and  lim 
  – f (x) = 1.
x Æ 1
x2 x3 x4
Thus  lim 
   f (x) = 1. (v) log (1 – x) = – x –  __   –  __   –  __   – ...
x Æ 1 2 3 4
6. In a function, if the R.H.L and L.H.L both are exist x 3 x5 x 7
(vi) sin x = x –  __   +  __   –  __   + ...
and their values are not same then limit does not 3! 5! 7!
exist.
x2 x4 x6
(vii) cos x = 1 –  __   +  __   –  __   + ...
Example 3. Let    |x|
lim    __ (  )
x    .
x Æ 0
2! 4! 6!
x3 2
Then R.H.L =  lim 
  +  (  )
|x|
 __
x    =  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0 x
x
(  )
__
     = 1 (viii) tan x = x +  __   + ___
3
      x5 + ...
15
( 
x Æ 0
and L.H.L =    (  __

lim  
|x|
x Æ 0 – x   ) =    ( __
lim  
x Æ 0 –
x
 x  ) = –1
(ix) (1 + x)1/x = e 1 + __
x 11 2
     + ___
2 24
     x + ...  )
x2 x3
Thus, limit does not exist at x = 0. (x) f (x + 0) = f(0) + xf ¢(0) +  __   f ≤(0) +  __   f ¢≤(0) + ...
2! 3!
7. Algebra of limits which is known as Maclaurin Series.
Let f and g be two real functions defined in the domain
D. 8. Evaluation of limit
(i) Algebraic Limit
If   
lim   f (x) = m and   
lim   g (x) = n, where m and n are real
x Æ a x Æ a (a) Direct Substitution Method (DSM)
and finite, then (b) Factorisation Method (FM)
   ( f(x) ± g(x)) =   
(i)  lim  lim  f(x) ±   
lim  g(x) = m ± n (c) Rationalisation Method (RM)
(d) Standard Result Method (SRM)
(ii)  lim 
   ( f (x) × g(x)) =   
lim  f (x) ×   
lim  g(x) = m × n
x Æ a x Æ a x Æ a (e) Infinity Method (IM)
The Limit 3.3
(ii) Non-algebraic Limit

(a) Trigonometric limit x Æ 0
x( ÷
_________
( 
x2 + x + 1 – x2 – 1
lim    ______________________
=       
   
x  2 + x + 1  
______   
)
x  2 + 1   
+÷ )
( 
(b) Inverse trigonometric limit
(c) Exponential limit x Æ 0
  _________
(
x  ÷
  
x
lim   ______________________
=       
x  + x + 1 
2
 
______   
)
x  2 + 1   
+÷ )
( 
(d) Logarithmic limit

(e) Miscellaneous limit.
(i) L’Hospital Rule
=   
x Æ 0 (
  _________
 ÷
  
1
lim   _____________________
   
x  + x + 1  
2
______   
)
x  2 + 1   
+÷ )
(ii) Advances Exponential limt (1• ) 1
= __
    
2
(iii) Sandwitch Theorem
(iv) Newton and Leibnitz limit (iv) Standard Result method
(v) Definite integral as the limit of a sum. In this method we shall use the formula

(vi) Limits of the form of (00)
(vii) Limits of the form of (1• ).
 lim 
xn – an
    _______ ( 
  = nan – 1.
  x – a   
 
x Æ a
)
8.1 Algebraic limit    
x – 32
_______
Example 9.  lim   
x Æ 2
(  )
   
 

5
x–2
(  )
(i) Direct substitution method
x5 – 25
In this method, we can directly sustitute the number lim  _______
=      = 5.25 – 1 = 5 × 16 = 80
   
 
x Æ 2 x–2
( 
at which the limit is to be find. After substitution,
if we get a finite value, that is the limiting value of
x – 243
lim    _______
Example 10.     
5
   )
(  )
a function. x Æ 3 3
x – 27
Example 4.   
lim  (x2 + 3x + 4) = 8.
x5 – 35
x Æ 1
 ______  
Example 5.   
lim  (x3 – 5x + 4) = 0. x–3 5.35 – 1

x Æ 1 =     ______
lim   3 3
   = ______
    3 – 1  
= 15
x Æ 3 x – 3 3.3
______
    
(ii) Factorisation method x–3
( 
In this method, we shall find out a common factor _____
from the numerator as well as a denominator. Cancel
the common factor and then directly substitute the

3 – ÷5  + x  
lim    __________
Example 11. Evaluate:   
x Æ 0
  

    
_____
1 – ÷5  – x  
)
number at which the limit is to be find.
( 
_____
(  )
x –1 2
lim    ______  
Example 6.   
x Æ 1 x–1
 
We have   
lim  
3 – ÷5  + x  
 __________
x Æ 0 1 – ÷5
  
_____
  – x  

    

__
)
  
3 – ÷5 
=   
x Æ 1
(x + 1)(x – 1)
lim   ____________
 
x–1
  
    ( 
=   
lim ( x + 1) = 2
x Æ 1 ) = _______
  __   
  
1 – ÷5 
.
(  )
(v) Infinity Method
 •
1
–  __  
1_______
– x 3 (a) Form: ( __
•  ). In this method, we shall write down
Example 7.   
lim    2
 
   

x Æ 0 –  __   the given expression in the form of a rational
1– x 3
( (  )(  ) )
f(x)
1
–  __  
function. i.e. ____     . 
1 – x 3 g(x)
lim   ________________
=            
1 1
x Æ 0 –  __   –  __   Then divide the numerator and denominator by
1 + x 3   1 – x 3  
the highest power of x and then use
(  )
1
= __
     1
2  lim 
    __
       = 0, x > 1
x Æ • xn
(iii) Rationalisation method
In this method, our first aim will be, remove the
radical sign. This is particularly used when either Ï• : x >1
Ô0 : 0 < x <1
the numerator or denominator or both involve the Ô
   xn = Ì
Note:  lim 
fractional powers. x Æ •
Ô1 : x =1
_________ ______
Example ( 
÷ x  2 + x +  1  x  2 + 1  
–÷
lim    ___________________
8. Evaluate:   
x Æ 0
   
x       ) ÔÓnot defined : x<0
(b) Form (• ± •): In this method, first we reduce the

function f(x) into a rational function by rationalisation
i.e. multiply the numerator and denominator by its
 lim 
   
x Æ 0
f(x)
 ____  
g(x) (  )
   =  l im  
x Æ 0
f ¢(x)
 ____  
g¢(x) (  )
   =  l im  
x Æ 0
f ≤(x)
 _____ 
g≤(x)
  (  )
   ,
conjugate and then apply    (  )

1
lim    __     = 0, x > 1.
x Æ • xn removed.
0
0
•  ) is
untill and unless the form of  __    or (  __
• (  )
8.2 Non-algebraic Limit L’Hospital rule is applicable only when the lim-
Before solving the value of a limit, please read throughly
each of the following formulae.
0
its are in the form of __  •
      or (  __
0 •  ). (  )
(a) Trigonometric limit
Note: Indeterminate form:
(  )
(i)  lim 
   sin x = 0
0
x Æ 0
(i) __
       •
(ii) ( __
•  )
(ii)  lim 
   cos x = 1 0
x Æ 0
(iii) (•, – •) (iv) (0, •)
(iii)  lim 
   tan x = 0 0
x Æ 0 (v) (• ) (vi) (00)
(iv)  lim 
x Æ 0
(  )
sin x
     ____    = 1
x    (vii) (1• ) (viii) (•0)
(v)  lim 
x Æ 0
( 
sin (x – a)
     _________
x – a    
 = 1 ) (ii) Advanced Exponential limit
1
__
   (1 + x) x  = e
(a)  lim 
(vi)  lim  (  )
tan x
     ____    = 1
x   
x Æ 0
x Æ 0
( 
1 x
    1 + __ )
( 
(b)  lim   x   = e

x Æ a
tan (x – a)
     _________
(vii)  lim 
(x – a)
   
  )
= 1

x Æ •
(iii) Sandwich Theorem

(viii)  lim 
x Æ •
(  )
sin x
     ____
x    
  = 0 Let f (x), g(x) and h(x) be three real functions
and a Œ R such that g(x) £ f(x) £ h(x).
(ix)  lim 
x Æ • ( 
cos x
     ____    = 0
x    ) If    lim  
g (x) = m and   
x Æ a
lim  h (x) = m, then
x Æ a
 lim 
   f (x) = m.
(x)  lim 
x Æ •
(  )
tan x
     ____    = 0
x   
x Æ 0
(b) Inverse Trigonometric limit
(i)  lim 
x Æ 0
(  )
sin–1x
     _____
x      = 1
   (  ______ ) = 1
–1
tan x
(ii)  lim  x    
 
x Æ 0
(c) Exponential limit

   ax = 1, a π 1, a > 0.
(i)  lim 
x Æ 0
   ex = 1
(ii)  lim  (iv) Newton and Leibnitz Rule
x Æ 0
If the function j (x) and Y(x) be defined on [a,
(iii)  lim (  )
x Æ 0
ax – 1
     ______
x    
  = logea b] and differentiable at a point x Œ (a, b) and
f(t) is a continuous for j (a) £ t £ j (b) then
   (  _____ ) = 1
{ 
x
}
e –1 Y(x)
(iv)  lim  x    
  d
x Æ 0
       Ú    f (t)dt  = f(Y(x))Y¢(x) – f(j(x))f¢(x)
__
dt j (x)
(d) Logarithmic limit
j(x)
(i)  lim 
x Æ 0
( 
log(1 + x)
     _________
x    )
   = 1 Note: 1. If y = Ú       f x(t)dt
a
dy
(e) Miscellaneous limit then  ___   = f (j (x))f ¢(x)
dx
(i) L’Hospital Rule a
Let f(x) and g(x) be two real functions and 2. If y = Ú       f(t)dt

a Œ R. If f(a) = 0 = g(a) or f(a) = • = g(a), then y (x)
The Limit 3.5
1
dy (ii)  __
n  is replaced by dx
then  ___   = –f(y (x))y ¢(x)
dx
   
(iii)  lim S is replaced by Ú
{  }
n Æ •
x7

d
 ___    Ú   logt dt 
dx x3
lim   ____
(iv) a =   
n Æ •
(  )
j (x)
  n    
 , & b =   
n Æ •
Y(x)
lim   ____
  n   
  . (  )
(vi) Form (0 0): In this method, we shall get the
= {  log ( x 7 ) ◊ 7x6 – log( x3 ) ◊ 3x2 }
{  }
x5 lim  (f(x)) g(x).
function is in the form of   
x Æ a
d
 ___    Ú  et dt  If   
lim   ( f(x)) = m, m > 0 and   
lim   (g(x)) = n
dx x3 x Æ a x Æ a
= { e  x ◊ 5x4 – e x ◊ 3x2}   a finite quantity, then   

lim  ( f(x)) g(x) = mn.
 
5 3
x Æ a
(v) Definite Integral as the limit of a sum We write it in the form of

b
1 Y(x)     ( f(x)) g(x) = e l 
im  ( g(x) log ( f(x)))
   __ n  S     f __
r
(  )
 n    = Ú     f (x) dx,
 lim  . Where the
x Æ a
 lim  x Æ a
n Æ • r = j (x) a function f(x) and g(x) are defined in the
where neighbourhood of a and f (x) > 0.
r
(i)  __
n   is replaced by x (vii) Form (•0)
Exercises
_____ _____
÷   + x  
1    – x  
– ÷1 
lim   ______________
10. Evaluate:          
(Problems Based on Fundamentals) x Æ 0 2x
______ ______
– ÷5  + 2x  
1  + 4x  
÷
Direct Substitution Method (DSM) lim   ________________
11. Evaluate:     
    
x Æ 0 x–2
2
( 
1. Evaluate:   
lim   (x – 6x + 10) ______ __ __
)
x Æ 1
7  + 2x  
÷    – ÷2 
– ÷5    
lim   ( x2016 – x2017 + 2 )
2. Evaluate:    12. Evaluate:    
lim    _______________
___   
  
  
x Æ 1    
x Æ ÷10  x2 – 10
______ ___
Factorisation Method (FM) a  + 2x  
÷    
– ÷3x 
lim   _____________
13. Evaluate:    ______    __ 
(  )
x Æ a ÷   + x  
3a – 2÷x 
   
x2 – 3x + 2
lim   __________
3. Evaluate:         
x Æ 1 x 2 – 5x + 4
3 _____
(  )
7  – x  
÷ – 2
1      _________
14. Evaluate:  lim      
–  __   x Æ –1 (x + 1)
1 – x 3
lim     ______2 
4. Evaluate:        
(  )
x Æ 1 –  __   _______ ______
1 – x
3
÷ x  ______
2
+ 8  – ÷   _____
10 – x2 
 
lim    _________________
( 
15. Evaluate:      
    
) ÷ x  2 + 3  –÷ 5  – x2 
x Æ 1
x3 + 7x2 – 36  
lim    ____________
    
x Æ 2 x2 + 2x – 8
(  )
Standard Result Method (SRM)
x2 + x log x – log x – 1
lim   ___________________
6. Evaluate:                __ __
x3 – 1     – a÷a 
x÷x     
lim  __________
x Æ 1
16. Evaluate:      x – a      
x Æ a
Rationalisation Method (RM) 5
 __  
5
 __  
(x + 2)3 – (a + 2)3
x lim  _________________
17. Evaluate:      x – a       
lim  ______________
7. Evaluate:      _____      
_____ x Æ a
x Æ 0 ÷a   +  x  
– ÷a  – x  
_____ xm – a m
8. Evaluate:   
x Æ 0
÷
( 
1  + x  
–1
lim    __________
x      

_____
) lim  _______
18. Evaluate:      n
x Æ a x – an

  
3 – ÷5  + x   (1 – x) n – 1
lim   __________
9. Evaluate:         lim  ___________
19. Evaluate:      x       .
_____
x Æ 0 1 – ÷5   – x   x Æ 0
20. Evaluate:   

lim  
x Æ 1
(x + x2 + x3 +  ...  + xn) – n
  ______________________
   
x–1
     37. If   
lim 
x Æ 0
( 
x2 + x  +  1
    _________
x + 1
 
  )
 – ax – b  = 4, then find the
xn + 1 – (n + 1)x + n values of a and b.
( 
_________________
)
lim      
    
x Æ 1 (x – 1)2 1
x4sin __ (  )
 x   + x2
( 
______ 38. Evaluate    lim     ___________   
    

)
3 4 ______
1  + x2  
÷________________
– ÷1  – 2x   x Æ – •
1 + |x|3
lim       
  
  
x Æ 0 x + x2 Trigonometric Limit
( 
______ ______

lim    
x Æ 1
3
7  + x3  
2
– ÷3  + x2  
÷________________
x –  1
  
  
   ) 39. Evaluate:   
lim 
x Æ 0 (  )
sin3x
  _____
     
5x
  
(  ) lim  ( _____
__ __ __
sin bx )
3 x 
÷
4
    + ÷x 
5
    + ÷x 
    – 3 sin ax
lim   _______________
24. Evaluate:        
      40. Evaluate:         

x Æ 1 x–1 x Æ 0

( S  )
( 
100
   xk  – 100
lim    ___________
k = 1
  
    ) 41. Evaluate:      sin 2x
lim  (__________
x Æ 04x + sin 6x )
+ 3x
    
  
lim  (  ____________
x–1
sin 4x + sin 6x )
x Æ 1
sin 2x + sin 5x
42. Evaluate:         
x Æ 0
Infinity Method (IM)
lim  (  _________ 
1 – cos 6x )
1
__
    1 – cos 4x
lim  ( 4n + 5n )n
26. Evaluate:    43. Evaluate:      
n Æ • x Æ 0
27. Evaluate:    ( 

n
 ________________
lim          
n Æ • 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
2
) 44. Evaluate:   
x Æ 0 ( 
1  – cos 2x  
÷
lim    __________
2
  

    
_________
)
( 
x
)
n n
x +y
 _______ 
( 
lim      , where 0 < x < y.
n Æ • xn – yn
______
cos 7x – cos 9x
lim    _____________
x Æ 0 cos 3x – cos 5x
      )
(  x )
( 
29. Evaluate: lim   ÷x  2 + 2x  
   – ______
30. Evaluate:    

x Æ •
( ÷x  2 + 8x  
lim   
______
+ x )
x Æ 0
1 – cos x ÷
x 2
 
cos 2x 
lim    _______________
46. Evaluate:           

 
)
( 
x Æ – •
tan x – sin x
lim    __________
)
( 
    
)
2 2x + 5
_____
x + 2x – 1  2x – 7 
lim    ___________
  
     
 

x Æ 0 x3
( 
x Æ • 2
)
2x – 3x – 2 1 – cos x cos 2x cos 3x
lim    ___________________
48. Evaluate:              
32. Evaluate: x Æ 0 sin2 2x
 lim 
x Æ • ( 
(x + 1)10 + (x + 2)10 + ... + (x + 2012)10
    __________________________________
    
x10 + 201210
  
    ) 49. Evaluate:   
x Æ 0 ( 
sin–1x – tan–1x
lim   _____________
 
x3
  
    
)
33. Evalaute: 50. Evaluate:   
x – sin x
lim    _______
( 
    
)
( 
x Æ 0 x3
 lim 
n Æ •
1 ◊ n + 2 ◊ (n – 1) + 3 ◊ (n – 2) + ... + n ◊ 1
     __________________________________
    
n3
      ) 51. Evaluate:   
x Æ 0
x – tan x
lim    _______
x3 ( 
   
 
)
34. Evaluate:
x + sin x
lim   ________
    
   )
{ ÷(  
__________________________________
}
________________________
)÷(   
______________ x Æ • x + cos x
n Æ •
1
  n 2 1 – cos  __
 lim 
1
– cos  __
n   1     n      
1
1 – cos  __
n      ) ÷(   
 ... •     ) lim  ( [  _____
n sin x
  ] + [  ______
n tan x
  ] )
x    x   
( 
x Æ 0
35. If   
x2 – 1
lim    ______  
x Æ • x + 1 )
– ax – b  = 2, find the values of a 54. If = min {x2 + 2x + 3, x2 + 4x + 10}
and b. and b =   

x Æ 0
1 – cosq
lim    ________
q 2 ( 
   
)
 , then find the value
36. If   
x Æ • x + 1 ( 
x +1
lim   ______
    
2
)
– ax – b  = 0, find the values of a and b. n
    (arbn – r ).
of S
r = 0
The Limit 3.7
55. If   
x Æ 0 ( a cos x + bx sin x – 5
lim    _________________
x4
    
)
   exists and finite, then 73. Evaluate:   
x Æ 2
( 
(cos a) x + (sin a) x – 1
lim    ___________________
   
x–2
      )
( 
find the value of a + 2b + 10.
ex cos x   – 1 – x
lim    ____________
)
( 
    
) sin ( x2  )
2 x Æ 0
sin(p cos x)
lim    __________
    
x Æ 0 x2 75. If a = min {x2 + 4x + 6, x2 + 2x + 8}
( 
Exponential Limit
sin x cos x
lim    ________ )
( 
and b =     
  , then find the value of
  
x Æ 0
e –1
lim   ______
 
5x
4x
   
   ) x Æ 0
n
ex – e–x
S    (  arbn – r )
x Æ 0 e – 1 (  )
e3x – 1
lim   ______
  5x  
  
r = 0
( 
Aex – B cos x + Ce–x
lim  _________________
76. If           )
    = 2 then find the value
( 
x sin x
)
x Æ 0
ex + e–x – 2
lim    __________
    

x Æ 0 x2 of A + B + C + 10.
e3 + x – sin x – e3
lim   ______________
60. Evaluate:    x      
Logarithmic Limit
( 
x Æ 0

ex – esin x
lim  ________
61. Evaluate:       
  x Æ 0
log(1 + 3x)
lim    __________
sin2x
  
     )
( 
x Æ 0 x – sin x
e –e
( 
x
lim    _________   
x cos x
) x Æ 0
log(1 + 3x)
lim    __________
78. Evaluate:          .
log(1 – 2x) )
x Æ 0 x + sin x
log x – 1
lim    ________
x – e   ( 
  
)
(  )
x Æ e
ex – 1 – x
lim    _______
( 
63. Evaluate:       
 
x Æ 0 x2 log x – log 5
lim    __________
     . )
( 
x Æ 5 x–5
)
x x x
8 –4 –2 +1
lim   _______________
( 
64. Evaluate:        
    
x Æ 0 x2
9x – 2.6x + 4x
x Æ 5
log(x + 5) – log(5 – x)
lim    ___________________
81. Evaluate:       
x–5
      )
lim  ____________
( 
65. Evaluate:       
    
x Æ 0 x2
ex – log(x + e)
lim    _____________
ex – 1
  
   
)
( 
x Æ 0
a x – aa
)
( 
lim   _______
66. Evaluate:      x – a   
 
 , a > 0
ln(cos x)
)
x Æ a
lim   __________
83. Evaluate:     4 _____         .
(  ) ÷ 1  + x2 
x Æ 0
x + h
a  + a – 2a x – h  x   – 1
lim    _____________
    
( 
h2
)
x Æ 0
ln(cos(sin x))
lim    ___________
    
(  ) x2
x x x Æ 0
8 – 7
lim   _______
68. Evaluate:        
 
x Æ 0 6x – 5x
85. Evaluate:    (  1
lim   x – x2   ln 1 + __ ( 
 x     ))
( 
x Æ •
)
x x
(  )
(5 – 1) (4 – 1)
lim   ______________
69. Evaluate:      x   
     x x – 1
lim    _____   
x Æ 0 (3 – 1)(6x – 1)
x Æ 1 x ln x
lim  ( ___
x ◊ 2x – x
lim    ________ 
x Æ 0 1 – cos x
  )
   87. Evaluate:   
x Æ 1ln x x – 1)
1
      
1
– _____
        
lim  (  _______ 
lim  (  ___________ 1 – cot x )
ln cot x
x – sin x )
x –x 88. Evaluate:       
e – e – 2x p
71. Evaluate:          
  x Æ  __ 
x Æ 0 4
( 
L’Hospital Rule
)
3
( 
ex – 1 – x3
lim    __________
x Æ 0
  
sin6 2x
   
 
x Æ 0
ex – 1 – x
lim    _________
x2
   
 
)
( 
n __ n
x Æ 0
ex – 1 – x3
lim    __________
64x6
  
   
3
) 111. Evaluate:   

lim  
n Æ •
(     
a – 1 + ÷b 
 __________
a        )
( 
Sandwitch Theorem
x Æ 0
ex – e–x – 2x
lim    ___________
  
x – sin x
    
) (  (  )) 1
lim   x2sin  __
x Æ 0 x    
x Æ e
ln x – 1
lim    _______
x – e   
  (  ) lim  (  ____
sin x
x Æ • x      )

x Æ 0
x + tan 2x
lim    _________ 
x – tan 2x ( 
   ) lim  ( ___
114. Evaluate:      x    )
[x]
x Æ •

lim 
x Æ e
sin x – x
   _______
x3
   
 
(  ) lim  ( ___
115. Evaluate:          )
[x]
x Æ •
x
x Æ 0 ( 
ex + e– x – x2 – 2
lim    _______________
  
sin2 x – x2
   ) 116. Evaluate:   
n Æ • ( 
[x] + [2x] + [3x] + ... + [nx]
lim    ________________________
   
n2
      )
(  )
x
x e – log(1 + x) Newton and Leibnitz Rule
lim    ______________
    

(  )
x Æ 0 x2 x
x Æ •
ln x
lim    ___
97. Evaluate:    x    (  )
   x – Ú    cos(t 2)dt
lim   ____________
0
        
x
(  ) x3 – 6x
x Æ 0
lim   __
98. Evaluate:          
(  )
x Æ • ex
x _____
x Æ •
x
lim   ____
99. Evaluate:      x   
e
 
  (  ) 2014

x Æ •
Ú    ÷4  + t4 
__________
0
lim    
x3
 dt
  
    
(  )
(  )
x2 + 2 cos x – 2
lim    _____________
      x2
Ú      e– t
2
x Æ 0 x sin3 x dt
119. Evaluate:    _______
x
lim       
 
 
lim 
p
 (tan x loge sin x) x Æ 1 x –  1
x Æ  __  
2
Definite Integral as the limit of a sum
Advanced Exponential Limit
(  )
x + 6 x + 4
lim    _____ 
x Æ • x+1
   120. Evaluate:   
1
lim   _____
     
n Æ • n + 1 [  1
  + _____
     
n+2 n+3
1
  + _____
     
1
  + ... + ___
      
2n ]
lim  (  ______ 
x Æ •2x + 3)
2x + 4
  
2x + 10
n Æ •
1
lim   ______
[ 
  2   2  
n +1 n +2 n +3 2
1
+  ______
  2   2
1
+  ______
  2   
1
+  ...  + ___
]
      
2n
(  (  ) (  )) ( 
1 1 x
lim   sin __
 x   + cos __
)
2n
r
x Æ •
 x     lim  S      ________
122. Evaluate:      _______
     

n Æ • r = 1
÷ n  + r 2  
2
(  )
x x x
a +b +c
lim    __________
    
(  )
2n
2 2r
x Æ 0 3 lim  S     __
123. Evaluate:     n  __
 n   + 1 
n Æ • r = 1

1
lim   2 – __ ( 
 x  
(  )
px
tan  ___   
) 2
x Æ 1
(  )
(2n)! 1/n
lim    _____ 
  
(  (  ))
1
 ___     n Æ • n!×nn
p
lim   tan __
107. Evaluate:         + ln x    ln x
x Æ 1 4
Advanced limit in the form of (00 and •0)
(  (  (  ) ) )
p
ln tan __      + 2x    2
( x – x2 )
4 x
lim    _______________
108. Evaluate:        
    125. Evaluate:  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
x Æ 0 sin3 x
1
________
       
x Æ 0
tan x 1/x
lim    ____ (  )
  
x   
lim 
–
 ( 1 – x2 )log(1 – x)
x Æ 1
( 
1
__
)
   
1 + tan x cosec x lim  ( 3x + 4x )x
lim    ________   
110. Evaluate:    127. Evaluate:   
x Æ •
x Æ 0 1 + sin x
The Limit 3.9
(  __1 )
lim   x x  
x Æ •
(a) a – b (b) b – a
(c) 1 (d) None
( 
x + 1 x + 2014
) (  )
2
lim    ______ 
   sin (p cos2 x)
x Æ • 2x + 1      __________
7.  lim    
     =
x Æ 0 x2
ln 2
______
     
lim  x
130. Evaluate:    1 + ln x (a) – p (b) p
x Æ •
(c) p /2 (d) None
lim  (2x + 3x)1/x
x Æ •
x x x x 1/x
8.  lim 
x Æ • 4x
p
    x cos ___ (  ) (  ) 4x
p
       sin ___
       =
lim  (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 99 )
x Æ • (a) p /4 (b) p /3
lim  (1  cosec x + 2cosec x + 3cosec x + ... + ncosec x )si (c) p (d) 0
2 2 2 2 2
133. Evaluate:    n x
(  )
x Æ 0 b
    ax sin __
9.  lim    x     , where a > 1 is
x Æ • a
(a) b log a (b) a log b
(Mixed Problems)
(c) b (d) a
Choose the most appropriate one.
(a + x)2 sin (a + x) – a2 sin a
÷ 
________     ________________________
10.  lim     
x     is
x – sin x
1. If f(x) =  ________   
  , then   
  lim  ( f (x)) is x Æ 0
x + cos2 x x Æ 0
(a) a2cos a + a sin a (b) a2cos a + 2a sin a
(a) 0 (b) • (c) 2a2cos a + a sin a (d) None
(c) 1 (d) None
sin nx [(a – n) nx – tan x]
2. If f (x) = x sin (1/x), x π 0, then   
lim  
( f (x))     ____________________
11.  lim         , where n is a non-zero
x Æ 0 x Æ 0 x2
(a) 1 (b) 0 positive integer, then a is
(c) – 1 (d) None
________ ( 
n+1
(a)  _____
n    
  ) (b) n2
3.  lim 
x Æ 0
÷
( 
1  – cos2x  
     _________

x      = ) (c) 1/n (d) n + 1/n
(  (  ) (  ) (  ) (  ) )
(a) 1 (b) 0 x x x x
lim  cos __
12. The value of          ◊ cos __
      ◊ cos __
      ... cos __
  n      
(c) – 1 (d) Non-existent x Æ • 2 4 8 2
4. Let a and b be the roots of ax2 + bx + c), then is
(a) 1 (b) sin x/x
1  – cos(ax2 + bx + c)
lim   ___________________
        
   is (c) x/sin x (d) None
x Æ 0 (x – a)2
1 __________
______
__ __
(a) 0 (b)  __   (a – b)2     [ ÷x  + ÷
13.  lim  x  +  
x 
÷      
      ] is equal to
– ÷x 
2 x Æ •
a2 a2
(c)  __   (a – b)2 (d) –  __   (a – b)2. (a) 0 (b) 1/2
2 2
(c) log 2 (d) None
sin2a  – sin2b
   ____________
5.  lim      
    is
a Æ b a 2 – b 2 x4sin(1/x) + x2
     ____________
14.  lim      =
(a) 0 (b) 1 x Æ – • 1 + |x|3
(a) 1 (b) 2
sin b sin2 b
(c)  ____
     (d)  _____
   .
  (c) – 1 (d) None
b 2b
x (1 + a cos x) –  b sin x
6. If a and b be the roots of x2 – ax + b = 0, then 15. If     ____________________
lim           = 1, then a, b are
2
x Æ 0 x3
ex – ax + b – 1
   __________
lim      
    =
x Æ a x–a (a) 1/2, –3/2 (b) 5/2, 3/2
(c) –5/2, –3/2 (d) None
cos(sin x) –  cos x (a) (2, 1) (b) (1, 2)
lim   ______________
16. The value of          is equal to
x Æ 0 x4 (c) (1, R) (d) (1, 1)

(a) 1/5
(c) 1/4
(b) 1/6
(d) 1/2
26. If a, b, c, d are positive, then   
x Æ •
1
lim   1 + ______
     
a + bx ( 
c + dx
   )
[ 
d/b c/a
(a) e (b) e
17. If   
x Æ 1
l2
lim  sec ____ –1 l2
     – _____
    
log x x – 1 ]
   exists, then l lies in (c) e (c + d)/(a + b) (d) e
lim  (cos x + a sin bx)1/ = e2, then (a, b) is equal to

27. If   
__ __
    ]
(a)  ( – •, ÷2     ,  •  )
(b)  [ ÷2  x Æ 0
__ __ (a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 1/2)

   ]  »  [÷
(c)  ( – •, – ÷2     ,  •  ) (d) None
  2 
( 

)
__ 1
  ,  ___
(c) 2÷3    __     (d) (4, 2)
[  (  ) ]
x m ÷   
3 
 lim   cos __
18. The value of    m       is equal to
(  )
m Æ •
x + 6 x + 4
     _____ 
28.  lim     =
(a) 1 (b) e x Æ • x + 1
(c) 1/e (d) None
(a) e (b) e3
[  { 
p–4
    tan  _____
19.  lim 
n Æ • 4
1 a n
 + 1 + __
   (  )} ]
 n       is equal to (c) e5
    (4n + 5n)1/n is equal to

29.  lim 
(d) e7
a 2a x Æ •
(a) e (b) e
(c) 1 (d) None (a) 4 (b) 5
[  ]
a a (c) e (d) None
1
   __    Ú    esin t dt – Ú      esin t dt  is equal to
2 2
20.  lim  30. If a and b are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
x Æ 0 x y x + y 2
 ______
    
2 2 lim  ( ax2 + bx + c + 1 )(x – a) is
then   
(a) esin y (b) sin2ye sin y x Æ 0
(c) 0 (d) None (a) 2a(a – b) (b) 2 log |a(a – b)|
(  )
x x
1 – 3 – 4 + 12x
     ________________
21.  lim  __________       is
   (c) e2a(a – b) (d) None
x Æ 0 (   (2 cos x 7)  – 3 )
÷  +  
x +y n n
   _______
31.  lim      , where x > y > 1 is equal to
(a) 2 log4 ◊ log3 (b) – 6 log4 ◊ log3 n Æ • xn – yn
(c) 3 log4 ◊ log3 (d) None (a) 0 (b) 1

x x x x x (c) – 1 (d) None
64 –  32 –  16 +  4 + 2 – 1
    _________________________
22.  lim     
   
_____________   =
( 
(  ÷(15 –  4  ) sin x
  + cos x)   
)
x Æ 0 x
x2 +  5x + 3
32. If f(x) =  __________
     
, then   
lim   f (x) is
(a) – 96 (log 2)3 (b) 48(log 2)2 x2 + x + 2 x Æ •
(c) log 2 (d) None (a) e4 (b) e3

8 x – 4x – 2 x + 1 (c) e2 (d) 24
   _______________
23.  lim    __   
    =
( 
_______
)
x Æ 0 (  ÷  )
1  + cos x  
   – ÷
2  x
x2 – 2x + 1
__ __
lim    __________
33. The value of      
      is equal to
x Æ • x 2 – 4x + 1
(a) ( 4÷2  
   ) log 2 (b) ( 8÷2  
   ) log 2
__
(a) e2 (b) e–2
(c) ( 8÷2  
   ) (log 2)2 (d) None
(c) e6 (d) None
x Æ 0 {  ( 
p
    tan __
24.  lim 
4
1/x
     + x   = )} 34.  lim  ( 
1 + tan x cosec x
     ________ 
   )
is equal to
2 x Æ 0 1 + sin x
(a) e (b) e
__ 1__ (a) e (b) 1/e
(c) ÷e 
    (d)  ___    (c) 1 (d) None
e 
÷    
[  (  )
sin x
]
_______
a b 2x sin x  x – sin x   

lim   1 + __
25. If     x  + __
  2     = e2, then (a, b) is      ____
35.  lim  x   
  
x Æ • x Æ 0
x
The Limit 3.11
(a) 1/e (b) e (a) 3/5 (b) – 3/5

(c) 1 (d) None (c) 5/3 (d) – 5/3
36. The integer n for which   

x Æ 0
(cos x – 1) (cos x – ex)
lim   __________________
xn
        is
x Æ •
(ln x)10
lim   ______
45. The value of      4   
x (  )
  is
a finite non-zero number is (a) 1 (b) 0

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 1/2 (d) – 1/2
___________
(  ÷ 
(c) 3 (d) 4
37. Let f : R Æ R be such that f (1) = 3 and f ¢(1) = 6, lim   x + x2 + x2sin
46. The value of   
x Æ •
  
1
__
 x      is (  ) )
x Æ 0 (  f(1) )
f (1 + x) 1/x
lim    _______
then       
 
is

(a) 0
(c) – 2
(b) 2
(d) None
(  ÷ 
_____________

(a) 1
(c) e2
(b) e1/2
(d) None
47. The value of    lim   x + x2 + 3x sin   
x Æ •
__1
(  ) )
          is
|x|
(a) 3/2 (b) – 3/2
38. For x > 0    (  1 sin x
lim   (sin x)1/x + __ (  ) )
 x     is equal to (c) – 1 (d) 0
(  )
x Æ 0
2n n
x sin  x
(a) – 1 (b) 0 48. If     _________ 
lim    
   is a non-zero finite number, then
x Æ 0 x 2n – sin n x
(c) 2 (d) 1
the value of must be
39. Suppose f : R Æ R is a differentiable function and
(a) 1 (b) 2
f(x)
(c) 3 (d) 4
Ú      2t dt
( 
__ __
lim   ______  
)
4
f(1) = 4. Then the value of    is ÷x p  x
    + ÷    
q 
x Æ 1 x – 1 lim    _______
49. The value of         , where p > 0, q > 0 is
x Æ – • 2
(a) 8 f ¢(1) (b) 4 f ¢(1) equal to
___
(c) 2 f ¢(1) (d) f ¢(1) (a) 1 (b) ÷pq    
(c) pq (d) pq / 2
40. If f (x) is differentiable increasing function, then
x2
f(x2)  – f(x)
lim  __________
          
is equal to Ú     (sin x2)dx
x Æ 0 f(x) – f(0)
lim    _________
0
50. If         
is a non-zero finite number, then
(a) 2 (b) 1 x Æ • xn
(c) –1 (d) 0 the value of n is
[ 
(a) 1 (b) 3
is
x2
lim    ________
x Æ 0 sin x tan x
    ]
   , where [, ] = G.I.F.,

(c) 5 (d) 4
51. If a, b, c are real numbers, then the value of
(  )
t
1 __e
(a) 0 (b) 1         Ú    (1 + a sin bx) x   dx  is
lim  ln __
x Æ 0 t 0
(c) – 1 (d) does not exist
2
__ (a) abc (b) ab/c
lim  {1 + x} x , where {,} = F.P.F, is
42. The value of    (c) bc/a (d) ac/b
x Æ 0
(  )
2
(a) (e – 7) (b) (e2 – 8) sin x – (sin x) sin x
lim   

  _______________
      is
  
(c) (e2 – 6) (d) (e2 – 10) p
x Æ  __   1 – sin x (log sin x)
2
x Æ 0 ( 
2(tan x  – sin x) – x3
lim    ________________
x5
       is )

(a) 1
(c) 2
(b) 0
(d) 2/3

(a) 1/4
(c) 1/3
(b) 1/2
(d) None
x Æ • na
1
lim   ___ ( 
1
      + ______
     
1
  + ______
     
na + 1 na + 2
  + ...
nb
1
)
 ___     is
(  ( 
2x2  + 1
lim   x2 × tan–1  _______
x Æ • 2
x +2 )
– tan–12  is
  
  )
a
(  )
(a) log __
    
b
b
(b) log __ (  )
 a  
(c) log (ab) (d) None lim   ________

64. The value of      ( 
ex – esin x
   
is )
( [  ] [  ])
x Æ 0 x + sin x
2000x 13 sin x
54. The value of   lim    ______      + ______
  x     
    is, where
x Æ 0 sin x
(a) 0 (b) 1
[,] = G.I.F
(c) – 1 (d) 2
(a) 2013 (b) 2012
(c) 2011
__
(d) None
( 
ex – ex cos x
lim   _________
65. The value of         
  is )
(  ) x + sin x
n
n!   x Æ 0
÷ 
lim    ___
55. The value of    n   
   is
n Æ • (a) 0 (b) 1
(a) e (b) 1/e (c) 2 (d) – 1
(c) 1/2e (d) 1/3e
(  ( 
1
____
(  ))
      
p
x Æ 0
1 +  sin x – cos x + log(1 – x)
lim    ________________________
   
x tan2 x
      is ) (a) e
lim   tan __
x Æ 1
     + log x   log x is
4
(b) 1/e
(a) – 1/2 (b) 1/2 (c) e2 (d) 1/2e
(c) – 1/3 (d) 1/4
lim   __
x Æ • x 2
1
(  1
      – _____
     
   is
)
n Æ • ( (  )
n+1
n
lim   _____
     
1 n
   + sin __ (  ) )
 n     is
tan2 x
(a) ea – 1 (b) ea + 1
(a) 2/3 (b) 3/2
(c) e –a + 1 (d) e– a – 1
(c) 2/5 (d) 5/2
(  )
1
__
1
___ e – (1 + x) x 
      

lim  (cosec x)ln x is lim    __________
68. The value of            is
x Æ 0 x Æ 0 tan x
(a) 1/e (b) e (a) e/2 (b) 2/e
(c) 2/e (d) e/3 (c) 3/e (d) e/3
n __ n
1
lim   ____
      
x Æ 0 sin x
– (  1
__
)
 x   is 69. The value of   
__
lim  
n Æ •
a–1+÷
  (    
b 
__________
a        , n Œ N is )
a __
(a) 1 (b) – 1    
(a) ÷b  (b) ÷b a 
   
__ __
(c) 0 (d) 2    
(c) ÷b  (d) ÷ a . 
p
lim   tan __
x Æ 1 (  ( 
      
))
     + ln x    ln x is
4
1
___
lim  
x Æ 0
n sin x
 _____
x     [  ] [ 
n tan x
  +  ______
x    
  , where [,] = ]
G.I.F, is
(a) e4 (b) e2
(a) 2n (b) 2n + 1
(c) e3 (d) e5
(c) 2n – 1 (d) does not exist
1
________
       
lim 
p
 (1 + [x])log(tan x) , where [, ] = G.I.F, nksin2 (n!)
x Æ  __  
4 71. The value of     ________
lim     is, where 0 £ k < 1, is
 
 
is equal to n Æ • n+1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) e (d) 1/e (c) – 1 (d) – 2
x Æ •
logxn – [x]
lim    _________
[x]
   ( 
, n Œ N, is
  ) ( 
(1 +  x)1/x + ex – e
lim   ________________
x Æ 0
 
sin–1x
    is
     )
(a) – 1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) 2 (a) – e/2 (b) e/2
( 
(c) 1 (d) 0
x Æ 0
x cos x – log(1 + x)
lim    ________________
x2
  
     is equal to )   +  (– ln({x} + [x])){x} is
73. The value of  lim 
x Æ 0
(a) 1/2 (b) 0 (a) 0 (b) 1

(c) 1 (d) – 1 (c) ln 2 (d) ln (1/2)
The Limit 3.13

x Æ •
xn  + nxn – 1 + 1
lim    _____________
[x]
      ( 
, n Œ I is ) 17. Evaluate:     [ sin –1 (sin x) ]
lim  
p
(  )
x Æ __
     
2

(a) 1
(c) n
(b) 0
(d) n (n – 1)
x Æ 0 ( [  ] [  ] )
100x
lim   _____
 
sin x
99sin x
    +  ______
x      
 
( 
n __ n
75. The value of  lim 

   + 
ln (x – a)
 _________
x a 
x Æ a ln (e – e )
 
   is ) 19. Evaluate:      a  – 1 a +   b   ) , where a, b > 0
lim  (__________
n Æ •
÷   
(  )
ex
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (1  – x)1/x – e +  __  
2
(c) 0 (d) None lim     _______________
20. Evaluate:    2
  
     .
x Æ 0 x
(Problems for JEE-Advanced) x Æ 0

sin{x}
lim   ______
{x}
    (  )
 , where {,} = F.I.F

x Æ 0
sin x
lim    ____
1. Evaluate:    [  ]
  
x    n Æ •
p–4
lim   tan  _____
4 [  {  1 a n
 + 1 + __
   (  )} ]
 n     
lim  {c  os ( __      )  ...  cos ( __

     ) cos ( __
     ) cos ( __       ) }
[  ]
tan x x x x x
lim    ____
2. Evaluate:       23. Evaluate:   
x Æ 0 x    n Æ • 2 4 8 2 n

x Æ 0
[  ]
sin–1x
lim    _____
3. Evaluate:    x      24. Evaluate:  lim 
  + 
x Æ p ( 
2cot x + 3cot x – 51 + cot x + 10
  ____________________________
    
   
(4 )1/2  + (27cot x)1/3 – 5cot x + 20
cot x
  
)
lim  [  _____  ]
–1
tan x 25. Find a polynomial of the least degree such that
4. Evaluate:    x   
(  )
x Æ 0
x2   + f (x) 1/x
5. Evaluate:  lim 
     [sin x + cos x]  lim      1  +  ________
     = e2.t
5p
x Æ  ___  
x Æ 0 x2
4 26. Evaluate:
6. Evaluate:   
x2
x Æ 0 sin x tan x[ 
lim    ________
      ] {(   n6 + 6n5 + 12n4 + 1 )1/3
 lim 
   
n Æ •
 }
– (  n4 + 4n2 + 6n + 1 )1/2
( [  ] [  ] )
n sin x n tan x 27. Evaluate:
lim    _____
7. Evaluate:    x      +  ______
x      
 
x Æ 0
( 
(1 + 3x + 2x2)1/x  – (1 + 3x – 2x2)1/x
      ______________________________
 lim       x      )
lim  ( [ 2016  ____   + [   ____   ] )
sin x ]
x tan x x Æ 0
8. Evaluate:         x   
(  )
x Æ 0 1 – cos(1 – cos x)
lim   ______________
    
( [  ] [  ] ) x4
x Æ 0
sin–1x x
lim   2016  _____
9. Evaluate:    x      + ____
      
   
(  )
tan x sin x
_______
x Æ 0 sin x  x – sin x   

lim    ____
x   
lim  ( [ 2016  _____   ] + [   ____   ] )
–1 x Æ 0
tan x tan x
x Æ 0 x    x    30. Let f (x) be a real function such that   
f (x)
lim   ____
  x   
   = 1 (  )
( 
x Æ 0
)
( 
sin[cos x]
lim   _________
)
11. Evaluate:        
   (1  + a cos x) – b sin x
x Æ 0 1 + [cos x]
lim    ___________________
If          
   = 1, then find the
x Æ 0 {f (x)}3
log x
lim  ____
12. Evaluate:         
x Æ • [x] values of (a + b + 10)
x Æ • [x] ( 
log(xn) – [x]
lim    __________
    , n Œ N ) (Tougher Problems for JEE-Advanced)
(  ) (  ( 
m x m n – x
lim  nCx __
x Æ •
 n    1 – __
 n    )
xx – aa
lim   _______
1. Evaluate:      x
x Æ a a – aa
  
  )
n sin(n!)
(  k
)
( 
 ________ , (0 £ k £ 1) _____
)
lim      
 
n Æ • n+1 x +  ln (÷x  2 + 1 
 – x)
lim   _________________
2. Evaluate:        
     
(  )
x Æ 0 3
sin [x] x
lim   _____
16. Evaluate:         
 
x Æ 0 [x]
(  (  (  ))
2
__ n
)
  3    n Ck
2 S       ________
lim   __
3. If      3    ( sin– 1 x – tan– 1 x )  x = e– M, find the value 15. If   
lim  
n Æ • k = 0 k
       = Le + M, find the value
x Æ 0 x n (k + 3)
of 2M + 2013. of L + M + 10.
(  )
n + xn
1
4. For n Œ N, let xn be defined as 1 + __
 n   = e, 16. If   
lim  
1
f (x) = ___
     such that
n Æ • 60
find   
lim  
(xn)
n Æ •
(1a + 2a +  3a + .... + na) ÷ (n + 1) a–1
5. If a and b are the roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0, 2 f (x) =  ________________________________
    
      
((na + 1)  + (na + 2) + ..... + (na + n))
find the value of
where n π – 1 and a π 0, find the value of a.
(  )
__________________
( 
÷ 
)
2
___________________
1 –  cos (ax   
+ bx + x) 
     
 lim 
x Æ a
   
(x + a)2
  
  
17. If L =     ________
lim    
1
x4 sin __
 x  
  
 
 
(  )
x Æ – •
1 + |x|3
3 3 3
(  )
6. Find the value of a + b + c + 10
(  )
x2
t2
(  ) Ú__    tan– 1  _____
x – x
a e –  b cos x + ce       dt
     ________________
 lim      = 2
     ÷________________
   
x  1 + t2
x Æ 0 x sin x and M =   
lim              , find the value
sin 2x
( 
x Æ 0
7. If   
1 –  cos x + 2sin x – sin3 x – x2 + 3x4
lim   _______________________________
            = M, ) of L + M + 11.
( 
x Æ 0 tan3 x – 6sin2 x + x – 5x3
) [  ]
2n
n3 x 1
find the value of M + 10. lim   Ú       _____
18. If    dx = k, find the value of __
          + 2013.,
n Æ • n 5
x +1 k
8. If L =   
x2
x Æ 0 sin x tan x[ 
lim    ________
     ]
  , find the value of L + 2013. where [ ] = G.I.F
______________ ______________
9. Let P(x) = a1x + a2 x + ....... + a100x 2 100
, where a1 = 1 19. Evaluate:    ÷
lim   (x
x Æ •
( 
  2 + a2) (x2 +  
b2) – ÷   2 + c2) (x2 +  
(x d2)   )
{  }
and a1, a2 ... a100 Œ R such that
(1 –  x) (1 – x2) ... (1 – x2n)
lim   _________________________
*
20. Evaluate:         

     
(  )
100
________
÷ 1  + P (x)   x Æ 1 {(1 –  x) (1 – x 2) .... (1 – xn)}2
lim    __________
L =    x       – 1 
( 
x Æ 0
then find the value of (1000 L + 2007) 21. Evaluate:   

4x  + 4 – x
lim   ________
 
x Æ • 4x – 4 – x
    )
100x
lim   _____
10. Let L =     
x Æ 0 sin x [  ]
    and M =   
x Æ 0
99 sin x
lim    ______
x     , find the [  ] 22. Evaluate:   
n
r3 – 8
P       _____
lim  
n Æ • r = 3
r3 + 8
  (  )
  
value of L + M + 2.
11. If   
x Æ • ( 729x  – 243x – 81x + 9x + 3x – 1
lim  __________________________
     
x3
      = K (log M) N, )  lim 
x Æ 0 x
32
    ___ {  (  (  ) (  ) (  ) (  ))}
x2
2
x2
4
x2
2
x2
  8   1 – cos  __    – cos  __    + cos  __    cos  __     
4
find the value of K 2 + M 3 + N 2.
12. If   
lim 
x Æ 1– ( 
(3 +  ax)5/2 –  b ln x + c sin (x – 1)
   ___________________________
    
(x – 1)2
2
  
2
   = 2, find
2
)    [ {(x + p) (x + q) (x + r) (x + s)}1/4  –  x ]
 lim 
x Æ •
25. Let f (x) be a function such that   

f (x)
lim   ____
  x   
   = 1 (  )
the value of a + b + c . x Æ 0
13. Find the smallest integral value of n for which If     

( 
x (1  +  a cos x) – b sin x
lim  ____________________
      
   = 1, find the value
)
( 
x Æ 0 {f (x)}3
  
lim  
x Æ 0
1 – cos x) (ex – cos x)
  ___________________
   
xn
      is a non-zero finite ) of (a + b + 10).
number.
( 
ax ex –  b log (1 + x) + cx e– x
lim    ________________________
26. If              = 2, find the )
(  ) x2 sin x
x Æ 0
cos 4x + a cos 2x + b
lim     _________________
14. If      
     is a finite quantity,
x Æ 0 x4
find the value of a2 + b2 + 10.
8( 
a  + b + c
value of   ________      )
The Limit 3.15
( 
sin x  – (sin x) sin x
lim   _________________
27. Evaluate:             
x Æ 0 1 – sin x + log (sin x) )
( 
lim 
6. If   
x Æ 1
tan (x – 1) loge (x x– 1)
 __________________
 
(x – 1)3
  
  
)
   exists and equal to L,
28. Let f (x) = cos 2x cos 4x cos 8x cos 10x and find the value of (L + 3).
M =   
x Æ 0
1 – (f (x))3
lim     _________
5 tan2 x
_____
( 
  
  )
  , where M is finite, find the
x Æ • ( 2 (tan x – sin x) – x3
lim   _________________
7. If     
x 5
  
   ) m
   =  __
n  , find the value of
(m + n + 2).
value of (÷M   – 2   + 1)
29. If   
x Æ 0
( [ 
sin– 1 x
lim    ______
x     
   

+ ] [ 

22 sin– 1 (2x)
__________
  x       
  ] [ 
+
32 sin– 1 (3x)
__________
  x       

] x Æ 0 (  1 + sin x – cos x – + log (1 – x)
lim     __________________________
8. If       
x tan2 x
  )
     exists and
[  ])
m
n2 sin– 1 (nx) is equal to –  __
n  , find the value of (m + n).
+ ... +    __________
x       
  = 100, find the value of n,

where [,] = G.I.F. 9. If   
x Æ 0 (  ex + e– x + 2 cos x – 4
lim     __________________
x4
  
      = ) p
__
 q , where p, q Œ N,
x Æ 0
 ( 
x  + sin x – x cos x – tan x
lim   _____________________
30. If       
xn
  )
    exists and have a find the value of (q – p).
non-zero finite value, then find n. lim  (4n + 3n)1/n

10. If P =   
n Æ •
31. Find the value of and   

1
lim   ___
      (  1
– ______
      )
   =
m
__
 n  , where
(  )
n x Æ 1 ln x (x – 1)
n ◊ 1 +  (n – 1) (1 + 2)  + (n – 2) (1 + 2 + 3)  + ... + 1 S    
m, n, p Œ I +, find the value of (m + n + p)
 _____________________________________
r = 1
  
lim                
(  (  ) )
n Æ •
n4
2x3
32. Find the value of 2x – sin 2x – tan– 1  _____    
1 + x6 p
lim    ________________________ = –  __
( 
11. If              q 
)
3
14 + 24 + 34 + ... + n4 x Æ 0 x
     ______________________________________
 lim      
        
n Æ • (  1 + 2 + 32 + ... + n2  ) ( 13 + 23 + 33 + ... + n3  )
2 2 
where p, q Œ N, find the value of ( p + q)
Integer Type Questions 12. If   

x Æ • {  (  (  ) x+2
lim    x tan– 1 _____
 
x+1 (  x
    – tan– 1 _____
     
x+2 ))}
      
1. If   
x Æ 0
( 
ln (1 +  x + x2 + ... + xn)
lim   ____________________
     
n x      = ) 1
__
    , find the value
5
exists and finite and equal to  __
m
n  , find (m + n).
of n. Comprehensive Link Passages

2. If  l im  
x Æ 0 ( 
tan x  – sin x
  __________
x 3
  
    
a
b )
=  __ , find the value of
(For JEE-Advanced Exam Only)
In these questions, a passage (paragraph) has been given
(a + b + 3) followed by questions based on each of the passage. You
3. Let P (x) = a1x + a2 x2 + ... + anx n, where a1 = 1, have to answer the questions based on the passage given.
Passage I
(  )
________
64
÷
 
1 + P (x) 
 – 1
ai Œ R, i = 1, 2, 3, ..., 64 such that    lim   _____________
  x        Let f (x) and g (x) be two real functions and a Œ R such that
x Æ 0
f (a) = 0 = g(a) and f (a) = • = g (a), then
_________
(  )
a
(  )
__
=    , find the value of ÷b  +  a – 1  
b f (x) f ¢(x)
   ____ lim    _____
( 
 lim          =         
) g (x) g¢(x)
x Æ a x Æ a
x2n sinn x
___________
4. If   
lim     2n        is a non-zero finite number
 
(  )
x Æ 0 x – sin2n x f ¢¢(x)
find n. lim    _____ 
=       
x Æ a g≤(x)
____________
5. If   
x Æ •
( ÷  1
__
lim   x2 + x2 sin   (  ) ) a
 x     – x  exists and equal to __
   ,
b
0
untill and unless the form of __ (  )
      and
0
 •
•   ) is removed.
(  __
find the value of (a + b).
On the basis of above information, answer the following
questions:
1. The value of    ________

lim     ( 
1
x2 sin __
 x  
     
(  )
  is ) On the basis of above information, answers the
following questions:
(  )
x Æ 0 sin x
x2
(a) 0 (b) 1 x – Ú     cos (t 2) dt
(c) 1/2 (d) 1/4 lim    ______________
0
1. The value of           is
  
( 
x3 – 6x
)
x Æ 0
2
x + 2 cos x – 2
lim    _____________
2. The value of      
      is
x Æ 0 x sin3 x (a) – 1/6 (b) 1/8
(a) 1/6 (b) 1/12 (c) – 1/10 (d) 1/12
(  )
(c) 1/8 (d) 1/16 x2 ___
sin (p cos x) 2 Ú      sin ÷tdt 
   
lim  __________
3. The limit of       
     is lim    ________
0
    
 
x Æ 0 x2 x Æ 0 x3
(a) – p (b) p
(a) 1/2 (b) – 1/2
p
(c)  __    (d) None (c) 1/3 (d) Non-existent
2
(  )
x
1 t log (1 + t)
Passage II 3. The value of          × Ú     __________
lim  __   4        
dt is
x Æ 0 x 3 0 t +4
Let f (x) and g (x) be two real functions and
(a) 0 (b) 1/12
a ŒR such that    lim  (g (x)) = •
lim   ( f (x)) = 0 and    (c) 1/24 (d) 1/64
x Æ a x Æ a
Then we can write   

lim  ( f (x).g (x)) Matrix Match
x Æ a
 
x Æ a 1/g (x)(  ) (  )
f (x)
lim    ______
=        
form
0
__
     
0

(For JEE-Advanced Exam Only)
1. Match the following columns
or    (  )
 
x Æ a 1/f (x)
g (x)
lim    _____  
     •
•   )
form ( __
( 
a sin x – bx + cx2 + x3
lim   _____________________
If       
      
x Æ 0 2x 2 log (1 + x) – 2 x 3 + x 4 )
e
On the basis of above information, answer the following
questions: exists and is finite.
1. The value of    
lim  
(cot x ◊ log (sec x)) is Column I Column II
x Æ p/2
(a) 0 (b) 1
(A) a (P) 6
(c) –1 (d) None
x Æ 0 sin x
1
lim   ____ ( 
1
– __
        x   is ) (B)
(C)
b
c
(Q)
(R)
0
12
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) –1 (D) a+b+c (S) 5

1
lim   _____
     
x Æ 0 tan2 x ( 
  – __
1
  2     is
x ) 2. Match the following columns
(a) 2/3 (b) – 2/3 Column I Column II

Passage III
(c) 4/3 (d) – 4/3
(A)    (  ) 
x Æ 0 tan {x}
{x}
lim   ______     
(P) – log16 e
( 
_________ _____
Let j (x) and y (x) be two differentiable functions, then
  – x + x2  
÷ 1 – ÷1  + x2 
 
)
( 
(B) lim     __________________    (Q) e– 1
)
y (x)    x   
  
d x Æ 0 4 –1
 ___    Ú       f (t) dt 
(  )
dx j(x)
2esin x – (1 + sin x)2
(C) lim     ________________
     
      (R) 1
= f (y (x)) y ¢ (x) – f (j (x)) j ¢(x) x Æ 0 2 [tan– 1 (sin x)2]
(  ) (  )
sin x
_______
x3 sin x  x – sin x   

d
Now  ___    Ú    et dt  = (ex ◊ 3x2 – e x ◊ 2x)
3 2
lim    ____
(D)    x   
   (S) 0
x Æ 0
dx x2
The Limit 3.17
3. Match the following columns 6. Match the following columns

Column I Column II Column I Column II
(A)   
x Æ 0 {  log (1 + x) x____
lim     _________
x 2
  
 
–1
   (P)
+   x    } 1
__
    
8 x Æ • { 
3 – 2x2
lim      ______ 
(A)   
x+1
  + ax + b  = 1 } (P)
a = 1,
b = – 2
(  (  )
X
4t 2 dt ____ a = 1,
(B)
x Æ 0
27x__– 9x ________
÷    – ÷
2 
– 3x + 1
lim     _____________
        
  + cos x  
1 ) (Q)
3
__
    
2
lim    Ú     _______________
(B)            = 1  (Q)
x Æ 0 0 (bx – sin 2x) ÷t  – a    b=2
(  (  )
1
__ 1
__
)
ae–  
x  – 2e x  a = 2,
lim    _________
2
e x – cos x __ (C)     
 = 1  (R)
(C) lim   _________
       
    
   (log3)2
(R) 8÷2  x Æ • 1
__ __ 1 b = –1
x Æ 0 x2 e–  
x  + be x 
(D)    ( 
1 – cos (1 – cos x)
lim      _______________
  
     (S) ) 1
__
    
2
( 
b sin x – a sin 2x
lim    ______________
(D)   
x Æ 0 e– x × cos 2x × x 3
      = 1 
  
) (S)
a = –1,
b = 2.
x Æ 0 x4

Assertion (A) and Reason (R) Code
(A) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
Column I Column II
explanation of A
(  )
a a
1 (B) Both A and R are true and R is not the correct
 x  Ú    esin t dt – Ú      esin t dt  (P)
lim  __
2 2
(A)    1
 ( )
x Æ 0
explanation of A.
y x + y
(C) A is true and R is true.
( Ú  )
x + y 2 (D) A is false and R is true.
2
     et dt 
lim    __________
(B)   
x Æ 0

0
x + y
        (Q) e sin
y
2
1. Assertion (A): The value of  lim 
   
x Æ 0 +
sin x
 ____    = 0
x    [  ]
Ú      e2t dt
2
Reason (R): sin x £ x for all x in R
( 
0
________
)
(  )
x  –   sin x  
÷
x 3 2. Assertion (A): The value of    lim    _________  
   is 1.
_ x Æ • 2
(C) Ú      sin ÷t   d  t (R) 0
x + cos x
  
x Æ 0
y
lim    _________
x3
     
Reason (R):   
x Æ •
sin x
lim    ____    = 0 =   
x    (  )
x Æ •
cos x
lim    ____   
x    (  )
3. Assertion (A): The limiting value of
(  )
x _________
(D)
  
Ú    cos t 2 dt
y
lim    _________   
(S)
2
__
    
3
 lim 
x Æ 0
÷
1
( 
  – cos 2x  
     __________

x        )
does not exist.
x   
x Æ 0
Reason (R): The limiting value  
 lim 
|x|
 __
 x    does not exist.
x Æ 0
(  )
5. Match the following columns 4. Assertion (A): The limiting value of
Column I Column II
( 
tan–1 x – sin– 1x
    _____________
 lim    
    
1
is –  __   )
(  )
__ x Æ 0 x 3 2
sin ÷q 
   
lim    ______
(A)    ___      (P) – 2 Reason (R): The limiting value of
q Æ 0 ÷    q
sin 
(  )
loge cos x
lim   ________
(B)            (Q) 1
  
lim 
x Æ0
( 
cos (sin x) – cos x
   ______________
x4
  
    
1
is __
    
6 )
x Æ 0 x2
( 
5. Assertion (A): The limiting value of
)) (  )
3
tan x – 3 tan x sin x – x 1
lim     ____________
(C)        
   1    ________   is –  __  
(  –  __  
p (R)  lim       
x Æ 0
cos x + __
      2 x Æ 0 x 3 6
6
( 
Reason (R): The limiting value of
(D)   
lim    
x Æ •
   
1
(3x4 + 2x2) sin __
 x   + |x|2 + 5
______________________
   
|x|3 + |x|2 + |x| + 1
  
(  )
) (S) – 24.  lim 
x Æ 0
  ( 
   _________
x2
2
ex – cos x
    
is 3/2 )
Problems asked in JEE Main Exams. 8. The value of

From 2002-2014
 lim 
    ( 
14 + 24 + ... + n4 1______________
 ______________
 
     –  
3
+ 23 + ... + n3
  
     is )
( 
n Æ • 5
n4
)
1p + 2p + 3p + ... + np n
1.  lim 
     __________________
          equals
n Æ •
np + 1 (a) 0 (b) 1/4
1 1 (c) 1/5 (d) 1/30
(a)  _____     (b)  _____
   
p+1 1–p
[JEE Main, 2003]
( 
1
(c) __
1
 p  – _____
     
p–1 )
  
1
(d)  _____
p+2
   
9. Let f (a) = g (a) = k and their nth derivatives f n (a),
gn (a) exist and are not equal for some n. Further,
[JEE Main, 2002] if
(  ) (  )
n f (a) g (x) – f (a) – g (a) f (x) + g (a)
log x – [x]
   __________
2.  lim      
    , n Œ N, [,] = G.I.F    _____________________________
 lim            
   = 4
x Æ • [x] x Æ a g (x) – f (x)
(a) –1 (b) 0 then the value of k is
(c) 1 (d) does not exist. (a) 2 (b) 1
[JEE Main, 2002] (c) 0 (d) 4
3. Let f (2) = 4 and f ¢(2) = 4, then
( 
[JEE Main, 2003]
( 
xf (2) – 2f (x)
   ___________
 lim 
x Æ 2
 
x–2
  
    equals to ) 10. If   
x Æ •
a __
lim   1 +  __ 
x x2 +  
b 2x
   
  = e
)2
, then the values of a and
b are
(a) 2 (b) – 2
(a) a Œ R, b = 2 (b) a = 1, b ŒR
(c) – 4 (d) 3
(c) a Œ R, b Œ2 (d) a = 1, b = 2.
[JEE Main, 2002]
( 
[JEE Main, 2004]
)
x
x2 + 5x + 3
(  (  ) (  ) )
    __________
(  )
4.  lim       
is equal to
x Æ •
x2 + x + 3 1 1 2 4 1 n2
   __
11.  lim    2    sec2 __
  2       +  __2    sec2 __
  2     + ... + __
  2    sec2  __2     
n Æ •
4 2 n n n n n n
(a) e (b) e
(c) e3 (d) e is equal to
1
[JEE Main, 2002] (a)  __   tan (1) (b) tan (1) – log (sec 1)
(  )
x2
2
Ú      sec2 t dt
1
(c)  __   cosec (1)
1
(d)  __   sec (1)
lim     ________
0
    
  is 2 2
x Æ 0 x sin x [JEE Main 2005]
(a) 3 (b) 2 12. Let f : R Æ R be a differentiable function having
(c) 1 (d) 0
(  )
f (x)
1 4t 3
[JEE Main, 2003] lim  Ú      _____
f (2) = 6, f ¢ (2) =  ___  ,  then            dt equals
48 x–2
(  )
x Æ 2 6
log (3 + x) – log (3 – x)
lim   _____________________
6. If         
x      = k then the value
x Æ 0 (a) 18 (b) 12
of k is (c) 36 (d) 24
(a) 0 (b) – 1/3 [JEE Main 2005]
(c) 2/3 (d) – 2/3 13. Let a and b be the distinct roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0,
then the limiting value of
( 
[JEE Main, 2003]
(  )
( 
)
1 – cos (ax2 + bx + c)
7.  lim 
  p    ____________
(  ) )
1 – tan __
x
       
2 (1 – sin x)
    × _________
        
  is
     __________________
 lim 
x Æ a
   
(x – a)2
  
   is
2 (  (  ) )
x Æ  __   1  +  tan __
2
x
        (p – 2x)
3

1
(a)  __   (a – b)2
a2
(b) –  __   (a – b )2
(a) 1/8 (b) 0 2 2
(c) 1/32 (d) 1/16 a2
(c) 0 (d)  __   (a – b )2
[JEE Main, 2003] 2
[JEE Main 2005]
The Limit 3.19
14. No questions asked in 2006-2009.

15. Let f : R Æ R be a positive increasing function
3. Evaluate:   
x Æ 0 (1 ( 
2x – 1
lim    __________
_______  
    
÷  + x)  –1 )
(  ) (  )
f (3x) f (2x) [IIT-JEE, 1982]
lim   _____
with    lim    _____    is
      = 1. Then    _______
x Æ • f (x) x Æ • f (x)   –x 
4. If G (x) = – ÷25  , then 2

(a) 1
(c) 3/2
(b) 2/3
(d) 3 x Æ 1
 ( 
G (x) – G (1)
   ___________
 lim 
x–1
  
    )
has the value
[JEE Main, 2010] 1 1

(a)  ____
___      (b)  __  
( 
_____________ 5
)
÷    
24 
÷1  – cos 2 (x   
_______________– 2)  ___
16.  lim 
       
  
   is    
(c) – ÷24  (d) None
x Æ 2 (x – 2)
__
[IIT-JEE, 1983]
1__
  
(a) – ÷2  (b)  ___    5. If f (a) = 2, f ¢ (a) = 1, g(a) = – 1, g ¢ (a) = 2, then the
÷   
2 
__ value of

(c) does not exist (d) ÷ 2  
[JEE Main, 2011]
 lim 
x Æ a
( 
g (x) f (a) – g (a) f (x)
   _________________
  x – a          is )
17. No questions asked in 2012. (a) – 2 (b) 1/5
( 
(c) 5 (d) None
x Æ 0
(1 – cos 2x) (3 + cos x)
   ___________________
18.  lim       
x tan 4x
       is equal to ) [IIT-JEE, 1983]

(a) 1/2
(c) 2
(b) 1
(c) –1/4
6.  lim 
   
n Æ • [  1
_____
     
2
  + _____
     
1 – n2 1 – n2
n
  + ... + _____
     
1 – n2 ]
   is equal to
[JEE Main, 2013] (a) 0 (b) – 1/2
(  )
2
sin (p cos x) (c) 1/2 (d) None
     __________
19.  lim    
     is equal to
x Æ 0 x2 [IIT-JEE, 1984]
p
(a)  __    (b) 1 Ï sin[ x ]
, [ x] π 0
2 Ô
7. If f (x) = Ì [ x ] , where [,] = G.I.F,
(c) – p (d) p Ô0, [ x ] = 0
Ó
[JEE Main, 2014]
(  (1 – cos 2x) (3
     ___________________
20.  lim 
x Æ 0
   
x tan 4x
+ cos x)
)
       is equal to

(a) 1
then   
lim   f (x) is equal to
x Æ 0
(b) 0
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) None
(c) 1/2 (d) 4 [IIT-JEE, 1984]
__ ___ 1
     
[JEE-Main, 2015]
8.  lim 
x Æ 1(  p x
   (1 – x) tan ___ (  ) )
       = ...
2
[IIT-JEE, 1984]
( 
tan2 ÷x  ______________
)
21. If p =  lim 
  +  (1 +   2x ,
  ) then the value of log (p)
x Æ 0 ÷1  – cos 2 (x   
_______________ – 1) 
is 9. The limiting value of   
lim        
  
   is
x Æ 1 x–1
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 __ __
(c) 1/4 (d) 2   
(a) ÷2    
(b) – ÷2 
[JEE-Main, 2016] (c) Non-existent (d) None
[IIT-JEE, 1985]
Questions asked in Past IIT-JEE Exams.
Ïsin x, x π np , n Œ Z
1. Evaluate: 10. If f (x) = Ì
( 
Ó2, otherwise
 lim 
   
h Æ 0
(a + h)2 sin (a + h) – a2 sin a
 ________________________
   
h
      ) Ï x 2 + 1, x π 0, 2
Ô
[IIT-JEE, 1980]
and g (x) = Ì4, x = 0 ,
2. Prove that:
Ô5, x = 2
( 
Ó
 lim 
   
1
_____
     
n Æ • n + 1
1
  + _____
     
n+2 n+3
1
  + _____
     
1
  + ... + ___
       = loge 6
6n ) then   
lim   (g ( f (x))) is...
x Æ 0
[IIT-JEE, 1981] [IIT-JEE, 1986]
(  (  )
) ( 
______________
11.  lim 
1
x4 sin __
      + x2
4
    ____________   
  
   = ... [IIT-JEE, 1987] x Æ 1
÷ 1  – cos 2 (x   
     _______________
23.  lim 
x–1
– 1) 
  
     )
x Æ •
(1 + |x|3) __
(a) exist and equals to ÷   
2 
(  )
__
x2   
(b) exist and equals to – ÷2 
Ú      cos2 tdt (c) does not exist.
     ________
0
12.  lim      
  = ... [IIT-JEE, 1987] (d) None of these.
x Æ 0 x sin x
[IIT-JEE, 1998]
13. If f (9) = 9, f ¢ (9) = 4, then 24.  lim 
x Æ 0 ( 
x tan 2x – 2x tan x
     _______________
  
  
(1 – cos 2x)2 )
   equals to
( 
____
 lim 
x Æ 9
   – 3
÷f (x) 
   _________
  __
x 
÷     – 3
   
  is equal to ... ) [IIT-JEE, 1988]

(a) 2
(c) 1/2
(b) – 2
(d) – 1/2
14. ABC is an isoceles triangle inscribed in a circle of [IIT-JEE, 1999]
radius r. If AB = AC and h is the altitude from A to
BC, then the triangle ABC has perimeter
25. For x Œ R,    (  )
x Æ • x + 2
–3 x
x_____
lim      
   is equal to
________ (a) e (b) 1/e

___
P = 2 ( ÷2hr
  – h2       ) and area A is equal to ...
+ ÷2hr  5
(c) e (d) e– 5
(  )
[IIT-JEE, 2000]
(  )
A
lim   __
Also           = ... [IIT-JEE, 1989] 2
sin (p cos x
h Æ 0 p3     __________
26.  lim    
     is equal to
x Æ 0 x2
(a) – p (b) p
( 
÷  )
___________
1 p
__ 2
     (1 – cos  x)  (c)  __    (d) 1.
2 2
lim    ____________
16. The value of    x      
  is [IIT-JEE, 2001]
x Æ 0

(a) 1
(c) 0
(b) – 1
(d) None x Æ 0
  ( 
(cos x – 1) (cos x – ex)
lim   __________________
27. The integer n for which       
xn
      )
[IIT-JEE, 1991] is a finite non-zero number is
17.  lim  (  )
x + 6 x + 4
   _____
 
x Æ • x + 1
    = ... [IIT-JEE, 1991]

(a) 1
(c) 3
(b) 2
(d) 4.
    _______
[IIT-JEE, 2002]

(  tanx  2x 
18.  lim 
x Æ 0 )
   equals
– 1
[IIT-JEE, 1992]
28. Let f : R Æ R be such that f (1) = 3 and f ¢ (1) = 6,
p
(  (  )) (  )
1/x f (1 + x) 1/x
lim   tan __
19. Evaluate:         + x    . [IIT-JEE, 1993] lim   ________
then         
 
is
x Æ 0 4 x Æ 0 f (1)
(  )
1
5x2 + 1  x2   
__
(a) 1 (b) e1/2
   _______
20.  lim    2    
= ... [IIT-JEE, 1996]
x Æ 0 3x + 1 (c) e2 (d) e3
[IIT-JEE, 2002]
h Æ 0 ( 
log (1 + 2h) – 2 log (1 + h)
lim    _______________________
21.         
h2
      = ... ) h Æ 0 ( 
f (2 + h + h ) – f (2)
    __________________
29.  lim      
    
f (h – h2 + 1) – f (1)
2
)
[IIT-JEE, 1997]
( 
(given that f ¢ (2) = 6, f ¢ (1) = 4
1 2n ______
n Æ • n r = 1
__
 
r
    S      _______
lim   __       is
÷ n  + r 2  
2 ) __

(a) Does not exist
(c) 3/2
(b) – 3/2
(d) 3
  
(a) 1 + ÷5    
(b) – 1 + ÷5  [IIT-JEE, 2003]
(  )
__ __
  
(c) –1 + ÷2    
(d) 1 + ÷2  [(a – n)nx – tan x] sin nx
lim    _____________________
30. If             = 0,
x Æ 0 x2
[IIT-JEE, 1997]
where n is non-zero real number, then a is
The Limit 3.21
n
(a) 0 (b)  _____
    
n+1 (a) 0 (b) 1/12
1
(c) n (d) n + __ n  (c) 1/24 (d) 1/64
[IIT-JEE, 2010]
(  )
[IIT-JEE, 2003] 1
x 2 __
40. If   
lim   (1 + x log (1 + b2)) x  = 2b tan2q, b > 0 and
Ú     sec2 tdt x Æ 0
lim    ________ q Œ (– p, p), then the value of q is

0
31. The value of        
  is
x Æ 0 x sin x
p p
(a) 3 (b) 2 (a) ± __
      (b) ±  __  
4 3
(c) 1 (d) 0
p p
[IIT-JEE, 2003] (c) ±  __    (d) ±  __  
6 2
32. If f (x) is differentiable and strictly increasing [IIT-JEE, 2011]
(  ) (  )
2 2
f (x ) – f (x) x +x+1
lim   __________
function, then the value of            
is 41. If     _________
lim     
 – ax – b  = 4, then
x Æ 0 f (x) – 0 x Æ 0 x+1
(a) 1 (b) 0 (a) a = 1, b = 4 (b) a = 1, b = – 4
(c) –1 (d) 2. (c) a = 2, b = – 3 (d) a = 2, b = 3
[IIT-JEE, 2004] [IIT-JEE, 2012]
33. Find the value of 42. If
(  (  ) )
( 
2 1

   __
 lim 
n Æ • p
    (n + 1) cos– 1 __
 n   – n 
[IIT-JEE, 2004]
 lim 
n Æ •
1a + 2a + ... + na
    _________________________________________
     
    
(n + 1) a – 1 ((na + 1) + (na + 2) + ... + (na + n))
  
)
34. No questions asked in 2005. 1
= ___
     , where a Œ R, then the value of a is
35. For x > 0,   
x Æ 0
( 
lim    sin x) + __
1
1 sin x
__
 x  
 x     is(  ) )
60
(a) 7 (b) 1/7
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) – 7 (d) 1/5
(c) 1 (d) 2
(  )
[JEE Advanced, 2013]
[IIT-JEE, 2006]
43. The largest value of the non-negative integer a for
sec2 x
which
Ú      f (t) dt
{  }
1 – x
lim     ________ – ax + sin (x – 1) + a _____
2   __     1
36. The value of       
is equal to
x Æ 0 p2    ___________________
 lim              1 – ÷x     = __
     is ...
2
x –     ___ x Æ 1 x + sin (x – 1) – 1 4
16
[JEE-Advanced, 2014]
8 2
(a)  __
p  f (2) (b)  __
p  f (2) p
44. Let f (x) = sin __ (  ( 
p
     sin __ ))
     sin x    for all x in R
(  )
6 2
2 __ 1
(c)  __
p  f  2   
(  )
(d) 4 f (2).
( 
p f (x)

[IIT-JEE, 2007] and g (x) = __ ) lim   ____
     sin x  , " x Œ R, then   
2 x Æ 0 g (x)
        is ...
(  )
______ [JEE-Advanced, 2015]
x2
a – ÷a  2 – x2   –  __  
4 45. Let m and n be two positive integers greater than 1.
38. Let L =   
lim     _______________
4
  
     , a > 0
x Æ 0 x
(  ) (  )
n
ecos (a
) – e
e
If L is finite, then If  lim      ________
m        = – __
     
a Æ 0 a 2
(a) a = 2 (b) a = 1 m
then the value of  __ (  )
n    is ... [JEE-Advanced, 2015]
1 1
(c) L = ___
       (d)  ___    46. Let a, b, Œ R be such that
64 32
(  )
[IIT-JEE, 2009] x2 sin (b x)
    _________ 
( 
 lim     = 1. Then 6 (a + b) is ....
)
x
1 t log (1 + t) x Æ 0 a x – sin x
      Ú    __________
lim  __
39. The value of      4        dt is
x Æ 0 x 3 0 t +4 [JEE-Advanced, 2016]
Answers
Level II Integer Type Questions
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (d) 1. 5 2. 6 3. 8 4. 2 5. 3
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b) 6. 4 7. 7 8. 3 9. 5 10. 7
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (c) 11. 5 12. 3
16. (b) 17. (a,b,c) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (b)
Passage I : 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b)
26. (c) 27. (a,c) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (b) Passage II : 1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (b)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (a) Passage III : 1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b)
36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (c)
Matrix Match
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (b)
1. (A)Æ(P), (B)Æ(S), (C)Æ(Q), (D)Æ(R)
46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (d)
2. (A)Æ(Q), (B)Æ(A), (C)Æ(S), (D)Æ(Q)
51. (a) 52. (b) 53. (b) 54. (b) 55. (b)
3. (A)Æ(S), (B)Æ(R), (C)Æ(Q), (D)Æ(P)
56. (a) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (b) 4. (A)Æ(Q), (B)Æ(R), (C)Æ(S), (D)Æ(P)
61. (b) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (b) 65. (a) 5. (A)Æ(Q), (B)Æ(R), (C)Æ(S), (D)Æ(P)
66. (*) 67. (c) 68. (a) 69. (a) 70. (c) 6. (A)Æ(R), (B)Æ(S), (C)Æ(P), (D)Æ(Q)
71. (a) 72. (b) 73. (d) 74. (b) 75. (a)
Assertion and Reason
1. A 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. B
Hints and solutions
(  )
1
–  __ 
1 – x 3
   _______2 
2
1.   
lim   (x – 6x + 10) 4.   
lim     

x Æ 1 x Æ1 – __
(  (  ) )
   
1 – x 3
= 1 – 6 + 10 1
–  __  
1 – x 3
= 11 – 6 lim    ___________
=      
    
x Æ 1 1 2
–  __  
=5 2
(1) – x  
3

lim   (x2016 – x2017 + 2)
2.   
x Æ 1
=1–1+2
=2

x Æ 1
 ( (  (  )(  ) ) )
1 – x 3  
lim    ________________
=   
1
–  __  
3
       
1
1
–  __  
–  __  
1 + x   1 – x 3  
3.    ( x2 – 3x + 2
lim    __________
  
    
x Æ 1 x 2 – 5x + 4 )
x Æ 1
( ( 
1
lim   ________
=         
1
–  __  
1 + x 3   ) ) 1
   = __
    
2
( (x – 1) (x – 2)
lim    ____________
=      
    
x Æ 1 (x – 1) (x – 4) ) 5.   
x Æ 2 (  x3 + 7x2 – 36
lim     ____________
      
x2 + 2x – 8
  )
=    ( (x – 2)
lim    ______ 
x Æ 1 (x – 4) )
  
( 
(x – 2) (x + 3) (x + 6)
lim  ___________________
=   
x Æ 2
        
(x + 4) (x – 2)
   )
(  )
1 – 2
= _____
 
1–4
 
–1 1
  = ___
     = __
– 3 3
   
=    ( 
(x + 3) (x + 6)
lim    ____________
     
)
x Æ 2 (x + 4)
The Limit 3.23
_____ _____ _____ _____
1  + x  
÷ –÷ 1  – x   ÷1  + x   + ÷1  – x 
_______________  

4 × 7 ___
=  _____
   
28
 =      lim    _____________
=           ×   _____   
   
_____
5 5 x Æ 0 2x ÷1  + x   1  – x  
  + ÷
6.   
x Æ 1 ( x2 + x log x – log x – 1
lim   ___________________
     
x3 – 1
      ) =   
lim  
x Æ 0 2x (÷1 ( 
1 +_____
x – 1 + _____
  ________________
  + x   
  
x
     
  – x  
+ ÷1 )
=   
x Æ 1 ( 
(x2 – 1) + (x – 1) log x
lim    ___________________
   
x3 – 1
     ) x Æ 0 2x ÷ (  ( 
____
2x
lim    _________________
=         
1  + x  
____   
+ (÷1  – x  
  ))
=   
x Æ 1 ( 
(x + 1) + log x
lim    _____________
    
  
(x2 + x + 1) ) x Æ 0 ÷ ( ( 
1
lim   _______________
=      _____  _____
1  + x  
     
 )
1  – x  
+ ÷ )
2 1
=  __  = __
    
3 2
( 
______ ______
7.  lim 
x Æ 0 ÷( 
  _____  
a  + x  
x
    ______________     
_____
  – ÷a  – x  
) 11.  lim 
x Æ 2
  – ÷5  + 2x  
1  + 4x  
÷
     ________________
x  – 2
      

)
( 
______ ______ ______ ______
(  )
_____ _____
=   
x Æ 0 ÷ a  + x  
x
lim   ______________
  _____  _____
– ÷
a  – x  
a
÷   + x  
_____
÷a  + x  
+ ÷
a  – x 
     ×  _______________
+ ÷
  
_____
 
    
a  – x  
) =   
lim    
x Æ 2
  – ÷5  + 2x  
÷1  + 4x  
_________________
x  – 2
   
÷1  + 4x  
     ×   ______
  + ÷
_________________
÷1  + 4x  
5  + 2x  
  

     
______
  + ÷5  + 2x  

(  (  )
_____ _____
x (÷ a
  + x 
+ ÷ a
    – x 
lim   __________________
=   
x Æ 0
    
(a + x – a + x)
  
)
 
   ) =   
lim   
1 + 4x – 5 – 2x
  _______________________
x Æ 2 (x –  2) ( ÷
   
______  ______   
 )
+ ÷5  + 2x  
1  + 4x  
x Æ 0
  ( 
x (÷ a
  + x 
+ ÷
 
2x
a
_____
  – x 
lim   __________________
=        
)
 
   
_____
) =   
x Æ 2 (x – 2) (÷ (  2x – 4 ______
lim    _______________________
  
      
______
 + ÷5  + 2x  
1  + 4x   ) )
(  (  )
_____ _____ 2 (x – 2)
(÷a  + x  
+ ÷a  – x  
lim    _______________
=   
x Æ 0 2
       
)
) lim    ________________________
=   
x Æ 2 (x – 2) (÷1
  
   
______ ______   
+ ÷5  + 2x  
  + 4x   )
(  ( 
__ __ __
=   
x Æ 0
a 
÷
 
    + ÷
lim   ________
2
a 
   
    ) 2 ÷a 
  = ____
   
    
2
 = ÷
__
a 
   
x Æ 2 ÷
2 ______
lim   ________________
=      ______  
1  + 4x   
    
  + 2x  
+ ÷5 )
_____
   (  __________ )
÷1  + x  – 1 2 2 1
8.  lim 
  =  _______
__   __   = __
     = __
    
x Æ 0 x           + ÷
÷9     6 3
9 
( 
_____ _____
) ( 
______ __ __
)
1  + x  
÷ 1  + x  
– 1 ÷__________ + 1
lim     __________
=    x       
×   _____       7  + 2x  
÷    + ÷
– (÷5    ) 
2 
x Æ 0 1  + x +
÷  1 12.    lim ___   __________________
2
  
    
   
x Æ ÷10  x – 10
=   
x Æ 0 x (÷1 ( 
1 _____
+x–1
lim     ____________
  
  + x  
    
+ 1) ) =    
lim 
( 
___ 
÷
______
7  + 2x  
– (÷5 
 __________________
2
 
  
__
   + ÷
__
   ) ÷7
2    + 2x  
______
   + ÷
+ (÷5 
   × ___________________
  ______     __   
  ) 
2 
__   
__ __
)
   
x Æ ÷10  x – 10 ÷7  + 2x      + ÷
+ (÷5     )
2 
( 
x
lim    ___________
)
( 
=      _____
      
)
__ __
x Æ 0 x (÷1   + x  
+ 1) 7 + 2x – (÷5     + ÷   )  2
2 
=    
lim    __________________________________
___  ___    
    
___ ______ __ __   
(  )
1     (x – ÷
x Æ ÷10    )  (x + ÷
10    )  ÷7
10    + 2x      + ÷
+ (÷5     )
2 
lim   ___________
=      _____      
x Æ 0 (÷1   + x  
+ 1)
( 
___
1
= __
    
2
_____
=    
lim ___  
    (x – ÷
x Æ ÷10 
7 + 2x – (5 + 2 + 2 ÷10 
___          
  ) (x + ÷
10 
___
10 
__
  )  (÷7 
  ) 
___________________________________ __
   + ÷
    + 2x + (÷5 
__   
   )
2  )
( 
3 – ÷5  + x  
___
   __________
9.  lim        
)
_____ 2 (x – ÷   ) 
10 
  – x  
x Æ 0 1 – ÷5 =    
lim ___   ___________________________________
___        
___ __ __ __   
    (x – ÷   )  (x + ÷   ) (÷7     + ÷
    + 2x + (÷5     ))
( 
__ x Æ ÷10  10  10  2 
 
  
3 – ÷5 
= _______
__   
  
1 – ÷5 
) =    
lim 
(  2
 ____________________________
___   ___       
______ __ __   
)
    (x + ÷   )  (÷7
10    + 2x      + ÷
+ (÷5     ))
2 
( 
_____ _____ x Æ ÷10 
10.  lim 
x Æ 0
1  + x  
÷
 
– ÷
2x
1  – x  
   _______________
         )
( 
   (÷
2 ÷10 
2
= __________________________
  ___ ________       
___
7  + 2 ÷10  
   
__
   + ÷
 + (÷5 
__   
   )
2  ) (  – 1
= __________________
  2/3    1/3  
(8) + 2 (8) + 82/3
  
)
(     + ÷
   ((÷5 
(÷10 
1
= _________________________
  ___ __       
__
2 
__
   + ÷
   ) + (÷5 
__   
   )
2  )  
–1
= _________
4 + 4 + 4 12
–1
= ___
         
(  (  )
_____ ______
   (÷
2÷10 
1
= _____________
  ___ __   
   + ÷
5 
__   
   )
2  ) x Æ 1
÷ x  2 + 8   – ÷10
    _________________
15.  lim    _____
 _____
– x2 
  
 
    
÷ x  + 3  – ÷ 5  – x  
2 2
 
(  )
( 
1 ___
= ____________
)
  ___        _____ _____
   + ÷
2 (÷50     )
20  (x2 + 8 – 10 + x2) (÷x  2 + 3   + ÷ 5  – x 2 
lim    ________________________________
=        
     _____ ______   
x Æ 1
(x2 + 3 – 5 + x2) (÷x  2 + 8  + ÷   – x2 
10  )
( 
______ ___
)
( 
a  + 2x      
– ÷3x 
÷_____________
)
13.  lim 
     ______       _____ _____
__  
x Æ a 3a
÷  + x   – 2÷x 
    (2x2 – 2) (÷x  2 + 3  5  – x2 
 + ÷  
lim     _________________________
=       
   
_____ ______   
 ( (2x – 2)(÷x  + 8   + ÷   – x2 

______ x Æ 1 2 2
)
__ 10  
  + x  
(a + 2x – 3x) (÷3a + 2÷x 
  ) 
lim    ___________________________
( 
=       
    ______ ___   
)
x Æ a (3a + x – 4x) × ( a _____ _____
÷  + 2x   + ÷   ) 
3x 
(÷x  2 + 3 
 + ÷ 5  – x2 
 )
lim   __________________
=      _____   
     
______
 (
______
) (÷x  + 8  + ÷   – x 
__ x Æ 1 2
10 2
 )
  + x  
(a – x) (÷3a + 2 ÷x 
   )
=      ________________________
lim       
   
______ ___   
x Æ a 3 (a – x) × ( a   ) 
÷  + 2x  
+ ÷ 3x  2+2 4 2
= ______
    = __
     = __
    
( 
______ 3+3 6 3
)
__
  + x  
(÷3a + 2÷x 
________________   )  __ __
=   
lim    
x Æ a 3 ( a
______   
÷  + 2x  
  
+ ÷
___   
  ) 
3x  ( 
    – a÷a 
x÷x 
    __________
16.  lim 
x Æ a
  x – a  
   
      )
( 
__ __
1 2___
= __
3 (÷3a 
    + 2÷a 
÷a 
       ___________
  
  
   
___  
   + ÷3a 
    ) ( 
x2/3 – a3/2
lim     _________
=   
x Æ a x – a    
  )
1 4__
= __
     ____
3 2÷3  (  )
        =
  
2
____
  __
    
  
3÷3 
3 __ 3   – 1
= __
     (a)2
2
__
3÷a 
   
7  – x  
÷
3
– 2
_____
= ____
     
     __________
14.  lim    
   2
x Æ –1 (x + 1)
(  )
5 5
 __    __  
(  )
(x + 2)3 – (a + 2)3
(7 – x)1/3 – (8)1/3     _________________
17.  lim    x – a         
     ______________
=  lim    
  
   x Æ a
x Æ – 1 (x + 1)
(  (  )
5
__ 5
__
         
(7 – x)1/3 – (8)1/3 (x + 2)3 – (a + 2)3
     ______________
=  lim    
    =     lim   _________________
    
     
x Æ – 1 (x + 1) x + 2 Æ a + 2 (x + 2) – (a + 2)

(7 – x)2/3 + 2 (7 – x)1/3 + 82/3
  ×   _________________________
2/3
   
    1/3
(7 – x) + 2 (7 – x) + 8 )
2/3
  
) 5
= __
5
__
     – 1
     (a + 2)3
3
( 
2
__
5
= __
    
(7 – x – 8)      (a + 2)3
     __________
=  lim        3
x Æ – 1 (x + 1)
1
 × _________________________
           
) ( 
xm – a m
     _______
18.  lim 
x Æ a xn – an
    )
(  )
2/3 1/3 2/3
(7 – x) + 2 (7  –  x) + 8
( 
xm – a m
– (1 + x) _________________________
    ________
=  lim   
x Æ –1 (x + 1)
  
 
×     
1
      
(7 – x)2/3 + 2 (7 – x)1/3 + 82/3 ) =   
x Æ a x – a
  ______
x – a  
lim     _______
n
______
n
  x – a  
 

 
  
 

=  lim      
( 
–1
    ________________________
      
x Æ –1 (7 – x) 2/3 + 2 (7 – x)1/3 + 82/3 ) mam – 1
=  ______
na n – 1
  
m
= __ (  )
 n    am – n
The Limit 3.25
( 
(1 – x) n – 1
) (  )
2 1/3
{(1 + x ) – 1} _____x2
    ___________
19.  lim  x       
lim   ______________
=       
    ×       
x Æ 0 x Æ 0 x2 x + x2
(  ) ( 
n
)
(1 – x) – 1
lim    __________
=          {(1 – 2x) – 1} _____ –2 x
1/4
1 – x Æ 1 (1 – x) – 1 lim   ______________
–            
×     
  
x Æ 0 – 2x x + x2
= n (1) n – 1 = n
1 1 1
= __
     × 0 + __
     × 2 = __
( 
    
(x + x2 + x3 + ... + xn) – n
    _______________________
20.  lim            ) 3 4 2
(  )
x Æ 1 x–1 3
_____
2
_____
÷ 7  + x3    – ÷ 3  + x2   
=   
x Æ 1
( 
(x – 1) + (x 2
– 1) +
______________________________________
lim          
x–1
(x 3
– 1)
  
+ ... 
   
+ (x n
–
) 1)     ________________
23.  lim 
x Æ 1 x – 1
       
=    ( 
(x
lim   ______
 
x Æ 1 (x – 1)
– 1) (x 2
–
  +  _______  
 
(x – 1)
1) (x
+ _______
 
3
–
(x – 1)
1) (x n
–
) 1)
+ ... +  _______   
  
x – 1)

=  
 l im 
x Æ 1
(   

(7
 
+ x3)1/3 – (3 + x2)1/2
____________________
x–1
    )
     
= (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + n)
n (n + 1)
=   
x Æ 1
(  {(7 + x3)1/3 – 2} – {(3 + x2)1/2 – 2}
lim   _______________________________
      
x–1
      )
= ________
( 
      
2 {7 + x3)1/3 – (8)1/3}
)
( 
=  
 l im   
 _________________   
     
21.  lim 
     
xn + 1 – (n + 1) x + n
__________________       
)
  
x Æ 1 x–1
(x  –  1)2
(  )
x Æ 1
{(3 + x2)1/2 – (4)1/2}
lim   __________________
( 
–        
     
=   lim    
x n + 1 – x – nx + n
_________________
)
  
     
x Æ 1 x–1
(  )
x Æ 1 (x – 1)2
{(7 + x3 – 8)}
lim     __________________________________
( 
=               
)
x Æ 1 (x – 1){(7 + x) 2/3 + 82/3 + 81/3 (7 + x)1/3}
x (xn – 1) – n (x – 1)
__________________
=   lim       
     
( 
x Æ 1 (x – 1)2
=   
( 
2
______________________________________
lim          
3
x (x – 1) (1 + x + x + x + ... + x
  
n–1
   
)
) – n (x – 1)
–   
x Æ 1
(x –
{(3 + x2 – 4)}
lim     __________________
÷
1) (
_____
3  +)  
x
    
2
    + 4)
( 
x Æ 1 (x – 1)2
=    ( 
lim    
x (1 + x + x2 + x3 + ... + xn – 1) – n
_____________________________
        )
  
=  
 l im   

 
x Æ 1 {(7 + x) 2/3 + 82/3 + 81/3 (7 + x)1/3}
(x2 + x + 1)
_____________________________
         
)
( 
x Æ 1 (x – 1)
=    ( 
(x + x 2
+ x 3
lim    _______________________
+
   
.... +
  
x n
)
)
  
– n
–    lim    ____________
x Æ 1
(÷ 3
(x + 1)
_____   
  + )x 2
    +
   
2)
x Æ 1 (x – 1)
3 1
= _____   2/3     + __     
n (n + 1) 3.8 2
= ________
      
2
1 1
= __      + __
( 
_____     
)
3 4 ______ 4 2
÷ 1  + x  
    ________________
22.  lim 
2
  – ÷ 1  – 2x  
  
     

x + x2 3
= __
x Æ 0
    
4
(  )
2 1/3 1/4
(1 + x ) – (1 – 2x)
=    lim    ____________________
x Æ 0
   
x + x2
     
24.  lim ( 
x Æ 1
3 __
x 
÷     + ÷
    ________________
4 __
x     + ÷
x–1 )5 __
x 
  
    – 3
     
(  ) (  )
__ __ __
{(1 + x2)1/3 – 1} – {(1 – 2x)1/4 – 1} (3÷x  4
    – 1) + ( ÷x 
5
    – 1) + ( ÷x 
    – 1)
lim    ______________________________
=               lim   ___________________________
=                
x Æ 0 x + x2
x Æ 1 x–1
(  ) (  )
1 1 __ 1 20 + 15 + 12 ___ 47
{(1 + x2)1/3 – 1} {(1 – 2x)1/4 – 1} = __
     + __
     +      =  ____________
 
     =     
lim   ______________
=        
  
   –  
 l im  
_______________
    
  
   3 4 5 60 60
x Æ 0 x + x2 x Æ 0 x + x2
_______
((    )
100
S     x   – 100
     ____________
25.  lim 
k = 1
k
  
    ) y Æ •
( 
lim   ÷y  2 – 8y  
=    + y  ,
where x = – y, x Æ – •, y Æ •

)
x–1
( 
x Æ 1
=   
x Æ 1
( (x + x2 + x3 + ... + x100) – 100
lim    __________________________
   
x–1
      ) =   
y Æ •
y2 – 8y – y2
  ___________
lim      
__________     
÷y  2 – 8y   
+ y  )
( (x – 1) + (x2 – 1) + (x3 – 1) + ...  +  (x100 – 1)
)
( 
lim   ______________________________________
=                  
x Æ 1 (x – 1) – 8y
lim   ___________
=      ______        
)
(  ÷ y  2 – 8y  
y Æ •
)
+ y
(÷   
2 3 100
(x – 1) (x – 1) (x – 1) (x   –  1)
lim    ______ 
=       +  ______  
+  ______  
+ ... +  ________   
 
)
x Æ 1 (x – 1) (x – 1) (x – 1) (x – 1) – 8
lim   _________
=      _____       = – 4
y Æ • 8
= (1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 100) 1 – __
 y    
+ 1
( 
100 × 101
=  _________
)
   = 5050 2x + 5
_____
x2 + 2x – 1  2x – 7 
 
2     __________
31.  lim       
x Æ •
2x2 – 3x – 2
1
__
   
26.  lim (4 + n
5n) n 
n Æ • 1
= __
2x + 5
lim   ______
    , where          ( 
= 1 )
(  (  (  ) ) )
2 x Æ • 2x – 7
4 n __ 1 
lim   5 1 +
=    n
__
          n
(  )
n Æ • 5
x2 + 2x – 1 1
lim    ___________
and      
      = __
    
= 5. x Æ •
2x2 – 3x – 2 2
27.  lim  (  n2
    _________________
       
n Æ • 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n ) ( 
(x + 1)10 + (x + 2)10 + ...  + (x + 2012)10
    _________________________________
32.  lim 
x Æ •
    
x10 + 201210
   
   )
=   
2n2
lim    _______
n Æ • n (n + 1) ( 
     ) (  (1 + 1/x)10 + (1 + 2/x)10 + ... + (1 + 2012/x)10
lim   ______________________________________
=   
x Æ •
       
1 + (2012/x)10
   
  
)
 
2
lim   ________
=   
n Æ • (1 + 1/n)
    ( 
   ) = 2012
33. Let tr = (n – r + 1) ◊ r

 
2
lim   ________
=   
n Æ • (1 + 1/n)
    ( 
   = 2 ) = (nr – (r – 1) r)
= ((n – 1) (r – r 2)
(  )
n n
x +y n
    _______
28.  lim     , where 0 < x < y.
  Now,      tr
Sn = S
n Æ • xn – yn
(  ) ( 
r – 1
n
x n
__ (  )
 y   + 1      ((n – 1) r – r 2)
=S
lim    _______
=   
n Æ • __ x n  
(  )
 y   – 1
0+1
   =  _____ 
0 –1
   = –1 ) r – 1
n n
     (n – 1) r – S     r 2
=S
r – 1 r = 1
______
– x )
( ÷x  + 2x  
(  )
2
   
29.  lim  n (n + 1) n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
x Æ • = (n – 1) ________
       – ______________
        
( 
2 6
=   
x Æ •
x2______
+ 2x – x2
lim    ___________      
÷ x  2 + 2x  
+ x ) ( 
n (n + 1)
= ________
     
2n + 1
  n – 1 – _______
     ) ( 
  )
( ÷ 
2 3
x Æ •
2
lim   ___________
=   
2
1 + __
 x  
  + 1
2
  ______      = __
     = 1
2
) ( 
n (n + 1) (n – 2)
=  ______________
6
  
     )
   
30.  lim 
x Æ •
_______
+ x )
( ÷x  2 + 8x   lim   ______________
Therefore,   
n Æ •
 
6n3
  ( 
n (n + 1) (n – 2)
     )
The Limit 3.27
=   
n Æ •
( 
1
1 + __ ( 
______________
lim    
6
  
2
 n   1 – __
    
) ( 
 n  

) ) fi  lim 
x Æ •
   
x+1
   ( 
x2 + 1 – ax2 – ax – bx – b
    ______________________
   = 0 )

1
= __
    
6
x Æ •
   
x+1 ( 
(1 – a) x2 – (a + b) x + (1 – b)
    __________________________
fi  lim        = 0 )
1 It is possible only when, 1 – a = 0 and (a + b) = 0
34. Put  __
n  = x
Thus, a = 1 and b = –1
{  }
________________________________
_______________________
_____________
÷  ÷      
( 
1 – cos x) (1          
– cos x) ÷(1 – cos x) ... •   
)
  
    _________________________________
 lim         
x2 + x + 1
    _________
37. Given  lim    
 – ax – b  = 4
x Æ 0 x2 x Æ 0 x+1
(  ) ( 
1 1 1
)
 __   + __
     + __
     + ... •
(1 – cos)2 22 23 x2 + x + 1 – ax2 – ax – bx – b
lim    ___________________
=                 __________________________
fi  lim            = 4
x Æ 0 2 x Æ 0 x+1
x
( 
(1 – cos x)
lim    _________
=   
x Æ 0 x2
   
 
) fi
x Æ 0
( (1 – a) x2 + (1 – a – b) x + (1 – b)
lim  _____________________________
         
x+1
      = 4 )
(  )
2
2 sin (x/2) fi (1 – a) = 0, (1 – a – b) = 4
lim   _________
=        
    
x Æ 0 x2 fi a = 1, a + b = – 3
( 
fi a = 1 and b = – 4
2 sin2 (x/2)
lim   _________
) 38.
We have
( 
=      2       

(  )
)
x Æ 0 (x /4)/4 1
x4 sin  __
x   + x
2
1     lim      ____________   

    
= __
     x Æ – •
1 + |x|3
2
x2 – 1
x Æ • x + 1 ( 
lim    _____ 
35. Given      – ax – b  = 2 ) lim 
=        ( 
1
x4 sin __
____________
(  )
 x   +  x2
  
    
)
( 
x Æ – •
1 – x3
(  )
)
x2 – 1 – ax2 – ax – bx – b
lim    ______________________
fi   
x Æ •
   
x+1
      = 2
=    
1
x sin __ (  )
1
 x   + __
lim     ___________   
 x 
   
x Æ – • 1
( 
__
)
  3   – 1
(1 – a) x2 – (a + b) x – (1 + b)
lim    __________________________
fi              = 2 x
x+1
( 
x Æ •
It is possible only when 1 – a = 0 fi a = 1

1+0
=  _____ 
0–1
   )
= –1
Also,   
x Æ •
  ( 
– (a + b) x – (1 + b)
lim   _________________
x+1
  
     = 2 ) 39. Limit =    (  )
sin 3x
lim   _____
        
( 
x Æ 0 5x
) lim  ( _____  ×      )

(1 + b) sin 3x ___ 3x
– (a + b) –  ______
x     =         
lim   ________________
fi        
  
   = 2 x Æ 0 3x 5x
x Æ • 1
1 + __ x  3
= __
    
5
fi – (a + b) = 2
sin ax
(  )
lim    _____  
40. Limit =     
(  )
fi (a + b) = – 2 x Æ 0 sin bx
sin ax
fi b = – a – 2 = – 1 – 2 = – 3  _____
ax    
× ax
lim     _________
=          
( 
sin bx
)
2 x Æ 0 _____
       × bx
x +1
   ______
36. Given  lim      
– ax – b  = 0 bx
x Æ • x + 1
a
= __
   
b
41. Limit =   

lim   ( 
sin 2x + 3x
 _________ 
4x + sin 6x
   ) Ï
Ô lim Á
Ê 2 | sin x | ˆ
(  )
x Æ 0
x ˜
Ô x Æ0+ Ë ¯
sin 2x =Ì
 _____
x     + 3 Ê 2 | sin x | ˆ
lim    ________ 
=       Ô
sin 6x Ô lim– Á ˜
4 +  _____
x Æ 0 x
x  
    Ó x Æ0 Ë ¯
( 

)
sin 2x Ï
 _____
   
× 2 + 3 Ê 2(sin x ) ˆ
2x Ô lim Á ˜
lim     ____________
=          Ô x Æ0+ Ë x ¯
sin 6x
4 +  _____
x Æ 0
   
× 6 =Ì
6x Ô Ê 2(sin x ) ˆ
Ô lim– Á
( 
˜

2+3
=  _____ 
4+6
   ) Ó x Æ0 Ë
ÏÔ 2
x ¯
=Ì
1
= __
     ÔÓ – 2
2
( 
sin 2x + sin 5x
lim   ____________
42. Limit =         
x Æ 0 sin 4x + sin 6x ) Since R.H.L π L.H.L, so limit does not exist.
( 
( 
cos 7x – cos 9x
lim    ____________ )
)
45. Limit =         
sin 2x _____ sin 5x Æ 0 cos 3x – cos 5x
 _____  
+   x   
x     
=   
lim     ____________      
lim  (  __________
2 sin 4x sin x )
x Æ 0 _____ sin 4x _____sin 6x 2 sin 8x sin x
  x    
+   x      =        
( 
x Æ 0
)
sin 2x sin 5x
 _____ × 2  + _____
lim  (  _____  
         × 5
sin 4x )
   sin 8x
2x
____________________ 5x =     
=   
lim        
      
(  )
x Æ 0
sin 4x
_____ sin 6x
  × 4 +  _____
x Æ 0
          
× 6
4x 6x
sin 8x
 _____
   
× 8x
(  )
2+5
=  _____ 
4+6
  
x Æ 0 _____
8x
lim    _________
=   
sin 4x
     
     
 × 4x
4x
7
=  ___    =2
10
(  ( 
______
43. Limit =   
1 – cos 4x
lim    ________ 
x Æ 0 1 – cos 6x
   ) 46. Limit =   
x Æ 0 x 2
 
1 – cos x ÷cos 2x 
lim   ______________
  
    

 
)
(  ) (  )
______ ______
2 sin2 2x (  1 – cos x ÷cos 2x 
   ) ( 1 + cos x÷cos 2x 
   )
=     _______
lim      
 
lim   _______________________________
=              
______   
 
(  )
x Æ 0 2 sin2 3x 2
x Æ 0  
x (1 + cos x ÷cos 2x  )
 
(  )
sin2 2x
 ______  × 4x2
   (1 – cos2 x (cos 2x))
4x 2 lim   __________________
=             
______
lim    ___________
=          x Æ 0 x 2 ( 1 +cos x ÷ cos 2x 
   )
 
x Æ 0 sin2 3x
 ______ 9x2
( 
 
 
  ×
)
2
9x (1 – cos2 x (2 cos2 x – 1))
4 lim     ___________________
=       
    ______   
= __
     x Æ 0 x2 ( 1 + cos x ÷ cos 2x 
   )
 
9
(  (  )
_________
44. Limit =   
lim 
xÆ 0
 
1  – cos 2x  
÷
 __________
x2
  

     ) =   
(1 – 2 cos4x + cos2 x)
lim    ___________________
         
______
x Æ 0 x 2 ( 1 + cos x ÷cos 2x 
   )
 
( 
______
=   
x Æ 0
( 
    2x  
÷ 2 sin
   _______
lim   x  

   ) =   
x Æ 0
(2 cos4x – cos2 x – 1)
lim   –   _________________
  
     
______
x2 (1 + cos x ÷cos 2x 
    )
( 
______
=   
x Æ 0
÷
( 
 
2 |sin x| 
lim    _______
x   
 
 
  )
sin2 x(2 cos2 x + 1)
lim    ___________________
=          
)
______   
x Æ 0 x 2 ( 1 + cos x ÷cos 2x 
   )
 
The Limit 3.29
=   
x Æ 0 ( 
sin2 x
lim    _____
x2
 
 
  ×  
(2 cos2 x + 1)
________________        
______
(  1 + cos x ÷cos 2x 
  )
   ) 49. Limit =   
x Æ 0
sin– 1x – tan– 1x
lim  _____________
 
x3
      

2
= __
    
3 =    ( 
x
tan– 1  ______
( 
   
_____
÷ 1  – x   2
lim     ____________________
   
 
  
)
     – tan– 1x
   )
( 
( 
3
)
x Æ 0
(  ))
tan x – sin x x
lim     __________
47. Limit =      
    
x
x Æ 0 x3 ______
  _____
      – x
1  – x2 
÷
( 
 
)
– 1 ____________
sin x(1 – cos x) tan           
lim    ____________
=      
      1 + x ◊  ______
_____
x
     
x3cos x
( 
x Æ 0
÷ 1  – x2   
=    lim     __________________
        
(  )
)
x Æ 0 3
x x
2 sin2 __
     
(  (  ))
sin x __________
____ 2 _____
=   
lim     x   
 ×   2        
x Æ 0 x x  – x÷1  – x2   
__
     × 4 cos x tan ____________
– 1
  _____        
4 ÷ 1  – x  
2
   + x 2
 ( ( 
lim     __________________
=    3
        
1 x Æ 0 x
)
=  __  
( 

)  
2 _____
x    – x ÷1  – x2   
tan– 1 ____________
  _____        
( )
_____
48. We have cos x cos 2x cos 3x ÷ 1  – x   2
 + x 2
x  – x÷1  – x2   
=    __________________
lim         ____________
______   ×   _____          

1
= __
     (2 cos 3x cos x) cos 2x
2
x Æ 0
x  – x÷1  –  x  
 ___________
_____       x 3
÷ 1  – x   2
  + x
2
 
2 )
÷1  – x  2
  + x 2
(  ( 
1
= __
     (cos 4x + cos 2x) cos 2x
)
_____
2
x (  1 – ÷1  – x2 
  )
1 lim    ______________
=    _____        
=  __   (2 cos 4x cos 2x + 2 cos2 2x)
4
x Æ 0
x3 ÷1  – x2 
  + x2  )
(  )
_____
(1 –  1 + x2) ( ÷1  – x2    – x2  )
1
= __
     (cos 6x + cos 2x + 1 + cos 4x)
4 lim    ________________________
=    _____   
      
x2 ( 1  + ÷   ) (1 – x2 – x2)
1  – x2 
x Æ 0
(  ( 
1
= __
)
     (1 + cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x) _____
(x2) ( ÷1  – x2 
  – x2  )
4
lim    ______________________
=       
   
_____   
Thus x Æ 0
  ) (1 – 2x2)
( 
1  – x2 
x2 1  + ÷
1 –  cos x  cos 2x  cos 3x
lim    ___________________
)
( 
Limit =              
)
_____
x Æ 0 sin2 2x (  ÷1  – x2 
  – x2  )
lim    ____________________
(  )
=       
_____      
1 (1  + ÷1  – x2 
1 – __
x Æ 0
    (1 + cos 2x + cos 4x + cos 6x  ) (1 – 2x2)
4
=      ___________________________
lim               1
xÆ 0 sin2 2x = __
    
2
=   
x Æ 0 ( 
3 – (cos 2x + cos 4x +  cos 6x)
lim    _________________________
   
4 sin2 2x
       ) 50. Limit =   
x Æ 0 ( 
x  – sin x
lim   ________
  
x3
    

)
(  )
 ( (  )
(1 – cos 6x)  + (1 – cos 4x) + (1 – cos 2x)
lim     __________________________________
=   
x Æ 0
    
4 sin2 2x
        x 3 x5 x 7
)
x –  x –  __   +  __   –  ___   + ... 
3! 5! 7!
im       _______________________
( 
= l           
2 sin2 3x +  2 sin2 2x + 2 sin2 x
lim    ________________________
=               ) x Æ 0 x3
( ( 
4 sin2 2x
)
x Æ 0
(  2
lim     ____________________
=       
2
  sin 3x + sin 2x + sin x
      
2
) =   
x 3 x5 x 7
3! 5!
  ________________
lim  
7
       
)
 __   –  __   +  __   – ... 

x Æ 0 2 sin2 2x x Æ 0 x 3
1
9 +  4 + 1 ___
=  _________
   
14 7
=     = __
     = __
    
2×4 8 4 6
51. Limit =   

x Æ 0 ( 
x – tanx
lim     _______
x3
   
 
) = __
2 ( 
1 4n + 1 – 1
  n     _______
3
   
  )
( 
(  (  ) )
4n + 1 – 1
x3 2
x  – x +  __   + ___
3
    x 5 + ... 
15
lim    _____________________
) =  _______
3.2n
   
  

( 
=            
x Æ 0 x3 55. Given  lim 
a cos x  + bx sin x – 5
     _________________
       
)
 ( (  )
x Æ 0 x4

x3
3
lim   _________________
=     
15
2
–  __   + ___
     x5 + ... 
  
     
) 0
As x Æ 0, x4 Æ 0, the limit must be in the form of __
      (  )
0
x Æ 0 x3
Thus,  lim 
   (a cos x + bx sin x – 5) = 0
1
= – __
x Æ 0
    
3 fi a=5=0
lim   
52. Limit =    ( 
x + sin x
 _______ 
x Æ • x + cos x
 
   ) fi a=5
(  )
Now, Limit
lim 
=      
sin x
1 +  ____
________x   
cos x 
 
   

x Æ 0 ( 
a cos x  + bx sin x – 5
lim    _________________
=   
x4
       
)
x Æ •
1 +  ____
x  
   
( 
1+0
=  _____ 
1+0
   )
=   
x Æ 0
 
( 
5 cos x  + bx sin x – 5
lim   _________________
x4
       
)
=1
53. As we know that, sin x £ x and tan x ≥ x ( 
x2 4
) ( x3
)
5 1  –  __   +  x     – ...  + bx x –  __   + ...    –  5
2! 4!
lim    ____________________________________
=          
3!
   
x Æ 0 4
sin x tan x x
Thus,  ____ x    £ 1 and  ____ x    ≥ 1
Therefore,
Limit =   
n sin x
lim    _____ ( [ 
n tan x
   +  ______     ] [  ])
5
2(  ) ( 
b – __
24
5
      x2  + ___
lim   _________________________
=         
b
     – __
6 )
      x4 + ...
  
x Æ 0 x    x    x Æ 0 x 4
= (n – 1) + n
= 2n – 1. It will provide finite limit only when, co-efficient of
x2 is zero.
54. We have a = min {x2 + 2x + 3, x2 + 4x + 10}

a = min {(x + 1)2 + 2, (x + 2)2 + 6}
a=2
Thus, b – __
5
(  )
      = 0
2
(  )
5
Also, b =   
1 – cos q
lim    ________
      fi b = __
    
2
 ( (  ) (  ) )
x Æ 0 q2
Also, the limit value
q
2 sin __ 2
     
lim    ________ 
=   
q Æ 0 q
___
2
2
      × 4
  
=   
lim   
( 5
___
24 6 )
b
     –  __    x4 +  ... 
_______________       
4 x Æ 0 x4
(  )
1
__ 5 b
=      = ___
     – __     
2 24 6
n
= ( ___
    (arbn – r)
Therefore, S
24 12 )
5 5
r = 0      – ___
      
(  (  ) )
n
1 n – r
= S     2r __
       
5
= –  ___  
r = 0 2 24
n
1
  n    S    (4r )
= __   Therefore, the value of a + 2b + 10
2 r = 0
= 5 + 5 + 10
1
= __
  n    (1 + 4 + 42 + ... + 4n)
2 = 20.
The Limit 3.31
x Æ 0 ( 
sin (p cos2 x)
lim    __________
56. Limit =   
x2
  
     ) =  lim 
x Æ 0 
(  3
    ________
x     
x
e (e – 1) ____
sin x
–   x   
   )
(  )
sin (p (1 – sin2 x) = (e3 – 1)
lim   ______________
=        
    
x2 ex – esin x
lim   ________ 
x Æ 0
61. Limit =     
x Æ 0 x – sin x
=   
lim 
x Æ0 ( 
sin ((p – p sin2 x))
    ______________
x2
  
     ) =   
x Æ 0
( 
ex–sin x – 1
lim  esin x  ________   
x – sin x
)
=   
x Æ 0 ( 
sin (p sin2 x)
lim    __________
x2
  
     )

= 0×1
=1
=   
x Æ 0 ( 
sin (p sin x) p sin
lim    __________
2
  
p sin x
   
×  
2
______
x 2
2
x
     ) 62. Limit =   
x Æ 0
 ( 
ex  – ex cos x
lim   _________
x + sin x
 
    )
=p ( 
ex cos x (ex – x cos x – 1)
lim     _______________
=   
x + sin x
        )
( 
x Æ 0
e –1
lim   ______
4x
)
( 
57. Limit =        
 
x Æ 0 5x
=   
ex cos x (ex – x cos x – 1)
lim     _______________   
x(1 – cos x)
  ×  __________
        
  )
( 
x Æ 0 (x – x cos ) x + sin x
4x
)
( 
e –1
=     ______
lim      
  
)
x Æ 0 5x e x co x (ex – cos x  – 1) (1 – cos x)
lim    _______________
=         ×  _________   
    
=   
x Æ 0 ( 
e4x – 1 ___
lim    ______
4x
   
4x
 ×      
5x ) x Æ 0 (x – cos x) sin x
1 +  ____
x   

 
=0
( 
4
=  __  

5 63. Limit =   
ex  – 1 – x
lim    _________
   
 
)
(  )
x Æ 0 x2
e3x – 1
( 
lim    _______
(  )
58. Limit =         
 
)
(  )
x Æ 0 e 5x – 1 x2 x3
1+  x +  __   +  __   + ...  – 1 – x
2! 3!
3x =     __________________________
lim           
e –1
 ______    × 3x x Æ 0 x2
 ( (  )
3x
lim     __________
=   
x Æ 0 e5x – 1
 ______
5x
   
     
 × 5x
=   
x2 x3
2! 3!
lim     ____________   
)
 __   +  __   + ... 
    
3
x Æ 0 x2
= __
   
5 1
= __
( 
    
x Æ 0
ex  + e– x – 2
lim    __________
 59. Limit =   
x2
  
     ) 2
8x  – 4x – 2x + 1
lim    _____________
(  )
64. Limit =     
    
1 x2
ex + __
x Æ 0
  x    – 2
e
( 
lim     _________
)
=         
4x (2x – 1) – (2x – 1)
x Æ 0 x2 lim    _________________
=      
     
( 
x2
)
x Æ 0
x 2
(e – 1)
( 
lim    _______
=       
 

x Æ 0 e x x2 =   
(4x – 1) (2x – 1)
lim     _____________
  
     )
( ( 
x2
)
x Æ 0
)
x
– 1 2 __
e_____ 1
= lim      
x   
   ×   x    
( ( 
e
)(  ))
x Æ 0
4x – 1 2_____ x
–1
lim    _____
=    x   
 
    x   
   
= 1. x Æ 0
60. Limit =   

x Æ 0
( 
e3 + x – e3 ____
lim    ________
x   
sin x
 –   x   
   )

= log 4 × log 2
= 2(log 2)2
65. Limit =   

x Æ 0
9x  – 2.6x + 4x
lim   ____________
x2
 
       x ( 
(5x  – 1) (4x – 1)
lim   ______________
69. Limit =        
x Æ 0 (3   – 1) (6x – 1) )
=   
x Æ 0 ( 
(3x)2 –  2.3x ◊ 2x + (2x)2
lim    ___________________
   
x2
      )
( 
5x  – 1 ______
______
  x   
lim  _______________
=      x x   
) ( 
4x  – 1
     x   
   
 
  )
(  ) (  )
( 
x Æ 0 3 – 1 6 –1
=   
(3x – 2x)2
lim    ________
   
 
)  _____
x       _____
x     
( 
x2
)
x Æ 0
log 5 ◊ log 4
= _________
(  )
3x  – 2x 2      

lim   _______
=      x       log 3 ◊ log 6
( 
x Æ 0
lim  (  ______
=   
x
3   – 1 ______
x    
2  – 1
–   x    )
 
x 2
70. Limit =   
x ◊ 2x  – x
lim   ________
 
x Æ 0 1 – cos x
  
  )
 ( )
x Æ 0
= (log 3 – log 2)2 =     ( 

x(2x  – 1)
lim   ________
x Æ 0 1  – cos x
   
 
)

3
= log 2 __(  )
     
2 ( 
2x – 1
x2  _____ x       )
lim     ____________
=            
x Æ a
( 
ax  – aa
lim   _______
66. Limit =      x – a   
 
 , a > 0 ) x Æ 0
2 sin2 __
 ________
2
  
x
(  )
     
 
x 2
×  __  
x 2 4
 __  
=   
x Æ a
( 
aa (ax – a – 1)
lim     __________
x – a  
      ) 4
= 2 log 2
= (aa ◊ log a)
( 
e x  – e– x – 2x
)
( 
lim    ___________
 (( 
71. Limit =          
ax + h  + ax – h – 2ax
lim    _______________ ) x Æ 0 x – sin x
)
67. Limit =          
h2
) (  )
x Æ 0
x x2 x3 x x2 x3
1 +  __
     +  __  +  __  + ...  – 1 – __
     +  __  –  __  + ...  – 2x
(  )
x h – h 1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3!
a (a   + a – 2) lim     _________________________________________
lim   _______________ =                 
( 
=        
    
x Æ 0 h2
x Æ 0
x
__
3
x
__
5
x7
__
x – x –     +     –     + ...  )
( 
3! 5! 7!
)
 (( 
ax (a2h  – 2ah + 1)
lim  _______________
=        
  
  
) ( 
)
ah × h 2
)
x Æ 0
x3 x4 x3 x4
 __    +  __   + ...  – –  __   +  __   – ... 
=   
h Æ 0 a ( 
ax
( 
(a2h  – 2ah + 1)
lim    __h  ×  _____________
h2
  
       )) =   
x Æ 0
3! 4!
lim     ____________________________
(  x
    
3
x 5
3! 4!
   
x7
  
– –  __   +  __   –  __   + ...  )
( 
3! 5! 7!
(  ))
(  )
ax ah – 1 2
lim    __h  ×  _____
=       
 
   
h Æ 0 a h __1 1
     + __      
3! 3!
= a x log a =  ______      
__1
     
( 
8x – 7x
lim    ______
68. Limit =   
x Æ 0 6x – 5x
    ) 3!
=2
=   
lim   ( 
(8x  – 1) – (7 x – 1)
 _______________
    
x Æ 0 (6x  – 1) – (5x – 1) ) lim    _________
72. Limit =    ( 
ex  – 1 – x3
    
3
  )
 (((    (( 
x Æ 0 sin 62x
) (  )
)
x x
)
8 –1 7 –1
 _____     –  _____
x    x   
   3
lim    _________________ ex   – 1 – x3

=          =      ______________
lim          
) (  ) )
x x
x Æ 0 6_____
–1 5_____
–1 x Æ 0 sin6 2x
  x        –   x       ______
  6    × (2x6) 
( 
(2x )
log 8  – log 7
= ___________ )
(  ) ( 
    
    
)
log 6 – log 5 3
ex  – 1 – x3 sin62x
=     _________
lim    ______
   
    
= 1 
(  )
6
log (8/7) x Æ 0 (2x) (2x) 6
=  _______    
log (6/5)
The Limit 3.33
=   
lim 
t Æ 0 ( 
e t  – 1 – t
   ________
26 ◊ t 2
   
 
)
2
1
=  __n    (1 + 4 + 42 + ... + 4n)
(put x3 = t, when x Æ 0, t Æ 0) = __
2 ( 
1 4n + 1  – 1
  n    ________
 
3
   
  )
=   
lim    __
t Æ 0 2
1
(  (  et  – 1 – t
  6   × _________
 
t2
    
  )) ( 
4n + 1 – 1
=  _______
3 ◊ 2n
   
 
  )
( 
1 1
= __
  6   × __
     Aex  – Bcos x + Ce– x
     _________________
76. We have  lim     
     )
 ( ( 
2 2 x Æ 0 x sin x
(  ) ) (  ) (  )
)
1
= ____
        x2 x3 x2 x2
128 A 1 + x +  __  +  __  + ...    – B 1 –  __  + ...  +C 1 – x –  __  + ... 
2! 3!
_________________________________________ 2! 2!
=   
lim             
   
( 
(cos a) x  + (sin a) x – 1
lim    __________________
73. Limit =              )
x Æ 0
( x3
__
x x –     + ...  )
( 
x Æ 2 x–2 3!
(  (  )
)
A  + B + C 2
(cos a) x  + (sin a) x – (cos2 a + sin2 a)
lim    _______________________________
=               ) =   
(A –  B + C ) + (A – C) x +   _________
lim    ________________________________________
     
2
   
   
  
 
x + ...
( 
x–2
)
x Æ 2
x Æ 0
x3
x x –  __   + ... 
( ( 
(cos a)   – cos a) ) + (sin a) – sin a
x
lim    ________________________________
=   
x Æ 2
    
x–2
      
2 x 2
) 3!
It will provide finite limit only when, A – B + C = 0,
=   
lim 
t Æ 0
( ( 
(cos a)   – cos a) ) + (sin a)
t
 
t + 2
– sin a
   ___________________________________
         
2 t + 2 2
)
A  + B + C
A – C = 0 and  _________
2
 
    
=2
=   
lim 
t Æ 0
(  (  (cos a) t – 1
  cos2 a   __________
t
       
t
 )
(sin a) t – 1
+ sin2 a  _________  
  
  (  )) On solving, we get, A = 1, B = 2, C = 1
Hence, the value of A + B + C + 10 = 14.
= (cos2 a log (cos a) + sin2 a log (sin a))
log (1 + 3x)
(  )
( 
lim    __________
77. Limit =      
   
 
)
x cos x
e  – 1 – x sin 2x
( 
lim    ____________
x Æ 0
74. Limit =       
  
)
x Æ 0 sin (x2)
log (1 + 3x)
( 
 __________
)
       × 3x
e x cos x  – 1) _______
x 3x
lim  __________
=        
  
–        
lim     ______________
=           
sin (x2) (sin (x2) sin 2x
 _____
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
   × 2x
 
2x
75. We have a = min {x2 + 4x + 6, x2 + 2x + 8} 3
= __
    
a = min {(x + 2)2 + 2, (x + 1)2 + 5} 2
a = 2
sin x cos x
lim    ________ (  )
log (1 + 3x)
lim    __________
78. Limit =   
x Æ 0 log (1 – 2x) ( 
      )
( 
Also, b =     
  
 
e x – e– x
( ( 
x Æ 0
)) )
log (1 + 3x)
sin x
 ____  × cos x  __________
      × 3x
x   
________________ 1 3x
lim    ________________
=   
lim     x          = __
     =         
  
) (  x Æ 0 log (1 – 2x)
– x 2
x Æ 0 –1
e_____ –1
e______  __________
     
× – 2x
  x      –   – x     
– 2x
n 3
Thus, S    (ar bn – r ) = –  __  
r = 0
2

r = 0
n
(  (  ) )
1 n – r
= S     2r __
       
2 x Æ e
log x – 1
lim    _______
79. Limit =    (  )
x – e   
 
 
lim  (  __________  )
1
n log x – log e
  n    S    (4r)
= __ =   
x Æ e
   
x – e  
2 r = 0
( 
(  {  ( 
} )
x
log 1 + __ )
=   
y Æ 0
log (y + e) – log e
lim     ______________
y+e–e
    
    ) ex – 1
 _____
x   
 
  –  _________
x
__
 e  
  
 e  × e
     
lim    ____________________
=    x          
(  (  ) )
y+e x Æ 0 –1
e_____
log  _____   
e   
  x     
lim    __________
=    y      
 
(  )
y Æ 0
 ( (  ) )
1
= 1 –  __
e  
y
log 1 + __  e  
( 
_________
)
=   
lim     y          ln (cos x)
y Æ 0 __
 e  × e lim   __________
83. Limit =      _____        
x Æ 0 4
÷ 1  + x2  – 1
(  )
1
=  __
e 
( 
log 1 – 2 sin2 __
________________
(  ) )
x
       
2
– 2sin2 __
_________
(  )
x
     
2
(  )
=   
lim     x     
  ×  4 _____       
(  )
log x – log 5
80. Limit =   
lim    __________
  
    x Æ 0
– 2 sin2 __
      ÷ x  2 + 1  – 1
xÆ 5 x–5 2
(  ) (  (  )
)
x
log (y + 5)  – log 5 – 2sin2 __
     
lim   ________________
=          
   2
y Æ 0 y+5–5 lim    __________
=    _____       
x Æ 0 4 2
÷ x  + 1  – 1
(  (  ) )
y+5
log  _____
5
lim    _________
=   
y Æ 0 y 
   
  
 
  

( 
– 2sin2 __
x
2 (  )
lim   ________________________
4
_____
        × ( ÷x  2 + 1  
 + 1 )
)
 ( (  ) )
=      _____    
    _____   
y
x Æ 0
(  ÷4 x  2 + 1  –  1 ) ( ÷4 x  2 + 1  + 1 )
log 1 + __      
( 
5
lim    __________
)
=          _____ _____
y Æ 0
5
y
 __   × 5
=   
– 2 sin2 __
2
x
(  )
      × ( ÷x  2 + 1 
4
lim     ________________________________
_____     
 
    
+ 1 ) ( ÷x  2 + 1  
_____
2
+ 1 )
  

1
= __
    
x Æ 0
(  ÷2 x  2 + 1  + – 1 ) (  ÷2 x  2 + 1  + 1 )
5
(  (  )
_____ _____
x Æ 5
log (x + 5)  – log (5 – x)
lim   ____________________
81. Limit =         
x–5
      ) =   
lim    
2
x
– 2sin2 __ (  )
        × ( ÷x  2 + 1 
4
 + 1 ) ( ÷x
___________________________________
       
  + 1  + 1 )
2 2
   
x Æ 0 (x2)
( 
(log (x + 5)  – log 5) – (log (5 – x) – log 5)
)
( 
lim   _________________________________
=               
x–5
)
x Æ 5
_____ _____
        × ( ÷x  2 + 1 
x
– 2 sin2 __
4
(  )  + 1 ) ( ÷x
  + 1  + 1 )
2 2
=   
lim     ( ( 
log (x + 5) – log 5)
_______________
  
     –  
log (5 –
) ( 
x) – log 5)
_______________
  
  
     =    ))
lim    
2
___________________________________
           
x Æ 5 x–5 x–5 x Æ 0 x2
 __    × 4
4 (  )
=   
lim    
x Æ 0 ( ( 
(log (x + 5)  – log 5
________________
x–5
  
     +  
5–x ) ( 
log (5 – x)  – log 5
_______________     
      = – 2 ))
1 1 __
=  __   + __
5 5 5
2
     =     
84. Limit =   
x Æ 0
  ( 
ln (cos (sin x))
lim   ____________
x2
  
     )
x Æ 0 ( 
ex  – log (x + e)
lim    _____________
82. Limit =   
ex – 1
  
    
) =     ( ( 
__________________
lim        
(  ) )
sin x
log 1 – 2 sin2  ____
(  )
sin x
2
   ×  
sin x
   – 2 sin2  ____
   
____________
x2
  
2
  
   
 
 
(  )

)
( 
x Æ 0
– 2 sin2  ____
{  ( 
)
   
 
=   
lim   _________________
    
  
x
ex –  log e 1 + __
 e    
  
)} 2
ex – 1
(  )
x Æ 0
(  )
( 
sin x
)
– 2 sin2  ____
=   
{  ( 
ex  – 1 – log 1 + __
____________________
lim           
x
  
)}
 e    
=   
lim   ____________
    
2
  
   
 
 
x Æ 0 ex – 1
x Æ 0 x2
 ( ( 
The Limit 3.35
(  )
) (  (  ) )
sin x
– 2 sin2  ____    
  y 2 y 3 y4
2 sin2 x __ 1 y  – y –  __   +  __   –  __   + ... 
lim    ____________
=      
   ×  _____   
 ×       2 3 4
x Æ 0 sin x
4
2
 _____
   
  ) x 2 4 lim   ________________________
=   
y Æ 0
     
y2
     

1
= –  __  
2
=   
y Æ 0
(  (  1
lim   – –  __   +
2
y
__
     –
3
y2
))
 __   + ...   
4
85. Limit =   

x Æ •
(  1
lim    x – x2ln 1 + __ ( 
 x     ))
1
= __
    
2
lim   __
=   
y Æ 0 y ( 
1 1
    – __
  2    log (1 + y) 
y ) lim 
88. Limit =      
x Æ p/4 1 – cot x( 
ln cot x
 _______    
  )
(  (  ))
(  (  ( 
)
y2 y3 y4
=   
y Æ 0
1 1
lim   __
 y  – __
  2    y –  __   +
y 2
 __   –
3
 __   + ...   
4
=   
p
log cot __
4
lim    ______________   
))
     + y   
     
y Æ 0
1 – cot __
p
(  )
     + y 
(  (  ))
 ( ((   )))
y y2 4
1
lim   – –  __   +
=    __
     –  __   + ...   
y Æ 0 2 3 4
cot y – 1
log   _______    
1 cot y + 1
= __
     lim  ______________
=        
     
2 y Æ 0 cot y – 1
1 –  _______    
( 
 ( (  (  )))) )
86. Limit =   
xx  – 1
lim   ______
 
x ln x
  
  ) cot y + 1
  ( 
x Æ 1
=    ( 
(1 + y) –1
lim    ______________
  
1 + y
      ) =   
lim    
( cot y – 1
log 1  +  _______ 
cot y + 1
_____________________
      
  – 1   
  
y Æ 0 (1 + y)log (1 + y)
( 
y Æ 0 cot y –1
_______
– 1 –    
    
)
cot y + 1
y2
1  + y (1 + y) + y (1 + y) __   + ... –1 = –1
2!
lim    ______________________________
=                
(  )
y Æ 0 log (1 + y) ex  – 1 – x
(1 + y) _________
y    
× y lim   _________
89. Limit =       
 

x Æ 0 x2
=   
y Æ 0
(     
(1 + y)y
y2
y (1 + y)  + y (1 + y)  __   + ...
2!
lim    _______________________
       )

x Æ 0
1
= __
    
( 
e x  – 1
lim   ______
=     
2x
    
  )
( 
2

y Æ 0
y2
2!
y3
lim   1 +  __   + (y – 1)  __   + ... 
=   
3! ) 90. Limit =    ( 
3
ex   – 1 – x3
lim    __________   
   
)
x Æ 0 64x6
= 1.
87. Limit =   

x Æ 1 ln x
1
lim   ___ ( 
      
1
– _____
     
x–1
   ) =   
y Æ 0 ( 
ey  – 1 – y
lim    _________
64 ◊ (y2)
   
 

)
( 1 1
) (  )
y
lim   _________
=            – __
 y  
1 e   – 1  – y
lim  ___
=          _________
    
    

y Æ 0 log (1 + y)
y Æ 0 64 (y2)
 ( 
y –  log (1 + y)
lim   _____________
=      
      ) 1 ey – 1
lim  ___ (  )
      _____
 (
y Æ 0 ylog (1 + y) =        
 
y Æ 0 64 2y
)
y – log (1 + y)
lim    _____________
=      
      1 1
y Æ 0
2 log (1 + y)
_________ = ___
     × __
    
y ×   y     64 2
( 
1
=   
y Æ 0
y  – log (1 + y)
lim    ____________
y2
  
    
) = ____
      
128
91. Limit =   

lim  
x Æ 0 ( 
ex  – e– x – 2x
 ___________
  
x – sin x
    
) ( ex – e– x
lim   ________ 
=   
x Æ 0 – 4sin 2x )
   

(  __________ lim  (  ________ 
1 – cos x ) – 8cos 2x )
x – x x –x
e  + e – 2 e +e
=   
lim          
=      
 
xÆ 0 x Æ 0
lim  (  _______
sin x )
x – x
e –e 2 1
=        
  = –  __   = –  __  
x Æ 0 8 4

x Æ 0
( 
ex + e– x
lim    _______
=    cos x    
  ) ( 
x ex  – log (1 + x)
lim    ______________
96. Limit =      
     )
x Æ 0 x2
=2
92. Limit =   

x Æ e
( 
ln x  – 1
lim    _______
x – e   
 
  ) =   
x Æ 0
(  2x
1 
lim    ______________
1
ex  + x ex – _____
      
+ 
      
x
)
 
(  )
1
__
 x 
(  )
__ 1
=   
lim        
x Æ e 1 ex  + ex + xex + _______
       
(1 + x)2

1 =   
lim    ____________________
   
     
= __
 e  x Æ 0 2
3
= __
( 
    
93. Limit =   
x  + tan 2x
lim  _________
 
    ) 2
x Æ 0 x  – tan 2x ln x
lim     ___ (  )
(  )
97. Limit =      
x   
x Æ •
(  )
tan 2x
1 +  _____
x     1
__
lim     _________ 
=        x 
__
tan 2x lim         
=   
1 –  _____
x Æ 0
x  
    x Æ • 1
(  )
=0
tan 2x
1 + 2 ◊  _____    
 
=   
lim    
x Æ 0
___________ 2x
     
tan 2x
1 – 2 ◊  _____   

lim   __
98. Limit =   
x Æ • ex
x
(  )
      
2x
=    (  )
1
lim    __
      
(  )
1  + 2 x Æ • ex
=  _____ 
   = – 3
1–2
=0
94. Limit =   

x Æ 0 ( 
sin x – x
lim    _______
x3
   
 
) 99. Limit =   
x Æ •
x2014
lim    ____ (  )
  x   
e
 
 

( 
cos x  – 1
lim   ________
=   
x Æ 0
 
3x2
    

) =   
x Æ • ( 
2014 ◊ 2013 ... 3 ◊ 2 ◊ 1
lim     _________________
ex
         )
=   
x Æ 0 ( 
– sin x
lim    _____
6x
    
  ) =   
x Æ • ( 
(2014)!
lim   _______
  x   
e
 
  )
1
= –  __   =0
6
x Æ 0 ( 
ex  + e– x – x2 – 2
lim    _______________
95. Limit =      
  
sin2 x – x2
   ) 100. Limit =   
x Æ 0 ( 
x2  + 2 cos x – 2
lim    _____________
x sin3x
  
      )

x Æ 0 ( 
ex  – e– x – 2x
lim    ___________
=      
sin 2x – 2x )
     =   
x Æ 0 ( 
x2  + 2cos x – 2 _____
lim    _____________
x 4
 
    
x3
×   3    
sin x
  )
lim  (  ___________
2 cos 2x – 2 ) (  )
x –x
e   + e – 2x x2  + 2cos x – 2
=        
   lim    _____________
=      
    
x Æ 0
x Æ 0 x4
The Limit 3.37
=   
x Æ 0
 
4x3 ( 
2x  – 2sin x
lim   __________
  
    
)

= ey Æ 0
=e
  
lim   ((cos y – sin y))

=   
x Æ 0 12x2( 
2  – 2cos x
lim    _________
   
 

) x Æ 0 (  )
ax  + bx  + cx 2/x
lim    __________
105. Limit =   
3
  
    
=   
x Æ 0
2sin x
24x ( 
lim    _____   
 
  ) lim  (1  + (  __________
=   
a   + b +c
  – 1 ) )
    
x x x 2/x
x Æ 0 3
1
= ___
     
lim  ( 1 + (   ______________ ) )
12 a  + b + c – 3 x x x 2/x
=      
    
x Æ 0 3
101. Limit =   
lim 
p
 (tan x loge sin x)
x Æ  __  
2
= e x Æ 0
   ( (  a x  + bx + cx – 3
lim   ______________
 
3
  
    
2
× __ ) )
 x  

=    
lim  
x Æ p/2
loge sin x
 ________
cot x ( 
  
    )    ( (  (a x  – 1) + (bx – 1) + (cx – 1)
lim      ________________________
   
x 
2
    × __
      ) )
= ex Æ 0 3
=    
lim    
cot x
________
x Æ p/2 – cosec2 x
   
( 
 
) = e 3 ( 2
__ )
     log (abc) 
=0
= (abc)2/3
lim 
102. Limit =   
x  + 6 x + 4
   _____ 
   (  ) 1 tan(   2   )
p x
x+1
( 
___
)
x Æ •
lim   2 –  __
106. Limit =    x  
( 
x Æ 1
)
x + 1 x + 4
5 ____  × _____
         
   ×  5
( 
lim   1 + _____
=            5 x + 1 1 tan( (1 + y)  2   )
p
)
__
x Æ • x+1 lim   2 – _____
=           
y Æ 0 1+y
4
1 +  __
x 
( ___
( 
____
py
)
     
× 5
)
1
__
1 +  x 
lim  
   1 – cot   2   
= e x Æ • lim   2 – _____
=           
y Æ 0 1+y
= e5
(  ( 
– cot (      )
pr
))
___
1
lim   1 + 1 –  _____
( 
2
=          
lim 
103. Limit =   
2x  + 4 2x + 10
   ______ 
x Æ • 2x + 3
   ) y Æ 0 1+y
( 
 
(  ) ) ( )
py
y – cot ___
     
(  )
y  + 4 y + 10 lim   1 + _____
=              2

1+y
   _____ 
y Æ 0
lim 
=      
y Æ • y + 3
(  )y p y
(  )
( 
y + 3 _____
____ y + 10 lim   _____
           × – cot ___
     
1   1  ×  
)
 
     1+y 2
lim   1 + _____
=            y + 3
= e y Æ 0
y+3
(  )
y Æ • py
___
(  ) (  )
     
–1
_____ 2
________ 2
  
lim           ×        × __
 p 
y + 10 y Æ 0 1 + y py
_____
lim   
  tan ___
     
  
y Æ • y + 3
   = e 2
= e
2
__
=e p 
= e –  
lim 
1
  sin __ (  (  )
1 x
 x   + cos __ (  ) )
(  ( 
104. Limit =     x     1
___
p
))
      
x Æ •
lim   tan __
107. Limit =         + ln x    ln x
1
__
x Æ 1 4
 y 
=   
lim  (sin y + cos y)
(  )
y Æ 0 1
1 + tan (log x) ____
      
1
__
    lim   ____________
=          log x
=   
lim  (1 + (sin y + cos y – 1))y x Æ 1 1 – tan (log x)
y Æ 0
(  )
1
1
 __  2tan (log x) ____
      
lim   1 +  ___________
  
lim ( (sin y + cos y – 1))y
= e y Æ 0 =          log x
  
x Æ 1 1 – tan(log x)

  
= e y Æ 0
( 
(sin y + cos y – 1)
lim     ______________
y        )
= e x Æ 1 (  2tan (log x)
lim    ___________
  
1 – tan (log x) )
1
      × ____
         
log x =   
x Æ 0
 (  ( 
tan x  – sin x
lim    1 + __________  
1 + sin x
  
cosec x
– x    ))
= e2
= ex Æ 0
   ( ( tan x  – sin x
lim    __________
      
1
  × ____
      
 
sin x ) )
( 
1 + sin x
(  (  )) )
p
ln tan __
      + 2x   
108. Limit =   
x Æ 0
 
4
lim   _______________
sin 3x
   
   
= e x Æ 0
(  ( 
     )
sec x  – 1
lim   sin x ________
1 + sin x
 
1
   ×  ____
    
sin x
  )
lim   ( ________   )
sec x  – 1
( 
      
(  )) = e 1 + sin x
x Æ 0
1  + tan 2x
log   _________    
1 – tan 2x
______________
=   
lim        
    = 1
x Æ 0 sin 3x
n __ n
( 
a  – 1 + ÷    
b 
   __________ )
(  (  (  )
lim 
111. Limit =    a       
1  + tan 2x
log 1  +  _________ 
1 – tan 2x
  – 1    )) n Æ •
__
 ( 1 + (  ______
lim    ______________________
) )
=              n n
sin 3x b  – 1 ÷   
x Æ 0 lim 
=    a      
( 
n Æ •
(  (  ) ) (  )
)
__
2tan 2x 2tan 2x ( (  ) )
n
log 1 +  ________          ________        
    – 1
÷b 
lim     ______
a       × n 
1 – tan 2x 1 – tan 2x = e n Æ •
lim    _________________
=           ×   __________   
    
x Æ 0
( 
2tan 2x
 ________  
1 – tan 2x
    )
sin 3x
= e n Æ •
( (  ) )
 ______
lim   
  
1
 __ 
bn – 1
a       × n 

(  ( 
2tan 2x
) ) (  )
1
__
 _________
   
    
  
bn – 1
 ______
lim   
1
  × __
     a 
1  – tan 2
lim    __________
n Æ • 1
__
=      
     = e  n 

x Æ 0 sin 3x
1
__
( (  )
    log b
) = e a
tan 2x 3x 2x
lim    _____
=     
    × _____ ×  ___   × 2 
     
x Æ 0 2x sin 3x 3x 1
__
 a 
= e log
b
4
= __
    . 1
__
   
3 = b a
109. Limit =   
x Æ 0
tan x 1/x
lim    ____ (  )
  
x   
1
112. We have, –1 £ sin __
 x   £ 1 (  )
(  (  )) £ x sin ( __
 x  ) £ x
tan x 1/x 1
lim   1 +  ____
=    x   – 1   
    fi – x2 2 2
x Æ 0
(1  + (  ________ ) )    (x2) = 0

tan x  – x 1/x Now,  lim 
=   
lim     x       x Æ 0
x Æ 0
   (– x2) = 0
and  lim 
= e x Æ 0 x( tan x  – x
lim   ________
         ) 1
   × __
 x  x Æ 0
  
(  tan x  – x
lim   ________
     
)
 
Thus,  lim 
1
    x2sin __
 x     = 0
x Æ 0
(  (  ) )
= e x Æ 0 x2
113. We have, – 1 £ sin x £ 1
(  sec 2 x  – 1
lim   _________
    
e x Æ 0 2x
     
) 1 ____ sin x __ 1
= fi –  __
x  £   x   
 £  x 
= ex Æ 0 ( 2sec2 x tan x

lim    __________
  
2
  
    
) Now,  lim  (  )
1
    –  __
x   = 0 x Æ •
( __
=1
 x  ) = 0
1
( 
and  lim 
   
lim   ________
110. Limit =      )
1 +  tan x cosec x
  
 
x Æ •
   (  ____
x Æ 0 1 + sin x
  ) = 0
sin x
Thus,  lim  x   
lim  ( 1 + (   ________   – 1 ) )
cosec x x Æ •
1  + tan x
=   
x Æ 0 1 + sin x 114. We have, x – 1 < [x] £ x
The Limit 3.39
x–1
fi  _____
x    <
[x] x
___
  x    £ __
 x  =   
x Æ •
  ( 
n (n  + 1)x __
lim   _________
2n2
   
1
–  n   )
fi (  1
1 – __ )
 x   <
[x]
___
  x    £ 1
lim   1 + __
=   
1 x 1
( ( 
 n    __   – __
     ) )
x Æ • 2 n
Now,  lim 
x Æ •
1
    1 –  __( 
x   = 1 ) = __
x
    
2
(1) = 1
and  lim 
    (1 +  2 + 3 + ... + n)x
x Æ • and  lim 
     __________________
        
x Æ •
n2
[x]
(  )
( 
    ___
  x     = 1
)
Thus,  lim  n (n  + 1)x
lim   _________
x Æ •
=          

x Æ •
2n2
115. We have, x – 1 < [x] £ x
1 ___
fi  __
1 _____1
x  £  [x]   <  x  –  1  
=   
x Æ • ( (  ) )
1 x
lim   1 + __
 n    __   
2
x
x x x = __
    
fi  __x  £ ___
     < _____
       2
[x] x  –  1
fi
x
[x] x  –  1
x
1 £  ___   < _____
       x Æ •
n2 ( 
[x]  + [2x] + [3x] + ... + [nx])
     _________________________
Thus,  lim       
x
   = __
    
2 )
(  )
x
   (1) = 1
Now,  lim 
x Æ •
x  – Ú    cos (t 2)dt
lim   ______________
0
( 
117. Limit =           
  
x
    _____
and  lim       
x Æ • x – 1
   = 1 ) x Æ •
x3 – 6x
x
    ___
Thus,  lim 
x Æ • [x] (  )
       = 1 ( 
1  – cos (x2)1
lim    ___________
=   
x Æ •
  
3x2 – 6
   
)
116. We have, x – 1 < [x] £ x
2x – 1 < [2x] £ 2x
( 
1  – 1
= _____
 
0–6
 
   )
3x – 1 < [3x] £ 3x =0
(  )
... ... ... x _____
... ... ... Ú     ÷4  + t4 

 dt
0_________
... ... ... lim    
118. Limit =         

x Æ •
x3
nx – 1 < [nx] £ nx
(  )
_____
By adding we get, =   
÷ 4  + x  
lim    _______
4
   
  
x Æ • 2
3x
(1 + 2 + 3 ... + n)x – n < ([x] + [2x]
( ÷  )
______
+ [3x] + ... + ([nx]) £ (1 + 2 + 3 + ... 4 + x4
+ n)x – n lim    _____
=       
  
 
x Æ •
9x4
( ÷ 
_______
(1  + 2 + 3 + ... + n)x – n
fi  ______________________
 
   
n2
   =   
x Æ •
9x
4
lim   ___
1
   4  + __
   
9
    
)
1
([x]  + [2x] + [3x] + ... + [nx]) = __
    
<  _________________________
        3
(  )
n2 x 2
Ú     e– t dt
2
(1  + 2 + 3 + ... + n)x
£  __________________
        ______
x
n2 lim     
119. Limit =      
 
 
x Æ 1 x–1
Now,  lim 
x Æ •
(1  + 2 + 3 + ... + n)x – n
     ______________________
   
n2
     =   
lim  
x Æ 0
 ( 
e– x 4 ◊ 2x  – e–x ◊ 1
_____________
1
  
     )
= –1
120. Limit =   

n Æ • n + 1 [ 
1
lim    _____
     
1
  +  _____
  
n+2 n+3
1
  +  _____
  
1
  + ... + ___
     
2n ] 2n
2 2r
lim  S     __
123. Limit =     n  __
n Æ • r = 1
( 
 n   + 1  )
lim   ( _____
n + n) (  ) ( 
1 1 1 1 1 2n r r
=   
n Æ •
       +  _____
n+1 n+2 n+3
    + _____
       + ... + _____
        =   
n Æ •
 n  S     2 __
lim  __
r = 1
 n    2  __
n   + 1  )
( 
2
1 n
=   
n Æ • n r = 1 n + r
n
    S     _____
lim  __         ) = Ú    2x (2x + 1)dx
( 
0
)
n
1 1 2
=        S     _______
lim  __    r      = Ú    (4x2 + 2x)dx
n Æ • n r = 1
1 + __ (  )
 n   

0
1
(  )|
dt
= Ú     _____
2
  
  4x2
0 1 + x
=    ___   + x2     
3 0
= log 2 ( 
16
= ___
28
)
    + 4  =  ___  
[ 
3 3
lim   
121. Limit =   
n
______
  2   2 
n
  +  ______
n
  +  ______
  2 
1
  + ... + ___
  2        
]
2n
(  )
n Æ • 2 2
n +1 n +2 n +3 (2n!)! 1/n
lim    _____n   
124. Let A =   
[ 
n Æ • n! ◊ n
=   
n Æ •
n
lim   ______
  2   2 
n +1 n +1
n
  + ______
n
  + ... + ______
  2   2    2   2 
n +n
  
] =    ( 
(2n(2n – 1) (2n – 2)...(2n – (n – 1)))n! 1/n
lim   _____________________________
              )
n Æ • n!nn
(  )
n
n
lim  S     ______
( 
=      2   2 
  
n Æ • r = 1
n +r =   
(2n(2n  – 1)(2n – 2)....(2n(n – 1))) 1/n
_____________________________
lim                 )
( 
n Æ • nn
=   
1 n
n Æ • n r = 1
n2
    S      ______
lim  __
n + r2
2
  
   ) fi Log A
( 
( 
=   
1 n – 1 2n  – r
 n  S   log  ______
lim  __ n      )
)
n
1 1
    S     _______
n Æ •
lim  __
=       r 2     r = 0
n Æ • n r = 1
1 + __ (  )
 n   
1

1 n – 1
lim  __
=   
n Æ • n r = 0 ( 
    S   log 2 – __
r
 n    )
dt
= Ú      _____  2 
  1
0 1 + x
= Ú    log (2 – x)dx
0
= (tan–1x)|10  
1
= (tan–1(1) – tan–1(0)) = – Ú    log y dy, where (2 – x) = y

2
p
= __
     1
4 – y log y) |2 
=  (y
(  )
2n
r
122. Limit =     S      _______
lim    ______
      = 1 – 2 + 2 log 2
n Æ • r = 1
÷ n  + r 2 
2
  = log 4 – 1
(  )
2n
1 nr
=        S       _______
lim  __ ______       = log 4 – log e
n Æ • n r = 1
÷ n  + r 2  
2
( ÷  (  ) )
__r
 n  

4
= log  __
e   (  )
1 2n _______
=     n  S       _________
lim  __        4
Thus, A =  __
n Æ • r = 1
1 +  __
r 2
  
 
    e 
n
x2log (x – x 2)
 lim 
  + 
( 
2
2 (x – x2)x = ex Æ 0
125.  lim 
  + 

0 ÷
x
= Ú    _______
  _____
      dx
1  + x2 
  )
x Æ 0
  + 
= ex Æ 0
(  ) x
_____
 lim  ((x – x 2 ) log (x – x 2 ))
      
x – 1
_____
= ( 
  ÷1  + x2  )|
2
     0 
_____ = e0 (  lim 
  +  x log x = 0) = 1
x Æ 0
= ( ÷5  – 1   
)
The Limit 3.41
1
 _________
      lim   (1x + 2x + 3x + ... + 99 x )1/x
132. Limit =   
  – (1 – x2)log (1 – x)
126.  lim  x Æ •
x Æ 1
lim   (1x + 2x + 3x + ... + 99 x )1/x
=   
log (1 – x 2) x Æ •
  
lim   _________
        
= ex Æ 1 log (1 – x)
(  ( (  ) (  ) (  ) (  ) ))
–
1 x 2 x 3 x 99 x 1/x
lim    99x ___
=           + ___
       + ___
       + ... +  ___      
  
l im   ________
     
log (1 + x)
log (1 – x) ________
+  
log (1 – x) log (1 – x)
   x Æ • 99 99 99 99
e x Æ 1
–
= e
= 99(0 + 0 + 0 + ... + 1) 0
1+10
=e =e = 99
1
__ 133. Put y = cosec2 x
   (3x +
127.  lim  4x) x 
x Æ • when x Æ 0, y Æ •
lim 
=    (  (  (  ) ) )
3 x __ 1 
  4x 1 + __
          x
4
lim   (1y + 2y + 3y + ... ny)1/y
Limit =   
y Æ •
(  ((   ) (  ) (  )
x Æ •
lim 
=   
1 y
  ny __
2 y 3 y
 n     +  __
 n   + __
 n   + ... + __ (  ) ) )
n y 1/y
 n      
(  (  ) )
y Æ •
3 x __ 1 
lim  4 1 +
=    __
        x = 4
x Æ • 4 = (n (0 + 0 + ... + 0 + 1))
=n
 ( x x   )
1
__
 
128.  lim 
x Æ •
(  ) = e   lim   ( __ 1x   )= e = 1
1
log x  __ 
0
   ____
lim      x   
  
= e x Æ • x Æ •
sin x
1. When x > 0, sin x < x fi  ____  < 1
x   
x + 1 x2 + 2014
  ______ 
lim 
129. Limit =   
x Æ • 2x + 1
   
( 
) Thus, R.H.L =  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
sin x
 ____ [  ]
   = 0
x   
(  )
sin x
1 x + 2014
2
When x < 0, sin x < x fi  ____
x    < 1
1 + __
 x 
   _____ 
lim 
=   
x Æ •
2 + __
1
  
 x 

Thus, L.H.L =   
lim 
–
 
sin x
 ____ [  ]
   = 0
x   
x Æ 0
= __(  )
1 •
     
2
x Æ 0
sin x
     ____
Hence,  lim     = 0
x    [  ]
tan x
2. When x > 0, tan x > x fi  ____
x     > 1
=0
130. Limit =      1 + ln x

lim 
x Æ •
ln 2
 ______  
 
Thus, R.H.L =  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
tan x
 ____ [  ]
   = 1
x   
= e
(  log 2
lim    ________
    
x Æ • 1 + log x
  
   log x)

When
tan x
x < 0, tan x > x fi  ____
x    > 1
   (  )
log 2
____
    
1
_____
lim     
 
  + 1 
Thus, L.H.L =   
lim  
x Æ 0 –
tan x
 ____ [  ]
   = 1
x   
x Æ • log x
= e
= elog 2 = 2 x Æ 0
tan x
     ____
x    [  ]
lim   (2x + 3x)1/x
131. Limit =    sin–1x
x Æ • 3. When x > 0, sin–1 x > x fi  _____
x   > 1
 
lim 
=   
x Æ • (  ( 
2 x 1/x
  3x 1 + __
         
3 (  ) ) ) Thus, R.H.L =  lim 
  + 
sin–1x
 _____
x     [  ]
  = 1
((   2 x 1/x
(  ) ))
x Æ 0
lim   3 × 1 + __
=             
x Æ • 3 sin–1x
When x < 0, sin–1x > x fi  _____
x   > 1
 
= (3 (1 + 0) 0)
=3 Thus, L.H.L =  lim 
  – 
x Æ 0
sin–1x
 _____
x    [  ]
   = 1
Hence,  lim 
sin–1x
     _____
x      = 1
x Æ 0
[  ] x
fi  ____
    
sin x
tan x
> 1 and  ____   > 1
x   
4. When
tan–1x
x > 0, tan–1x < x fi  _____ < 1
x    x Æ 0
x
    2016 ____
Thus,  lim  ( [ 
sin x
tan x
  +  ____
       ] [  ] )
   
x   
Thus, R.H.L =  lim 

  + 
tan–1x
 _____ [ 
   = 0
x   
x Æ 0
]
= 2017
= 2016 + 1
tan–1x 9. We have
x < 0, tan–1x < x fi  _____
When  < 1
x    sin–1x
    2016  _____
 lim  x    ( [  ____x
   +  tan x    
     ] [  ] )
[ 
x Æ 0
Thus, L.H.L =  lim 

  – 
x Æ 0
tan–1x
 _____   = 0
x    ] As we know that,
sin–1x > x and tan x > x
[ 

x Æ 0
tan–1x
     _____
x    ] sin–1x x
fi  _____
x    > 1 and ____
      
< 1
tan x
5.  lim 
     [sin x + cos x]
5p
x Æ  ___  
4 Thus,  lim 
x Æ 0
( [ 
    2016  _____
x     
x
sin–1x +  ____
    
   
tan x ] [  ] )
[  (  )]
__ p
=  lim 
        sin x + __
÷2          = 2016 + 0
5p
___
x Æ      4
4
= 2016
[  (  ) ]
__ 3p 10. We have
  s  in ___
= ÷2         
= – 2
2
 lim 
x Æ 0
( [ 
  
x   
tan x
tan–1x +  ____
    2016  _____     
x    ] [  ] )
[ 
As we know that

x2
     ________
6.  lim     
x Æ 0 sin x tan x
   ] tan–1x < x but tan x > x
[ 
tan–1x tan x
 _____  < 1 but  ____
=   
x ____
lim   ____
      
x
      
x Æ 0 sin x tan x
  ] x     > 1
x   
7. As we know that, sin x < x

x Æ 0
( [ 
tan–1x
    2016  _____
Thus,  lim   
x   
tan x
  +  ____ ] [  ] )
    
x   
sin x
fi  ____
x    < 1 = 2015 + 1
= 2016.
x Æ 0
n sin x
     _____
fi  lim  x    
  = n – 1 [  ] 11. As we know that
(  )tan x
Also,  ____    > 1
x   
 lim 
  + 
[cos x] = 1 =   
x Æ 0
lim 
–
  [cos x]
x Æ 0
   [  ______
fi  lim 
n tan x
x     ] = n
x Æ 0
    _________
Thus,  lim   
x Æ 0 1 + [cos x]( 
sin [cos x]
  
   )
Thus,  lim 
   
x Æ 0
n sin x
 _____
x    ( [ 
n tan x
   +  ______
x       
  ] [  ])
sin (1)
= ______
 
1+1
 
sin (1)
  = ______
    
2
 
=n–1+n 12. As we know that

= 2n – 1. x £ [x] < (x – 1)
8. We have   
x Æ 0
x
lim   2016 ____
sin x
    ( [  tan x
  +  ____ ] [  ] )
   
x   
1
fi  ______
   
(x – 1)
  <
1
___
     £
[x]
1
__
 x 
As we know that, sin x < x and tan x > x log x log x ____log x
fi  ______    < ____
     £   x    
sin x tan x (x – 1) [x]
fi  ____
x    < 1 and  ____   > 1
x   
sin x
fi  ____
x   
tan x
 < 1 and 1 <  ____   < 2
x   
Now,  lim   
log x
    ______
x Æ • (x – 1)
   ( 
   )
The Limit 3.43
=   
x Æ • 1
1
__
(  )
 x 
__
lim         = 0
16. when
when x < 0, L.H.L

sinx
lim    ____
x > 0, R.H.L =       = 1
x    x Æ 0
(  )
Also,  lim 
x Æ •
log x
    ____
  x   
   (  ) =   
lim   
sin x
 ____
x (  ) ( 
sin (–1)
   = _______
        
  )
= sin (1)
x Æ 0 –
(–1)
=   
x Æ • 1
1
__
(  )
 x 
__
lim         = 0 Thus,  lim 
x Æ 0
sin [x]
    _____
 
[x]
    (  )
  does not exist.
By Sandwitch theorem, we get, 17. As we know that
 lim 
x Æ •
log x
    ____
  x   
   = 0 (  ) Ï
ÔÔ x : x
Then [x] = m ÔÓ 2
when x Æ •, then m Æ • Now, L.H.L
Now,  lim 
x Æ •
log  (xn) – [x]
     ___________
[x]
  
    , n Œ N(  ) [sin–1(sin x)]
lim – 
=    
p
(  )
x Æ __
     
2
=  lim   
m Æ •
( 
n log (m  + f ) – m
    _______________
m        ) lim – 
=    
x Æ ( __
p
     )
[  ]
p
[x] = __
      = 1
2
(  )
2
n
 ______
     – 1 Also, R.H.L
(m + f)
__________
     
=  lim        
m Æ • 1 [sin–1(sin x)]
lim + 
=    
(  )
(  )
p
0–1 x Æ __
     
=  _____
   
  = –1 2
[  ]
1 p
lim + 
=     [x] = __
      = 1
x Æ (      ) 2
p
(  ) ( 
__
m x m n – x
   Cx __
14.  lim 
x Æ •
 n    1 – __
n
 n    ) 2
[sin–1(sin x)] = 1
lim  
Thus,    
(  m n
)
1  – __
(  (  )
p
m x ________  n   
()   )  
x Æ __
     
n!
________ __ 2
lim    
=            n      m x   
x Æ • n!(n – x)!
( )
1 – __ n    18. As we know that sin x < x
( 
m n
1 –  __ ) sin x
fi  ____
( 
mx ________ n    ________________________ x    < 1
lim   
=    ___
        ) ( 
m x 
n(n– 1) (n – 2) ... (n – x + 1)
   
)
   
nx
    
1 – __
[  ]
x Æ • x!
 n    99sin x
fi  lim 
     ______
x      = 98
xÆ 0
(  ) [ (  ) (  ) (  )]
x
m 1 2 x–1
=  ___    ◊ e–m ◊    1 – __
 n   1 – __
 n   ... 1 –  _____
Also, ( ____
lim    n    
   
sin x )
x! x Æ • x
      
  > 1
= (  ___   ) ◊ e ◊ 1
x
m –m
x!
fi  lim 
100x
  [  ]
    _____
x Æ 0 sin x
    = 100
◊ (  ___   )
x
–m m
( [ _____
=
    + [  ______ ] )
sin x ]
x! 100 x 99 sinx
Thus,  lim 
          
x   
xÆ 0
nksin (n!)
   
15.  lim  ________  , (0 £ k £ 1)
 
  = 100 + 98
n Æ • n + 1
= 198
(  nk
lim   _____
=       )
   × (     sin (n!) )
lim    19. We have
( 
__ n
n Æ • n + 1
)
n Æ • n
  
a  – 1 + ÷b 
 lim      __________
a  
    
  , where a, b > 0
n Æ •
= 0 × (limit does not exist) _
(  )
n n
=0 ÷    – 1
b 
=      1 +  ______
lim  a    
n Æ •
[  { (  )
__
(  ) p
}]
n n
÷     – 1
b  1/x
= e n Æ • _____
lim   
     a     
lim   tan __
=         – 1  + (1 + x) a   
x Æ 0 4
( 
1 b1/n – 1
)
lim  [ tan { ( __
   __
      ______
lim       
 
     – 1 ) + (1 + x)  } ]
= e n Æ • a 1/n p a 1/x
Let A =   
1
x Æ 0 4
__
     log b 1/a
= ea = e logb
= b1/a
log [ tan { ( __
20. We have
log A =    { 4        – 1 ) + (1 + x)  } ]
p
_______________________
lim        
   
x 
a
}
(  )
ex x Æ 0
(1  + x) – e +  __   1/x
2
    ________________
 lim      
     Applying L’ Hospital rule, we get,
 { [ 
x Æ 0 2
x
=   
lim   ( 
e 1 + __ ( 
x 11 2
     + ___
2 ) ex
     x + ...    – e +  __  
24
___________________________
            
2
)
log A =   
x Æ 0
 
p
__
  
1
lim   ______________________
       
{ (  )
tan      – 1  + (1 + x) a   
4 }] }
{ 
xÆ 0 2
x
p
× sec2 __ }
     – 1 + (1 + x) a  × a (1 + x) a – 1
(  )
4
11
e ( ___   x2 + (...)x3 + (...)x4 + ...) __
24 log A = 1 ◊ ( ÷2  
   ) ◊ a = 2a
2
=   
lim     ________________________
        
xÆ 0 x2
A = e2a
11e
= ____
     23. We have
24

x
cos __
lim   
=    {  (  ) (  ) (  )
x
      cos __
x
      cos __
      ... cos __
x
  n     (  )}
(  )
n Æ • 2 4 8 2
sin {x}
    ______
21. We have  lim       
  As we know that
x Æ 0 {x}
Now, L.H.L. cos A ◊ cos 2A ◊ cos 22 A ◊ cos 23A ... cos2nA
(  )
n
sin {x} 1 sin (2 A)
=   
lim   ______
     
  = __
  n    ◊  ________  
 
x Æ 0 – {x} 2 sin A
(  )
x
sin (0  – h) Let  __n    = A
lim   _________
=        
   
2
h Æ 0 (0 – h)
When n Æ •, A Æ 0
(  )
sin (–1)
= _______
 
(–1)
   
 
= sin (1)
   
Thus,  lim 
n Æ •
x
cos __ {  (  ) (  ) (  ) (  )}
x
      cos __
2
x
      cos __
4
      ... cos __
8
x
  n     
2
lim  c  os (__         c os ____

         ... cos ( __
{  2 x   ) c os (____
And, R.H.L
=   
x
) ( x
) x
}
     ) 
(  )
n
sin {x} A Æ 0 2 n – 1
2 n – 2 2
=  lim 
    ______
     
 
x Æ 0 + {x}
lim  {cos (A) cos (2A) cos (22 A) ... cos
=   
( 
A Æ 0
=   
h Æ 0
  )
sin (0  + h)
lim   _________  
(0 + h)
  
 = 1 (2n – 1 A)}
(  )
n
1 sin (2 A)
Since R.H.L = L.H.L, so limit does not exist. =      n    ◊  ________
lim   __    
 
 
A Æ 0 2 sin A
 {
22. We have
=   
n Æ • [  {  (  ) } ]
p–4
lim    tan  _____
4
  
1
 + 1 + __
a
 n      
n = –  
lim 
n Æ •
  
(n4  + 4n2 + 6n)
  _____________________
   
  
(n4 +  4n2 + 6n + 1)1/2 + 1
  
}
=   
n Æ • [  { (  ) (  ) } ]
p
lim    tan __
4
1 a n
     – 1  + 1 + __
 n      

A Æ 0 ( 
A sin (x)
 x   ◊ _____
lim   __
=     
sin A
  
  )
Put n = 1/x =   
A Æ 0 ( 
sin (x) ____
lim   _____
  x  ◊
 
A
       
sin A
  )
when n Æ •, then x Æ 0 sin (x)
= _____
  x    
The Limit 3.45
24. We have Hence, the polynomial f(x) = – x2 + 2x3.
   +   ____________________________
 lim 
x Æ p
    
   
( 
2cot x  + 3cot x – 51 + cot x + 10
(4 )1/2  + (27cot x)1/3 – 5cot x + 20
cot x
  
) 26. We have
   {(  n6 + 6n4 + 12n3 + 1)1/3 – (n4 + 4n2 + 6n + 1)1/2 }
 lim 
n Æ •
+
when x Æ p , cot x Æ + •
{(  n6 + 6n4 + 12n3 + 1 )1/3
lim   
=    – n2} 
( 
n Æ •
)

2cot x + 3 cot x – 5.5cot x + 10 lim  {(  n4 + 4n2 + 6n + 1 )1/2

– n2  }
=  lim 
   +    __________________________
   
       –   
n Æ •
x Æ p (22cot x)1/2 + (33cot x )1/3 – 5cot x + 20

( 
2cot x  + 3cot x – 5.5cot x + 10
   +  ________________________
=  lim     
     
x Æ p (2cot x )  + (3cot x )– 5cot x + 20 ) n Æ • {  (n6 + 6n4 + 12n3 + 1) – n6
lim    __________________________________________
=        
       
(n6 + 6n5 + 12n4 + 1)2/3 + n4 + n2 (n6 + 6n5 + 12n4 + 1)1/3

(  (  ) (  )
) {  }
2 cot x 3 cot x 10 (n4  + 4n2 + 6n + 1) – n4
__
        + __
      – 5 + ____   cot x    –    lim    _______________________
  4    
      
5 5 n Æ • 2 1/2 2
___________________________ 5 (n   + 4n + 6n + 1) + n
( (  ) )

=  lim 
   +      
( (  ) )
        
{ 
2 cot x 3 cot x 20
__
          + __         – 1 +  ____
x Æ p
}
  
 
5 5 5cot x (6n4 + 12n3 + 1)
=    __________________________________________
lim      6              
n Æ •
(n + 6n4 + 12n3 + 1)2/3 + n4 + n2 (n6 + 6n4 + 12n3 + 1)1/3
( 

0  + 0 – 5 + 0
=  ____________ )
{ 
  
     = 5
}
0  + 0 – 1 + 0
(4n2 + 6n + 1)
_______________________
25. We have –  
  l im 
       
     
n Æ •
{ ( 
(n4 + 4n2 +  6n + 1)1/2 + n2
(  )

1/x
x2 + f (x)
    1 +  _______   = e2.
}
 lim     
(  )
x Æ 0 2
x 12 1
6 + ___  n  +  __4    
It is possible only when n
  ________________________________________
( 
lim   
=         
      
n Æ • 6 12 __ 1 2/3
) 6 12 __ 1 1/3
)
( 
__ ___ __ ___
)
1   +        
  +     
 +      
 
+ 1 + 1 +     
  +    
  +      
 

x2  + f (x) n2 n3 n 4 n 2 n3 n 4
 { (  ( 
  ________       = 0
}
x2
So, the least degree of f (x) is 2

–   
4 + __
lim     ______________________
6
 n  + __
   
n
   1/2
1
)
  2    
  
Let 2
f (x) = a1x + a2 x + ... 3 n Æ • 4
__ __6 1
__
1  +   2    +   3   +   4     + 1

n n n )
(  + f (x) 1/x
)
2
x_______
Now,  lim      1 +     = e2
    6 4
x Æ 0 x2 = __      – __
    
3 2
(  ) = 2 – 2
2
x + f (x) __ 1
lim    _______
      
  ×  x 
ex Æ 0 x2 = e2 = 0
(  )
x2  + f (x) 27. We have
    ________
(  )
 lim         
= 2
x Æ 0 x3 (1  + 3x + 2x2)1/x – (1 + 3x – 2x2)1/x
     ____________________________
 lim       x     
(  )
x Æ 0
2 2 3
x   + a1x + a2 x + ...
     ___________________
(  )
 lim           = 2
x Æ 0 x3 {(1  + 3x + 2x2)1/x – e3} – {(1 + 3x – 2 x2)1/x – e3}
lim     ____________________________________
=          x      
( 
x Æ 0
x Æ 0
(1  + a1)x2 + a2 x3 + ...
      ___________________
 lim     
x3
      = 2 ) =   
x Æ 0
( 
{  (1  + 3x + 2x2)1/x – e3 
lim    ____________________
   
x     
})

(1 + a1) = 0, a2 = 2
a1 = –1, a2 = 2
=       
x Æ 0x 
( { 
(1  + 3x – 2x2)1/x – e3 
lim     ____________________
   
})
= (L1 – L2) (say) Now, L1 – L2
5e3 13e3
Now, = –  ___   + ____
    
 
2 2
L1 =   
x Æ 0
( 
{ (1  + 3x + 2x2)1/x – e3 
lim     ____________________
   
x     
} )
8e3
=  ___   
2
= 4e3

{  ln (1 + 3x
e 
+ 2x 2)
_____________
x      
e 
lim    ________________
=   
– 3 }
28. We have
x      
( 
x Æ 0
=   
{  e – e  }
    
2
x
(3 + 2x) –  __  (3 + 2x) 2
lim    __________________
  
3 x Æ 0
1 –  cos (1 – cos x)
    ________________
 lim   
x4
  
     )
( 
x
(  (  ) )
)
x Æ 0
x
1  – cos 2sin2 __
       

e 3 {  e 2
x
2x –  __  (3 + 2x) 2
1 
lim    ________________
=          
– } lim   ________________
=   
x Æ 0
 
x4
  
    
2

x
(  (  (  ) )
)
x Æ 0
x
2sin2 sin2 __
{  }
x        
2x  – __ 2
e {  e 2 – 1 }
x      (3 + 2x)
32x –  __  (3 + 2x) 2
_____________ 2
2

lim    ________________
=        ×  ______________
   =   
lim           
      
{  x4
( 
x x Æ 0
x Æ 0 x
2x – __
     (3 + 2x)2  }
(  (  ))  ________
sin ( __
)
2
     )
x x
2sin2 sin2 __         4
{  x
1 }
2x –  __  (3 + 2x) 2 lim    ____________
=    x   
2
  
  ×
2
   
  
=   
e3 e 2
_________________
lim   
– 1
     × 2 – __
        (3 + 2x)2  {  } x Æ 0
sin4 __
      (  ) (  2   ) × 2
x
__ 4 4
}
2 2
{ 
x Æ 0
x
2x  – __
     (3 + 2x)2 
2
2 1
= __
  4    = __
    
(  ) 8
3
9 5e 2
= e3 2 –  __    = –  ___   
2 2
29. We have
sin x
______
(  )
Again, sin x  x – sinx  
 
     ____
 lim     
 
 
(  )
x
{ (1 + 3x  – 2x2)1/x – e3  } x Æ 0
lim     ____________________
L2 =       
x     
x Æ 0
sin x
(  ( 
_______
))
     
sin x
lim   1 +  ____ x – sin x
{  e      – e  }
=       

  – 1   
2
ln (1 + 3x – 2x ) x
 ____________
x       3 x Æ 0
lim    ________________
=     x
x Æ 0 sin x
(  ( 
_______
sin x – x  x – sin x   
))

lim   1 +  _______
=           
=   
{ 
e 2
x
(3 – 2x) –  __  (3 – 2x) 2
– e3 
lim    __________________
       
} x Æ 0 x
x Æ 0 x
= e x Æ 0
( sin x – x ______
lim    _______
   x    )
   ×  
sin x
  
 
x – sinx
{ 
e3 e 2
x
– 2x –  __  (3 – 2x) 2
1 
lim    _________________
– }
=    x          (   sin x
lim   –  ____ )
  
x   
x Æ 0
= e x Æ 0
} {  }
x
{  x
__
3 – 2x –  2  (3 – 2x)
e
e_________________
2
– 2x –  __   (3 – 2x)2 
– 1  _______________
2 1
=   
lim       
    ×   = e–1 = __  e 
x      
x Æ 0
{  x
__
– 2x –      (3 – 2x)  
2
2
}
{  x
__ 2
} 30. Given  lim 
f (x)
    ____
  x      = 1 (  )
{ 
3 – 2x –  2   (3 + 2x) – 1
}
e
e________________   x Æ 0
1
=   
lim         × – 2 –  __   (3 – 2x)2 
x Æ 0
{  2
x
– 2x –  __   (3 – 2x)2  2
} We have
3
(  9
__
)
= e – 2 –       = –     
2
13e3
____
2
 
 lim 
x Æ 0 ( 
x (1  + a cos x) – b sin x
     ___________________
   
{f (x)}3
      = 1
)
The Limit 3.47
(  ) (  )
_____
x (1 + a cos x) – b sin x
      __________________ (  ÷x  2 + 1   – 1 )
 lim    
      = 1 lim    ____________
=      
    
{  }
_____
f (x) 3
x Æ 0
____
  x   
   × x 3 x Æ 0 (  3x2÷ x  2 + 1   )
 lim 
x Æ 0 ( 
x +  ax cos x – b sin x
     _________________
x3
        = 1
)
x Æ 0 ( 
x2  + _____
3x ÷
2
1–1
lim    __________
=   
x  + 1 
2
1
  × ___________
      _____      
  (  ÷x
  + 1  + 1 )
2 )
  (  ( 
x2 x4
2! 4!
    ___________________________________
 lim       3
  
) ( 
x3
x + ax 1 –  __   +  __   + ...  – b x –  __   + ... 
3!
    = 1
) )
x Æ 0 ( 1
lim   ________
=      _____
   
3÷x  + 1 
2
1
  × ___________
  _____      
  (  ÷x
  + 1  + 1 )
2 )
( 
x Æ 0 x
1 1
) 1
( 
= __ __ __
( 
)
     ×       =     
         
2!
a
(1 +  a – b)x + x –  __    + __
    _____________________________
 lim 
3
3!
b
       + ...
   = 1
) 3 2 6
2
( 
__
  3   
x3
)
x Æ 0 2 x
3. Given  lim    3    (sin–1x – tan–1x)  = e– m
    __
x Æ 0 x
x3 3x5

a
(1 + a – b) = 0 and –  __    +
2! (  __b
)
       = 1
3!
Now, sin–1x = x +  __   + ___
6
    + ...
40
x 3 x5 x 7
5 3
On solving, we get, a = –  __  , b = –  __   and tan–1x = x –  __   +  __   –  __   + ...
2 2 3 5 7
Now,

(a + b + 10)
5
= –  __   –
3
__
     + 10

x3 __
6 3
x3
sin–1x – tan–1x =  __  +  
3x5
      + ___
     –
5 (  ) (  x5
)
 __    + ...
5
( 
2 2 2
__
)
  3   
2
= – 4 + 10     __
Now,  lim    3    (sin–1x – tan–1x)  x (1 • – from)
x Æ 0 x
=6
= e
__
lim   
  
x Æ • 2
2 2
x x3 ( 
       __
      (sin–1 x – tan –1 x) –1 
)
( 
xx  – aa
    _______
1.  lim    )
  
  =
2 
e
lim 
x Æ • ( 
   
(sin–1 x – tan –1 x)– x 3
  ________________
x5
       
)
x Æ a a x – aa
( 
1 1
2 × –  __   __
–      1__
) = e e 2 =  ___
4 =
xx (1 + log x)  –  0    
=     ______________
lim     
      e 
÷    
x Æ a ax log a 1
Thus, M = –  __  
2
( 
aa (1 + log a)
=  ___________
  
aa log a
    
) Hence, the value of 2M + 2013 = 2012
(  1 n + xn
4. We have 1 + __ )
 n   = e
( 
(1  + log a)
=  _________
log a
   
  
) (  1 n + xn
log 1 +  __ )
n   = log (e) = 1
( 1
= ____
      + 1 
log a )
1
(n + xn)log 1 + __
 n   = 1 (  )
1
(n + xn) = __________
       
= (logae + 1) 1
log 1 + __
 n   (  )
(  )
_____
x  + ln( ÷  – x )
x  + 1 
2 1
     _________________
2.  lim    
     xn = __________
        – n
x Æ 0 x 3 1
log 1 + __ ( 
 n   )
(  )
1

1   –   _______
÷

_____
 
x
lim    ___________
=   
2
+
   
 
1 
  
 
    
1
Let 1 + __ (  )
 n   = y fi ny = n + 1
x Æ 0 3x2 1
fi n = _____
      
y–1
   
Now,  lim (xn)
n Æ •
( 
a ex + (a + c) sinx – c e– x
    ____________________
 lim        
    = 2 )
( 
x Æ 0 x cos x + sinx

n Æ 1 logy
l
lim   ____
=   
1
      – _____
     
y–1
   ) lim ,  numerator (a – c) Æ 0 and the denomina-
As   
x Æ 0
=    ( 
y –  1 – log y
lim    ___________
    
  
(y – 1)logy ) tor Æ 0
( 
n Æ1 So, a–c=0
)
a=c
1
1 –  __
y 
=    ___________
lim    
n Æ1 y – 1
_____
    
 
     
 + log y
(      _________________
Thus,  lim 
x Æ 0
  
  
x cos x + sin x)
a ex + 2a sinx – a e– x
    = 2
(  )
1
   ( _________________
cos x – x sin x + cos x )
x  – x
a e + 2a cos x + a e
 lim         = 2
__1 x Æ 0
  2   
y 1
lim    ______
=          = __
     a + 2a + a
n Æ1 __ 1 1
__ 2  _________
    
=2
  2    +  y  2
y
4a = 4
( ÷  )
_________________
1 – cos (ax2 + bx + c) a=1
      _________________
5. We have  lim      
   
   c = 1, b = a + c = 2
x Æ a
(x – a)2
Hence, the value of a3 + b3 + c3 + 10
( ÷  )
_____________________
1 – cos {a (x – a) (x – b)}
lim      _____________________
=       
       
   = 1 + 8 + 1 + 10
x Æ a
(x – a)2
= 20
( ÷  {  )
____________________
7. We have

a (x – a) (x – b)
2sin2   _____________
2
  
    
lim      ____________________
=           
  

}  lim   ( 
1 – cos x + 2 sin x – sin3 x – x2 + 3x4
   _______________________________
            )
    x Æ 0 tan3 x – 6 sin2 x + x – 5x3
 (÷ 
x Æ a
(x – a)2
( 
) )
______________________
sin x + 2 cos x – 3 sin2 x cosx – 2x + 12x3
=   
{ 
a (x – a) (x – b)
2sin   _____________
2
   
2
   
   
  
lim      ______________________
    
   
} lim    _________________________________
=   
x Æ 0
        
3 tan2 x sec2 x – 6 sin 2x + 1 – 10x
   
– a)2 (x – b)2
(  )
x Æ a = 2
(x_____________ –b 2
x_____
   
     ×       
4 2 Hence, the value of M + 10 = 12.
÷  (  ) [  ]
_________
x2
a–b 2 lim    ________
8. We have L =         
= 2  _____
   
  
  x Æ 0 sin x tanx
2

1
= ___
  __    | (a – b)|
÷   
2 
=    [ 
x Æ 0 sin x
x
lim   ____
x
× ____
             
tan x ]
 
As we know that
6. We have  lim 
x Æ 0
  ( 
aex – b cos x + ce– x
   _______________
x sin x
    = 2
     )  ____
x
sin x
> 1 and ____
    
x
      
tan x
< 1
As x Æ 0, numerator (a – b + c) Æ 0 and the x ____

fi  ____
x
◊       
     < 1
denominator Æ 0 sin x tan x
So, (a – b + c) = 0
x ____
fi ____
x
[ 
◊       
      
sin x tan x
  = 0 ]
b=a+c
x
   ____ [ 
x
× ____ ]
( 
Thus,  lim               
  = 0
Thus,  lim 
   
x Æ 0
aex –  (a + c) cosx + ce– x
 ____________________
   
x sin x
      = 2 ) x Æ 0 sin x tan x
Hence, the value of L + 2013 is 2013.

The Limit 3.49
9. Given P (x) = a1 x + a2 x2 + ....... + a100 x100

________
=  ( (27x  – 1) (9x – 1) (3x – 1)
 lim   ______________________
           )
(  ) x3
x Æ •
÷ 1  + P (x)  
100
 lim   ___________
L=    x       – 1 
((   ) (  ) (  ))
x x
x Æ 0 27x – 1 9_____ – 1 3_____ –1
 lim     ______
=     
 
    x   
     x    
  
( 
x
)
x Æ •
1
1 + ____
       P(x) +  ...    –  1
100 = log(27) ◊ log(9) ◊ log(3)
 lim    ____________________
=     
x    
x Æ 0
= log(33) ◊ log(32) ◊ log(3)
 lim    ____
= 
x Æ 0 100
( 
a1x  + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + ... + an xn
1 _________________________
          
x       ) = 6{log(3)}3
1
=  lim    ____
     (a1 + a2 x + a3 x2 + ... + an xn – 1) So, K = 6, M = 3, N = 3
x Æ 0 100
Hence, the value of K2 + M2 + N2.
a1
= ____
      = 36 + 9 + 9
100
1 = 54.
= ____
      
100 12. We have
Hence, the value of (1000 L + 2007)
= 10 + 2007
  – __________________________
 lim 
x Æ1
     
(x – 1)2 ( 
(3 + a x)5/2  – b ln x + c sin (x – 1)
      = 2
)
= 2017
It is possible only when (3 + a)5/2 = 0
10. We have L =  
100 x
 lim   _____
 
x Æ 0 sin x [  ]
   

(a + 3) = 0
a = – 3
= 100, since
(    x    > 1 
____
sin x ) ( 
(3  – 3x)5/2 – b ln x + c sin (x – 1)
  –  _________________________
 lim 
x Æ1
     
(x – 1)2
      = 2
)
[  ]
(  )
99 sin x
and  lim   ______
M=    x       5 b
 __   (3  + ax)3/2 – __
 x  + c cos (x – 1)
x Æ 0 2
  –  __________________________
 lim              = 2
x Æ1 2 (x – 1)

sin x
= 98, since ____
  x   
 < 1  (  ) It is possible only when – b + c = 0
Hence, the value of L + M + 2 b=c

= 100 + 98 + 2
= 200.  lim 
5 3
__
  –   
x Æ1
( 
     ◊  __   ◊ a2 (3  + ax)12 + __
2_______________________________
2
    
2
x
 
b
  2    + c sin (x – 1)
     = 2 )
x Æ • ( 
729x  –  243x – 81x + 9x + 3x – 1
   ____________________________
11. We have  lim        
x3
      ) b
It is possible only when __
     = 2
2
b=4
= 
x Æ • (  243x (3x – 1)  – 9x (9x – 1) + (3x – 1)
 lim   ______________________________
      
x3
      ) Thus, a = – 3, b = 4 = c
Hence, the value of a2 + b2 + c2
= 
x Æ • (  243x (3x  – 1) – 9x (3x – 1) + (3x – 1)
 lim    _______________________________
    
x3
      )

= 9 + 16 + 16
= 41
(  ) ( 
x  x x x
(243 – 9 (3 + 1) + 1) (3 – 1)
 lim   ___________________________
= 
x Æ •
      
x3
      (cos x  – 1) (cos x – ex)
 lim    __________________
13. Limit =  
x Æ 0
   
xn
      )
(  )
(  )
243x  – 9x ◊ 3x – (9x – 1) (3x – 1)
 lim   ___________________________
= 
x Æ •
      
x3
     
 ________
(  ) ( 
2 sin2 __
2
  
x
      x
 
(e – 1) 1_______
 _______
     +  
– cos x
)
  
2 x x   
( 
x
__
)
x x
(27 (9   – 1)  –  (9 – 1))(3 – 1) x x     
 lim     __________________________ 4
=            lim    __________________________
=           
x Æ •
x3 x Æ 0 xn – 3
1
It will provide us a finite limit only when n – 3 = 0
= (x2 e x)10   – 2 Ú    xex dx
Thus n = 3. 0
14. We have = (x2e x)10   – 2 (xex – e x)10  
x Æ 0
 
x4
    
( 
cos 4x  + a cos 2x + b
   __________________
 lim    
)

= e – 2 (e – e) + 2 (0 – 1)
= (e – 2).
Thus, L = 1, M = – 2
Since it has a finite limit, so a + b + 1 = 0 ...(i)
Hence, the value of L + M + 10 is 9.
 lim 
x Æ 0 4x3
  
  
( 
– 4 sin 4x – 2a sin 2x
    ________________  
) 16. Limit
= 
( 
– 16 cos 4x  – 4a cos 2x
 lim   ___________________
           
)
=  
 lim 
n Æ • ( 
a – 1
1a + 2a + ... + na
   ___________________________________
      
   
(n + 1) ((na + 1) + (na + 2) + ... + (na + n)) )
x Æ 0 12x2
(  )
n
Since, it has a finite limit, so – 16 – 4 a = 0 2 S     r a
=   ______________________
 lim     
r = 1
      
  
4a = – 16 n Æ •
(n  +  1)a – 1 (2n2 a+ n2 + n)
( 
fi a = – 4
)
n
when a = – 4, b = 3 2 S     __
r a
(  )
 n   
 lim   _____________________
r = 1
=        
     
Hence, the value of a2 + b2 + 10
= 16 + 9 + 10
n Æ •
( 
1 a – 1
) ( 
1  +  n   2a + 1 + __
__ 1
 n   )
(  )
= 35. 1
(  ( 
2 Ú    xa dx
)
n n
Ck
   S     ________
15. We have  lim    k   
     = _______
 
0
  
 
n Æ • k = 0
n (k + 3) 2a + 1
(  )
Ck 1
n
n 2 1
 lim   S     ___
=    k    Ú    x k + 2dx Thus,  _____________
      = ___
     
n Æ • k = 0 (2a + 1) (a + 1) 60
n 0
(  )
1 n n fi (2a + 1) (a + 1) = 120
Ck
= Ú      
lim   S     ___
  n     ◊ x k + 2dx
0
n Æ • k = 0 k fi 2a2 + 3a – 119 = 0
{  (  ) }
1 n
fi 2a2 + 17a – 14a – 119 = 0
n Ck
= Ú    x2  
 lim   S     ___
  k    ◊ x k   d x fi a(2a + 17) – 7 (2a + 17) = 0
n Æ • k = 0
0 n
fi (2a + 17) (a – 7) = 0
{  (  (  ) )}
1 n
x k
= Ú     x  
2
 lim    S     Ck __
n
 n       d x 17
0
n Æ • k = 0 fi a = 7, –  ___  .
2
1
{  ( 
( 
17. Given
x n
)}
)
= Ú     x2  
 lim   1 +  __

0
n Æ • n      dx
L=  ________
 lim    
1
x4 sin __
 x  
  
 
 
(  )
1 x Æ •
1 + |x|3
{    lim   ( 1 +     ) }dx
x n
__
= Ú     x2 e n Æ •
n
0 Put x = – y
1
= Ú     x2 { en Æ •
 lim   
 
(  x
n 1 + __ ) }dx
 n  – 1 
when x Æ – •, than y Æ •
(  )
0

1
= Ú     x e dx
2 x
Thus,  lim   _________
L=   
1
y4 sin –  __
y  
  
 
 
(  )
0 y Æ •
1 + |– y|3
The Limit 3.51
( 
 lim   _________
=   
1
– y4 sin __
  
(  )
 y  
 
  ) x Æ • ( 
((x2 +  a2 )(x2 + b2)  – (x2 + c2) (x2 + d2))
 lim    _________________________________
=   ______________    
  2 + a2) (x2  
÷ (x
    
+ b2)  + ÷
______________   
  2 + c2) (x2   
(x + d2)  )
 ( )
y Æ •
1 + y3
– y sin __
1
(  )
 y  
( 
((a2 + b2) x2 + a2b2  – ((c2 + d2) x2 + c2d2))
 lim   __________________________________
=     ______________
     ______________   
)
 (
 lim   _________
=        
– 1
= ___
    = – 1
x Æ •
  2 + a2) (x2  
÷(x + b2)   + ÷   2 + b2) (x2  
(x + d2) 
y Æ • __1 1
)
  3    + 1
y
( 
(a2 + b2)  + ____ ( 
a2b2
))
 – (c2 + d 2) + ____
c2d 2
(  )
  2     2   
  
(  )
x2 x
___________________________________ x
÷(   ) (  ) ÷(   )(  )

2
t  lim     _______________
=       
     ______________   
Ú__    tan– 1  _____      dt x Æ •
a2
__ b2 c2 d2
Also, M= 
÷_______________
 lim    
   
x  1 + t2
   
     +   2        + 1 + __
1 +   2     1    __ + __
  2     1      2     
x Æ 0 sin 2x x x x x
(  (  ) )
= (a2 + b2) – (c2 + d2)
x2
tan–1 _____
   2 
x
   2x – tan– 1 _____
     
1
( 
   ◊  ____ )
    
__
{ 
1+x 1 + x 2÷x     
}
=  lim     ______________________________
       
    (1  – x) (1 – x2) ... (1 – x2n)
x Æ 0 2 cos (2x)      ________________________
20.  lim     
     
x Æ 1 {(1  – x) (1 – x2) ... (1 – xn)}2
0
= __
     = 0
{ 
2
Hence, the value of L + M + 11 = – 1 + 0 + 11 = 10. =    x Æ 1
(1 –  x) (1 – x2) ... (1 – xn) (1 – xn +2) ... (1 – x2n)
lim   _____________________________________
            
{(1 – x) (1 – x2) ... (1 – xn)}2
  
}
(  ) { 
2n
18. Given k= 
n Æ • n 5
1
n3x
 lim   Ú      _____
x +1
     dx
=  
x Æ 1
(1  – xn + 1) (1 – xn + 2) ... (1 – x2n)
 lim    ____________________________
          
(1  – x) (1 – x2) ...(1 – xn)
  
}
n = __
{ 
put  y 
when n Æ •, then y Æ 0 x Æ 1

(1  – xn + 1) (1 – xn + 2) ... (1 – x2n)
 lim      ___________________________
=           
(1  – x) (1 – x) ... (1 – x)
   }
{ 
(  ) }
(1  – x)(1 – x) ... (1 – x)
( 
2/y
 lim   _____________________
×        
     
 lim 
1/y x + 1
____________
     
5
x
Ú     _____
   
   dx
  
    
) x Æ 1 (1  – x) (1 – x2) ... (1 – xn)
1 1 1
y Æ 0 y3 = (n + 1) (n + 2) ... (2n) × 1 × __
     × __
     ×...× __
 n 
2 3
(  (  ) (  ) )
2/y 1/y (n  + 1) (n + 2) ... (2n)
 ________
  
2
  –  __2     – ________
  5    
1
  –  __2     =  __________________      
5 1 ◊ 2 ◊ 3 ... n
32/y   + 1 y (1/y ) + 1 y
     _____________________________
 lim            
y Æ 0 3y 2 {(1 ◊ 2 ◊ 3 ... n ◊ (n  + 1) (n + 2) ... (2n)}
=  ______________________________
         
{1 ◊ 2 ◊ 3 ... n}2
(  )
– 4   _____
______ 1
   5 
 +     5 
  (2n)!
32 + y 1+y
_______________ = _____
  2  
 lim    
=          (n!)
y Æ 0 3

7
= ___
     
24
4x  + 4– x
   ________
21. We have  lim    x
x Æ • 4   – 4– x
   
(  )
1
Now, __ [  ]
     + 2013 =  ( 
1  + 4– 2x
 lim   ________
      )
 ( ((   )) )
k x Æ •
1 – 4– 2x
= [  ___
     ] + 2013
1 2x

24 1  + __
     
4
7  lim   _________
=     
  
x Æ • 1 2x
__
= 3 + 2013 = 2016 1 –      
4
19. We have
 lim 
x Æ •
( 
______________
  2 + a2) (x2   
   ÷(x + b2)  – ÷   2 + c2) (x2   
(x
______________
+ d2)   )
= 
x Æ • 1 – 0( 
1  + 0
 lim   ______
    )
   = 1

 
n
n Æ • r = 3
= 
r3 – 8
 P       _____
r3 + 8
 
n
   (  )
P  (  )
r3 – 8
 lim         _____    
x Æ •
 { (  (  ) )(  (  ) ) }
2 sin2 __
 lim    32 _________
=     4
x
___
x2
      2 sin2 __
     × 16
16
4
  
 
  _________
  4
x
___
x2
     
     × 64
64
8
  
 
     
n Æ • r = 3
r3 + 8
1 1
= 32 × 4 × ___
     × ___
P ( 
     
= 
n Æ • r =3 3
r –2n
r +2 )
       ______3 
 lim    
3 3
1
= __
    
16 64
8
P (  ) (  r2  + 2r + 4
)
n
r – 2 __________
 lim         _____ 
=       2      24. We have
n Æ • r = 3 r + 2
r – 2r + 4
    [ { (x + p) (x + q) (x + r) (x + s) }1/4
– x ]
(  ) (  )
 lim 
n
r–2 n
r2  + 2r + 4
lim   P       _____   P       __________
x Æ •
=    lim 
   ×      
    
n Æ • r = 3 r + 2 n Æ • r = 3 r  – 2r + 4
(x +  p) (x + q) (x + r) (x + s) – x4
{ 
 lim    ________________________________
}
1 2 3 (n  – 3) (n – 1) =       
      
_________________________
 lim   __
=       ◊  __   ◊  __   ...  _____________
n Æ • 5 6 7
  
    
(n  + 1) (n + 3)
x Æ •
{  ÷ (x 
  + p)(x + q) (x
    + r) (x + s)  + x2  }
{ 
1
19 28 39 (n2 + 3) ×  __________________________________
    
    
× ___
    ×  ___  ×  ___  × ... ×  ___________
  
   [  {  (x  + p) (x + q) (x + r) (x + s) }1/2
+ x ]
7 12 19 2
(n – 2n + 7)

(n2  +  2n + 4)
× ____________
  2   
     =  
(n – 2n + 7) x Æ • } { x2 +  (p + q) x + pq }{ x2 + (r + s) x + rs }– x4
 lim    _____________________________________
         
_________________________
{  (x 
  +  p) (x + q) (x
    ÷
 
+ r) (x + s)   + x2  }
= 
n Æ • { 
1 ◊ 2 ◊ 3 ◊ 4 ... (n2  + 3)(n2 + 2n + 4)
 lim   ___________________________
          
(n  – 1) n (n + 1) (n + 2) ... 7.12 } 1
× _________________________________
      
  
[  {  (x  + p) (x + q) (x + r) (x + s) }1/2
 
+ x ]

2
= __
        {  (n2  + 3)(n2 + 2n + 4)
lim    ____________________
   
     
7 n Æ • (n  – 1) n (n + 1)(n + 2) } (p  + q + r + s) x3 + (...)x2 + (...)x + pqrs
 lim    __________________________________
=       
      
{ 
x Æ • _________________________
{  ÷ (x  }
}
  + p) (x + q) (x 2
(  ) ( 
    + r) (x + s)  + x  

2
= __
1  + __
3
  2       1 + __
n
lim   ____________________
               
2
 n  + __
4
)
  2    
n 1
× _________________________________
      
    
7 n Æ •
( 
1
1  – __ )( 
 n   1 + __
1
)( 
 n   1 + __
2
)
 n   [  {  (x  + p) (x + q) (x + r) (x + s) }12 + x ]
p +  q + r + s
= __ { 
2 (1  + 0)(1 + 0 + 0)
        __________________
        
7 (1  – 0)(1 + 0)(1 + 0) } = ____________
 
2×2
 
    
(p  + q + r + s)
2 = _____________
        
= __
     4
7
23. We have 25. We have  lim 
f (x)
   ____
  x    (  )
   = 1
{  (  (  ) (  ) (  ) (  ))} 2 2 2 2 x Æ 0
32 x x x x
( 
    ___
 lim    1 – cos __
           – cos __
       + cos __
       cos __
        
x Æ 0 x8 2 4 2 4 x (1  +aq cos x) – b sin x
 lim   ___________________
and           
   =1
)
{  (  (  ) (  ) {  (  )})}
x Æ 0 {f (x)}3
 (
2 2 2
32 x x x
 lim   ___
=     8   1 – cos  __     – cos __
      1 – cos __
          
2 4 4
)
x Æ •
x
x + a cos x – b sin x
    ________________
{  ( (  (  ) ) (  (  ) ) ) } {  }
 lim    
      =1
32 x 2
x 2 x Æ 0 f (x) 3
____ 3
 lim    ___
=     8    1 – cos  __       1 – cos __
               3    × x
x Æ • 2 4 x
( 
x
x Æ •
32
 lim    ___
=  
x {  ( (  (  ) ) (  (  )))}
x2
  8   2 sin2 __
4
x2
         2 sin2 __
            
4  lim 
x Æ 0
 
x2 x4
x + ax 1 – __
2! 4! ( 
     + __
   ___________________________________
    
f (x) 3
____ {  }
   × x3
  x   
) ( 
  
   
x3 x5
    – ...  – b x – __
    + __
3! 5!
     –  )
= 1
)
The Limit 3.53
(  (  )
)
a b Put sin x = t
1  +  a – b) x + –  __   + __        x3 +  ...
2! 3! when x Æ 0, t Æ 0
    ____________________________
 lim             = 1
x Æ 0 f (x)
____
  x    {  }
3
   × x3
  
lim 
t – tt
  __________     
  (  )
t Æ 0 1  – t + log t
( 

a
(1 + a – b) = 0 and –  __   + __
2! 3!
b
       = 1 (  ) = 
 lim 
t Æ 0
1  – tt (1 + log t)
  ______________
 
1
– 1 + __
     
    
  
)
( 
On solving, we get, t
)
5 3 1
a = –  __  , b = –  __   0 – tt ×  __   – tt (1 + log t)2
2 2 t
_____________________
= 
 lim              
1
–  __2   
t Æ 0
Hence, the value of (a + b + 10)
t
= – 4 + 10 = 6.
– 1 – 1
=  ______  
 = 2
26. We have – 1
28. We have
( 
ax ex  – b log (1 + x) + cx e– x
   ________________________
 lim               = 2 ) ( 
1 –  (f (x))3
 lim   _________ )
 (
x Æ 0 x2 sin x M=          

 (
x Æ 0 5 tan2 x
) )
ax ex  – b log (1 + x) + cx e– x
   ________________________
 lim          
   = 2 (1  – f (x)) (1 + f (x) + f 2 (x))
x Æ 0
sin x
3 ____
x      
x
   (  )
 lim     _______________________
=  
x Æ 0
   
tan2 x 2
5 _____
  2   
x
  x (  )
  
  
(  )
x – x
ax e   – b log (1 + x) + cxe
( 
     _______________________
)
 lim           = 2 3 (1  – f (x))
x Æ 0 x3  lim   __________
=       
    
(  )
x Æ 0 5 x2
(  x2 x3
ax 1 + x + __
    + __
2! 3!   ) ( x2 x3
    + ...  – b x – __
     + __
2
     –  
3 ) 3
= __
( 
1 –  cos 2x cos 4x cos 6x cos 8x cos 10x
lim   ________________________________
                    
)
( 
           5 x Æ 0 x2
x__2 __ x3
+ cx 1 – x +      –     ! + ...  )
x Æ 0
 
2
   ____________________________________
 lim       
3
x3
       = 2 = __ ( 
3 22 +  42 + 62 + 82 + 102
      _____________________
5
     
2
      )
(  (  )
) (  )
b 3 12  + 22 + 32 + 42 + 52
(a – b + x) x + a    + __      – c  x2 = __
     × 22  ___________________
        
  2      5 2
 
( 
  
 lim 
a __
__
2 3 2
b __
    _________________________
c 3
   
)
+      –      +       x + ...
      = 2
12 5 ◊ 6 ◊ 11
= ___
    × _______
    
 
5 12
x Æ 0 x3
= 66
It is possible only when ______
(a – b + c) = 0, a + __
b
     – c  = 0
2 (  ) Hence, the value of (  ÷ M  + 1 )
  – 2 
______
a b c   – 2 
= ÷ 66   +1=8+1=9
and  __   – __
     + __
     = 0
2 3 2 29. As we know that
On solving, we get, a = 3, b = 12, c = 9 sin– 1 x
sin– 1 x > x fi ______
  x     > 1
a+b+c
Hence, the value of  ________
8
    ( 
3 + 12 + 9
  =  _________
8
   =3 ) we have

x Æ 0
( [ 
sin– 1 x
    ______
  x   
] [ 
22 sin– 1 (2x)
    + __________
  x       
  + ] [ 
32 sin– 1 (3x)
__________
  x        ]
   ( 
sin x – (sin x) sin x
     _________________
 lim       
x Æ 0 1 – sin x + log (sin x) ) + ... +   __________

  [ 
n2 sin– 1 (nx)
x           = 100 ])
(  {  }
)
(13 + 23 + 33 + ... + n3) = 100 1
__ n (n + 1) (2n + 1) n (n + 1)
     (n + 1)   ______________       +  _______
    
2 6 2
{  }
   
{ ( 
      
n (n + 1) 2
 _______
2
   
  = 100
=    
1
__
–      
2
n (n
   
+ 1) 2 n (n
_______
2
    )
  +  
 lim   ___________________________________
       
+ 1)(2n + 1)
______________
6
  
   
    

}
{  _______
n Æ •
n4
n (n + 1)
2 } = 10
   
 
2
1 1 4–3 1
= __
     – __
     =  _____
  
 = ___
    . 
n (n + 1) = 20 6 8 24 24
n = 4 32. We have
( 
30. Now, x + sin x – x cos x – tan x

= x (1 – cos x) – tan x (1 – cos x)
= (x – tan x) (1 – cos x)
 lim 
n Æ •
14 +  24  +  34  +  ...  +  n4
    _______________________________________
    
        
(12 + 22  + 32 +....+ n2) (13 + 23 + 33 +.....+ n3) )
x Æ 0
 
xn ( 
(x  – tan x) (1 – cos x)
   __________________
So,  lim           ) INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
( (  ) (  ) ) ( 
ln (1  + x + x2 + ... + xn)
)
x – tan x 1_______– cos x
 _______
   
            _____________________
1. We have  lim       
 
1
    = __
    
x3
x2 x Æ 0 n x 5
 lim 
     __________________  
     
(  )
x Æ 0 x n – 5 1 +  2x  + 3x3 +...+ nxn – 1
______________________
     
     
(1 +  x + x2 + ... + x n)
______________________ 1
= a non-zero finite value.  lim 
         
n      = __
    
x Æ 0 5
It is possible only when n = 5
31. We have 1 __ 1
 __
n  =  5  
(  )
n
n ◊1 +  (n – 1)(1 + 2) + (n – 2)(1 + 2 + 3) + ... + 1S     r n = 5.
   ___________________________________________
(  )
r = 1
 lim                 tan x – sin x a
n Æ • 4     __________
2. We have  lim    
     = __
   
n x Æ 0 x3 b
(  )
Let t r = (n – (r – 1))(1 + 2 + 3 + ... + r) tan x (1 – cos x) a
    _____________
 lim    
     = __
   
( 
x3 b
( 
x Æ 0
r (r + 1)
= (n + 1 – r)  _______ )
)
   
 
2
tan x
     ____
 lim 
2 sin2 __
  × ________
 
x
     
2
 
   =
(  ) a
__
   
x   
(  )
1 1
= __
     (n + 1)(r (r + 1) – __
     (r2 (r + 1)) x Æ 0 x2 b
2 2 __
      × 4
4
1 1
=  __   (n + 1) (r2 + r) – __
     (r3 + r2)
2 2 a 1
 __  = __     
n n b 2
1 1
Thus, Sn =  __   (n + 1) S     (r2 + r) –  __   S     (r3 + r2) Hence, the value of a + b + 3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
2 r = 1 2 r = 1
________
Now
( 
  + P (x)  
÷ 1
64
    _____________
–1
x       )
(  )
x Æ 0
n
n ◊ 1 + (n – 1)(1 + 2) + (n – 2)(1 + 2 + 3) + ... + 1 S     r
(  )
1
___
(1  + P (x)) 64    – 1
   __________________________________________  lim   ______________
r = 1
 lim          4
       =    x        
n Æ • x Æ 0
n
=  
1
2
( 
n
 lim   _________________________________
 
r = 1
       
1
     (n  + 1) S      (r2 + r) –  __ 
__
2 r = 1
n
  S      (r3 + r2)
   ) = 
x Æ 0
( (  64
1
1  + ___
 lim    _______________
x      
)
      P (x)  – 1
  )
n Æ • 4
n
= 
x Æ 0 64 ( 1
 lim   ___
P(x)
     × ____
  x    
 )
The Limit 3.55
= 
x Æ 0 64
(  2 3
1 a1x  + a2 x + a3 x +...+ an x
 lim   ___
     × ________________________
     
x    
n
  )
1
=  __  
2
Hence, the value of (a + b) is 3
( 1
     × ( a1 + a2x + a3x2 +.....+ anxn– 1  ) 
 lim   ___ )
( 
= 
)
x Æ 0 64
tan (x – 1) loge (x x – 1)
a1  lim    _________________
6. We have     
  
  
1 (x – 1)3
= ___ ___ x Æ 1
     =      
64 64
So, a =1, b = 64
Hence, the value of ÷
_____
  + a  
b – 1

x Æ 1 ( 
tan (x  – 1) (x – 1) loge (x)
 lim    _____________________
=     
(x – 1)3
    
)
_________ ___
( 
=÷   + 1 – 1 
64    = 8
= ÷ 64 
)
 
tan (x – 1) loge (x)
( 
 lim    ______________
=    
  
  
   ___________
4. We have  lim      
2n
x sin x
    
n
) x Æ 1 (x – 1)2
 ( )
x Æ 0 x2n –  sin2n x
= 
x Æ 0
 
sin n x
 lim   _________   
sin2n x
______
   = 
x Æ 1 ( 
tan (x – 1)
 lim    _________ 
(x – 1)
 
 
loge (x)
×  ______ 
(x – 1)
   )
(  ( 
1 –   2n     
x
(  )
) (  )
n tan (1  + h – 1) loge (1 + h)
x3 x5 __ x7  lim   _____________  __________
x  – __
     + __      –      + ...  = 
h Æ 0
    
(1 + h –1)
    ×      
(1 + h – 1)
3! 5! 7!
 lim   ________________________
=       
   2n  
x Æ 0
1 –  1 – __
x2 x4 __
     + __
x6
)
     –       + ... 
( 
tan (h) log e (1 + h)
)
 ( (  (  ) ) )
3! 6! 7!  lim   ______
=     ×  __________
     
    

h Æ 0 (h) (h)
3 n
x
x – __
      =1
3!
____________
= 
 lim          2n  
x Æ 0 x2
__ Thus, L=1
1 – 1 –      
 ( ( (  ) ) )
3! Hence, the value of (L + 3) is 4
( 
n
x2

xn 1 – __
     
3!
 lim    ____________
= 
x Æ 0
    2n  
x2
x Æ 0
 
2 (tan x  – sin x) – x3
   _________________
x5
        )
1 – 1 – __      
(  ( {  } (  )
3!
It provides a non-zero definite number only when n = 2. =  

 lim    
x3 2x5
2 x  + __
    + ___
3 15
__________________________________
       
x3 x5
    + ...  – x – __
    + __
3! 5!
   
    – ...    ))
x Æ 0 x5
5. We have
   ( ( 
( ( ) (  ) )) )
____________
    x2 + x2 sin
 lim 
x Æ •
   ( ÷ 
1
__
 x     – x  (  ) ) x2 x3
2  __    + __
3 3!
 lim   __________________________________
15
2
       + ___
x5
      x5 – __
      + ...    – x3
5!
(  ÷ 
=          5
      
x Æ 0 x
(  )
)
1
x2 + x2 sin __
 x   – x2
 lim     ________________
= 
x Æ •
____________
2 2
x + x sin
  
  
     
1
(  )
__
 x     + x
 ( ( ( 
x3 x5
2 __
      + __
2 ))
     + ...    – x3
8
 lim   ____________________ )
( ÷ 
=               
x Æ 0 x5
(  )
)
1
x2 sin __
 x  
( ( (  )
 lim   ________________
= 
x Æ •
  ____________
       
x2 + x2 sin
  
1
__ (  )
 x     + x
x5
x3  + __ ))
     + ...    – x3
4
 lim     _________________
( ÷ 
=           
x Æ 0 x5
(  )
)
1
x sin __
 x  
______________
 lim     __________ 1
=          =  __  
(  )
x Æ •
1
__ 4
1 + sin     x     + 1
Thus, m = 1, n = 2
(  (  (  ) ) )
1/n
3 n
Hence, the value of m + n + 2 = 5  lim   4 1 + __
=  n
         
n Æ • 4
4 ( 1 + (  __

8. We have
     )  ) )
n 1/n
3
( 
 lim   
)
1  + sin x – cos x – + log (1 – x) = 
     __________________________
 lim           
n Æ • 4
x Æ 0 x tan2x
 (
= 4 ((1 + 0))0 = 4
( 
) )
1 +  sin x – cos x – + log (1 – x) 1 1
 lim   ___________________________
=                  ___
Also,  lim        – ______
        
x Æ 0 tan2x
x Æ1 ln x (x – 1)
x3  _____ 
 
 
( 
x2
= 
 lim 
(x  – 1) – ln x
 ____________
       
   )
(  )
(  )
1 +  sin x – cos – + log (1 – x) x Æ1 (x – 1) ln x
 lim    _________________________
=          
x Æ 0 x3 __1
  2   
(  )
1 x
cos x  + sin x – ______
        =   ______
 lim         
(1 – x) x Æ1 __ 1 1
 lim   ___________________
=              x  + __   2   
x
( 
x Æ 0 3x2
(  ) )
1
2
– sin x  + cos x – _______
    2 
  1 – __ x 
=    ____________
 lim   
     
( 
(1 – x)
=  _____________________
 lim    
x Æ 0
   
6x
      x Æ1 x  – 1
ln x + _____
  x       )
(  ) (  ))
2 1
– cos x  – sin x – _______
        1 – __
 x 
(1 – x)3 = 
 lim 
   ___________  
     
_____________________
= 
 lim              x Æ1
ln x + 1 – __
1
( 
(  )
x Æ 0 6  x  
3 1 __1
= –  __   = –  __     2   
6 2 x
=   ______
 lim         
x Æ1 __ 1 1
Thus, m = 1, n = 2  x  + __   2   
Hence, the value of (m + n) is 3. x
1 1
= _____ __
( 
      =     

x Æ 0
ex  + e– x + 2 cos x – 4
   __________________
9. We have  lim       
x4
      ) Thus
1  +  1
m = 1 and
2
n=2
( 
Hence, the value of (m + n + p)
= 
x Æ 0
ex  – e– x – 2 sin x
 lim   ______________
 
4x3
  
     )

=4+1+2
= 7.
( 
ex  + e– x – 2 cos x
 lim    _______________ )
( 
11. We have
(  ) )
=    
    
x Æ 0 12x2 2x3
2x  – sin 2x – tan– 1 _____
    
  
1 + x6
(  )     ________________________
 lim            
x – x
e   – e + 2 sin x
 lim    ______________
=         
x Æ 0 x3
( 
x Æ 0 24x
 lim   (  _______________
= 
x – x
e   + e + 2 cos x
  
     )
= 
x Æ 0
2x  – sin 2x – 2 tan– 1 (x3)
 lim   ____________________
     
x3
      )
(  )
x Æ 0 24
6x2
2  – 2 cos 2x – _____
    
 
4 1 1 + x6
= ___
     = ___
       lim   __________________
=            
24 16 x Æ 0 3x2
Thus, p = 1, q = 6
Hence, the value of (q – p) is = 5.
(4n + 3n)1/n
 lim   
10. We have P =  
n Æ •
= 
 lim    
x Æ 0
(     
3x2
  
 
6x2
2 (1  – cos 2x) – _____
1 + x6
___________________
  
  
 
)
The Limit 3.57
(  ) {  (  ) }
n
6x2 1 r p
4 sin2 x  – _____
    
  =   n  (S     __
 lim    __  n     
x Æ •
1 + x6 r =1
=   ______________
 lim           1
x Æ0 3x2 = Ú    x p dx
(  )
0
4 sin2x ________
(  )
6
 lim   __
=        _____
  
 –          x p + 1 1
x Æ 0 3 x2 3 (1 + x6) =  _____     
p+10
4 2
=  __   – 2 = –  __  
1
= _____
      
3 3 p  +  1
Thus, p = 2 and q = 3 2. Ans.(a)
Hence, the value of (p + q) is 5. We have
x Æ •
log x n  – [x]
   __________
 
[x]
  
     ( 
, n Œ N, [,] = G.I.F )
 lim 
x Æ • {  (  ( 
x+1
    x tan– 1  _____ 
x+2 ) x
   – tan– 1 _____
     
x+2
      (  ))}  lim   _____
=  ( 
log xn ___
    
[x]
 –       )
{  (  ( 
x Æ • [x] [x]
)}
x+2 x =0–1
 _____    – _____
       
x+2 x+2
__________________
– 1 = –1.
 lim    x tan  
=               
x Æ • x + 1 _____
1  +  _____ 
x+2 x+2 (  x
 ×          ) 3. Ans. (c)
( 
xf (2)  – 2f (x)
)
{  (  ( 
   ___________
 lim      
   
(x + 2)
 lim    x tan  ________________
=   – 1
           
)} x Æ 2 x–2
( 
x Æ •
(x + 2)2  + x (x + 1)
= 
f (2)  – 2f ¢(x)
 lim   ___________
    
     )
{  (  ( 
x Æ 2 1
=  
x Æ • 2
x+2
 lim    x tan  __________
– 1
 
         
2x + 5x + 4 ) )} = f (2) – 2f ¢(2)
(  )
=4–8
( 
x + 2  
tan–1  __________
    
)  

4. Ans. (a)
= – 4
) ( ) ( 
2
2x + 5x +4 x (x  + 2)
 lim     ________________     × ____________
)
x
( 
=        2   
     x2 +  5x + 3
x Æ • x + 2
__________ 2x   + 5x + 4    __________
 lim    2   
    
  2        x Æ •
x +x+3
2x + 5x + 4
(  )
x
4x
1 1  lim   1 + __________
=    2      
= 1 × __
     = __
     x Æ •
x  + x + 3
2 2
Thus, m = 1 and n = 2
(  )
x
4x
 lim   ________
          
Hence, the value of (m + n) is 3. = e
x Æ • 2
x + x + 3
Problems asked in Jee Main Exams. =

 
 x Æ •
e
(    2
x
4x2
lim   ________
+
   )
  
x +3
( 
From 2002-2014
1. Ans. (a) =
x Æ •
e
 
1 + __
4
 lim   _________
 
1 3
   
 x + __ )
  
  2   
x
We have
= e4
( 

1p  + 2p + 3p + ... + np
     ___________________
 lim           ) 5. Ans.(c)
(  )
n Æ •
np + 1 x2
Ú     sec2t dt
= 
x Æ • {  ( 
1 1p  + 2p + 3p + ... + np
 lim    __
 n   ___________________
   
np
        )}    ________
 lim 
x Æ 0
0
 
x sin x
    
 
 lim    __
= 
x Æ • {  ( (  ) (  ) (  )
1 1 p __
 n  __
2 p 3 p
 n   +  n   + __ (  ) )}
n p
 n   + ... + __
 n      ( 
sec2 (x2) 2x
 lim   ___________
=   
x Æ 0 sin x + x cos x
     
   )
(  ) (  (  ) ( __ nr   )  )
n
2 sec2 (x2) 1
__
lim    
r 4
  S      __
3
 lim   __________
=           =   
n Æ • n r = 1 n
      –
x Æ 0 ____ sin x
  x    + cos x
1
2 = Ú    (x4 – x3) dx
=  __   = 1
2 0
( 
6. Ans. (c)
( 
log (3 + x)  – log (3 – x)
   ____________________
Given  lim            = k )

x5
= __
     –
5
x4 1
__
4 0 )
       
x Æ 0 x 
1 1 4–5 1
= __
     – __
     =  _____  = –  ___   
  
k=  ( 
x
log 1  + __
 lim    
(  ) (  (  ) ) )
x
      – log 1 + –  __     
3
_________________________
   
3
    9. Ans. (d)
5 4 20 20
x 
 ( ( 
x Æ 0
We have
) (  (  ) )
)
x x
( 
log 1  + __       log 1 + –  __     
 lim   __________
k= 
x Æ 0
  x
__
  
     × 3
3
3
   –  _____________
x
(  )
3
  
    
–  __    × (– 3)
3
 lim 
x Æ a
f (a) g(x) – f (a) – g(a) f (x) + g(a)
     __________________________
   
g(x) – f (x)
      = 4 )

1 1 __
k = __
     + __
3 3 3
2
     =     
 lim 
x Æ a
f (a) g¢(x)  – g(a)f ¢(x)
    __________________
    
  
g¢(x) – f ¢(x)
   = 4 (  )
7. Ans. (c) f (a) g¢(a)  – g(a) f ¢(a)
__________________
         ( 
   = 4 )
 ( ((  
We have g¢(a) – f ¢(a)
(  ))
) ( 
x
1 – tan __
)
        kg¢(a)  – k f ¢(a)
2 (1 – sin x)
  p    ___________
 lim       ×  ________3    _____________
    
     = 4
     1 + tan __
x Æ __
2
x
       
2 (  )) (p – 2x) g¢(a) – f ¢(a)
= 
 lim 
p
__ (  p x
tan __
  ( 
     – __
4 )
(1 – sin x)
      ×  ________3 
2
  
)
(  g¢(a) – f ¢(a)
k  __________
      = 4
g¢(a) – f ¢(a) )
x Æ      (p – 2x)
(  ( 
2
k=4
(  (  ) )
)
p 10. Ans. (b)
1 – sin __      + h   
)     ( 
p p __
)
h 2
 lim   tan __
=       – __
     –       ×  ______________       Given  lim 
a
   1 + __
 x  + __b 2x
  2     = e2
h Æ 0 4 4 2
( ( )) p
p – 2 __
3
     + h   
2
x Æ •
x
(  )
( 
a b
 lim   __
   x  + __
  2    
(  ) )
h (1 – cos h) ex Æ • x = e2
 lim   tan –  __    ×  _________
=     
 

( 
( 
h Æ 0 2 (– 2h)3
ex Æ •
 
2b
 lim   2a + ___
  x   
=) e2
tan ( –  __   ) 2 sin ( __

     )
)
h h2 e2a = e2
2 2
 lim   ___________
=           × ____________
           a = 1, b Œ R
( –      ) × (– 2) (– 2) ( __      ) × 4
h Æ 0 h
__ h 3
2
11. We have
2
(  (  ) (  ) (  ) )
4
1 1 2 4 1 n2
1    __
 lim    2    sec2 __
  2     + __
  2    sec2 __
  2     + .... + __
  2    sec2 __
  2     
= ___
      n Æ •
n n n n n n
32
( S  (  ) )
8. Ans. n
__r 2 __ r2
We have  lim   
=             sec         
n Æ • r = 1 2
n2
( 
n
n Æ •
14 + 24 + ... + n4 _____________
    _____________
 lim 
n 5
  –  
    
13 + 23 + ... + n3
n4
      
1
__
lim    
=     
n
__r
) 2 __ r2
           sec         
( S  (  ) (  ) )
n Æ • n r = 1 n
n2
 lim    
= 
n Æ • n
 
  ( 
4
+ 24 + ... + n4 1____________
1 1____________
__
n 4
     
–  
3
+ 23 + ... + n3
n 3
  
    
=
1
Ú
)
    x sec x dx
2
0
The Limit 3.59
|
1
f (2x)
 lim  _____
1
1£      £ 1
= x  Ú    sec x dx    – Ú    tan x dx
2 x Æ • f (x)
x 0
Thus, by Sandwitch theorem, we get,
=  x tan x |10  – (log sec x )  1
|0 
f (2x)
= tan (1) – log (sec 1)    _____
 lim      = 1
x Æ • f (x)
12. Ans. (a)
We have 16. Ans. (c)
(  )
f (x) We have
4t3
( 
    Ú      _____ ______________
)
 lim          dt   – cos2 (x   
÷ 1  – 2) 
x Æ 2 6 x – 2
   _______________
 lim      
  
  
(  )
x Æ 2 (x – 2)
f (x)
Ú      (4t3) dt
( 
__________
 lim   _________
= 
x Æ 2
6
 
(x – 2)
  
 
  = 
x Æ 2
  2 (x –  2) 
÷ 2sin
 lim    ____________
  
(x – 2)
    )

x Æ 2
( 
4 (f (x))3 f ¢(x)
 lim   ___________
=   
1
       ) ( 
__
   |sin  (x – 2) |
 ÷2  
 lim    ____________
= 
x Æ 2 (x – 2)
  
    )
= 4 (f (2))3 f ¢(2)
( 
__

1
= 4 × 216 × ___
     
48
Now, L.H.L =  
x Æ 2
÷    sin (x – 2)
2 
 lim   –  ___________   
(x – 2)
   
__
   
= – ÷ 2  )
( 
__

13. Ans. (d)
= 18 R.H.L =  lim 
x Æ 2
÷    sin (x – 2)
2 
  +   ___________   
(x – 2)
= ÷
   
__
   
2  )
Since R.H.L π L.H.L, so limit does not exist.
We have
( 
x Æ a
1 –  cos (ax2 + bx + c
   __________________
 lim       
(x – a)2
  
  
) 18. Ans. (c)
( 
(1  – cos 2x) (3 + cos x)
    ___________________
We have  lim            )
(  )
x Æ 0 x tan 4x
1 –  cos {a (x – a) (x – b)}
( 
 lim   ______________________
=              
)
x Æ a
(x – a)2
 ( { 
sin2 x (3 + cos x)
 lim   2 × _____
=    2   ×  __________   
     
( 
})
{ 
a (x – a) (x – b)
2 sin2   _____________
  
     a2 (x – b)2 }
x Æ 0 x tan 4x
_____
     
4x
   × 4)
2
 lim     ____________________
=      
       ×  _________
     1+3
x Æ a
a (x – a) (x – b) 2 4 = 2 ×  _____
  
 = 2
  ______________
  
     4
2 19. Ans. (d)
(  )
2 2
a (a  – b) sin (p cos2 x)
= __________
           __________
We have  lim      
    
2 x Æ 0 x2
14. No questions asked in 2006-2009.
15. Since f (x) be an increasing function, then we can
= 
x Æ 0
  ( 
sin (p (1  –  sin2 x))
 lim   _______________
x2
        )
(  )
write
sin (p – p sin2 x)
f (x) £ f (2x) £ f (3x)  lim    _____________
=    
    
x Æ 0 x2

f (2x)
1 £ _____
 
f (x)
  £
f (3x)
_____
 
f (x)
   = 
x Æ 0 ( 
sin (p sin2 x)
 lim   __________
 
x2
  
     )
(  )
f (2x) f (3x) 2
 lim   lim     _____  £  
   1 £    lim  _____
      lim   __________
=      
   
×
p sin2 x
sin (p sin x) ______
    = p
   
x Æ • x Æ • f (x) x Æ • f (x)
x Æ 0 p sin2 x x2
______
20. Ans. (b) Now,   – x2 
G(x) = – ÷25  
21. Ans. (b)
(– 2x)
__ ___
1
      G¢(x) = –  _________
______   
We have p =  lim 
  +  (1 + tan2 ÷ x )  2x   – x2 
2 ÷25  
x Æ 0
x
= _______
1
___
  +  
 lim (tan2 ÷x 
__      
2x
  )
    ______     
= e x Æ 0   – x2 
÷ 25  
(  )
__
1 ______ tan2 ÷x 
    1 1
G¢(1) = _______   = ____
 lim 
  __
        x      
x Æ 0+ 2 Thus,   ______
      __
    
= e   – 1 
÷25   2÷6    
1
 __   5. Ans. (c)
2
= e
Now,
1
log (p) = log (e1/2) = __
    
2 x Æ a
  ( 
g(x) f (a)  – g (a) f (x)
 lim    _________________
Limit =   x – a         )
Questions asked in Past Iit-Jee Exams
x Æ a ( 
g¢(x) f (a)  – g (a) f ¢(x)
 lim    __________________
=   
1
        )
= g¢(a) f (a) – g (a) f ¢(a)

h Æ 0
( 
(a  + h)2 sin (a + h) – a2 sin a
 lim     _______________________
1. Limit =      
h
      ) = 2 ◊ 2 + 1 ◊ 1
=5
=   ( 
2 (a + h) sin (a
 lim   _____________________________________
       
+ h) + (a
  
+ h) 2
+ cos (a
   
+
)
h) 6. Ans. (b)
[  ]
h Æ 0 1 1 2 n
Limit =    lim   _____
    2   + _____
    2   + ... + _____
    2 
  
n Æ •
2 1–n 1–n 1–n
= (2a sin a + a cos a)
2. Limit = 
n Æ • ( 
1  + 2 + 3 + ..... + n
 lim    _________________
1 – n2
  
  
)
  
(  )
( 
1 1 1 1
 lim   _____   + _____   + _____   + ...... + ___
)
=                            n (n + 1)
n Æ • n + 1 n+2 n+3 6n =   lim    ________2      
( 
n Æ •
2 (1 – n )
_____ 1 _____ 1 1
_____ 1
______
)
( 
=    lim           +         +         + .... +         
)
n Æ • n + 1 n+2 n+3 n + 5n (n2 + n)
=   lim    ________2      
(  (  ))
(  )
5n n Æ •
1 2 (1 – n )
=    lim   S      _____      
n Æ • r = 1 n + r
( 
1 +  __
_________
)
1
n  
( 
5n =  
  l im   
        
=    lim   __
1
n Æ • n r = 1 n + r
n
    S      _____
      )
   n Æ •
2 __
1
  2   – 1 
n
=  
1 5n _______
n Æ • n r = 1 1 + (r/n) ( 
 lim      S       
__ 1
    )
  
( 
(1 + 0)
=  _______    )
  
5
2 (0 – 1)
dx
= Ú      _____
     = log 6
01 + x
1
(  )
= –  __   
( 
2
3. Limit =  
x Æ 0 (1
2x – 1
 lim    __________
______   
÷  + x)  – 1
    
) 7. Ans. (d)
( 
Limit =    lim   f (x)
=  
2x – 1 ( _____
 lim    _____ x      ×  ÷ 1  + x   + 1 )  ) x Æ 0
(  )
x Æ 0
sin [x]
= 2 log 2 =   lim   _____
       
x Æ 0 [x]
4. Limit =  
x Æ 1 (  G (x) – G (1)
 lim    ___________
x–1
  
     ) Ï Ê sin[ x ] ˆ
Ô lim+ ÁË [ x ] ˜¯
=    lim   G ¢(x) Ô x Æ 0
x Æ 1 =Ì
Ô lim Ê sin[ x ] ˆ
= G¢(1) ÔÓ x Æ0 – ÁË [ x ] ˜¯
The Limit 3.61
Ï Ê sin(0) ˆ Since R.H.L π L.H.L, so limit does not exist.

Ô lim+ ÁË =1
Ô x Æ0 (0) ˜¯ 10. Limit =  
 lim   (g (f (x)))
=Ì x Æ 0
Ô lim Ê sin[ x ] ˆ = Ê sin(–1) ˆ = sin(1)
Ô x Æ0 – ÁË [ x ] ˜¯ ÁË (–1) ˜¯ = 
 lim   (g(sin x))
Ó x Æ 0
Since R.H.L π L.H.L, so limit does not exist.  lim   ((sin x)2 + 1)

= 
x Æ 0
8. Limit =   (  p x
 lim   (1 – x) tan ___
       (  ) ) =1
( 
x Æ 1 2
= 
y Æ 0
(  p
 lim   (1 – 1 – y) tan (1 + y)  __ ( 
r      ))  lim    
11. Limit =  
x Æ •
1
x4 sin __
____________
(1 + |x|3)
(  )
 x   + x2
  
  
   )
( 
p p y
)
( 
 lim   (– y) tan __
 r   + ___
)
=       
y Æ 0 2
 lim    
= 
1
x4 sin __ (  )
 x   + x2
____________   
   
 lim   (– y) × – cot ( ___      )
p y
(  (  ) )
= 
x Æ •
(1 – x3)
y Æ 0 2
( 
x sin __(  )
1 1
 x   + __
 x 
( ___
)
___________
     )
p y  lim    
=       
x Æ • 1
2 2 __
  3    – 1 
 lim   ________
=        × __
 p 
tan ( ___
x
     )
y Æ 0 p y
2

2
= __
 p 
( 
1+0
=  _____ 
0–1
   )
= –1
9. Ans. (c)
( 
(  )
_____________
Limit =  
 lim 
x Æ1
÷1  – cos 2 (x  
x–1
– 1) 
   ______________
  
     ) x2
Ú     cos2 tdt
 lim   _________
0
12. Limit =          

( ÷ 
_________
)
1 – cos 2y  

x Æ 0 x sin x
 lim    __________
=  y       

( 
y Æ 0
cos2 x ◊ 2x
 lim   ____________ )
( 
______
)
=           

÷   2 sin2 y  
 lim   _______
=    y      
x Æ 0 sin x  + x cos x
( 
y Æ 0
= 
y Æ 0
÷
( 
__
   | sin y |
2 
 lim   ________
  y     
  )
= 
x Æ 0 ___
 
sin
2cos2 x
 lim   _________  
  x    + cos x
 
  
)
Ï
Ô lim Á
Ê 2 sin y ˆ
˜
(  2
= _____
       
1  +  1
)
+
ÔÔ yÆ0 Ë y ¯
=Ì =1
Ô Ê 2 sin y ˆ
Ô lim– Á
( 
˜ ____
ÔÓ yÆ0 Ë y ¯
x Æ 9
   –  3
÷ f (x) 
 lim   _________
13. Limit =     __
x 
÷     – 3
   
 
)
( 
Ï Ê sin y ˆ
)
Ô lim+ Á 2 ¥
Ô yÆ0 Ë y ˜¯ 1
______
  ____    × f ¢(x)
= Ì  
Ô lim Ê – 2 ¥ sin y ˆ
2÷f (x) 
 
 lim    ____________
=    
    

Ô yÆ0 – ÁË y ˜¯
x Æ 9 1
____
  __    
Ó 2÷x    
(  )
__
ÏÔ 2    
f ¢(x)÷x 
=Ì  lim   ______
=    ____   
ÔÓ – 2 ÷   
x Æ 9 f (x) 
(  ) (  (  ))
p 1
 lim   tan __
__
   
3f ¢(9) 19. Limit =        + x    x
= _____
  ____    x Æ 0 4
   
÷ f (9) 
(  )
3 ◊ 4
= ____
  __   
  
÷9 
=  ( 
x Æ 0 1 – tan x )
1 + tan x __ 1x 
 lim    _______ 
  
 lim   ( 1 + (   ________ 
=4
 – 1 ) )
1
__
1 + tan x  x 
=   
14. x Æ 0 1 – tan x
(  (  ))
1
__
2 tan x    
16. (d)  lim   1 + _______
=          x
 
( ÷  )
___________ x Æ 0 1 – tan x
1
__ 2
     (1 – cos   x) 
2
 lim    ____________
Limit =  
x Æ 0 x       

= e
 
(   
2 tan x
 lim   _________
x Æ 0 x(1 – tan x)
   )
   

=  ( 
1
 lim   ___
|sin x|
  __   × _____
  x     
  ) = e2
( 
x Æ 0 ÷   
2 
)
1
__
5x2 + 1  x2   
Ï Ê sin x ˆ  lim    ______
20. Limit =      
1 x Æ 0 3x2 + 1
Ô lim+ Á ¥
x ˜¯
(  )
Ô x Æ0 Ë 2
= Ì
Ô Ê 1 sin x ˆ 1 __1
¥ 5 + __  2     x2   
Ô lim– ÁË 2 x ˜¯ x
Ó x Æ0  lim    ______ 
=    
1
3 + __
x Æ 0
  2   
Ï Ê 1 sin x ˆ x
Ô lim+ Á ¥
Ô x Æ0 Ë 2 x ˜¯
(  )
= Ì y+5 y
Ô lim Ê – 1 ¥ sin x ˆ  lim    _____ 
=    
y Æ • y + 3
Ô x Æ0 – ÁË 2 x ˜¯
Ó
Ï 1
Ô–
Ô 2
= 
y Æ • ( 2 y
 lim   1 + _____
     
y+3
   )
=Ì
Ô 1
ÔÓ 2 = e y Æ • (  ) 2y
 lim   _____
      
y+3
  
Since R.H.L π L.H.L, so limit does not exist. = e2
x Æ • x + 1(  )
x + 6 x+4
 lim    _____ 
17. Limit =     
( 
log (1  + 2h) – 2 log (1 + h)
 lim   _______________________
21. Limit =  
h Æ 0
     
h2
      )
(1  + _____
x + 1)
5 x+4
 ( ( (  )
 lim   
=         
x Æ • (2h)2 _____
2h – _____
    
2
(2h)3
 +     
3
h2 h3
 – ...  – 2 h – __ ) ( 
    + __
2
    – ...   
3 ))
=
(  5(x + 4)
)
 lim     _______   
 

ex Æ • x+1
 

lim   ________________________________________
=   
h Æ 0
       
h 2
      
= e5
x
( 
 lim   _______
18. Limit =         
x Æ 0 tan– 1 2x
 
)  ( ( ( 
(2h)2 _____
–  _____
2
   
(2h)3
 +     
3
 lim     ____________________________________
= 
h Æ 0
     
h2
  
h2 h3
) ( 
 – ...  – 2 –  __   + __
2
   
3 )) )
     – ...   

( ( 
8h
 lim    – 2 + ___
2h
    – ...  – – 1 + ___ ) (  ))
( 
=       – ...   
= 
x Æ 0 2
1
 lim   __
2x
     × _______
  – 1    
tan 2x
 
) h Æ 0 3 3
= – 2 + 1
1
= __
    
2 = – 1
The Limit 3.63
22. Ans. (b)

( 
x tan 2x  – 2x tan x
 lim    ______________
)
( 
Limit =     
     
) 1 – (cos 2x)2
2n x Æ 0
1 r
    S       _______
 lim   __
Limit =      
______   
(  )
n Æ • n r = 1
÷ n  + r2 
2
  2x tan x
________
      – 2x tan x
1 – tan2x
(  S 
 lim   _________________
=           
= 
n Æ •
1 2n ______
 lim   __
r = 1 ÷
r
 n        _______
   
n  + r2 
2
  
) x Æ 0 4 sin4 x
(  ( 
 
) )
1
( 
2x tan x ________
        – 1 
)
1 – tan2 x
 lim    ____________________
= 
1 2n _________ (  )
__
r
 n   
 lim    n  S        _______
__      
= 
x Æ 0
   
4 sin4 x
     
÷  (  )
( 
n Æ • r 2
1 +  __
r = 1
)
n  
 
 
    2x tan x × tan2 x
 lim    _______________
=       
  
 (
x Æ 0 4 sin4 x(1 – tan2 x)
2
)
x dx
= Ú      _______
_____   
tan2x
tan x _____
0 ÷ 1  + x2   2x4 × ____
  x   
 ×   2  
 
x
_____  lim     __________________
=           
  ) |0 
=  ( ÷1  + x2  sin4x
2 x Æ 0
4 _____
4x ×   4  (1
  2
  – tan x)
( 
x
)
__
= (÷     – 1 )
  5 
tan2 x
tan x _____
2 × ____
  x   
 ×   2   
23. Ans. (c) _________________ x
= 
 lim            
x Æ 0 sin4 x
( 
4 × _____
_____________
)
1  – cos2 (x  
÷_______________
– 1)    4  (1  – tan2 x)
 
Limit =  
 lim 
     
  
   x
x Æ1 x–1
1
= __
    
( ÷ 
_________
)
2
1 – cos 2y  

 lim    __________
=  y      
  25. Ans. (d)
y Æ 0
=  ( 
÷2 sin
 lim   _______
  y   
______
  2y  
   ) x Æ • x + 2 (  )
x–3 x
 lim    _____ 
Limit =     
( 1 + _____
y Æ 0
x + 2)
x
– 5
 lim   
=         
( 
__
)
x Æ •
÷    |sin y|
2 
 lim   _______
=    y     
 
y Æ 0

 
= e x Æ •

(  )
 
– 5x
 lim   _____
x+2
  
  
Ï Ê 2 sin y ˆ
Ô lim Á = e– 5
˜
+
ÔÔ yÆ0 Ë y ¯ 26. Ans. (b)
=Ì
Ô
Ô lim– Á
ÔÓ yÆ0 Ë
Ê 2 sin y ˆ
y
˜
¯
Limit =  
x Æ 0
 
x2( 
sin (p cos2x)
 lim   __________
  
     )
Ï Ê
Ô lim+ Á 2 ¥
Ô yÆ0 Ë
sin y ˆ
y ˜¯

x Æ 0
 ( 
cos (p cos2x)  × – p sin 2x
 lim   ____________________
=     
2x
      )
= Ì
Ô lim Ê – 2 ¥ sin y ˆ
Ô yÆ0 – ÁË
Ó y ˜¯
= 
x Æ 0 (  sin 2x
 lim   – p cos (p cos2x) × _____
     
2x
   )
= (– p cos (p))
ÏÔ 2
=Ì =p
ÔÓ – 2
27. Ans. (c)

24. Ans. (b) x Æ 0 ( 
(cos x  – 1) (cos x – ex)
 lim    __________________
Limit =      
xn
      )
(  (  ) ( 
)
x
2sin2 __      1
(a – n) = __
)  n 
x
________ 2 (e – 1) 1_______
_______ – cos x
     
    x      +   x     
 
= 
 lim    __ x 2
1
x Æ 0     
4 a = n + __
 n 
 ___________________________
          
xn – 3
31. Ans. (c)
(  )
It will provide us a finite limit only when x2
n–3=0 Ú      sec2 t  dt

 lim   _________
0
Thus n=3 Limit =         
  
x Æ 0 x sin x
28. Ans. (c)
Limit =  
x Æ 0 ( 
f (1 + x) 1/x
 lim    _______
f (1)
   
 
) =   ( 
sec2x ◊ 2x
 lim   ______________
       
x Æ 0 sin x ◊1 + x ◊ cos x )

= 
x Æ 0 ( 
f (1 + x)
 lim   1 +  _______
f(1)
  
 
1/x
– 1  )
x Æ 0 ____
( 2sec2x
 lim   __________
=   
sin x
  x   
  
   
 + cos x )

 
= e x Æ 0
( 
f (1  + x) – f(1)
 lim   ____________
 
x f (1)
  
    
) ( 
1+1
2
= _____
        = 1)
  ( 
f ¢(1  + x)
 lim  ________
     
 
) 32. Ans.(c)
( 
= e x Æ 0
f (1)

f ¢(1)
 ____  
= e f (1)
Limit =  
x Æ 0
f (x2)  – f (x)
 lim   __________
    
f (x) – 0
   
)

6
 __  
= e 3 = e2 = 
x Æ 0 ( 
f ¢(x2) ◊ 2x  – f ¢(x)
 lim   ______________
 
f ¢(x)
  
     )
( 
29. Ans. (c)
f (2  + h + h2) – f (2)
 lim   _________________
Limit =       
     
h Æ 0 f (h – h2 + 1) – f (1) ) = 
x Æ 0 ( 
0  – f ¢(0)
 lim   ________
 
f ¢(0)
   
 
)
( 
= –1

f ¢(2  + h + h2) ◊ (1 + 2h)
 lim   ____________________
=       
     
h Æ 0 f ¢(h – h2 + 1) ◊ (1 – 2h) ) 2
 lim   __
33. Limit =   (  1
 p  (n + 1) cos– 1 __
n Æ •
(  ) )
 n   – n 
 lim   ____
=   
h Æ 0 f ¢(1) (  )
f ¢(2)
    =   (  (  )
y Æ 0 p y
2 1
 lim   __
    __ )1
    + 1  cos– 1 (y) – __
 y  
 lim   ( __
6 3
= __
     = __
     =  
2
 y  (cos (y) – (1) )
1
 p  cos (y) + __
– 1 – 1
4 2 y Æ 0
30. Ans. (d)
We have,   
x Æ 0
   
x2 ( 
[(a – n) nx – tan x]sin nx
lim     ____________________
      = 0 ) =  
2
 lim   __
y Æ 0
(  (cos– 1 (y) – 1)
 p  cos– 1 (y) +  ____________
y         )
    _______________
 lim 
x Æ 0
  x       ( ( 
(a  – n) n x – tan x _____
sin nx
×   x       = 0 )) 2
 lim   __
=   (  (cos– 1 (y) – cos– 1(0))
 p  cos– 1 (y) +  _________________
y Æ 0 y         )
(( (   ))
)
( 
_____ ____
)
tan x sinnx
    (a – n)n –  ____
 lim     × _____
x      nx   
× n    = 0
  (    2   
cos– 1 y ◊ 0 + ÷1 – y ÷ 1 – 0    )
2
 lim   __
 p  cos– 1 (y)  +  ______________________
x Æ 0
=      
y     
y Æ 0
((a – n)n – 1)n = 0
( 
_____

((a – n)n – 1) = 0
(a – n)n = 1
=  
y Æ 0
2
 lim   __
cos– 1 ÷1  – y2 
 p  cos– 1 (y) +  _____________
y     
( 
  
  

)
)
The Limit 3.65
2
 lim   __ (  sin– 1 y
 p  cos– 1 (y) + ______ ) 38. Ans. (a, c)
( 
=     y      
)
______
y Æ 0
x2
 – __
a  – ÷a  2 – x2      
( 
4
2
= __
 p  × cos– 1 (0) + 1  )  lim     ______________
L =  
x Æ 0 x4
  
    
(  )
(  (  ) )
2 p
= __
 p  × __
     + 1  x2 x2
1/2
2 a –  a 1 – __
  2    – __
    
a 4
= 1 + 1  lim     __________________
=           
= 2
x Æ 0 x4
(  (  (  )(  ) ) )
1 x2 __ 1 1 x2 2 x2 1
35. Ans. (c) a –  a 1 – __
     __
  2  +       __
     – 1  __
  2    – ...  –  __   × __
     
2 a 2 2 a 4 2!
 lim    ________________________________________
Limit =   (  1 sin x
 lim   (sin x) x  + __
x Æ 0
1
__
 x     (  ) ) = 
x Æ 0
     
x4
      
(  ) + e   lim   ( ______ )
(  (  (  )(  ) ) )
log sin x – log x
 lim   _______ 1 x2 1 __ 1 x4 x2
a  – a – __
      __2  + __
           – 1  ___
  3     – ...  – __
    x        cosec x    
= e x Æ 0
x Æ 0     
2a 2 2 2a 4
 lim    ___________________________________
=              
=e – •
+ e x Æ 0
(  – log x
 lim   ______
   cosec x )
   

x Æ 0 x 4
( x Æ 0+, log (sin x) Æ – •) 1

___
2a 4((   ( 
1
      – __
1 x4
      x2 + __ )
      __
8 a3 (  ) )
      – ... 
)
= e– • +
(  1
 __
x 
 lim   –  ___________
 
e
x Æ 0
     
– cosec x cot x
) =  
 lim    
x Æ 0
_______________________    
x4
     
It will provide a finite limit only when

– •   ( 
tan x
 lim    ____  × sin x 
x    )
( 
=e + e x Æ 0
=e +e – • 0 2a
1
___
     –
1
__
4 ) 1
      = 0 and L = ___
   3  
8a
=0+1 1
=1 fi 2a = 4 and L =  ___ 3  
8a
(  )
36. Ans. (a)
1 1
sec2x fi a = 2 and L =  ______   = ___
  3       
Ú      f (t) dx 8×2 64
Limit =  
 lim  _________
2
         
39. Ans. (b)
p
x Æ  __   p2
( 
2 ___
)
4 x –      x
16 1 t log (1 + t)
      Ú     _________
 lim  __
Limit =       
  dt
x Æ 0 x3 0 t4 + 4
( 
f (sec 2
x) ◊ 2sec2 x tan x – 0
)
( 
____________________
)
= 
 lim   
     
     
(  )
x
p
x Æ  __   2x t log (1 + t)
4
Ú      _________
    
 

= 
 lim 
p
 

x Æ  __  
( 
f (sec2
x) ◊ sec2 x tan x
________________
  x        ) = 
x Æ 0
0_____________
 lim    
t4 + 4
x3
  
    
(  ) ((   
4

2f (2)
= _____
  p    
__
    
 
= 
 lim    
x log (1 + x)
 __________  
(x4 + 4)
____________
   
  

    
))
4 x Æ 0 3x2
(  )
8f (2)
= _____
  p   
  
 lim   __
= 
x Æ 0 3 ( 
1 log (1 + x) _______
     ×  _________
x    
1
×   4    
  
)
(x + 4)
( 
8
= __
 p  f (2)  ) = ___
1
     
12
37. No questions asked in 2008. 40. Ans. (d)
1
__ 2 1
 lim   (1 + x log (1 + b2)) x  = 2b sin2q
Limit =   Thus,  _____________
      = ___
     
x Æ 0 (2a + 1) (a + 1) 60
fi e
(  x log (1 + b2)
 lim    ___________
 
x Æ 0 x       
) = 2b sin q 2
fi (2a + 1) (a + 1) = 120
fi 2a2 + 3a – 119 = 0
fi elog(1 + b ) = 2b sin2q
2
fi 2a2 + 17a – 14a – 119 = 0
fi a (2a + 17) – 7 (2a + 17) = 0

fi (1 + b2) = 2b sin2q
fi (2a + 17) (a – 7) = 0
fi
1 + b2
sin2q =  ______
2b ( 
   
   ) fi
17
a = 7, –  ___  
2
( 
43. We have
fi
1
sin2q = __
1
      b + __
     ≥ 1 )
{ 
2 b
}
1–x
– ax +  sin (x – 1) + a  ______
__ 
    1
2     __________________
 lim            1 – ÷x     = __
    
fi sin q = 1 x Æ 1 x + sin (x – 1) – 1 4
p
fi q = ± __
    
{ 
__ __
}
(1  + ÷
x 
  )  (1 – ÷
x 
  ) 
2 sin (x  – 1) – a (x – 1)  ______________
__  
 
   1
      _________________
 lim        1 – ÷x     = __
       
41. Ans. (b) x Æ 1 (x – 1) + sin (x – 1) 4
{ 
x2 +  x + 1
(  )
}
     _________
Given  lim     
– ax – b  = 4 sin (x – 1) (1 + ÷x 
  ) 
__
x Æ 0 x+1  ________    –a
(x – 1) 1
(        ____________ __
 lim 
x Æ 0
x2 + x  + 1 – ax2 – ax – bx – b
   __________________________
     
x+1
      = 4 )  lim 
x Æ 1
     
sin (x – 1)
1 +  ________ 
(x – 1)
 
 
=     
4
   ___________________________
 lim 
x Æ 0
     
x+1
   ( 
(1 – a) x2 + (1 – a – b) x + (1 – b)
   = 4 ) (  ) __ 14  
1–a 2
 _____ 
1+1
   =
(  _____
2 )
It is possible only when 1–a 12
  = __
        
fi (1 – a) = 0, (1 – a – b) = 4 4
fi a = 1, a + b = – 3 (1 – a)2 = 1
fi a = 1 and b = – 4
(1 – a) = ±1
42. Ans. (a)
Limit a = 1 + 1

n Æ • (  a – 1
1a + 2a + ... + ◊ na
lim    _____________________________________
=         
   
(n + 1) ((na + 1) + (na + 2) + ... + (na + n))
  
a = 0, 2
)
The largest value of a is 2.
(  ) (  )
n
f (x)
2 S      ra  lim   ____
44. We have          
x Æ 0 g (x)
 lim   _____________________
r = 1
=           
  
 ( ( 
n Æ •
(n + 1) (2n2 a + n2 + n)
a – 1
(  ))
)
p p
sin __
     sin __
( 
     sin x   
)
6 2
n  lim   ________________
=     p       
2 S      __
r a
 n    (  ) x Æ 0 __
     sin x
2
(   
 lim   ____________________
r = 1
=        
     
(  ) (  )
( (  ( __
     sin ( __
)
n Æ • 1 a – 1 1
1 +  n   2a + 1 + __
__  n   __
 
p
6
 lim  sin _____________
=  
p
    sin __
  
    ×
) )  _____________
    sin x   
2
p
6
     sin x ) )
p
2
  
  
  
p
__ p
__
(  ) (  2   sin x )
p
__
(  )
x Æ 0
1     sin      sin x 
6 2
2 Ú    x dx a
p
= ________
 
0
   
  = __
    
2a = 1 6
The Limit 3.67
(  ) (  ) (  )
n
a ) – e
e cos( e x2 sin b x b x
 lim    _________
45. We have         = – __
            _________ 
46.  lim    × ___
        = 1
a m
 (
a Æ 0 2 x Æ 0 a x – sin x b x
(  ) )
n
) – 1
e(e cos(a
– 1 cos (a n ) – 1 e x3b
    ____________
 lim    
     ×   __________  
     = –  __      ___________________
  
[ 
 lim           = 1
cos(a n ) – 1 a m
]
( 
a Æ 0 2 x Æ 0 x3 __ x5
__
a x – x –      +     – .... 
(  )
)  (
3! 5!
___ n   
a 2
)
2 sin  
e( e – 1 ) _________
n
cos(a )
– 1
2 a 2n e x3b
   lim   ______________
         ×      
  × ____
  m    = __
       
(  )    ____________________
 lim      
[ 
       = 1
n n 2
cos (a ) – 1 a 2
]
a Æ 0 4a
___
( 
      x Æ 0 x3 x5
2 (a – 1) x + __
    – __
    + ... 
)
3! 5!
 
e( e
cos(an

 lim    _____________
)
– 1
  
     ×
sin
– 1 ) ________
 
2 ___
  (  )
a n
2
   
   
  ×
a 2n – m
______
        = __
e
    
(  )
n n 2
a Æ 0 cos (a ) – 1 a 2 2 1
___
      a – 1 = 0, b = __    
2 6
   __
 lim 
e
( 
     × a 2n – m e
  = __ )
    
Thus, the value of 6 (a + b)
( 
a Æ 0 2 2
It is possible only when (2n – m) = 0
1
= 6 1 + __ )
      = 7
6
m
 __
n   = 2
Chapter
4 The Continuity and

Differentiability
(ii)  lim 
   f(x) exists
Concept Booster x Æ c
(iii)  lim 
   f(x) = f(c)
x Æ c
1. Introduction
i.e  lim 
  +  f(x) =   
lim 
–
  f(x) = f(c)
x Æ c x Æ c
Graphically, a function is continuous at a point if its graph
can be drawn at this point without raising the pen or pencil, It should be noted that continuity of a function at x = c is
otherwise it is discontinuous at that point. meaningful only if the function is defined in the immediate
neighbourhood of x = c, not necessarily at x = c.
3. Reasons of Discontinuity
(i) f(x) is not defined at x = c.
(ii)  lim 
   f(x) does not exist.
x Æ c
   f(x) π f(c)
(iii)  lim 
x Æ c
Geometrically, the graph of the function will exhibit
(Continuous function) a break at x = c. The graph as shown is discontinuous
at x = 1, 2 and 3.
(Discontinuous function)
4. Types of discontinuities
But only graphical approach is not sufficient, because
sometimes it is quite time taking (and in some cases it is even (i) Removal Discontinuity
impossible) to draw the complete graph of a function. (ii) Non-Removal Discontinuity
So we must have an analytical approach to analyse the
continuity of the function at any given point. 4.1 Removal Discontinuity
2. Continuity In case   
lim  f(x) exists but is not equal to f(c), then the func-
x Æ c
A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c if tion is said to have a removal discontinuity or discontinuity
of the first kind. In this case we can redefine the function
(i) f(c) is defined
such that   
lim  f(x) = f(c) and make it continuous at x = c
x Æ c
are known as non-removal discontinuity or discontinuity of

the 2nd kind.
(a) Finite Discontinuity:
  +  f(x) π   
 lim  lim 
–
  f(x) π f(c)
x Æ c x Æ c
For examples:
(a) Missing Point Discontinuity: Where   

lim  f(x) exists
x Æ c
finitely but f(c) is not defined.
For examples:
(1 – x)(9 – x2)
(i) f(x) =  ____________
  
   
has a missing point dis-
(1 – x)
continuity at x = 1.
(i) f(x) = x – [x] at all integral x

1
(ii) f(x) = tan–1 __ (  )
 x   at x = 0
1
(iii) f(x) = ______
    1    at x = 0
__
1 + 2 x 
(Note that f(0 +) = 0, f(0 –) = 1).
(b) Infinite Discontinuity:
f(x) =   
 lim 
  +  lim 
–
  f(x) = f(c) = •
x Æ c x Æ c
sin x
(ii) f(x) =  ____  has a missing point discontinuity at
x   
x = 0.
(b) Isolated Point Discontinuity: Where   
lim  f(x) exists
x Æ c
lim  f(x) π f(c)
and f(c) is also exists but   
x Æ c
For examples:
x2 – 16
(i) f(x) = ______
  , x π 4 and f(4) = 9 has an isolated
  
 
x–4
point of discontinuity at x = 4
For examples:
1
(i) f(x) = _____
        at x = 4
x–4
1
(ii) f(x) = _______
        at x = 3
(x – 3) 4
p
(iii) f(x) = 2 tan x at x = __     
2
cos x
(iv) f(x) =  _____
x    

  at x = 0.
(c) Oscillatory Discontinuity:

Ï0 , x Œ I For example:
(ii) f(x) = [x] + [– x] = Ì has an isolated
Ó- 1 , x œ I
point of discontinuity at all integer points.

1
(i) f(x) = sin __ (  )
 x   at x = 0
Note: In all these cases the value of f(c) of the function

4.2 Non-Removal Discontinuity f(x) at x = c (point of discontinuity) may or may not exist
In case   
lim  f(x) does not exist then it is not possible to make but in every case   
lim  
f(x) does not exist.
x Æ c x Æ c
the function continuous by redefining it. Such discontinuous
The Continuity and Differentiability 4.3
(f) If f(x) is continuous at x = c and g(x) is continuous

at x = f(c) then g(f(x)) is continuous at x = c.
In case of the discontinuity of the second kind, the non-

negative difference between the value of the R.H.L at x = c
p
and L.H.L at x = c is called the Jump of Discontinuity. Example-1. Let f(x) = sin x is continuous at x =  __   and
A function having a finite number of jumps in a given 2
interval is called a Piece-wise Continuous or Sectionally g(x) is also continuous at x = 1. Then the function (go f )(x)
p
Continuous function in this interval. = cos(sin x) is continuous at x =  __  .
2
Very Important Points to Remember Example-2. Let f(x) = |x – 2| is continuous at x = 2 and
(a) If f(x) is continuous at x = a and g(x) is discontinu- g(x) = x2 + 1 is continuous at x = 0.
ous at x = a, then both the functions f(x) + g(x) and Then (go f )(x) = |x – 2|2 + 1 is continuous at x = 2.
f(x) – g(x) are discontinuous at x = a.
(g) If f(x) is continuous, then | f(x)| is also continuous.
For example:
Let f(x) = x and g(x) = [x] Example-3. Let f(x) = x is continuous everywhere
Clearly, f(x) is continuous at x = 0 and g(x) is dis- Then g(x) = |x| is also continuous everywhere.
continuous at x = 0.
x + 1
But both the function x + [x] and x – [x] are discon- Example-4. Let f(x) =   ______
2
   
and g(x) = |x – 2| are con-
tinuous for all x. x +  4
| 
tinuous at x = 0.
(b) If f(x) is continuous at x = a and g(x) is discontinuous
at x = a then the product function h(x) = f(x)g(x) is
not necessarily be discontinuous at x = a.
all x.
x + 1
Then (go f)(x) =   ______
 
x2 + 4
 
|
  – 1  is also continuous for
For example: 5. Continuity of an Interval
Let f(x) be a real function and a and b be two real numbers

Ï Ê 1ˆ
Ôsin , xπI such that a < b
Let f(x) = x and g(x) = Ì ÁË x ˜¯
(i) A function f(x) is said to be continuous in the open
Ô0 , x=0
Ó interval (a, b) if it is continuous to each point of
(a, b).
Clearly f(x) is continuous at x = 0 and
g(x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
Thus, the product x sin __
1
(  )
 x   is continuous at x = 0.
(c) If f(x) and g(x) both are discontinuous at x = a, then
the product function h(x) = f(x) ◊ g(x) is not necessar-
ily be discontinuous at x = a.
For example:
Let f(x) = [x] and g(x) = [– x]
Clearly f(x) and g(x) are discontinuous at x = 0.
But the product f(x) ◊ g(x) = [x] ◊ [– x] is continuous at (ii) A function f(x) is said to be continuous in the closed
x = 0. interval [a, b] if
(d) Point functions are to be treated as discontinuous. (a) it is continuous in (a, b)
(e) A continuous function whose domain is in closed (b)  lim 
  +  f(x) = f(a) (or f is right continuous at
interval must have a range also in a closed interval. x Æ a
x = a)
(c)  lim 
  –  f(x) = f(b) (or f is left continuous
x Æ b
at x = b).
Y
(Continuous
from left)
(Continuous
from right)
X¢ X
O x=a x=b 8. Differentiability
Y¢
8.1. Introduction
6. Single Point Continuity In calculus (a branch of mathematics), a differentiable func-
A function which are continuous only at one point are said tion of one real variable is a function whose derivative exists
to be exihibit single point continuity. at each point in its domain. As a result, the graph of a dif-
ferentiable function must have a non-vertical tangent line at
For example:
each point in its domain, be relatively smooth, and cannot
Ï x , x ŒQ contain any breaks, bends, or cusps.
(i) f(x) = Ì is continuous at x = 0
Ó - x , x œQ 8.2 Differentiabilty of a function at a point
Ï x, x Œ Q (i) The right hand derivative of f(x) at x = a is denoted
(ii) g(x) = Ì is continuous at x = 0 by f ¢(a +) and is defined as
Ó0, x œQ
7. Properties of Continuous Functions

f ¢(a +) =    lim 
hÆ0 +
 (  f(a + h) – f(a)
_____________
 
h
      
  
)   , provided the limit
exists.
Let f(x) and g(x) be two continuous functions at x = c and (ii) The right hand derivative of f(x) at x = a is denoted
k be a non-zero real number. Then by f ¢(a–) and is defined as
(  )
(i) k f(x) f(a + h) – f(a)  
(ii) f(x) + g(x) f ¢(a –) =  lim   +  _____________
           , provided the limit
h Æ 0 h
(iii) f(x) – g(x) exists.
(iv) f(x) ◊ g(x) are also continuous at x = c and Thus, a function is said to be differentiable (finitely)
(v) f(x)/g(x) is also continuous, provided g(c) is non-zero at x = a, if f ¢(a +) = finite.
at x = c.
(vi) If f(a) and f(b) are of opposite signs, then there exists
By definition, f ¢(a +) =  lim    – 
h Æ 0(  f(a + h) – f(a)
____________
 
h )     
        
at least one solution of the equation f(x) = 0 in the

open interval (a, b). i.e.  lim 
  + 
h Æ a
 ( 
f(a + h) – f(a)
_____________
h
  
        )
=  lim 
  – 
h Æ a ( 
f(a – h) – f(a)   
 ___________
h
        )
8.3 Geometrical Meaning of a Derivative
(vii) If k is any real number between f(a) and f(b),

f(a + h) – f(a)    _____________
f(a + h) – f(a)
then there exist atleast one solution of the equation m(PQ) = tan a = _____________
    
     =         
f(x) = k in the open interval (a, b). Which is known (a + h) – a h
as Intermediate Value Theorem. when h Æ 0, the point Q moving along the curve tends to
P. i.e. Q Æ P
The chord PQ approaches the tangent line PT at the

point P.
So a Æ q
h Æ 0 ( 
f (a + h) – f(a)
lim   _____________
Thus, tan q =     
h
       )
 
fi m = f ¢(a) =   
h Æ 0 ( 
  f(a + h) – f(a)
lim    ____________
h )
       
Thus, a function is differentiable at a point x = a, if there (f(x) is not differentiable at x = a)

is a tangent at x = a. 3. A function f(x) is differentiable if there exists a
unique tangent to each point on the given curve.
Note:
1. A function f(x) is differentiable in its domain if it
is a smooth curve.
8.4 Concept of tangent and its association with

derivability
2. A function f(x) is differentiable, if there is a no Tangent: The tangent is defined as the limiting case of a
break point, hole point or corner point or a kink chord or a secant.
point on the given curve.
Slope of the chord joining (a, f(a)) and

f(b) – f(a)
(f(x) is not differentiable at x = a) (b, f(b)) =  _________
   
 
b–a
Slope of the line joining (a, f(a)) and
  f(a + h) – f(a)
(a + h, f(a + h)) =  _____________       
h
  f(a + h) – f(a)
R.H.D = f(a +) =  l im   _____________
        
hÆ0 h
  f(a – h) – f(a)
L.H.D = f(a–) =    lim    _____________
      
hÆ0 – – h
A function will have a tangent at point x = a if f ¢(a +)
= f ¢(a–) (may or may be finite) and equation of tangent at
(f(x) is not differentiable at x = a) (a, f(a)) is given by y – f(a) = f ¢(a) (x – a)
Notes: If f(x) is a function such that

1. y = x3 has x-axis as tangent at origin. R.H.D = f(a +) = l and
L.H.D = f(a–) = m
2. Tangent is also defined as the line joining two infi-
nitely small close points on a curve. Case I: If l = m = some finite value, then the function
f(x) is differentiable as well as continuous.
3. y = sgn (x) will have a vertical tangent at x = 0
4. y = |x| does not have tangent at x = 0 as L.H.D
π R.H.D.
5. Discontinuous function can also have vertical tan-
gent, namely, y = sgn (x) at x = 0
6. A function is said to be derivable at x = a if
their exist a tangent of finite slope at that point
f ¢(a +) = f ¢(a–) = finite value. Case II: If l π m = but both have some finite value, then
7. If a function f(x) is differentiable at x = a, the the function f(x) will not be differentiable but it will be
graph of f(x) will be such that there is a unique continuous.
tangent to the graph at the corresponding point. But
if f(x) is non-differentiable at x = a, there will not
be unique tangent at the corresponding point of the
given curve.
8.5 Relation between the Continuity and Derivability

(i) If f ¢(a) exists, then f(x) is continuous at x = a Case-III: If at-least one of the l or m is infinite, then
the function is non differentiable but we can not say about
(ii) If f(x) is derivable for every point of its domain, then
continuity of f(x)
it is continuous in that domain.
Proof: Let f(x) be a real function and a Œ R
Given f ¢(a) =   

x Æ a
(  f(x) – f(a)
lim     _________
x – a     
  )
To prove f(x) is continuous at x = a.
i.e.  lim     f (x) = f(a)
x Æ a
Now,   
lim   f (x) =   
lim   ((f(x) – f(a)) + f(a))
x Æ a x Æ a
Notes:
=   
x Æ a
( ( 
  f(x) – f(a)
lim     _________
x – a      )
  × (x – a) + f(a)  ) 1. Differentiable
2. Continuous
fi
fi
Continuous
Can be a differentiable.
lim   (   _________  ) ◊   
  f(x) – f(a)
=    x – a      lim  × (x – a) +   
lim  f(a) 3. Discontinuous fi Non-differentiable.
4. Both one sided fi Continuous.
= f ¢(a)0 + f(a)
derivative exists
= f(a)
8.6. Derivability over an interval
Thus, f(x) is continuous at x = a
(i) Open Interval: f(x) is said to be derivable over an
Therefore, every differentiable function is
open interval (a, b) if it is derivable at each and every
continuous.
point of (a, b).
Note: The converse of the above result is not true.
i.e. If ‘f ’ is continuous at x, then ‘f ’ is derivable at
x is not true.
For example:
the function f(x) = |x – 2| is continuous at x = 2 but
not derivable at x = 2.
(iii) If a function is not differentiable but is continuous
at x = a, it geometrically implies a sharp corner or
kink at x = a.
(ii) Closed Interval: f(x) is said to be derivable over a

closed interval [a, b] if
(i) it is differentiable on (a, b)
(ii) it is right differentiable at left end.
i.e. f ¢(a +) =  lim 

  + 
h Æ 0
( 
f(a + h) – f(a)
 ____________
h
       
)
(iii) it is left differentiable at right end.
i.e. f ¢(b–) =    lim  

h Æ 0 – ( 
f(b – h) – f(b)
 ____________
– h
       )
  f(a + h) – f(a – h)
Slope of AB =  _______________
h
      
(iv) for any point c such that a < c < b, f ¢(c +) and
f ¢(c–) exists finitely and are equal. f(a + h) – f(a)
Slope of CB =  ____________       
h
Note: For checking the derivability in an interval, then
following points must kept in your mind. f(a + h) – f(a – h)
(i) the limit of  ________________       as h Æ 0 is f ¢(a)
2h
1. All those point where discontinuity may arise
when f ¢(a) is exist.
2. Modulus functions are also non-differentiable and
(ii) it usually gives a better approximation of f ¢(a) for a
hence should be checked at their critical points.
given value of h then
3. Every sine and cosine functions are differentiable f(a + h) – f(a)
everywhere. Fermat’s difference quotient  ____________       
h
4. tan–1 x, cot–1 x, all polynomials and exponential func-
f(a + h) – f(a – h)  
tions are differentiable everywhere. In fact,    lim  ________________
        
h Æ 0 2h
5. logarithmic and trigonometric functions are differ-
ential in their domains.
6. Modulus function and signum function are non-
differentiable at x = 0.

1
= __ (  ( ( 
        
2 h Æ 0
f(a + h) – f(a)
lim    ____________
 
h ) ( 
       
f (a – h) – f(a)
+ _____________
 
– h
       )))
     
1
Hence, y = |f(x)| and y = sgn(f(x)) should be checked = __
     ( f ¢(a +) + f ¢(a–))
2
at points where f(x) = 0.
We notice that it is equal to f ¢(a) if f is differentiable
7. Power function y = x p, 0 < p < 1 is non-differentiable
at x = a.
at x = 0. Hence y = (f(x)) p should be checked at
points where f(x) = 0.
8.8 Twice differentiability
8. The inverse trigonometric functions
y = sin–1x, cos–1x, cosec–1x, sec–1x A function f(x) is twice differentiable at x = a if its deriva-
are not differentiable at x = ± 1 tive f ¢¢(x) is differentiable at x = a
Hence, y = sin –1( f(x)), cos –1( f(x)), cosec –1( f(x)),
sec–1(f(x)) h Æ 0
  ( 
f ¢(a + h) – f ¢(a)
lim   ______________
The limit f ¢¢(a) =   
h
        exists.)
should be checked at points where f(x) = ± 1.
9. Greatest integer function and fractional part func-
tions are non-differentiable at all integral points of x.
Alternatively, f ¢¢(a) =   
x Æ 0
( 
  f ¢(x) – f ¢(a)
lim     __________
x – a        )
Hence, y = [f(x)] and y = {f(x)} should be checked
Hence, if f ¢(a) is exists then
at points where f(x) = n, n Œ I.
__   f(a + h) – f(a – h)
10. The nth root function f(x) = n÷ x 
    is non-differentiable
    ________________
 lim         = f ¢(a).
at x = 0 h Æ 0 2h
11. If f(x) is differentiable at x = a, then the function
f(x)|f(x)| is also differentiable at x = a.
8.9 Differentiability of Composite functions
Theorem: If f(x) is differentiable at x = a and g(x)
is differentiable at x = f(a) then the composite function
8.7 Centered difference Quotient (gof)(x) is differentiable at x = a.
f(a + h) – f(a – h) A function of a function composed of a finite number of
The centered difference quotient is  ______________
       and is differentiable functions is a differentiable function.
2h
p
used to approximate f ¢(a) in numerical work. Example-5. Let f(x) = sin x is differentiable at x = __
     and
2
(  )
Ï x2 - 1 , x £ 1 p Ï x2 : x>0
g(x) = ÔÌ is differentiable at x = f __
      = 1 Ô
ÔÓ2 x - 2, x > 1 2 f(x) ◊ g(x) = Ì0 : x=0
Ô 2
Hence the composite function (go f)(x) is differentiable at Ó- x : x < 0
p
x = __
     is differentiable at x = 0.
2
sin x Example-9. Let f(x) = x and
Example-6. Let f(x) =  ______    and g(x) = x|x| are differ-
x2 + 1 Ï Ê 1ˆ
Ô x sin Á ˜ : x π 0
entiable for all x. Hence the composite function (gof)(x) g(x) = Ì Ë 2¯
|  |
Ô0 : x=0
Ó
sin x _____ sin x
=  _____
2
  
    2       is also differentiable for all x. 3. If f(x) and g(x) are two differentiable functions,
x +1x +1
Then the function f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 but
Theorem: If the function f(x) is differentiable every where g(x) is non-differentiable at x = 0
and the function g(x) is also differentiable everywhere Hence the product f(x) ◊ g(x) is differentiable at
then the composite function (go f ) is also differentiable x = 0.
everywhere. Example-10. However, the function f(x) = x is differ-
Example-7. Let f(x) = sin x and g(x) = cots x entiable at x = 1 and g(x) = [x] is non-differentiable
at x = 1 but the product f(x) ◊ g(x) is non-differentiable
Clearly, f(x) and g(x) is differentiable everywhere.
at x = 1.
Thus, f(g(x)) = sin(cos x) and g(f(x)) = cos (sin x) is alo
4. The quotient f(x)/g(x) is not necessarily differentiable
differentiable everywhere.
at x = a
Ï x + 1, x ≥ 0
8.10 Algebra of differentiable functions Let f(x) = x2 (x2 – 1) and g(x) = Ì
Ó x - 1, x < 0
1. If f(x) and g(x) are differentiable functions at x = a,
Here, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and g(x) is non-
then
differentiable at x = 0
(i) cf(x) is differentiable at x = a, where c is any
non-zero constant. ÏÔ x 2 ( x - 1), x ≥ 0
Therefore, f(x)/g(x) = Ì
(ii) f(x) + g(x) is differentiable at x = a 2
ÔÓ x ( x + 1), x < 0
(iii) f(x) – g(x) is differentiable at x = a is differentiable at x = 0.
(iv) f(x) ◊ g(x) is differentiable at x = a
5. If f(x) and g(x) both are non-differentiable at x = a,
(v) f(x) /g(x) is differentiable at x = a, provided g¢(a) then the follwing cases may arise:
is non-zero.
(i) The functions f(x) + g(x) and f(x) – g(x) are not
2. If f(x) is differentiable at x = a and g(x) is non- necessarily non-differentiable at x = a.
differentiable at x = a, then the following cases may
However, atmost one of f(x) + g(x)
arise.
and f(x) – g(x) can be differentiable at x = a.
(i) Both the functions f(x) + g(x) and f(x) – g(x) is
Thus both of them can not be differentiable at
non-differentiable at x = a.
x = a.
Let f(x) = x and g(x) = |x|.
Let f(x) = [x] and g(x) = {x}. Here both f(x) and
Obviously, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and g (x) g(x) are non differentiable at x = 0.
is non-differentiable at x = 0.
Thus the sum f(x) + g(x) is differentiable at
But the functions x + |x|, x – |x| are non-differ- x = 0, however the difference f(x) – g(x) is non-
entiable at x = 0. differentiable at x = 0.
(ii) f(x)◊ g(x) is not necessarily non-differentiable But this does not mean that one of the fun-
at x = a. We need to find the result by first tions f(x) + g(x) and f(x) – g(x) must be
principles. differentiable.
Example-8. Let f(x) = x2, g(x) = sgn(x) Let f(x) = 2[x] and g(x) = {x}. Here both f(x)
Obviously, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 and g(x) is and g(x) are non-differentiable at x = 0.
non-differentiable at x = 0. Then the functions f(x) + g(x) and f(x) – g(x)
But the product of the functions are non-differentiable at x = 0.
(ii) f(x) ◊ g(x) is not necessarily non-differentiable at (ii) We manipulate f(x + h) – f(x) in such a way that the
x = a. given functional rule is applicable.
Let f(x) = [x] and g(x) = [– x]. Here, both the Now we apply the functional rule and simplify the
functions f(x) and g(x) are non-differentiable at R.H.S to get f ¢(x) as a function of x.
x = 0, but the product function [x] ◊ [– x] is dif- (iii) Then we integrate f ¢(x) to get f(x) as a function of x
ferentiable at x = 0. and a constant of integration.
Further more, let f(x) = [x] and g(x) = {x}. (iv) Finally, we apply the boundary conditions to deter-
Here both the functions f(x) and g(x) are non- mine the value of the constant of integration.
differentiable at x = 0, but the product [x]. {x}
is also non-differentiable at x = 0. ÔÏ x 2 - 1, x ≥ 0
Let f(x) = Ì and
(iii) f(x)/g(x) is not necessarily non-differentiable at ÔÓ x + 1 , x < 0
x = a.
Ï x + 1, x ≥ 0
8.11 Functional Equations g(x) = Ì
Ó x - 1, x < 0
We should follow the following steps to determine the func-
tions which are differentiable Then both the functions f(x) and g(x) are non dif-
  f(x + h) – f(x) ferentiable at x = 0, but the function f(x)/g(x) is dif-
lim    _____________
(i) First we write f ¢(x) =           ferentiable at x = 0.
h Æ 0 h
Exercises
Ï xx -1
(Problems Based on Fundamentals) Ô : xπ0
6. Show that (x) = Ì log(1 + 2 x )
Type-I Ô 7 : x=0
Ó
1. Test the continuity of the function f (x) at the origin is discontinuous at x = 0.
Ï | x| Ï sin 3 x
Ô , xπ0 : x<0
f (x) = Ì x Ô tan 2 x
ÔÓ 1, x = 0 Ô
Ô3
2. Show that the function f (x) is given by 7. Show that f (x) = Ì : x=0
Ô2
Ï sin x Ô log(1 + 3 x )
Ô + cos x, x π 0 Ô e2 x - 1 : x>0
f (x) = Ì x is continuous at x = 0.
Ó
ÔÓ 2 x=0
is continuous at x = 0.
3. Discuss the continuity of the function
Type-II
Ï ax + bx + cx - 3 8. For what value of k is the function
Ô : xπ0
f (x) = Ì x at x = 0. Ï sin 5 x
Ô log abc : x=0 Ô xπ0
Ó f (x) = Ì 3 x is continuous at x = 0?
ÔÓk x=0
4. Test the contnuty at x = 0 where
p
9. Find the value of k, if f (x) is continuous at x = __
    ,
Ï e3 x - 1 2
Ô : xπ0 Ï k cos x p
f (x) = Ì log(1 + 5 x ) ÔÔ p - 2 x x π 2
Ô5 : x=0 where f (x) = Ì .
Ó p
Ô3 x=
ÔÓ 2
Ï x - | x|
Ô : xπ0
5. Show that f (x) = Ì 2 is discontinuous Ï 2 x + 2 - 16
ÔÓ 2 Ô : xπ2
: x=0 10. If f (x) = Ì 4 x - 16 is continuous at
at x = 0. Ôk : x=2
Ó
x = 2, then find k.
Ï cos2 x - sin 2 x - 1 18. If f (x) is continuous at x = 0 for which the

Ô : xπ0
11. If f (x) = Ì x2 + 1 - 1 e2x – 1 – x (e2x + 1)
function f (x) =  _________________        , x π 0,
Ô x3
Ók , : x=0
then find f (0).
is continuous at x = 0, then find k. 19. Let f be a continuous function on R such that
Ï1 - cos kx
ÔÔ x sin x
12. If f (x) = Ì
: xπ0
is continuous at
1
4(  )
f  __n     = (sin en) e– n 2
n +1
n2
+  ______
2
   , then find f (0).
Ô1 : x=0 Ï 1
ÔÓ 2 Ô xn ¥ e x
Ô 1
, , x<0
x = 0, find k. Ô 1 + ex
ÔÔ
Type-III 20. Let f (x) = Ì 0 , x=0.
13. Determine the values of a, b, c for which the Ô
Ô x n sin ÊÁ ˆ˜
1
function: , x>0
Ô Ë x¯
Ï Ô
Ô sin (a + 1) x + sin x ÔÓ
Ô : x<0
ÔÔ x Find the smallest n in W such that f (x) is
f (x) = Ì c : x = 0 is continuous continuous.
Ô
Ô x + bx - x
Ô
2
3
: x>0 ( 
1 ______
21. Let f (x) =  __
2
x  –  e2x – 1  )
   .
ÔÓ bx 2 If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, then find f (0).

______
at x = 0 2 – 4÷x  2 + 16  
22. Let f (x) =  ___________
  
   .
Ï ( x - 4) cos 2x – 1
Ô | x - 4| + a : x < 0
ÔÔ If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, then find f (0).
14. If f (x) = Ì a + b : xπ0
Ô ( x - 4) Properties of Continuous Functions
Ô +b : x>0
ÔÓ | x - 4| 23. Prove that the equation x – cos x = 0 has a root in
is continuous at x = 4, then find a, b. (  )
p
0, __
      .
2
15. Find the ordered pair (a, b) such that
24. Prove that the equation 2 tan x + 5x – 2 = 0 has at
Ï
Ô be x - cos x - x
Ô , x>0
p
least one root in 0, __
4(  )
      .
Ô x2 25. Prove that the equation x ◊ 2x – 1 = 0 has only one
Ô
f (x) = Ì a , x=0 positive root in (0, 1).
Ô p
Ô 2 ÊÁ tan -1 (e x ) - ˆ˜ 26. Prove that the equation e2x + ex + 2 sin– 1 x + x – p
Ô Ë 4¯ = 0 has at least one real solution in [0, 1].
ÔÓ , x<0
x Disconinuity
is continuous at x = 0. 27. Prove that the function
Type-IV Ï2 - x : x ≥ 1
f (x) = Ì is discontinuous at x = 1
(  (  x
log 1 + __ ) (  ) x
 a   – log 1 – __
16. Let f (x) =  ____________________
    )
    
b
    x π 0. Find the
Óx + 2 : x < 1
x  28. Prove that the function
value of f (x) at x = 0 so that f becomes continuous
Ï sin 3 x + 2 x
at x = 0. Ô : xπ0
f (x) = Ì sin 7 x + sin 3 x
17. If f (x) is continuous at x = 0 such that
Ô 2 : x=0
sin 3x + A sin 2x + B sin x Ó
f (x) =  _____________________
       , x π 0, is discontinuous at x = 0
x5
then find f (0).
29. Discuss the continuty of the function x2 – 7x + 2014

(xii) f(x) = _____________
  __   
    
÷    cos x – 1
2 
Ï esin x - e x
Ô :xπ0 36. Discuss the continuity of the function
f (x) = Ì x - sin x at x = 0
Ô f(x) = [[x]] – [x – 1], where [,] denotes the greatest
Ó 2 :x=0
integer function.
30. Discuss the continuity of the function 37. Discuss the continuity of f(x) in [0, 1]
where f(x) = [sin p x].
ÏÊ 1 - cos 4 x ˆ
38. Discuss the continuity for the function
Ô
f (x) = ÌËÁ x ˜ : x π 0 at x = 0.
¯ f(x) = [x] + [– x].
Ô
Ó 2 : x=0 39. Discuss the continuity of f(x) in [– 2, 2], where
f (x) = x + {– x} + [x], x Œ I.
Discontinuity
40. Find the number of points of discontinuity of each
of the following functions.
Ï | x|
Ô : xπ0 (i) f (x) = [sin x], " x Œ [0, 2p]
31. Let f(x) = Ì x __
ÔÓ0 : x = 0    sin x], " x Œ [0, 2p]
(ii) f (x) = [÷2 
(iii) f (x) = [sin x + cos x], " x Œ [0, 2p]
Find the length of the Jump.
32. Let   
x Æ 0
(  (  ) )
1
lim   tan–1 __
 x    

(iv) f (x) = [sin p x], " x Œ [0, 2]
(v) f (x) = [2 cos x], " x Œ [0, 2p]
Find the length of the Jump. 41. Find the number of points of discontinuity of the
33. Let   
x Æ 3 x
(  )
[x]
lim  ___
       function f(u) = _________
  2
u +u–2
1
   
1
  where u = _____
     
1–x
 .
Find the length of the Jump. 42. Find the number of points of discontinuity of the
34. Let   
lim   [sin x] function f(f(f(x))),
x Æ 0
Find the length of the Jump. where f(x) = 1/1 – x.
35. Find the number of the points of discontinuity of 43. Discuss the continuity of the function
1
each of the following functions h(x) = f(g(x)), where f(x) = _____
      and g(x) = x2 + 5.
x–6
1
(i) f(x) = _____
       Ï1 + x : 0 £ x £ 2
x–1 44. Let f(x) = Ì

1
(ii) f(x) = _____
        Ó3 - x : 2 < x £ 3
|x| – 1 Discuss the continuity of the function g(x), where
1
(iii) f(x) = _____
        g(x) = f(f(x)).
|x| + 2
Ï- 1 : x < 0
x2 + 1 Ô
(iv) f(x) = _____
  2  
  45. If f(x) = Ì0 : x = 0 and g(x) = x(1 – x2)
x –4 Ô1 : x > 0
1 Ó
(v) f(x) = _____
      
loge x then discuss the continuity of the function h(x),
1 where h(x) = f(g(x)).
(vi) f(x) = ______
      
loge|x| 46. Discuss the continuity for the function f(x), where
1 f(x) = |x + 1|(|x| + |x – 1|).
(vii) f(x) = _________
        47. Let f(x) = |x – 2| – 1, 0 £ x £ 4 and g(x) = 2 – |x|,
loge|x – 2|
– 1 £ x £ 3
1
(viii) f(x) = __________
        Then discuss the continuity of the function (fog)(x).
loge (x2 – 1) _____ 1
1 48. Prove that the equation ÷x  – 5   = _____
       has at-least
(ix) f(x) = ___________
        x+3
loge |(x2 – 1)| one real root in (5, 6).
1 49. Show that the equation x5 + 3x4 + x – 2 = 0 has at-
(x) f(x) = __________
  2      
x – 3|x| + 2 least one root in [0, 1].
50. Show that the equation x5 – 3x + 1 = 0 has a real
x2 + 4x + 1
(xi) f(x) =  ___________
  
    root in [1, 2].
2 sin x – 1
51. Show that the equation x3 + x2 – 3x – 3 = 0 has root If f (x) is differentiable at x = 1/2. Find the value of
in [1, 2]. a + b + 10.
Intermediate Value Theorem Ï Ê 1ˆ
52. Show that the equation x5 + x = 1 has a real root. 68. Let f (x) = Ì Ë x¯
Ô0 : x=0
53. Show that the equation x5 + 3x4 + x – 2 = 0 has Ó
atleast one root in [0, 1]. Examine the continuity and the differentiability at
54. Show that the equation x5 – 2x3 + x2 – 3x + 1 = 0 x = 0.
has atleast one root in [1, 2].
55. Show that the equation 2x3 + x2 – x – 5 = 0 has a Ï 1
Ô xe x
solution in [1, 2]. Ô 1
: xπ0
69. Let f(x) = Ì
Differentiability Ô 1 + e 2
56. Check the differentiability of the function Ô0 : x=0

Ó
f (x) = |x – 2| at x = 2.
Examine the continuity and the differentiability at
57. Check the differentiability of x = 0.
ÏÔ x : x < 1 70. Let f (x) = |x – 1| ([x] – {x})
f (x) = Ì 2 at x = 1. Examine the continuity and differentiability at
ÔÓ x : x ≥ 1
x = 1.
58. Check the differentiability of the function
Ï Ê p xˆ
f (x) = ln2 x at x = 1. Ôsin : x<0
71. Let f (x) = Ì ÁË 2 ˜¯
Ô[2 x - 3]x : x ≥ 0
f (x) = e|x| at x = 0. Ó
60. Check the differentiability of the function Examine the continuity and the differentiability at
x = 1.
ÔÏ3 x : -1 £ x £ 1
f (x) = Ì at x = 1.
ÔÓ4 - x : 1 < x < 4
f (x) = e–|x| in [– 2, 2]
|  |
f (x) = sin x + |sin x| at x = 0.
1
62. Let f (x) = [x] tan(p x), where [,] = G.I.F f (x) = __      – 1  in [– 4, 4]
Find the R.H.D at x = k, where k Œ 1 |x|
63. Let f (x) = [x] sin(p x), where [,] = G.I.F 74. Check the differentiability of the function
Find the L.H.D at x = k, where k Œ 1 f (x) = sin x + sin |x| in [– 2p, 2p].
64. Check the differentiability of the function 75. Check the differentiability of the function
Ï 2 Ê 1ˆ f (x) = min {|x + 1|, |x|, |x – 1|} in [– 4, 4].
Ô x sin Á ˜ : x π 0 76. Check the differentiability of the function
f (x) = Ì Ë 2¯ at x = 0.
Ô0 x
Ó : x = 0 f (x) = _____
        in R.
1 + |x|
|  |
Ï x
ÔÔ 1
: xπ0 x
f (x) = _____
        in R.
f (x) = Ì1 + e x at x = 0 . x–1
Ô
ÔÓ0 : x=0 78. Check the differentiability of the function
f (x) = |x| + |x2 – 1| in R.
Relation between Continuity and Differentiability
Ïax 2 + 1 : x£0 79. Check the differentiability of the function
66. If f (x) = ÔÌ is differentiable at
2 f (x) = |x2 – 1| + |x2 – 4| in R.
ÔÓ x + ax + b : x>0
x = 1, find a and b. 80. Let f (x) = sgn (x) and g(x) = x (1 – x2).
Ï1 1 Examine the differentiability of the function
ÔÔ | x | : | x| ≥ f(g(x)).
2
67. Let f (x) = Ì 81. Let f (x) = sin– 1 |sin x|. Examine the differentiability
Ôa + bx 2 : 1
| x| < of the function f (x) in R.
ÔÓ 2
Centered difference Quotient [,] = G.I.F, then   

lim  f (x) equals
x Æ 0
82. If f ¢(2) = 5, find the value of (a) 1 (b) 0
( 
(c) – 1 (d) None
 lim 
h Æ 0
f (2 + h) – f (2 – h
    ________________
2h
         ) 2.  lim 
x Æ •
( 
log [x]
   ______
  x    )
   where [,] = G.I.F, is
83. Given f ¢(2) = 6 and f ¢(1) = 4, find the value
(a) 1 (b) 0
(  )
2 (c) – 1 (d) None
f(2h + 2 + h ) – f(2)
lim   ___________________
of              
h Æ 0 f(h – h2 + 1) – f(1)
|x|3
3. The left hand limit of f (x) =  ___ {  __
[  ] }
x 3
a    –  a     , where
Twice differentiability a > 0 and [,] = G.I.F, is
84. Let f (x) = |x3|. Examine whether the function is twice
(a) a2 (b) a2 – 1
differentiable or not.
(c) a2 – 3 (d) None
Ï 2 Ê 1ˆ
Ô x sin Á ˜ : x π 0 Êx ˆ
85. Let y = Ì Ë x¯
Ô0 Á 1Ú | t - 1 | dt ˜
Ó : x=0 4. lim Á ˜ is
x Æ t Á sin ( x - 1) ˜
Examine whether the function is differentiable or not ÁË ˜¯
at x = 0. (a) 0 (b) 1
ÏÔ xe x : x£0 (c) –1 (d) None
86. Let y = f (x) = Ì
2 3
ÔÓ x + x - x : x > 0 Ïx : x < 0
Ô
5. If f (x) = Ì1 : x = 0 , then    lim   f (x) is
x Æ 0
Examine whether the function f (x) is twice differen- Ô 2
tiable or not. Óx : x > 0
(a) 0 (b) 1
Functional Equations (c) 2 (d) None
87. If f (x + y) = f (x), f (y), " x, y Œ R and f (x) is a dif- 6. If [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal
ferentiable function and f (0) π 0, find f (x). to x, then the value of    lim  (1 – x + [x – 1] + [1 – x])
x Æ 0
is
88. If f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y), " x, y Œ R and f (x) is a
differentiable function, find f (x). (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) – 1 (d) None
( 
x + y
89. Let f   _____
2
    )
f (x) + f (y)
  =   __________
2
 
    for all x, y in R.    (1 + sin x)1/x is equal to
7.  lim 
x Æ 0
If f ¢(0) = – 1, f (0) = 1, find f (x). (a) 0 (b) infinity
( 
(c) e (d) Does not exist.
x + y
90. If f   _____
3 )2 + f (x) + f (y)
  =   _____________
   
3
 
     for all x, y in R
8.  lim   
sin [cos x]
   __________    
x Æ 0 1 + [cos x]
 , where [,] = G.I.F
and f ¢ (2) = 2, then find f (x). (a) 0 (b) 1
( 
2x + 3y
91. If f  _______
5 )
2f (x) + 3f (y)
  =  ___________
   
5
 
     for all x, y in R and

(c) Not exist (d) None
9. The number of points at which the function
f (0) = 1, f ¢ (0) = – 1, find f (x). 1
f (x) = _____
      is discontinuous is
log |x|
92. If f (x + y + z) = f (x) ◊ f (y) ◊ f (z) for all x, y, z in R
such that f (2) = 4, f ¢(0) = 3, find f ¢(2). (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 4
log (1 + ax) – log (1 + bx)
(Mixed Problems) 10. The function f (x) =  ______________________
   
x     is not
defined at x = 0. The value which should be assigned
Choose the most appropriate one to f at x = 0, so that it is continuous at x = 0 is
Ï sin[ x ] (a) a – b (b) 1 + b
Ô : [ x] π 0
1. If f (x) = Ì [ x ] , where (c) log a + log b (d) none
Ô0 : x=0
Ó

cos2p x
11. If f (x) = _______
  2x
e – 2ex
  
1
 , x π __
2
1
    , then the value of f __ (  )
      so
2
18. In order that the function f (x) = (1 + x) cot x is continu-
ous at x = 0, then f (0) must be defined as
that f (x) is continuous at x = 1/2 is (a) 0 (b) e
p p (c) 1/e (d) None
(a)  ___ 2    (b)  ___   
2e 2e p
19. Let f (x) = (sin 2x) tan 2x is not defined at x =  __  . If f (x)
p2 p2 4
(c)  ___2     (d)  ___  
2e 2e
is continuous at x = __
p
(  ) p
    , then f __
4
      is equal to
4
ÏÔ(cos)1/ x : xπ0 (a) 1 (b) 2
12. If the function f (x) = Ì is continu-
ÔÓk : x=0 (c) e1/2 (d) None
ous at x = 0, then the value of k is Ï -p
Ô- 2sin x : x£
2
(a) 1 (b) – 1 Ô
Ô p p
(c) 0 (d) e 20. Let f (x) = Ìa sin x + b : - < x < .
Ô 2 2
1 – tan x
13. Let f (x) =  _______   
4x – p
 
p
: x π __
4
p
    , x Œ 0, __
2 (  )
      . If f (x) is Ô
Ôcos x : x≥
p
Ó 2
p
2 (  )
continuous in 0,  __    , then the value of f __ (  )
p
      is
4 If f (x) is continuous everywhere, then (a, b) is
(a) 1 (b) 1/2 (a) (0, 1) (b) (1, 1)
(c) (– 1, 1) (d) (– 1, 0)
(c) – 1/2 (d) – 1
21. The value of f (0) so that the function
1
 ____
    
14. Let f (x) = (x – 1)2 – x is not defined at x = 2. If f (x) 2x – sin–1 x
f (x) =  __________     is continuous at each point on its
is continuous then f (2) is 2x + tan–1 x
(a) e (b) 1/e domain is
1
(c) 1/e2 (d) 1 (a) 2 (b)  __  
3
2 1
15. If f (x) = x a log x and f (0) = 0, then the value of a (c)  __    (d) –  __  
3 3
for which Rolles Theorem can be applied in [0, 1]
Ï 36 x - 9 x - 4 x + 1
is Ô : xπ0
22. If f (x) = Ì 2 - 1 + cos x is continuous
(a) – 2 (b) – 1
Ô
(c) 0 (d) 1/2 Ók : x=0
16. The value of p for which the function at x = 0, then k is __
Ï (4 x - 1)3 (a) 16 log 2 log 3     log 6
(b) 16 ÷2 
__
Ô : xπ0     log 2 log 3
(c) 16÷2  (d) None
Ô Ê xˆ È Ê x2 ˆ ˘
f (x) = Ì sin Á ˜ log Í1 + Á ˜ ˙ , Ï x-4
Ô Ë p¯ ÎÍ Ë 3 ¯ ˚˙ Ô| x - 4 | + a : x < 4
Ô 3 ÔÔ
Ó12(log 4) : x=0
23. Let f (x) = Ìa + b : x = 4 . then f (x) is con-
may be continuous at x = 0 is Ô x-4
(a) 1 (b) 2 Ô +b : x>4
ÔÓ | x - 4 |
(c) 3 (d) 4
tinuous at x = 4, when
Ï
Ô1 - cos 4 x : x<0 (a) a = b = 0 (b) a = b = 1
Ô x2 (c) a = – 1, b = 1 (d) a = 1, b = – 1.
Ô
17. Let f (x) = Ìa : x=0.
Ô Ï sin (a + 1) x + sin x
Ô x Ô : x<0
: x>0 Ô x
Ô (16 + x ) - 4 Ô
Ó 24. If f (x) = Ìc : x = 0 is continuous
If the function is continuous at x = 0, then a is Ô 2
Ô x + bx - x
ÔÓ : x>0
(a) 4 (b) 6 bx 3/2
(c) 8 (d) 10 at x = 0, then
(a) a = – 3/2, b = 0, c = 1/2 32. The number of points where f (x) = [sin x + cos x],
(b) a = – 3/2, b = 1, c = – 1/2 where [,] = G.I.F., x = (0, 2p) is discontinuous is
(c) a = – 3/2, b = R, c = 1/2 (a) 3 (b) 4
(d) None (c) 5 (d) 6
33. Let f : R Æ R be any function. Define g : R Æ R by
Ï ae|sin x| - b cos x - | x | g(x) = |f (x)| for all x.
Ô : xπ0
25. Let f (x) = Ì x2 , then Then g is
Ôc : x=0
Ó (a) onto if f is onto
(a) discontinuous at x = 0 (b) one-one if f is one-one
(b) continuous at x = 0, if a = b = c = 1 (c) Continuous if f is continuous
(c) f ¢(0) = 1 (d) differentiable if f is differentiable.
(d) continuous but non-differentiable at x = 0.
Ï -1ÈÍ 1 + 1 ˘˙
Ï p Ê 1ˆ 34. If f (x) = ÔÌ xe Î |x| x ˚ : x π 0 , then f (x) is
Ô x sin Á ˜ : x π 0 ÔÓ0
26. Let f (x) = Ì Ë x¯ . Then f (x) is con- : x=0
Ô0 : x=0
Ó (a) continuous and diff for all real x
tinuous but not differentiable at x = 0 if (b) continuous for all x but not differentiable at
x=0
(a) p Œ (0, 1] (b) p Œ [1, •)
(b) neither differentiable not continuous at x = 0
(c) p Œ (– •, 0) (d) p = 0
(d) discontinous everywhere.
27. The value of k for which the function
35. The value of the derivative of |x – 1| + |x – 2| at
Ïsin (1/ x ) : x π 0 x = 2 is
f (x) = Ì makes continuous at x = 0 (a) – 2 (b) 0
Ók : x=0
is (c) 2 (d) not defined
36. Let f (x) = [tan2 x], where [,] = G.I.F., then
(a) 8 (b) 1
(a)   
lim  f (x) does not exist
(c) – 1 (d) None x Æ 0
1 (b) f (x) is continuous at x = 0

28. Given the function f (x) = _____
       
. The points of dis-
1– x (c) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
continuity of the composite function y = f ( f ( f (x)) are
(d) f ¢(0) = 1.
at x =
x
(a) 0 (b) 1 37. The set of all points where the function f (x) =  _____
    
1 + |x|
(c) 2 (d) – 1 is differentiable is
29. Let f (x) = x – |x – x2| , where x lies in [– 1, 1]. Then (a) R (b) (0, •)
the number of points of discontinuity is
(c) (– •, 0) (d) None.
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) None 38. The set of all the points where the function
30. The function f (x) = [x] – [x2 ] , where [,] = G.I.F.,
2 Ï0 : x=0
Ô
is discontinuous as f (x) = Ì x , is differentiable is
Ô1 + e1/ x : xπ0
(a) all integers Ó
(b) all integers except 0 and 1 (a) (0, •) (b) (– •, •) – {0}
(c) all integers except 0 (c) (– •, 0) (d) R.
(d) all integers except 1.
( 
2x – 1
31. The function f (x) = [x] cos ______
     
2 )  p , where
39. The set of all points of differentiability of the func-
Ï 2 Ê 1ˆ
x sin Á ˜ : x π 0
[,] = G.I.F., is discontinuous at Ô
tion f (x) = Ì Ë x¯ is
(a) all x Ô0
Ó : x=0
(b) all integer points (a) (0, •) (b) (– •, •) – {0}
(c) no x (c) (– •, 0) (d) R.
(d) x which is not an integer.
40. The function f(x) is defined as (a) {– 1, 1} (b) {– 1, 0}

Ï1 1 (c) {0, 1} (d) {– 1, 0, 1}
Ô3 - x : x<
3
Ô Ï 1
f (x) = Ì ,
2 Ô- : | x| ≥ 1
ÔÊ 1 - x ˆ : x ≥ 1 47. Let f (x) = Ì | x | . If f (x) is continuous
ÔÓÁË 3 ˜¯ 3 Ôax 2 - b : | x | < 1
Ó
then in the interval (0, 1), the mean value theorem and differentiable at any point, then
is not true, because
(a) a = 1/2, b = – 3/2 (b) a = 1/2, b = 3/2
(a) f (x) is not continuous
(c) a = 1, b = – 1 (d) None
(b) f (x) is not differentiable 51. The number of points at which the function
|  |
(c) f (0) = f (1) 1
f (x) = x – __
      + | x – 1| + tan x does not have a deriva-
(d) None. 2
41. Let f (x) = [x sin p x], where [ , ] = G.I.F., then f (x) tive in the interval (0, 2),
is (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) continuous at x = 0 (c) 3 (d) 4
(b) continuous in (– 1, 0)
52. The function f (x) = (x – 1) | x2 – 3x + 2 | + cos (|x|)
2
(c) differentable at x = 1 is not differentiable at x =
(d) differentable in (– 1, 1) (a) – 1 (b) 0
Ï| 2 x - 3 | [ x ] : x ≥ 1 (c) 1 (d) 2.
Ô
42. The function f (x) = Ì Ê p x ˆ x2 x2 x2
: x <1 53. If f (x) = x2 +  _______   +  _______
 2 2    + .... +  _______
 2 3      
Ôsin ÁË 2 ˜¯ (1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x2) n
Ó
(a) is continuous at x = 2 + ..... to – •, then at x = 0
(b) is differentiable at x = 1 (a) f (x) has no limit
(c) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 1 (b) f (x) is discontinuous
(d) None. (c) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable
43. The function f (x) is defined as under: (d) f (x) is differentiable.
54. Let f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all x and y. Suppose that
ÔÏ3 x : -1 £ x £ 1 f (3) = 3 and f ¢(0) = 11, then f ¢(3) is given by
f (x) = Ì . The function is
ÔÓ4 - x : 1 < x < 4 (a) 22 (b) 44
(c) 28 (d) 33.
(a) continuous at x = 1
55. A function f : R Æ R satisfies the equation f (x + y)
(b) differentiable at x = 1
= f (x) f(y) for all values of x and y and for any
(c) continuous but not differentiable at x =1 x Œ R, f (x) π 0 . Suppose the function is differentiable
(d) None. at x = 0 and f ¢(0) = 2, then for all x = R, f (x) =
44. A function is defined as follows: (a) ex (b) e 2x
–x
ÏÔ x 2 : x 2 < 1 (c) e (d) None
f (x) = Ì
2
ÔÓ x : x ≥ 1
. The function is
(  (  ) )
x 2
56. Let F (x) = ( f (x)) 2 + g  __       , F(5) = 5 and
2
(a) continuous at x = 1 f ¢¢(x) = – f (x) , g(x) = f ¢(x) , then F(10) is equal to
(b) differentiable at x = 1 (a) 5 (b) 10
(c) continuous but not differentiable at x = 1 (c) 0 (d) None
(d) None. 57. Let f be a differentiable for every x. If f (1) = – 2 and
45. The left hand derivative of f ¢ for all x in [1, 6] , then
f (x) = [x] sin (p x) at x = k, where k is an integer, is (a) f (6) < 5 (b) f (6) = 5
(a) (– 1) k (k – 1) p (b) (– 1) k – 1 (k – 1) p (c) f (6) ≥ 8 (d) f (6) < 8
k
(c) (– 1) kp (d) (– 1) k – 1 kp. 58. If f is a real valued differentiable function satisfying
46. Let f : R Æ R be a function is defined | f (x) – f (y) £ (x – y)2 , for all x, y in R , then f (1) is
by f (x) = max {x, x3 }. The set of all points where equal to
the function f(x) is not differentiable is
(a) 2 (b) 1 Discuss the continuity for the function f (x) at

(c) – 1 (d) 0. x = 1.
12. Let f (x) = x – [x – x2]. Find the number of points of
discontinuity of f (x).
[  ] [  ]
1 2
13. Let f (x) = [x] + x + __
      + x + __
      . Find the number
1. Discuss the continuity of the function f(x), where 3 3
f (x) =   
n Æ • (  sin x
lim    ___________ 
)
     in (0, p).
1 + (2 sin x)2n
of points of discontinuity of f (x) in [– 1, 1].
14. If the graph of the continuous function y = f (x) passes
2. Determine the set of all points where the function through (a, 0), find
(  )
x3
f (x) =  _____     is continuous. ln(1 + 6f 2 (x) – 3f (x))
4 + |x|     __________________
 lim      
     
x Æ a 3f (x)
3. Examine the continuity at x = 0 of the function
x x x
f (x) =  _____      +  ____________
     +  _____________
      + 15. Find the number of points of discontinuity of
x + 1 (x + 1)(2x + 1) (2x + 1)(3x + 1)
f (x) = [4x] + {3x} in [0, 5].
Ï Ê Ê 1 1ˆˆ
Ô x exp Á - Á + ˜ ˜ : x π 0 16. Find the number of points of discontinuity of
|  |
4. Let f (x) = Ì Ë Ë | x| x ¯ ¯ x
Ô f (x) = _____
  2    
   .
Ó0 : x=0 x +1
Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) at x = 0.
17. Find the number of points of discontinuity of
Ï
Ô a (1 - x sin x ) + b cos x + 5 f (x) = sgn(x2 – 1).
Ô : x<0
x2 18. Find the number of points of discontinuity of the
ÔÔ
5. Let f (x) = Ì3 : x=0 function f (x) = [x] + {2x} + [3x] in [0, 1]
Ô 1x 19. Determine the set of all points, where the function
ÔÊ Ê cx + dx 3 ˆ ˆ x
ÔÁ 1 + Á 2 ˜˜ : x>0 f (x) = _____
        is continuous.
ÔÓË Ë x ¯¯ 1 + |x|
If f is continuous at x = 0 , then find the values of
ÔÏe x : x£0
a, b, c and d. 20. Let f (x) = Ì
ÔÓ| x - 1 | : x > 0
[  1
] [  1
]
6. Let f (x) = x –  __    + [x] + x +  __    , x = [– 1, 0].
3 3 Discuss the continuity for the function f (x) at
x = 0, 1.
Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) at
[– 1, 0]. 21. Discuss the continuity of f (x) = Îtan –1x˚.
[ 
(x – 2)3
7. If the function f (x) =   _______
a    ]
   sin (x – 2) + a cos
p
22. Discuss the continuity of f (x) = [x] sin ______
     
[x + 1]( 
   )
(x – 2) is continuous in (4, 6), then find the set of 23. Discuss the continuity of the function
all values of a, where [,] = G.I.F. f (x) = |x + 1| (|x| – |x – 1| in [– 2, 2].
p
8. Let f (x) = min {1, cos x, 1 – sin x}, –  __   £ x £ p 24. Discuss the continuity of the function
2
Discuss the continuity for the function f (x) at Ï(1 - x ) : x <1
p Ô
x = 0,  __   f (x) = Ì(1 - x ) (2 - x ) : 1 £ x £ 2
2 Ô(3 - x )
______ Ó : x>2
{ 
9. Let f (x) = max sgn (x), – ÷9  – x2 , x3  } x
25. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) =  _____
    .
Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) at x = 0. 1 – |x|
26. Discuss the continuity of the function
ÔÏ x 3 : x 2 < 1 f (x) = [x] + [– x].
10. Let f (x) = Ì . Discuss the continuity of
ÔÓ x : x > 1 27. Discuss the continuity of the function
the function f (x). f (x) = sgn (cos 2x – 2 sin x + 3).
ÔÏ3 x : x2 £ 1 28. Discuss the continuity of each of the following
11. Let f (x) = Ì functions.
ÔÓ4 - x : 1 < x < 4
(i) f (x) = [loge x]
(ii) f (x)= Îsin–1 x˚ Ï 1

Ô ae |x + 2| - 1

[  ]
2
(iii) f (x) = _____
  2    
x +1
   .
Ô
Ô
Ô2-e
1
| x + 2|
: -3 < x < -2
Ô
29. Discuss the continuity of the function 5. Let f (x) = Ìb : x = -2
Ô
Ôsin Ê x - 16 ˆ : - x < 0
4
2
x
f (x) = __ [  ] [  ] [  ]
x
      + __
x
      + __
3
      in [0, 4]
4
Ô ÁË x 5 + 32 ˜¯
Ô
ÔÓ
sin (3x) + a sin (2x) + b sin x
30. Let f (x) =  _______________________
       , x π 0 If f (x) is continuous at x = – 2, find the value of
x5 (a + b + 2).
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, find f (0) 6. Discuss the continuity of
(Tougher Problems for Jee-Advanced)

n Æ • ( 
x2n – 1
lim    ______
f (x) =   
x2n + 1
 
   )
7. Discuss the continuity of f (x), where
Ï1 + a cos x + b cos 4 x f(x) =    (cos2n x).

lim   
n Æ •
Ô : xπ0
1. Let f (x) = Ì x 2 sin 2 x 8. Discuss the continuity of f (x) in [0, 2] ,
Ôc : x=0
Ó
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, find the value of where f (x) =   
n Æ •
px 2n
lim   sin ___
       
2 (  (  ) )
(  1
__
a + b + c +      
3 ) 9. Discuss the continuity of the function
Ï
Ô(sin x + cos x )cosec x
Ô
1
: - £x<0
2
n Æ • ( 
log (2 + x) – x2n sin x
lim    _________________
f (x) =   
1 + x2n
       at x =1.
   )
Ô
(  )
2. Let f (x) = Ìa : x=0 x2n–1 + ax2 + bx
Ô 1/ x 2/ x 3/| x| lim    _____________
10. Let f (x) =        
  
Ôe + e + e 1 x2n + 1
n Æ •
: 0< x£
ÔÓ ae + be x|
2/ x 3/|
2
If f (x) is continuous for all x in R, find the value of
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, find the value of {e (a 2a + 3b + 10.
+ b) + 2}.
Ï -1 Ê x + c ˆ 1
11. Let f (x) =    (    
n Æ • | a + sin px |n + 1 )
|n – 1    , x Œ (0, 6)
| a + sin px   
lim    _____________
Ôb sin ÁË 2 ˜¯ : - 2 < x < 0 Find the number of discontinuity, when a = 0

Ô
Ô1 and 1.
3. Let f (x) = Ì : x=0
Ô2 12. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x),
( 
Ô e ax /2 - 1 1
Ô
Ó x
: 0< x<
2 n Æ •
 
x
lim   ___________
where f (x) =          .
1 + (2 sin x)2n )
If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0, find the value of a
and hence prove that 64 b2 + c2 = 4 13. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) at x = 1,
Ï Ê 1 ˆ
Ô | x | Á 3e |x| + 4˜
n Æ • ( 
cos (p x) – x2nsin (x – 1)
lim    ____________________
where f (x) =             
1 + x2n+1 + – x2n )
ÔÔ Ë ¯
4. Let f (x) = Ì 1
: xπ0 14. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) in [0, 2],
Ô 2 - e | x| where
Ô
ÔÓa : x=0 Ï| 2 x - 3 | [ x ] : x ≥ 1
Ô
f (x) = Ì Ê p x ˆ
If f (x) is continuous at x = 0, find the value of (a2 Ôsin ÁË 2 ˜¯ : x <1
+ a + 10) Ó
15. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) in [0, 2], 22. Let f (x) be defined in the interval [– 1, 1] such that
where
ÏÔ x - 1 : - 1 < x < 0
Ï[cos p x ] : 0 £ x £1 f (x) = Ì 2
f (x) = Ì ÔÓ x : 0 £ x £1
Ó| 2 x - 3 | [ x - 2] : 1< x £ 2
and g (x) =sin x , then discuss the continuity and dif-
16. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) in [0, 2), ferentiability of h (x) in [– 1,1] , where h (x) = f (|g (x)|)
where + |f (g (x))|
ÏÔ|1 - 4 x 2 | : 0 £ x < 1
f (x) = Ì Integer Type Questions
2
ÔÓ[ x - 2 x ] : 1 £ x < 2
1. Let f : [1, 7] Æ Q be a continuous function such that
17. Discuss the continuity of the function f (x) in [0, 2], f (1) = 7, find the value of f (7).
where 2. Let f be a continuous function on [1, 3] which takes
rational values for all x. If f (2) = 5, find the value
Ï
Ô of f (2.5).
Ô|sin(p x ) | : -1 £ x < 0
3. Let m is the number of non-differentiable points
Ô
f (x) = Ì1 - {x} : 0 £ x <1 of f (x) = ||x| – 1| and n is the number of points
Ô
Ô1 + Ècos ÊÁ p x ˆ˜ ˘ : 1 < x £ 2 1
of differeniable of g (x) =  _____
   , find the value of
Í ˙
ÓÔ Î Ë 2 ¯ ˚ (m + n).
log |x|
4. If m is the number of differentiable points of f (x)

(  )
x+y
18. If f  _____
2
f (x) + (y)
  = ________
     
2
   , x, y ŒR, 1
=  _________
      and the value of n for which   
lim  
log|x 2 – 4| x Æ 0
f (0) = 1, f ¢ (0) = – 1, then show that
2 2 2
{(f (0)) + (f (1)) + ( f (2)) + .... + ( f(n)) } 2
( xn – sin (xn)
 __________
     
x – sinn x )
has a non-zero finite value, find the
n (n – 1)(2n – 1) value of (m + n).

= 1 + ______________
        .
6 5. Find the number of points of discontinuity of
19. Let f (x) = x3 – x2 + x + 1 and f (x) = [3 + 4 sin x], x Œ [p, 2p]
6. If p is the number of discontinuity points of f (x) = [[x]]
Ïmax.{ f (t ) : 0 £ t £ x} : 0 £ x £ 1
g(x) = Ì – [x – 2], where [,] = G.I.F. and q is the limiting
( 
Ó3 - x : 1< x £ 2
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the

function g(x) in (0, 2).
value of   
lim  
x Æ •
(p + q + 2).
3x4 – 2
  ____________
  
__________
÷ x8 + 3x   
+ 4  )
     , find the value of
20. Let f(x) = x4 – 8x3 + 22x2 – 24x – 55 and
Ïmin{ f (t ) : x £ t £ x + 1} : - 1 £ x £ 1
7. If m is the limiting value of   
x Æ 0 ( 
tan 2x – 2 sin x
lim   ____________
 
x3
  
    
)
and
g(x) = Ì n is the number of points of disc of f (x) = [sin x

Ó x - 10 : x >1
+ cos x] in (0, 2p) and p is the number of non-
differentiable points of f (x) = | log |x|  |, find the value
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of g (x) in
of (m + n– p).
[– 1, •).
8. If f be a differentiable function such that f ¢ (2) = 6,
21. Let a function y = f (x) be defined by
f ¢ (1) = 4, find the value of
( 
Ïj ( x ) : x£0
Ô x
f (x) = ÌÊ e + x ˆ
ÔÁ 1 + 2 x ˜ : x > 0
ÓË ¯
.
f (h2 + 2h +2) – f (2)
   _________________
 lim      
      .
x Æ 0 f (h – h2 + 1) – f (1) )
If j (x) = a sin x + b cos x and f (x) is continuous ÏÔa + bx 2 : x<0
9. Let f (x) = Ì
and satisfies f ¢ (1) = f (– p /2), find the values of a ÔÓ3 ax - b + 2 : 0 ≥1
and b.
If f (x) is differentiable at x = 1, find the value of (a 3. Number of points where | f (x)| is not differentiable
+ b + 1). is
(  )
2x
10. Let f (x) = sin– 1  _____
    
1 + x2
. If p is the number of discon-

(a) 1
(c) 3
(b) 2
(d) 4.
tinuity points and q is the number of non-differen- Passage III
tiable points of f (x), find the value of (p + q + 2).
[  )
In certain problem the differentiation of {f (x) ◊ g (x)} appears.
3
11. Let f (x) = [3x] – {2 x}, x = Œ 0,   __     . Find the number df dg
2 One student commits mistake and differentiate as  ___    ___     ,
of points of discontinuity. dx dx
12. Let f (x) = (x – 2). Find the number of non-differen- but he gets correct result if f (x) = x 3 and g(x) is a decreas-
tiable points of g (x) = tan– 1(|  f (|x|) |). ing function for which g (0) = 1/3.
1. The function g (x) is

Comprehensive Link Passage 3 4
(a)  _______
      (b)  _______
     
Passage I (x – 3)3 (x – 3)3
If two functions f (x) and g (x) are continuous at x = a, then
f (x) + g(x), f (x) – g (x), f ( ). g (x), |  f (x) | are continuous at
9
(c)  _______
     
27
(d)  _______
    .
f (x) (x – 3)3 (x – 3)3
x = a and ____
      is continuous at x = a , provided g (a) π 0.
g(x) 2. Derivative of {f (x–3) ◊ g(x)} with respect to x
If one of f (x) and g (x) is continuous but other is discontinu- at x = 100 is
ous at any point x = a, then f (x) + g (x) is discontinuous at (a) 0 (b) 1
x = a.
|x + 2| (c) – 1 (d) 2
1. Number of points where f (x) =  __________       is dis-
continuous is/are tan – 1(x + 2) f (x) ◊ g (x)
    __________
3.  lim        will be
x Æ 0 x (1 + g (x))
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) infinite (a) 0 (b) – 1
2. f (x) = |x + 1| (|x| + |x – 1|) is discontinuous at (c) 1 (d) 2
(a) no where (b) x = – 1
Passage IV
(c) x = {0, – 1} (d) x = {– 1, 0, 1}
A function f (x) is said to have a jump discontinuity at a
3. Number of points in the interval (– 1, 1) where the point x = a, if both of the limits L.H.L and R.H.L exists
function f (x) = [x]/sin– 1 x – p/6) is discontinuous and finite at x = a, but not equal and f (a) may be equal
is/are to either of these limits. The value of | L.H.L – R.H.L | is
(a) 0 (b) 1 known as jump discontinuity.
(c) 2 (d) infinite 1. Jump of discontinuity of y = 2 [x] at x = 2, where
[,] = G.I.F, is
Passage II (a) 1 (b) 3
Let a function is defined as (c) 2 (d) – 2.
Ï -1 ÔÏ x + 1 : x £ 1
2
: -2 £ x £ 2. If f (x) = Ì , then jump of discontinu-
ÔÔ[ x ] 2 , where [, ] = G. I. F ÔÓ2 x + 5 : x > 1
f (x) = Ì
Ô2 x 2 - 1 : - 1 ity of f (x) at x = 1 is\
<x£2
ÔÓ 2 (a) 4 (b) 3
Answer the following question by using the above (c) 7 (d) None
information: 3. Number of jump discontinuities in y = f (x) ◊ g(x),
1. The number of points of discontinuity of f (x) is where
(a) 1 (b) 2 ÏÔ x + 1 : x ≥ 1
(c) 3 (d) None f (x) = Ì 2 and
ÔÓ x : x <1
2. The function f (x – 1) is discontinuous at the points
(a) – 1, – 1/2 (b) – 1/2, 1 ÏÔsin x : x < 1
(c) 0, 1/2 (d) 0, 1 g(x) = Ì 2
ÔÓ2 x : x ≥1
(a) 1 (b) 2 Matrix Match

(c) 3 (d) None 1. Observe the following Columns:
Passage V Column I Column II
Suppose that f is continuous on the closed interval (A) The Nnumber of points of discon- (P) 1
[a, b] and let k be any number between f (a) and f (b) where tinuity of f (x) = tan2 x – sec2 x in
f (a) π f (b). the interval (0, 2p) is
Then there exist a number c in (a, b) such that
(B) The number of points at which (Q) 2
f (c) = k.
– 1 – 1 – 1
On the basis of the above information answer the follow- f (x) = sin x + tan x + cot x is
ing questions. non-differentiable in (– 1, 1) is
1. The number of real root of x.2x – 1 = 0 in (0, 1) is (C) Number of points of discontinuity (R) 0
(a) 2 (b) 3 of y = [sin x] x Œ [0.2p], where
(c) 0 (d) 1 [,] = G.I.F
2. The number of real root of 2 tan x + 5x – 2 = 0 in (D) Number of points where (S) 3
[  ] p
0, __
      is
4
y = | (x – 1)3| + |(x – 2)5| + |x – 3|
is non-differentiable
(a) 1 (b) 2 2. Observe the following columns:
(c) 3 (d) 4
(  __ p2   )
3. The number of real root of x – cos x = 0 in 0,
is
Column I Column II
(A) Points of discontinuity of (P) – 1/2

(a) 1 (b) 2 1 1
y = _______
  2      , where t = ____
      
(c) 0 (d) 3 t –t–2 x +1
Passage VI (B) Points of continuity of y = [x] + (Q) – 2
A cos x + B x sin x – 5
Let f (x) =  ___________________
     ,    x π 0 is continuous at [– x]
x4
x = 0. Then (C) y = {sin (p x)} is non-differentiable (R) – 1
1. The value of A is at
(a) 2 (b) 5 (D) y = |2x + 1| + |x + 2| – |x + 1| – |x (S) 4
(c) 7 (d) 10 – 4| is non-differentiable at
2. The value of B is
(a) 1/2 (b) 3/2 3. Observe the following Columns:
(c) 5/2 (d) 7/2 Column I Column II
3. The value of f (0) is
(A) f (x) = {sin(p x} is disc for (P) [0, 1)
(a) – 1/24 (b) – 5/24
x Œ
(c) – 7/24 (d) – 11/24
Passage VII {  }
sin x
(B) g (x) =  ____    is disc for
x   
(Q) {1, 2}
sin 3x + a sin 2x + b sin x xŒ

Let f (x) = ____________________
    ,
       x π 0 is continuous at
x5 {sin x}
x = 0. Then (x) = ______
    
 
is non-differentiable
1. The value of A is (C) {x} (R) {0}
for xŒ
(a) 2 (b) – 2
(c) 4
2. The value of B is
(d) – 4 (sin x)
(D) p (x) = _____
 
[x]
  
 is disc for xŒ (S) {  }
1
__
     
2
(a) 3 (b) 5
(c) 7 (d) 9 4. Observe the following Columns:
3. The value of f (0) is The number of points of discontinuity of the
(a) 1 (b) 0 functions
(c) – 1 (d) – 2
Column I Column II 8. Draw the graph of the following function and discuss
its continuity and differentiability at x = 1
x
(A) y = f (x) = _____
        (P) 2
|x| + 1 ÔÏ3 x : -1 £ x £ 1
f (x) = Ì
ÔÓ4 - x : 1 < x < 4
x
(B) y = f (x) = _____
        (Q) 3 [Roorkee-JEE, 1994]
|x| – 1
9. Discuss the limit, continuity and differentiability of
1
(C) y = f (x) = _____
       (R) 1 the function at x = 0
log |x|
Ï x (3e1/ x + 4)
1 Ô : xπ0
(D) y = f (x) = _________
        (S) 0 f (x) = Ì (2 - e1/ x )
log |x2 + 1| Ô0 : x=0
Ó
[Roorkee-JEE, 1995]
Problems asked in Roorkee - JEE Exam 10. Find the value of f (0) so that the function
1 1
1. Sketch the function y = |x – 2| in [– 1, 2] f(x) =  ________
x  – , x π 0 is continuous at x = 0 and
  2x     
e – 1
Is the function (i) Continuous (ii) differentiable at
then examine the differentiability of f (x) at x = 0.
x = 2?
[Roorkee-JEE, 1984] [Roorkee-JEE, 1996]
11. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the
Ïx - 1 : x < 0
Ô function
Ô1
2. Let f (x) = Ì : x=0 Ï2 + 1 - x 2 : |x| £ 1
Ô
Ô4 f (x) = Ì
ÔÓ x 2 (1 - x )2
: x>0 ÓÔ2e : |x| > 1
Discuss the continuity of f (x) at x = 0. [Roorkee-JEE, 1998]

[Roorkee-JEE, 1988] 12. Determine the constants a, b and c for which the
3. Draw the graph of the function f (x) = x – |x – x2|, function
– 1 £ x £ 1 and discuss the continuity and discontinuity Ï
of f in the interval [–1, 1]. Ô 1/ x
[Roorkee-JEE, 1989] Ô(1 + ax ) : x<0
Ô
4. If f (x) = – 1 + |x – 1|, –1 £ x £ 2, g (x) = 2 – |x + 1|, f (x) = Ìb : x=0
Ô
–2 £ x £ 2, then find (f o g) (x) and (g o f) (x). Draw their 1/ 3
Ô ( x + c) - 1 : x > 0
graphs. Discuss the continuity (f o g) (x) at x = –1, and ÔÓ ( x + 1)1/ 2 1
the differentiability of (g o f) (x) at x = 1.
[Roorkee-JEE, 1990] is continuous at x = 0.
[Roorkee-JEE, 1999]
5. The function f is defined by y = f (x), where
x = 2t – |t|, y = t 2 + t |t|, t Œ R. Draw the graph of f 13. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the
for the interval – 1 £ x £ 1. Also, discuss the continu- function
ity and differentiability at x = 0. Ï x
[Roorkee-JEE, 1991] Ô1 + | x | : | x | ≥ 1
_____ Ô
f (x) = Ì
6. If f (x) = ÷   – 1| 
|x  and g (x) = sin x, then calculate
Ô x : | x| < 1
(fog) (x) and (gof) (x) and discuss the differentiability ÔÓ1 - | x|
of (go f ) (x) at x = 1.
7. A function is defined as follows: 14. Discuss the continuity of the function
Ï 1
Ï x3 : x2 < 1
f (x) = ÔÌ . Ô e x -1 - 2
Ô : x π1
2
ÔÓ x : x ≥ 1 f (x) = Ì 1 at x = 1
Ô e x -1 + 2
Draw the graph of the function and discuss limit, Ô1 : x =1
Ó
continuity and differentiability at x = 1
Problems asked in Previous Years’ IIT-JEE Exam 9. Let g(x) be a polynomial of degree one and f(x) be
_____ defined by
__
1. If f (x) = x ( ÷x  ), then
  + 1   
    – ÷x
Ï g( x ) : x£0
(a) f (x) is continuous but not differentiable at ÔÔ 1
x=0 f ( x ) = ÌÊ 1 + x ˆ x
ÔÁ : x>0
˜
(b) f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 ÔÓË 2 + x ¯

(c) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
(d) None of these Find the continuous function f(x) satisfying
[IIT-JEE, 1985] f ¢(1) = f (– 1)
2. Let f (x) = x3 – x2 + x + 1 and [IIT-JEE, 1987]
10. Let R be the set of real numbers and f : R Æ R be such
Ïmax{ f (t ) : 0 £ t £ x : 0 £ x £ 1 that for all x and y in R, | f (x)  –  f (y) | £ (x – y)2.
g (x) = Ì .
Ó3 - x : 1£ x £ 2 Prove that f(x) is a constant.
[IIT-JEE, 1988]
Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the
function g(x) in (0, 2). Ï| x - 3| : x ≥1
Ô 2
[IIT-JEE, 1985] 11. The function f (x) = Ì x 3 x 13 is
3. The function f (x) = 1 + |sin x| is Ô - + : x <1
Ó4 2 4
(a) Continuous nowhere (a) continuous at x = 1
(b) Continuous everywhere (b) differentiable at x =1
(c) differentiable nowhere (c) continuous at x = 3
(d) not differentiable at x = 0. (d) differentiable at x = 3.
[IIT-JEE, 1986] [IIT-JEE, 1988]
4. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal 12. Find the values of a and b so that the function
to x. If f(x) = [x sin p x], then f(x) is
Ï p
(a) continuous at x = 0 Ô x + a 2 sin x : 0£ x<
4
(b) continuous in (– 1, 0) Ô
Ô p p
(c) differentiable at x = 1 f (x) = Ì2 x cot x + b : £x£
Ô 4 2
(d) differentiable in (– 1, 1)
Ô p
[IIT-JEE, 1986] Ôa cos2 x - bsin x : 2 < x £ p
Ó
5. Let f (x) be defined in the interval [– 2, 2] such that
is continuous for 0 £ x £ p
Ï-1 : -2 £ x £ 0
f ( x) = Ì [IIT-JEE, 1989]
( 
Ó x - 1 : 0< x£2

and g(x) = f (|x|) + |f (x)|. Test the differentiability of
x
__
)
13. If f (x) =      – 1  , then on the interval [0, p]
2
g(x) in (– 2, 2) (a) tan (f(x)) and 1/f (x) are both continuous
[IIT-JEE, 1986] (b) tan (f(x)) and 1/f (x) are both discontinuous
x (c) tan (f(x)) and f –1 (x) are both continuous
_____
6. The set of all points where the function f(x) =        
1 + |x| (d) tan ( f(x)) is continuous but 1/f(x) is not
is differentiable is continuous.
(a) (– •, •) (b) [0, •) [IIT-JEE, 1989]
(c) (–•, 0) » (0, •) (d) (0, •) Ï
[IIT-JEE, 1987] Ô1 - cos 4 x : x<0
Ô x2
7. Let f (x) be a function satisfying the condition f (– x) Ô
= f (x) for all real x. If f ¢(0) exists, then find its
14. Let f (x) = Ìa : x=0
value. Ô
Ô x
: x>0
[IIT-JEE, 1987] Ô 16 + x - 4
Ó
8. Let f (x) be a continuous function and g(x) be a
discontinuous function, then prove that f(x) + g(x) Determine the value of a, if possible, so that the
is a discontinuous function. function is continuous at x = 0.
[IIT-JEE, 1987] [IIT-JEE, 1989]
15. Draw a graph of the function y = [x] + |1 – x| for all (c) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
x in [–1, 2], (d) f ¢(0) = 1.
[,] = G.I.F, Determine the points, if any, where this [IIT-JEE, 1993]
function is not differentiable.
Ï a
p
[IIT-JEE, 1989] Ô(1 + |sin x |) |sin x | : – <x<0
16. A function f : R Æ R satisfies the equation Ô 6
Ô
f(x + y) = f (x). f(y) for all x, y in R and f(x) is non- 22. Let f (x) = Ìb : x=0
zero for any x in R. Let the function is differentiable Ô tan 2 x
at x = 0 and f ¢(0) = 2. Show that f ¢(x) = 2 f(x) for Ô tan3 x p
ÔÓe : 0< x<
all x in R. 6
Hence determine f (x). Determine a and b such that f is continuous at x = 0.
[IIT-JEE, 1990] [IIT-JEE, 1994]
17. The function f is defined by y = f (x) where
x = 2t –|t| and y = t 2+ |t|, t Œ R.
Draw the graph of f for the interval – 1 £ x £ 1.
(  )
23. Let f  _____
2
   
f (x) + f (x)
x + y __________
 =  
2
 
     for all real x and y. If f ¢(0)
Discuss the differentiability of the function y = f(x) exists and equals to –1 and f (0) = 1, find f(2).
at x = 0. [IIT-JEE, 1995]
( 
[IIT-JEE, 1991]
18. The following functions are continuous on (0, p)
p
24. Let f (x) = [x] sin ______
     
[x + 1] )
   , where [,] = G.I.F. The
(a) tan x domain of f is ... and the points of discontinuity of
x f in the domain are ...

0
(  )
1
(b) Ú    t sin __
      dt
t [IIT-JEE, 1996]
25. Let f (x) be a continuous function defined for
Ï 3p 1 £ x £ 3. If f (x) takes rational values for all x and
ÔÔ1 : 0< x£
4 f (10) = 10, then f (1.5) = ...
(c) Ì [IIT-JEE, 1997]
Ê 2 ˆ
Ô2sin Á ˜ x : 3p
< x<p
ÔÓ Ë 9¯ 4 Ï ÔÏÌ–Ê 1 + 1 ˆ Ô¸˝
Ô ËÁ | x | x ¯˜ ˛Ô
Ï p 26. Let f (x) = Ìe ÓÔ : xπ0
ÔÔ x + sin x : 0< x£
2
Ô0
Ó : x=0
(d) Ì Test whether
p p
Ô sin (p + x ) : < x < p
ÔÓ 2 (a) f (x) is continuous at x = 0
2
(b) f (x) is differentiable at x = 0
[IIT-JEE, 1991]
[IIT-JEE, 1997]
19. Each entry in Column-I is related to exactly in
Column-II. Write the correct letter from Column-II 27. Determine the values of x for which the following
against the entry number in Column-I. function fails to be continuous or differentiable
Ï1 - x : x <1
Column I Column II Ô
f (x) = Ì(1 - 2) (2 - x ) : 1£ x £ 2
(i) sin (p [x]) (A) differentiable everywhere Ô3 - x
Ó : x>2
(ii) sin {p (x – [x])} (B) nowhere differentiable
Justify your answer. [IIT-JEE, 1997]
(C) not differentiable at 1 2
and-1 where [,] = G.I.F 28. Let h(x) = min {x, x } for every real number of x.
Then
[IIT-JEE, 1992] (a) h is continuous for all x
20. Let f (x) = x |x|. The set of points where f(x) is twice (b) h is differentiable for all x
differentiable is ... (c) h¢(x) = 1 for all x > 1
[IIT-JEE, 1992] (d) h is not differentiable at two values of x.
21. Let f(x) = [tan2 x], where [,] = G. I. F, then [IIT-JEE, 1998]
(a)  lim 
   f (x) does not exist
x Æ 0 29. The function f (x) = (x2 – 1) | x2 – 3x + 2| + cos (|x|)
(b) f (x) is continuous at x = 0 is not differentiable at
(a) – 1 (b) 0 37. Let f : R Æ R be a function is defined by f (x) = max
(c) 1 (d) 2 {x, x2}. The set of all points where f(x) is not dif-
[IIT-JEE, 1999] ferentiable is
2 2 (a) {–1, 1} (b) {–1, 0}
30. The function f (x) = [x] – [x ], where [,] = G. I. F.
is discontinuous at (c) {0, 1} (d) {–1, 0, 1}
(a) all integers [IIT-JEE, 2001]
38. The left hand derivative of f(x) = [x] sin (p x) at x = k,
(b) all integer except 0 and 1
where k is an integer, is
(c) all integers except 0
(a) (– 1) k (k – 1)p (b) (– 1) k–1 (k – 1)p
(d) all integers except 1.
[IIT-JEE, 1999] (c) (– 1) k kp (d) (– 1) k–1 k p
31. Let f : R Æ R be any function. Define g : R Æ R by [IIT-JEE, 2001]
g (x) = | f (x)| for all x. Then g is 39. Let a Œ . Prove that a function f : R Æ R is dif-
(a) onto if f is onto ferentiable at x = a and only if there is a function
(b) one-one if f is one–one g : R Æ R which is continuous at x = a and satisfies
f (x) – f (a) = g (x) (x – a) for all x Œ R
(c) continuous if f is continuous
[IIT-JEE, 2001]
(d) differentiable if f is differentiable.
[IIT-JEE, 2000] 40. The domain of the derivative of the function
32. Let p (x) = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + a3 x 3 +...+ a n x n Ïtan -1 x : | x| £ 1

Ô
If | p (x)| £ |ex–1 – 1| for all x £ 0, then prove that |a1 f (x) = Ì 1 is
Ô (| x | - 1) : | x| > 1
+ 2a2 + 3a3 + ... + nan | £ 1 Ó2
[IIT-JEE, 2000] (a) R – {0} (b) R – {1}
33. Discuss the continuity and differentiability of the (c) R – {–1} (d) R – {– 1, 1}
function [IIT-JEE, 2002]
Ï x Ïx + a : x < 0
Ô1 + | x | : | x | ≥ 1 41. Let f (x) = Ì and
Ô
f (x) = Ì Ó| x - 1| : x ≥ 0
Ô x : | x| < 1
ÔÓ1 - | x | ÏÔ x + 1 : x<0
g (x) = Ì where a and b are non-
[IIT-JEE, 2000] 2
ÔÓ( x - 1) + b : x ≥ 0
34. Let f (x), x ≥ 0, be a non-negative continuous function
negative real numbers.
and let
x Determine the composite function go f.
F (x) = Ú     f (t) dt, x ≥ 0. If (go f ) (x) is continuous for all real x, determine the
0 values of a and b. Further for these values of a and b,
If for some c > 0, f (x) £ cF (x) for all is goo differentiable at x = 0? Justify your answer
x > 0, then show that [IIT-JEE, 2002]
f (x) = 0 for all x ≥ 0. 42. If f : [– 2a, 2a] Æ R be an odd function such that left
[IIT-JEE, 2001] hand derivative at x = a is zero and f (x) = f (2a – x),
35. Discuss the continuity of the function x Œ (a, 2a), then find left hand derivative of f at
x = – a.
Ï 1 [IIT-JEE, 2003]
Ô e x -1 - 2
Ô : x π1 Ï
f (x) = Ì 1 at x = 1 -1 Ê x + c ˆ 1
Ôb sin ÁË 2 ˜¯ : - 2 < x < 0
Ô e x -1 + 2 Ô
Ô1 : x =1 Ô1
Ó 43. If f (x) = Ì : x=0
[IIT-JEE, 2001] Ô2
36. Which of the following functions is differentiable at Ô e ax / 2 - 1 1
Ô : 0< x<
x = 0? Ó x 2
(a) cos (|x|) + |x| (b) cos (|x|) – |x| is differentiable at x = 0. Find the value of a and
(c) sin (|x|) + |x| (d) sin (|x|) – |x| also prove that 64 b2 = 4 – c2.
[IIT-JEE, 2001] [IIT-JEE, 2004]
44. The function is given by y = ||x| – 1| is differentiable

for all real numbers except the points
(a) {–1, 0 , 1} (b) {– 1, 1}
( (x – 1) n
51. Let g (x) =  ______________ )
        : 0 < 2, m and n are
log{cosm (x – 1)}
integers, m π 0, n > 0 and let p be the left hand
(c) 1 (d) – 1 derivative of |x – 1| at x = 1. If   
lim  
(g (x)), = p,
[IIT-JEE, 2005] x Æ 1
then
45. If f (x) is continuous and differentiable function and
f (1/n) = 0 for every n ≥ 1 and n Œ I, then (a) n = 1, m = 1 (b) n = 1, m = – 1
(c) n = 2, m = 2 (d) n > 2, m = n.
(a) f (x) = 0, x Œ (0, 1]
(b) f (0) = 0 and f ¢(0) = 0 [IIT-JEE, 2008]
(c) f (0) = 0 = f ¢(0), x Œ (0, 1] 52. Let f and g be real valued functions defined on (– 1, 1)
(d) f (0) = 0 and f ¢(0) need to be zero. such that g¢¢(x) is continuous, g (0) π 0, f ¢(0) = 0 and
[IIT-JEE, 2005] f (x) = g (x) sin x
46. Let f be a twice differentiable function satisfying Statement-I:  l 
im   (g(x) cot x – g(0)cosecx x) =
x Æ 0
f (1) = 1, f(2) = 4, f (3) = 9, then
f ≤(0)
(a) f ¢¢(x) = 2, " Œ R
(b) f ¢(x) = 5 = f ¢¢(x) for some x Œ (1, 3) Statement-II: f ¢(0) = g (0)
[IIT-JEE, 2008]
(c) there exists atleast one x Œ (1, 3) such that
f ¢¢(x) = 2 53. Let f (x) be a non constant twice differentiable
(d) None of the above. function defined on (– •, •) such that f (x) = f (1 – x)

[IIT-JEE, 2005]
47. If f (x – y) = f (x). g (y) – f (y). g (x) and g (x – y) =
1
(  )
and f __
      = 0. Then
4
g (x). g (y) + f (x). f (y) for all x, y Œ R, if right hand (a) f ¢(x) vanishes at least twice on [0, 1]
derivative at x = 0 exists for f (x). Then find the
derivative of g(x) at x = 0.
[IIT-JEE, 2005]
(  )
1
(b) f ¢ __
      = 0
2
(c) Ú     f ( x + __

2 3 1/2
     ) sin x dx = 0
48. Let f (x) = min {1, x , x }, then 1
 
(a) f (x) is continuous for all x ŒR –1/2 2
(b) f ¢ (x) = 0 for every x > 1 1/2 1/2
(c) continuous but not differentiable for all x Œ R (d) Ú      f (t) esin(p t) dt = Ú      f (1 – t) esin(pt) dt
(d) differentiable everywhere. –1/2 0
[IIT-JEE, 2006] [IIT-JEE, 2008]
3
49. If f ≤ (x) = – f (x), where f (x) is a continuous double 54. If the function f (x) = x + e x/2
and g (x) = f –1(x), then
differentiable function and g (x) = f ¢(x) the value of g¢(1). [IIT-JEE, 2009]
If (  (  ) ) (  (  ) )
2
x 2
F (x) = f __
x 2
        + g __
       
2
55. Let f be a real valued function defined on the interval
(0, •) by
and F(5) = 5 then F(10) is x
_________
(a) 0 (b) 5 f (x) = ln x + Ú     ÷1
  + sin t dt  

0
(c) 10 (d) 25.
[IIT-JEE, 2006] Then which one of the following statements is true.
50. Match the functions in Column-I with the properties (a) f≤(x) exists for all x Œ (0, •)
in Column-II (b) f ¢(x) exists for all x Œ (0, •) and
Column-I Column-II and f ¢ is continuous on (0, •) but
not differentiable on (0, •)
(a) x |x| (p) Cont. in (–1, 1)
__ (c) there exists a > 1 such that
(b)    
÷|x|  (q) differentiable in (–1, 1)
| f ¢(x)| < | f (x)| for all x Œ (a, •)
(c) x + [x] (r) stictly inc in (–1, 1) (d) there exists b > 0 such that
(d) |x – 1| + (s) not differentiable atleast at |f ¢(x)| + | f (x)| £ b for all x Œ (0, •)
|x + 1| one point in (– 1, 1)
[IIT-JEE, 2010]
[IIT-JEE, 2007]
Ï p
Ô- x - 2 : x£-
p
2
( 1
(b) a unique point in n + __ )
    , n + 1 
2
Ô (c) a unique point in (n, n + 1)
Ô p
56. If f (x) = Ì- cos x : - <x£0 (d) two points in (n, n + 1)
Ô 2
[IIT-JEE, 2013]
Ôx - 1 : 0 < x <1
Ôln x : x >1 61. Let f : [a, b] Æ [1, •) be a continuous function and
Ó
g : R Æ R be defined as
then
p
(a) f (x) is cont at x = – __
    
2 Ï
(b) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0 Ô0 : x<a
Ô
(c) f (x) is differentiable at x = 1 Ôx
g (x) = Ì Ú f (t )dt : x £ x £ b
(d) f (x) is differentiable at x = – 3/2
Ôa
[IIT-JEE, 2011] Ôb
ÔÚ f (t )dt : x > b
57. Let f : R Æ R be a function such that f (x + y) = f (x) Óa
+ f (y) for all x, y in R.
(a) g(x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = a.
If f (x) is differentiable at x = 0, then
(b) g (x) is differentiable on R.
(a) f (x) is differentiable only in a finite interval
(c) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = b.
containing zero.
(d) g (x) is continuous and differentiable at either
(b) f(x) is continuous " x Œ R
x = a or x = b but not both.
(c) is constant " x Œ R
[IIT-JEE, 2014]
(d) f (x) is differentiable except at finitely many
points. 62. Let f : R Æ R and g : R Æ R be respectively given by
[IIT-JEE, 2011] f (x) = |x| + 1 and
Ï 2 Êpˆ g(x) = x2 + 1. Define h : R Æ R by

Ô x cos Á ˜ : xπ0
58. Let f (x) = Ì Ë x¯
Ô0 Ïmax{ f ( x ), g ( x )} : x £ 0
Ó : x=0 h (x) = Ì .
then f is Ómin{ f ( x ), g ( x )} : x > 0
(a) differentiable both at x = 0, x = 2 Then the number of points at which h (x) is not
(b) differentiable at x = 0 but not differentiable at differentiable is...
x = 2. [IIT-JEE, 2014]
(c) differentiable at x = 2 but not differentiable at
x = 0. 63. Let g : R Æ R be a differential function
(d) neither differentiable at x = 0 nor at x = 2. g (0) = 0, g ¢ (0) = 0 and g ¢ (1) π 0
[IIT-JEE, 2012] Ï xg( x )
Ô : xπ0
59. Let f : [0, 1] Æ R be a function. Suppose the function Let f (x) = Ì | x |
f is twice differentiable, Ô0 : x=0
Ó
f (0) = 0 = f (1) and satisfies
and h (x) = e|x| for all x in R
f ¢¢ (x) – 2f ¢ (x) + f (x) ≥ ex, x Œ [0, 1]
Let ( f 0 h) (x) denote f (h (x))
Which of the following is true. and (h 0 f) (x) denote h ( f (x))
1 1
(a) 0 < f (x) < • (b) –  __   < f (x) < __
     Then which of the following is (are) true?
2 2
1
__ (a) f is differentiable at x = 0
(c) –      < f (x) < 1 (d) – • < f(x) < 0
4
[IIT-JEE, 2013] (b) h is differentiable at x = 0
60. Let f (x) = x sin (p x), x > 0. Then for all natural (c) ( f 0 h) is differentiable at x = 0
number n, f ¢(x) vanishes at (d) (h 0 f) is differentiable at x = 0.
( 
(a) a unique point in n, n + __
1
)
     
2
[IIT-JEE, 2015]
Answers
Level-II Comprehensive Link Passages
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (a) Passage I : 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (d) Passage II : 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (d) Passage III : 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a)
16. (d) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (c) Passage IV : 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (b) Passage VI : 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a)
26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (a,b) 29. (a) 30. (d) Passage VI : 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (d) Passage VII : 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a)
36. (b) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (b,c)
41. (a,b) 42. (c) 43. (a,c) 44. (a,c) 45. (a) Matrix Match
46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (c) 49. (c) 50. (b) 1. (A) Æ (S), (B) Æ (R),
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (b) 54. (d) 55. (b) (C) Æ (S), (D) Æ (S)
56. (a) 57. (c) 58. (c) 2. (A) Æ (P, R), (B) Æ (Q, R, S),
(C) Æ (Q, R, S), (D) Æ (P, Q, R, S)
Integer Type Questions 3.
1. 7 2. 5 3. 5 4. 7 5. 8 4. (A) Æ (S), (B) Æ (P),
6. 5 7. 5 8. 3 9. 6 10. 4 (C) Æ (Q), (D) Æ (R)
11. 5 12. 3.
Hints and solutions
Type I =    ( 
ax + bx + cx – 3
lim     _____________
x       
x Æ 0
)
1. (i) f (0) = 1
(ii)  lim 
|x|
lim    __   
   f (x) =   
x Æ 0 x Æ 0 x| (  ) (  (ax – 1) + (bx – 1) + (cx – 1)
lim     _______________________
=   
x Æ 0
   
x      )
lim   (  _______ )
x x x
(a – 1) (b – 1) (c – 1)
Now,  lim    + 
x Æ 0 x
x
__ (  )
     = 1 =    x   
x Æ 0
 +  _______
x    +  _______
x      
= log a + log b + log c

( ___
– x
and    
lim   –
  x    ) = – 1
x Æ 0 = log (abc)
Thus, limit does not exist.
(iii)  lim 
   f (x) = log (abc) = f (0)
Hence, f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0 x Æ 0
2. (i) f (0) = 2 Thus, f (x) is continuous at x = 0

4. (i) f (0) = 5
( 
(ii)  lim 
   f (x)
x Æ 0
(  sin x
) (ii )  
lim   f (x) =   
e3x – 1
lim    __________
      )
( 
lim    ____
=     + cos x 
x    x Æ 0 x Æ 0 log (1 + 5x)
)
x Æ 0
=1+1 e3x – 1
 ______
     
3x 3x
=2 =   
lim    __________    × ___
        
x Æ 0 log (1 + 5x) 5x
(iii)  lim 
   f (x) = 2 = f (0)  __________
     
x Æ 0 5x
3
Thus, f (x) is continuous at x = 0 = __
    
5
3. (i) f (0) = log (abc)
3
   f (x) = __
(iii)  lim       π f (0)
(ii)  lim 
   f (x) x Æ 0 5
x Æ 0
Thus, f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0 Type-II

5. (i) f (0) = 2 8. Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0, so
(ii)  lim 
   f (x) =   
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
x – |x|
lim   _____
     
2 ( 
  )  lim 
   
f (x) = f (0) = k
x Æ 0
(  )
x–x fi k =   
lim   f (x)
Now,    lim    ____
   
  = 0 x Æ 0
(  )
x Æ 0+ 2 sin 5x
lim   _____
(  )
x+x fi k =            
and    lim    _____
   
  = 0 x Æ 0 3x
x Æ 0 – 2
lim   ( _____  ×      )
sin 5x __ 5
Thus,  
lim 
 
 f (x) = 0 fi k =         
x Æ 0
x Æ 0 5x 3
5
   f (x) = 0 π f (0)
(iii)  lim  fi k = __
    
x Æ 0 3
Thus, f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0 p
9. Since f (x) is continuous at x =  __  
2
6. (i) f (0) = 7 p
(  )
( 
so,   
lim   
f (x) =
f __
   
   = 3
(ii)   
lim   f (x) =   
ex – 1
lim    __________
x Æ 0 log (1 + 2x)
  
    ) p
x Æ  __  
2
2
 ( (  )
x Æ 0
k cos x
  p   ______ 
fi  lim 
)
   = 3
e –1 x x Æ  __   p – 2x
 _____
x     2
(  _______
1
– 2 )
lim    __________
=         × __
      fi  lim 
   
– k sin x
     = 3
x Æ 0 log (1 + 2x) 2
 __________
      
p
x Æ  __  
2x 2
1
= __
     fi  __   = 3
k
2 2
1 fi k=6
lim   f (x) = __
(iii)         π f (0)
x Æ 0 2 Hence, the value of k is 6.
10. Since f (x) is continuous at x = 2, so
Thus, f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0
 lim 
   f (x) = f (2) = k
3 x Æ 2
7. (i) f (0) = __
    
2 k =   
x Æ 2 ( 
2 x +2 – 16
lim     ________
4x – 16
   
  )
( 
(ii)  lim 
    f (x)
x Æ 0 4 (2x – 4)
lim    _____________ )
( 
k =            
)
log (1 + 3x) x Æ 2 (2x – 4) (2x + 4)
 __________
( 
Now,    lim         
 
)
( 
e2x – 1 4
lim   _______
+
x Æ 0
k =           
)
x Æ 2 (2x + 4)
log(1 + 3x)
 __________
       4 1
3x 3 k = __
     = __
    
=  lim 
  +   __________  
   × __
      8 2
x Æ 0 2x
–1
e______ 2 1
     
 
Hence, the value of k is __     
2x 2
3
=  __   11. Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0, so
2
( 
 lim 
   
f (x) = f (0) = k
Also,  lim 
  – 
sin 3x
_____
 
x Æ 0 tan 2x
    ) x Æ 0
(  )
k =   
lim   
f (x)
( 
x Æ 0
=  lim 
  – 
sin 3x
_____
     
 
3x
_____
 
   ×
3
__
     
k =   
x Æ 0
cos2 x_____ – sin2 x – 1
lim     ______________   
÷ x  2 + 1  – 1
    
)
( 
x Æ 0 tan 2x 2
 _____
)
    
cos 2x –1
2x lim    __________
k =    _____       
3
=  __  
x Æ 0
÷ x  + 1  – 1
2
( 

)
2 _____
sin2 x ( 2
3 lim   –  _____
k =       
 ×  ÷
x  + 1   + 1 ) 
(iii)  lim 
    f (x) = __      = f (0) x Æ 0 x2
x Æ 0 2
k = 2
Thus, f (x) is continuous at x = 0
Hence, the value of k is 2.
12. Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0, so  lim 

  +  
f (x) =  lim 
  –  
f (x) = (a + b)
x Æ 4 x Æ 4
(  ( 
1
   f (x) = f (0) = __
 lim 
x Æ 0
 lim 
1
__
   f (x) =     
    
2  lim 
  + 
(x – 4)
 ______  
x Æ 4 (x – 4)
+ b  =  lim 
x Æ 4 –
  ) (x – 4)
–  ______ 
(x – 4)
  + a  = (a + b) )
x Æ 0 2
1 + b = – I + a = (a + b)
 lim 
    
x Æ 0 ( 
1_________
– cos kx
x sin x
 
    ) 1
  =  __ 
2 a = 1, b = – 1
( 
 
k sin (kx)
    ___________
   lim    
1
     = __
     )  lim 
   
f (x) = f (0) = a
( 
x Æ 0 sin x + x cos x 2
(  )
x Æ 0
)
p
2 tan– 1 (ex) – __
( 
    
)
k sin (k x)
________ be x
– cos x – x 4
  x      1  lim 
  +   ____________
  
     =   
lim     ____________
        = a
   __________
 lim            = __
     x Æ 0 x 2 x Æ 0 – x
sin x
x Æ 0 ____ 2
) ( 
  x    + cos x
( 
(  )
2
k sin (k x)
 ________
     
 lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
bex + sin x – 1
 ____________
2x
         =   
lim  
x Æ 0 1 + e2x
–
2ex
 ______
     = a )
(  _________ ) = 1 = a
k x 1 x
    __________
 lim         = __
      lim 
   
be + cos x
    
sin x
x Æ 0 ____ 2 2
+
  x   +
  cos x
  x Æ 0
k2 1 b+1
 __   = __
      _____
  
 = 1 = a
2 2 2
k2 = 1 a = 1 = b
l = ± 1 Type IV
Type III 16. Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0, so
13. Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0, so  lim 
   
f (x) = f (0)
x Æ 0
 lim 
   f (x) = f (0) = c
x Æ 0
x
log 1 + __
(  (  x
)
 a   – log 1 – __
lim    ____________________
f (0) =       
    
b
   
(  ) )
 lim 
   f (x) = c
x Æ 0 x Æ 0 x 
 lim 
  +  
f (x) =  lim 
x Æ 0
  –  
f (x) = c
x Æ 0
x
log 1 + __
(  ( 
x
__
)
 a   log 1 –  b  
lim    _________ –  _________
(  ) )
( 
______ f (0) =    x   
  x   
 
 
)
( 
__ x Æ 0
÷ x  + bx2   – ÷
x 
   
)
  ____________
( 
 lim 
  +    
    
x Æ 0 bx 3/2
log 1 + __
lim    _________
f (0) =   
x
   
( 
 
)
 a   log 1 –  b  
–  _________
x
__
  
 
)
x x
( 
__ –  __  × – b
)
x Æ 0
sin (a + 1) x + sin x  a  × a
=   
lim 
–
    _______________
x        = c b
x Æ 0
( 
1 1
f (0) = __
 a  + __
)
   
x + bx2 – x b
 lim 
  +    _________________
    
______    = (a + 2) = c
bx3/2 ( ÷     )
__
x Æ 0
x  + bx2 
 + ÷
x 
( 
))
2
bx
 lim 
  +   _________________
     
______    = (a + 2) = c  lim 
   
f (x) = f (0)
3/2 ( __
x Æ 0
bx  ÷ x  + bx2   + ÷ x     
x Æ 0
 lim 
  + 
x Æ 0 ( ( 
  ______ 
÷
______________
__
x 
   
  ÷x  + bx2  
  
)
   = (a + 2) = c
    )
__
x Æ 0 x5( 
sin 3x + A sin 2x + B sin x
lim    ____________________
f (0) =      
      
)
[  ( 
+÷ x 
 lim 
  + 
x Æ 0 ( ÷ ( 
___________
  ______
1
1  + bx  
       = (a + 2) = c
+ 1 ) ) =    __
lim  
x Æ 0 x
1 (3x)3 _____
  5     3x – _____
    
3!
(3x)5
 +     
5!
 – ...   

)
( 
1
 __   = (a + c) = c
2
3 1
a = –  __  , c = __
    , b Œ R – {0}

(2x)3 _____
+ A 2x –  _____
3!
  
(2x)5
 +     
5!
 – ...  )
2 2
 lim 
   
f (x) = f (4)
(  (x)3 (x)5
+ B x – ____
    + ____
3!
    – ... 
5! )
x Æ 4
(  )
Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0, it must 1
__
2A + 3 + B = 0
 lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
1
xn sin __ (  )
 x   =   
lim 
x Æ 0 –
 
xn e x 
 ______  1
 
__
   = 0
1 + e x 
8A B 27
have  ___  +  __   + ___
    = 0 It is possible only when n is natural number.
6 6 6 Hence, the smallest value of n is 1.
On solving, we get, A = – 4, B = 5
35 A ◊ 25 __ B
Thus, f (0) = __
     +  _____
  
 +       f (0) =   
lim   f (x)
5! 5! 5! x Æ 0

35
= __
     –
5!
27
__
     +
5!
__5
     
5!
=   
x Æ 0 x
1
lim   __
(  2
    – ______
  2x    
e –1
  
)
(  )
243 – 128 + 5
=  ____________
 
     e2x – 1 – 2x
120 lim    __________
=         

( 
120
x Æ 0 x (e2x – 1)
)
= ____
    = 1
120 (2x)2 _____ (2x)3
18. Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0, so f (0) =   
lim   f (x) 1 + 2x +  _____
  
 +       + .... – 1 – 2x
2! 3!
lim    _____________________________
( 
=              
( 
x Æ 0
=   
x Æ 0
e2x – 1 – x (e2x + 1)
lim    ________________
x3
       )
x Æ 0
2 e
2x
2x
–1
______
2x      
 
  )

x Æ 0 ( 2e2x – (e2x + 1) – 2x e2x
lim    ____________________
=       
3x2
      ) =    ( (2x)2 _____
 _____
2!
  
(2x)3
 +     
3!
 +....
lim     _______________
  
    
)
( 
x Æ 0 2x2
=   
x Æ 0
e2x – 2x e2x – 1
lim    ____________
3x2
  
     ) =1
=   
x Æ 0 ( 2e2x – 2e2x – 4xe2x
lim    _______________
6x
         ) 22. Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0, so
 lim 
   
f (x) = f (0)
( 
x Æ 0

x Æ 0
– 4 xe
lim    ______
=   
6x
 
   
2x
  ) f (0) =   
lim f  (x)
x Æ 0
(  ( 
______

x Æ 0
– 4e2x – 8xe2x
lim    ___________
=   
6
  
     ) =   
x Æ 0
2 – 4÷x  2 + 16  
lim    ___________  
    
cos 2x – 1 )
(  ÷ 
______
)
2
= –  __   4 2
x + 16  
–2
3 lim     ___________
=      
     
19. Since f is continuous in R, so it is continuous for all x Æ 0 1 – cos 2x
(  (  ÷  )
______
n in R.
   
Now, f (0) =  lim f __
n Æ • 4 n
1
(  )
      
x2
2 1 +  ___  
16
4
lim    ______________
=   
   – 1 
  
     
)
x Æ 0 2 sin2 x
(   ( (  ÷ 
)
)
______
lim   (  sin  (en)) e– n
=   
2 n2
+  ______
     x2
1 +  ___ 
4
    – 1  )
( 
n Æ •
n2 + 1 16
lim     ____________
=          
1
) sin2 x
x Æ 0
+ ______
lim   (sin (en)) e– n
2
=            
( (  )
1
)
n Æ •
1 + __
  2    x2
n 1 +  __   + ... – 1 
4
lim     _____________
( 
=           

1
= 0 + _____
     
1+0
   ) x Æ 0 sin2 x
=1
=   
x Æ 0 4 sin2 x (  )
x2
lim    ______
    
1
  = __
   
4
 lim 
   
f (x) = f (0)  Properties of Continuous Functions
x Æ 0
23. Let f (x) = x – cos x
 lim 
  +  
f (x) =  lim 
  –  
f (x) = f (0)
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
Now, f (0) = 0 – 1 = – 1
p
and f __
2 (  ) p
      = __
p
     – 0 = __
2
     > 0
2 (  ) [x]
   ___
33. Let  lim 
x Æ 3
  x    
p
Thus, f (x) = 0 has a root in 0, __
     
2 (  ) Then  lim 
    ( ___
  x    ) = __
[x] 3
     = 1
24. Let f (x) = 2 tan x + 5x – 2 x Æ 3 + 3
( ___
  x    ) = __
Now, f (0) = – 2 < 0 [x] 2
and  lim 
        
x Æ 3 – 3
and
p
f __ (  ) 5p
      = 2 + ___
5p
    – 2 = ___
    > 0
4 4 5
Thus, (  )
2
Jump = 1 – __
1
      = __
    
Thus, f (x) = 0 has a root in 0,       (  )
p
__
4 34. Let  lim 
   [sin x]
3 3
25. Let f (x) = x.2x – 1 Æ 0
Now, f (0) = – 1 < 0 Then  lim 

  + 
[sin x] = 0 and   
lim 
–
  [sin x] = – 1
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
and f (1) = 1.2 – 1 = 1 > 0
Thus, f (x) = 0 has a root in (0, 1) Thus, Jump = (0 – (– 1)) = 1
26. Let f (x) = e 2x x –1
+ e + 2 sin x + x – p 35. A function is discontinuous at all such points where
it is undefined.
Now, f (0) = 1 + 1 – p = 2 – p < 0
1
and f (1) = e2 + e + p + 1 – p = e2 + e + 1 > 0 (i) f (x) = _____
      
x–1
Thus, f (x) = 0 has a root in [0, 1] f (x) is discontinuous when x – 1 = 0
Disconinuity i.e. x = 1
27. Do yourself
Thus, the number of points of discontinuity is
28. Do yourself 1 at x = 1.
29. Do yourself 1
30. Do yourself. (ii) f (x) = _____
       
|x| – 1
Ï | x| f (x) is discontinuous when |x| – 1 = 0
Ô : xπ0
31. Let f (x) = Ì x |x| = 1
ÔÓ0 : x = 0 x=±1
Thus, the number of points of discontinuity
is 2 at x = –1, 1.
1
(iii) f (x) = _____
       
|x| + 2
Here, denominator of a function is defined for
all real values of x.
Thus, f (x) is continuous for all real x.
x2 + 1
(iv) f (x) = ______
  2   
x –4
Thus, the graph of the function (x) = sgn (x) makes
a jump of 2 units at the point x = 0 f (x) is discontinuous when x2 – 4 =0
Jump = (1 – (–1)) = 2 fi x = ± 2
(  (  ) )
32. Let  lim 
1
    tan–1 __
 x    
x Æ 0
is 2 at x = –2, 2.
( tan ( __ x  ) ) = __
p 1
Then  lim 
   
1 –1
     (v) f (x) = _____
     . 
x Æ 0 + 2 loge x
( tan ( __ x  ) ) = –  __  

1 –1 p f (x) is discontinuous for
and  lim 
   
x Æ 0 – 2 x < 0, x = 0 and x = 1
Jump = ( __
     – (  –  __   ) ) = p
p p Thus, the number of points of discontinuity is
Thus,
2 2 infinite.

1
(vi) f (x) = ______
      
loge |x|
p
fi x = np + (–1) n __
      , n ŒI.
6 (  )
f (x) is discontinuous for x = 0, x = –1, x = 1
is infinite.
3 at x = – 1, 0, 1. x2 –__ 7x + 2014
(xii) f (x) =  _____________  
    .
1 ÷    cos x – 1
2 
(vii) f (x) = _________
        __
loge|x – 2| f (x) is discontinuous for ÷    cos x – 1 = 0
2 
f (x) is discontinuous for |x – 2| = 0, |x – 2| = 1 1
fi cos x = ___   __   
fi x = 2, x – 2 = ± 1 ÷   
2 
p
fi x = 2, x = 3, 1 fi x = 2 np ± __     , n ŒI
4
3 at x = 1, 2, 3.
infinite.
1
(viii) f (x) = __________
       . 36. We have f (x) = [[x]] – [x – 1]
loge (x2 – 1)
= [x] – [x – 1]
f (x) is discontinuous for (x2 – 1) < 0,
= [x] – ([x] – 1)
fi x2 – 1 = 0, x2 – 1 = 1
=1
fi – 1 < x < 1, x = ± 1, x = 0 Thus, f (x) is continuous for all real x.
Thus, the number of points of discontinuity is 37. As we know that [x] is discontinuous for all integral
infinite. values of x.
1 Thus, the function f(x) should be checked at all inte-
(ix) f (x) = ___________
        gral values of x for which [sin p x] Œ I.
loge|(x2 – 1)|
Now, sin p x = 0 fi p x = 0 fi x = 0 and sin px
f (x) is discontinuous for
p 1
|x2 – 1| = 0, |x2 – 1| = 1 = 1 px = 1 fi p x = __  x  fi x = __
    
2
fi x2 – 1 = 0, x2 – 1 = ± 1 Thus, f (x) = [sin px] is continuous for
fi x2 = 1, x2 = 1 ± 1
fi x = ± 1, x = 0 x = ± ÷2 
  
__
all x Œ [0, 1] – 0, __ {  }
1
      .
2
38. We have, f (x) = [x] + [– x]
Thus, the number
__
of points
__
of discontinuity is
  ,  –1, 0, 1, ÷
5 at x = –÷2    
2  Ï0, x ŒI
=Ì
Ó-1, x œI
1
(x) f (x) = ___________
  2       Thus, f (x) is discontinuous for all x Œ I.
x – 3|x| + 2
39. We have f(x) = x + {– x} + [x], x Œ I
f (x) is discontinuous for x2 – 3 |x| + 2 = 0 = x + [x] + {– x}
fi |x2| – 3 |x| + 2 = 0 = {x} + {– x}
fi (|x| – 1) (|x| – 2) = 0 Ï1, x œI
=Ì
fi (|x| – 1) = 0, (|x| – 2) = 0 Ó0, x ŒI
fi x = ± 1, x = ± 2 Thus, f (x) is discontinuous at
Thus, the number of points of discontinuity is x = – 2, –1, 0, 1, 2.

4 at x = – 2, –1, 1, 2 40. (i) We have f (x) = [sin x]
2
x + 4x + 1 The function f (x) is discontinuous at all such
(xi) f (x) =  __________     points where it is broken.
2 sin x – 1
f (x) is discontinuous for 2 sin x – 1 = 0 sin x = 0 fi x = 0, p, 2p
1 p
fi sin x = __      sin x = 1 fi x = __
    
2 2
3p
sin x = – 1 fi x = ___     
2p 4p
2 cos x = – 1 fi x =  ___  ,  ___  
2 3 3
Thus, the number of points of discontinuity are 2 cos x = – 2 fi x = p
p 3p
4 at x = 0, __
    , p, 2p (it is continuous at x = ___
     2 cos x = 2 fi x = 0, 2p
2 2
__
(ii) We have f (x) = Î÷2     sin x˚, " x Œ [0, 2p] Thus, the number of points of discontinuity
p p ___ 2p 3p ___ 4p 5p
The function f (x) is discontinuous at all such = 8, at x = 0, __
    , __
    ,     , ___
    ,     , ___
    , 2p.
points where it is broken. 3 2 3 2 3 3
1
21. We have f (u) = _________
__
÷ 2   sin x = 0 fi x = 0, p, 2p   2      
u +u–2
__ p 3p
÷ 2   sin x = 1 fi x = __     , ___
    
1
= ____________
      
4 4 (u + 2) (u – 1)
__ 5p 7p
÷ 2   sin x = –1 fi x = ___
    , ___
     Now, u+2=0
4 4
fi u = – 2
1
p 3p 5p 7p fi  _____   
  = – 2
= 7 at x = 0, __
    , ___
    , p, ___
    , ___
    , 2p. x–1
4 4 4 4 1
fi x – 1 = –  __  
(iii) We have f (x) = [sinx + cosx], " x Œ[0, 2p] 2
1 1
fi x = 1 – __     = __
    
[  (  (  ) ) ]
__ p 2 2
    sin x + __
= ÷2           
4 Also, u–1=0
The function f (x) is discontinuous at all such fi u=1
points where it is broken. 1
fi  _____
    = 1
(  (  ) )
__ p p 3p ___ 7p
÷ 2    sin x +  __      = 0 fi x = –  __  , ___
    ,      x–1
4 4 4 4
fi x–1=1
(  (  ) )
__ p p
÷ 2    sin x + __
        = 1 fi x = 0, __      fi x=2
4 2
÷ 2  ( sin ( x + __
__
     ) ) = – 1 fi x = p, ___
p 3p
      
4 4 1
= 3 at x = __     , 1, 2
Thus, the number of points of discontinuity 2
22. We have, f (f (f (x)))
p 3p 3p 7p
= 7 at x = 0, __
    , ___
    , p, ___
    , ___
    , 2p.

2 4
(iv) We have f (x) = [sin p x], " x Œ[0, 2]
2 4
(  (  ) )1
= f f _____
        
1 – x
1
The function f (x) is discontinuous at all such = f ( f (a)), where a = _____
      
points where it is broken. 1–x
sin p x = 0 fi x = 0, 1, 2 ( (  ) )
1
= f _____
         
( 
1–a
1
sin p x = 1 fi x = __
)
    
2 1
= f ________
        
3 1
sin p x = –1 fi x = __      1 – _____
      
2 1–x
(  1–x
= f  ________
      )
1
4 at x = 0, __ (  3
    , 1, 2 it is continuous at x  =  __    . ) 1–x–1
( 
2 2
(v) We have f (x) = [2 cos x], " x Œ [0, 2p]

x–1
= f  _____
x    )
  
x–1
The function f (x) is discontinuous at all such = f (b), where b = _____
  x   
 
points where it is broken. 1
p 3p = _____
     
2 cos x = 0 fi x = __
    , ___
     1–b
2 2 1
p 3p ___ 5p   =  ________
    
2 cos x = 1 fi x = __
    , ___
    ,      x–1
1 –  ____
3 2 3 x   
 
x
= ________
        Ï1 : x Œ (-•, - 1) » (0, 1)
x–x+1 Ô
= Ì0 : x = 0, ± 1
=x Ô-1: x Œ (-1, 0) » (1, •)
Ó
= 2 at x = 1 and x = 0 Thus, f (g(x)) is discontinuous at x = – 1, 0, 1.
Note: If x π 0, 1 then the function Note: g( f (x)) is continuous for all real x.
1 since g( f (x)) = sgn (x) (1– (sgn (x))2)
f ( f ( f (x))) =  ________
      = x
x–1
1 – _____
  x   
  Ï | x| Ê Ê | x|ˆ 2 ˆ
is continuous everywhere. Ô Á1 - ˜ : xπ0
= Ì x Ë ÁË x ˜¯ ¯
23. We have h(x) = f (g(x)) Ô
Ó0 : x=0
= f (x2 + 5)
Ï0 : x > 0
1 1 Ô
= __________
  2       = ______
        = Ì0 : x = 0
(x + 5) – 6 x2 – 1 Ô0 : x < 0
Ó
It is continuous at x Œ R – {– 1, 1}.
24. We have g(x) = f ( f (x)) 26. We have f (x) = |x + 1| (|x| + |x – 1|)
Ï1 + f ( x ) : 0 £ f ( x ) £ 2 Ï( x + 1)(2 x – 1) : – 2 £ x < –1
=Ì Ô – ( x + 1)(2 x – 1)
Ó3 - f ( x ) : 2 < f ( x ) £ 3 Ô : –1£ x < 0
= Ì
Ï1 + (1 + x ) : 0 £ 1 + x £ 2, 0 £ x £ 2 Ôx + 1 : 0 £ x <1
Ô3 - (1 + x ) : 2 < 1 + x £ 3, 0 £ x £ 2 ÔÓ( x + 1)(2 x – 1) : 1£ x £ 2
Ô
=Ì
Ô1 + (3 - x ) : 0 £ 3 - x £ 2, 2 < x £ 3
ÔÓ3 - (3 - x ) : 2 < 3 - x £ 3, 2 < x £ 3
Ï2 + x : - 1 £ x £ 1, 0 £ x £ 2
Ô2 - x :1 < x £ 2, 0 £ x £ 2
Ô
=Ì
Ô4 - x : 2 £ x £ 3, 2 < x £ 3
ÔÓ x : 0 < x £ 1, 2 < x £ 3
Ï2 + x : - 1 £ x £ 1
Ô2 - x :1 < x £ 2
Ô Thus f (x) is continuous everywhere.
= Ì
Ô4 - x : 2 < x £ 3 Ï1 – x : 0 £ x £ 2
ÔÓ x : x Œj 27. We have f (x) = Ì
Óx – 3 : 2 < x £ 4
Ï2 + x : - 1 £ x £ 1
Ô Ï2 + x : – 1 £ x £ 0
= Ì2 - x :1 < x £ 2 and g(x) = Ì
Ô4 - x : 2 < x £ 3 Ó2 – x : 0 < x £ 3
Ó
Now (f 0 g) (x)
Thus, g(x) is discontinuous at x = 1 and x = 2.
= f (g(x))
25. Clearly f (x) is a signum function of x
i.e. f (x) = sgn (x). Ï1 – g( x ) : 0 £ g( x ) £ 2
= Ì
Now, f (g(x)) = sgn (x(1 – x2)) Ó g( x ) – 3 : 2 < g( x ) £ 4
Ï1 : x(1 - x 2 ) > 0 Ï1 – (2 + x ) : 0 £ 2 + x £ 2, – 1 £ x £ 0
ÔÔ Ô2 + ( x – 3) : 2 < 2 + x £ 4, – 1 £ x £ 0
Ô
= Ì0 : x(1 - x 2 ) = 0 =Ì
Ô Ô1 – (2 – x ) : 0 £ 2 – x £ 2, 0 < x £ 3
2
ÔÓ-1: x(1 - x ) < 0 ÔÓ2 – ( x + 3) : 2 < 2 – x £ 4, 0 < x £ 3
Ï –1 – x : – 2 £ x £ 0, – 1 £ x £ 0 34. Let f (x) = x5 – 2x3 + x2 – 3x

Ôx – 1 : 0 < x £ 2, –1 £ x £ 0 Clearly, f is continuous for all real x.
Ô
=Ì
Ôx – 1 : 0 £ x £ 2, 0 < x £ 3 Now, f (1) = 1 – 2 + 1 – 3 = – 3 < –1
ÔÓ – x – 1 : – 2 < x £ 0, 0 < x £ 3 and f (2) = 32 – 16 + 4 – 6 = 16 > –1
Hence, from the Intermediate value theorem there
Ï –1 – x : –1 £ x £ 0 exist a number c in (1, 2) such that f (c) = –1.
Ôx – 1 : x Œf
Ô 35. Let f (x) = 2x3 + x2 – x
= Ì
Ôx – 1 : 0£ x£2 Clearly, f is continuous for all real x.
ÔÓ – x – 1 : x Œf Now, f (1) = 2 + 1 – 1 = 2 < 5
and f (2) = 16 + 4 – 2 = 18 > 5
Ï –1 – x : –1 £ x £ 0
=Ì Hence, from the Intermediate value theorem there
Óx – 1 : 0 £ x £ 2 exist a number c in (1, 2) such that f (c) = 5.
Thus, f (x) is continuous in [– 1, 2]. : x≥2
Ï( x – 2)
_____ 36. We have f (x) = |x – 2| = Ì
28. Let f (x) = ÷
1
x  – 5  – _____
      . Ó – ( x – 2) : x < 2
( 
x+3
Now,
_____ 1
f (5) = ÷5  – 5  – _____
     
5+3
1
  = –  __   < 0
8
L.H.D = f ¢(2+) =  lim 
  + 
x Æ 2
f (x) – f (2)
 _________
(x – 2)
   
 
)
Also,
_____ 1
f (6) = ÷6  – 5  – _____
     
6+3
  = 1 – __
1 8
     = __
9 9
     > 0 =  lim 
  + 
x Æ 2 (  (x – 2) – 0
  _________
(x – 2) )
   
 

Thus, f (x) has a real root in (5, 6).

= 1.
29.

Let
Now,
f (x) = x5 + 3x4 + x – 2
f (0) = – 2 < 0
Also, R.H.D = f ¢(2–) =   
lim 
x Æ 2 –
  ( 
f (x) – f (2)
 _________
(x – 2)
  
 
  )
(  )
Also, f (1) = 1 + 3 +1 – 2 = 4 – 2 = > 0 – (x – 2) – 0
Thus, f (x) has a real root in [0, 1]. =   
lim     ___________     
x Æ 2 –
(x – 2)
30. Let f (x) = x5 – 3x + 1 = –1
Now, f (1) = 1 – 3 + 1 = 2 – 3 = –1 < 0 Since L.H.D π R.H.D, so, f (x) is not differentiable
Also, f (2) = 32 – 6 + 1 = 27 > 0 at x = 2.
( 
37. Now, R.H.D

31.
Thus,
Let
f (x) has a real root in [1, 2].
f (x) = x3 + x2 – 3x – 3
= f ¢(1+) =  lim 
x Æ 1
f (x) – f (1)
  +  _________
 
(x – 1)
   
 
)
( 
Now, f(1) = 1 + 1 – 3 – 3 = – 4 < 0

Also,
Thus,
f (2) = 8 + 4 – 6 – 3 = 3 > 0
f (x) has a real root in [1, 2].
=  lim 
x Æ 1
x2 – 1
  +   ______ 
(x – 1)
  )
  
=  lim 
  + ((x + 1))
32. Let f (x) = x5 + x x Æ 1
Clearly f is continuous for all real x. =2

Now, f (0) = 0 < 1 Also, L.H.D

and f (1) = 2 > 1
= f ¢(1–) =  lim  (  )
x–1
  –  ______ 
x Æ 1 (x – 1)
 
  
exist a number c in (0, 1) such that f (c) = 1. = 1.
33. Let f (x) = x5 + 3x4 + x Since L.H.D π R.H.D, so, f (x) is not differentiable
at x = 1.
Clearly f is continuous for all real x.
38. We have, f ¢(1)
Now, f (0) = 0 < 2 and
f (1) = 1 + 3 + 1 = 5 > 2. =   
x Æ 1 ( 
f (x) – f (1)
_________
lim    
x–1
   
 
)
exist a number c in (0, 1) such that f(c) = 2. =   
lim  
x Æ 1
( 
ln2 x – 1
x–1 )
 _______   
 

=   
x Æ 1
(  )
_______
lim    
1
   
1
2ln x ◊ __
 x 
 

x Æ 1
= 3 log 3
1(  )
3xlog3
  +  ______
=  lim        
=  lim 
x Æ 1+
( 
2lnx.
     _____
x      ) Since L.H.D π R.H.D, so, f (x) is not differentiable
at x = 1.
=0 41. We have f (x) = sin x + |sin x|
Thus, f (x) is differentiable at x = 0. Ïsin x + sin x : x ≥ 0
=Ì
39. We have Ósin x – sin x : x < 0
f (x) = e|x|
Ï2sin x : x ≥ 0
=Ì
ÏÔe x : x≥0 Ó0 : x<0
=Ì Now, R.H.D
–x
ÔÓe : x<0
Now, R.H.D = f ¢(0 +)
= f ¢(0 +) =  lim 
   
x Æ 0 +
(  f (x) – f (0)
 _________
x–0
   
 )
=  lim 
   
x Æ 0 +
( f (x) – f (0)
 _________
x–0
   
 
) =  lim 
   
x Æ 0 +
( 
2sin x – 0
 ________
x–0 )
   
 
=   
lim 
x Æ 0+
( 
ex – 1
   ______
x    
  ) =2
Also, L.H.D
= f ¢(0 –)
=1
Also, L.H.D
= f ¢(0 –)
=   
lim  
x Æ 0 – ( 
f (x) – f (0)
__________
 
x–0
     
)
=   
lim   ( f (x) – f (0)
__________
        )
=   
lim   (  )
0–0
 _____ 
x Æ 0 – x – 0
   = 0
x Æ 0 – x–0
Since L.H.D π R.H.D, so, f (x) is not differentiable
=   
lim 
x Æ 0 –
  ( e–x – 1
 ______
x    
 ) at x = 0.
42. We have f (x) = [x] tan(px)
= –1. Now, R.H.D
Since L.H.D π R.H.D, so, f (x) is not differentiable = f ¢(k +)
( 
at x = 0.
40. We have, R.H.D
+
=   
lim 
x Æ k +
 
f (x) – f (k)
_________
 
x–k
  
    
)
= f ¢(1 )
( 

( 
f (x) – f (1)
  +  _________
=  lim 
x Æ 1
 
x–1
   
 
) =  lim 
   
h Æ 0 +
f (k + h) – f (k)
 _____________
  
  
(k  +  h) – k )
   

x Æ 1
( 
4–x–3
  +   ________
=  lim 
x–1
   
 
) =  lim 
  + 
h Æ 0
( 
f (k + h) – f (k)
 _____________
h
       )
   (  _____ 
x – 1) (  )
1–x [k + h]tan (kp + ph) – tan (p k)
=  lim    
x Æ 1+ =  lim 
  +   __________________________
   
     
h Æ 0 h
( 
= – 1
Also, L.H.D =  lim 
  + 
h Æ 0
[k + h]tan (ph) – 0
 ________________
h
        )
( 
–
= f ¢(1 )
=  lim 
  + 
k tan (ph)
 ________
    
 
)
=  ______
 
–  
  ( 
f (x) – f (1)
lim _________
   
 
) h Æ 0 h
( 
x Æ 1 x–1
=  lim 
   
p k tan (ph)
 _________
     
  )
(  ) ph
x h Æ 0 +
3 –3
lim    ______ 
=      
x Æ 1– x–1
= pk.
43. We have f (x) = [x]sin (px) Ï Ê ˆ

Now, L.H.D Ô Á 1 ˜
Ô lim+ Á 1˜
= f ¢(k–) Ô x Æ0 ÁË 1 + e x ˜¯
Ô
=   
lim  
x Æ k – ( 
f (x) – f (k)
_________
 
x–k
  
    
) =Ì
Ô
Ô lim
Ê –1 ˆ
Á e x ˜
=  lim 
  – 
h Æ 0 ( f (k – h) – f (k)
 ____________  
  
(k – h)/k
    ) Ô x Æ0 +
ÔÓ
Á –1 ˜
ÁË e x + 1˜¯
=  lim 
  – 
h Æ 0 ( 
f (k – h) – f (k)
 ____________
– h
       ) ÏÊ 1 ˆ
ÔÁ •˜
ÔË 1 + e ¯
=  lim 
  – 
h Æ 0 ( 
[k – h] sin (kp – ph) – sin (pk)
 __________________________
   
– h
      ) =Ì
ÔÊ e
–• ˆ
( 
ÔÁË e – • + 1˜¯
=  lim 
  – 
h Æ 0
(k – 1)(–1) k–1sin (ph)  –  0
  ____________________
   
– h
      ) Ó
Ï1
=  lim 
  – 
h Æ 0
( 
p(k – 1)(–1) ksin (ph)
 _________________
ph
         )
Ô•
Ô
=Ì
ÔÊ 0 ˆ
Á
ÔË ˜
= (–1) k (k – 1)p Ó 0 + 1¯
44. We have f ¢(0) Ï0

=Ì
=   
x Æ 0 ( 
f (x) – f (0)
lim   __________
 
x–0
     
)
Ó0
=0
(  1
x sin __
2
lim    ___________
=   
x Æ 0 x–0
(  )
 x   – 0
  
    ) Thus,
46. Given
f (x) is differentiable at x = 0.
f (x) is differentiable at x = 1,
=   
x Æ 0
( 
________
lim     x   
1
x2sin __ (  )
 x  
 
  ) so, f ¢(1+) = f (1–)
( 
f (x) – f (1)
  + __________
fi  lim          =  lim    )
f (x) – f (1)
  –1  _________    
 
(  )
(  (  ))1
lim   x sin  __
=   
x Æ 0 x   
x Æ 1 x – 1 x Æ 1 x–1
=0
Thus, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0.
fi  lim 
x Æ 1
 ( 
x2 + ax + b – a – 1
  +  __________________
x–1
  
      )
45. We have f ¢(0)
=    ( 
f (x) – f (0)
lim   __________
    
    )
=  lim 
x Æ 1
( 
ax2 + 1 – a – 1
  –1   ______________
x–1
  
     )
x Æ 0 x–0
(  )
(  )
x (x2 – 1) + a (x – 1) + b
______
    1    – 0 fi   +  ____________________
 lim           
__
 x  x Æ 1 x–1
1 + e
lim     _________
=       
 
x Æ 0 x–0
( 
a (x2 – 1)
)
(  )
  –1   ________
=  lim     
 

1 x–1
lim   _____
=        1     x Æ 1
x Æ 0 __
( 
 x 
Ï
1 + e

Ê ˆ
fi
x Æ 1+ x–1
b
    a + (x + 1)+  _____
 lim    )
   =  lim 
  –1( a(x + 1))
x Æ 1
Ô
   (a  + (x + 1) +  _____
Á 1 ˜
x – 1)
Ô lim+ b
Á 1˜ fi  lim       = 2a ...(i)
Ô x Æ0 ÁË 1 + e x ˜¯ x Æ 1+
Ô
=Ì
Ê ˆ As we know that, every differentiable function is
Ô
Ô lim Á 1 ˜ continuous.
Ô x Æ0 + Á 1˜
ÔÓ ÁË 1 + e x ˜¯ So, f (x) is continuous at x = 1.
fi  lim  f (x) = f (1)
 
x Æ 1 fi    
lim  
x Æ 1/2 – (  (  ) ) 1
b x + __
        = –1
2
fi  lim 
  + f (x) =   
lim  f (x) = f (1)
x Æ 1
–
x Æ 1 b = –1
fi   + (x2 + ax + b) =   
 lim  lim 
–
 (ax2 + 1) = a + 1 From (ii), we get,
x Æ 1 x Æ 1
1 9
fi (1 + a + b) = (a + 1) = a + 1 fi a = 2 + __
     = __
    
4 4
fi b=0 Hence, the values of a and b are a = 9/4 and b = –1.
Put b = 0 in (i), we get, 48. To check continuity:
fi  lim 
  + (a + (x + 1)) = 2a  lim 
   f (x) = f (0) = 0
x Æ 1 x Æ 0
fi (a + (1 + 1)) = 2a Now,  lim 

   f (x)
x Æ 0
fi a = 2.
Hence, the values of a and b are 2 and 0.
=   
x Æ 0
(  (  ) )1
lim   x sin __
 x    
1 =0
47. Since f (x) is differentiable at x = __     ,
2 Thus, f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
so,
1+
__
(  ) (  ) 1–
__
f ¢       = f ¢       To check differentiability
(  ) (  )
2 2
(  )
f (x) – f __
1
     
2 (  )
f (x) – f __
1
     
2
x Æ 0 ( 
f (x) – f (0)
lim   __________
f ¢(0) =     
x–0
      
)
(  )
 _________  _________
fi    
lim  
x Æ 1/2 + 1
x – __
  
   
    
=    
lim – 
x Æ 1/2 1
x – __
  
   
    
1
x sin __ (  )
 x   – 0
__________
(  ) (  )
2 2 =   
lim          
x Æ 0 x–0
__1
(  (  ) )
      – 2
|x| (a + bx2) – 2 1
lim   sin __
fi    
lim +   ______     =     lim –    __________
  
    =   
x Æ 0
 x    
1 1
x – __ x – __
x Æ 1/2 x Æ 1/2
         
( 
2 2 = Oscillating a finite value between
)
–1 to 1.
(a + bx2) – 2
fi    
lim –    __________   
    = –1 ...(i) Thus, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0.
1
x – __
x Æ 1/2
    
2 49. To check the differentiability
As we know that every differentiable function is
continuous, so it is continuous at x = 1/2 f ¢(0 +) =  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
  ( 
f (x) – f (0)
__________
x–0
     
)
(  )
(  )
1
fi    
lim   f (x) = f __
      xe x 
1
__
x Æ 1/2 2 ______
      
–0
1
(  )
__
1 + e x 
1_________
fi   lim   
   f(x) = f __
  lim – 
f (x) =          =  lim 
     
x–0
  
 
 
2 x Æ 0 +
(  )
x Æ 1/2+ x Æ 1/2
(  )
1
__
1    
fi    
lim   __
       =    
lim   (a + bx2) = 2 ex
x Æ 1/2 + |x| x Æ 1/2 – =  lim 
  +  ______
   1    
x Æ 0 __
 x 
1 + e
(  )
(  )
b
fi a + __
      = 2 ...(ii) 1
4 =  lim 
    ______
    1    
(  )
x Æ 0 + –  __  
From (i) and (ii), we get, 1 + e x
(  )
b
2  – __     + bx2 – 2  
1
= _______
    
4
_____________ 1 + e– •
    lim       
    = –1
x Æ 1/2 – 1
x – __
= ( _____
 ( ((   )) )
    
1 + 0)
2 1
        = 1
2 __ 1
b x –      
(  )
4
fi    
lim –   ________    = –1 f (x) – f (0)
x Æ 1/2 1
__ Also, f ¢(0 –) =   
lim   __________
       

x –       x Æ 0 – x–0
2
(  ) (  )
1
__ [2(1 + h) – 3](1 + h) + 1
xe x  lim     _____________________
=          
  
 ______  1
  
–0 h Æ 0 1+h–1
__
 x 
1 + e
 _________
( 
=   
lim     
   

x Æ 0 – x– 0 [2h – 1](1 + h) + 1
lim     ________________ )
(  )
=            
1
__
h Æ 0 h
 x 
e
=   
lim  
x Æ 0 –
______
   1 
__
  
 x 
1 + e
=   
h Æ 0 ( 
– (1 + h) + 1
lim     ___________
h
       
)
( 
= –1
 
e– •
= _______  
  )
( 
1 + e– •
=0
Also,  lim 
x Æ 1
f (x) – f (1)
  –  _________
 
x–1
   
  )
So, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0
Since, both one sided derivative exists (though they =   
h Æ 0 ( 
f (1 – h) – f (1)
lim   ____________
 
1–h–1
  
      )
are unequal), so f (x) is continuous at x = 0.
(  (  )
p
50. To check the differentiability
________________ 2 )
sin (1 – h)  __    + 1
(  )
f (x) – f(1) lim    
=            
  + _________
f ¢(1+) =  lim         
h Æ 0 – h
(  (  ) )
x Æ 1 x–1 p
cos __
      h + 1
=   
h Æ 0
  ( 
f (1+ h) – f (1)
lim  ____________
1+h–1
  
      ) =   
h Æ 0
 
2
lim   ____________
– h
       

(  )
f (1 + h) – f (1) = – •
lim   _____________
=               Thus, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1.
h Æ 0 h
( 
52.

h Æ 0
|h| ([1 + h] – {1 + h}) – 0
lim    ______________________
=       
h
      )
=   
h Æ 0 ( 
h (1 – h)
lim    ________
h
      )
=1
Also, f ¢(1–) =   
lim 
x Æ 1–
  ( 
f (x) – f (1)
 __________
x–1
     
)

h Æ 0
  ( 
f (1 – h) – f (1)
lim   _____________
=   
1–h–1
  
      ) Clearly f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
So f (x) is not differentiable in [– 2, 2]
=   
h Æ 0 ( 
f (1 – h) – 0
lim    ___________
– h
     
  ) 53.

h Æ 0
  ( 
|– h|([1 + h] – {1 + h})
lim   ____________________
=       
– h
       )

lim – h(0
=  _____   
h Æ 0 (  – (1 + h))
  _____________
– h
       
)
= –1
Thus, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0. Clearly, f (x) is not differentiable at x = –1, 0, 1.

Since, both one sided derivative exists (though they Thus, f(x) is not differentiable in; – 4, 4]
are unequal), so f (x) is continuous at x = 0. 54. We have f (x) = sin x + sin |x|
51. To check the differentiability.
Ïsin x + sin x : x ≥ 0
+
f ¢(1 ) =  lim 
x Æ 1
 
x–1 ( 
f (x) – f (1)
  +  _________    
 
) f (x) = Ì
Ósin x – sin x : x < 0
Ï2sin x : x ≥ 0
=  lim 
x Æ 1
( 
[2x – 3]x – (–1)
  +   ______________
x–1
  
     ) =Ì
Ó0 : x<0
So f (x) is not differentiable in R.

59. We have f (x) = |x2 – 1| + |x2 – 4|
Clearly f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

55.
Clearly, f (x) is not differentiable at x = – 2,
–1, 1, 2.
Thus, f (x) is not differentiable in R.
60. We have f (g (x))
= f (x (1 – x2))
Ï1 : g( x ) > 0
Ô
= Ì0 : g( x ) = 0
Clearly, f (x) is not differentiable at x = –1, 0, 1. Ô –1 : g( x ) < 0
Thus, f (x) is not differentiable in; – 4, 4] Ó
x
56. We have, f (x) = _____
        Ï1 : x Œ (– •, – 1) » (0, 1)
1 + |x| Ô
= Ì0 : x = –1, 0, 1
Ô –1 : (–1, 0) » (1, •)
Ó
Clearly, f (x) is differentiable everywhere.

57.
Clearly, f (x) is not differentiable at x = – 1, 0, 1.
61. We have f (x) = sin–1|sin x|
Clearly f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

58. We have, f (x) = |x| + |x2 – 1|
p
Clearl, f (x) is not differentiable at x = (2 n + 1)  __  
2
Thus, f (x) is non-differentiable in R.
62. We have   

h Æ 0 ( 
f (2 + h) – f (2 – h)
lim    ________________
h
       )
 
Thus, f (x) is not differentiable at x = – 1, 0, 1

= f ¢(2)
= 5. x Æ 0
( 
f ¢(x) – f ¢(0)
lim   __________
Now f ≤(0) =   
x–0
  
    )
63. We have   
h Æ 0
 
( 
f (2h + 2 + h2) – f (2)
lim   __________________
  
    
f (h – h2 + 1) – f (1) ) =    (  (  )
1
2x sin __
________________
lim    
x Æ 0 x       
(  )
1
 x   – cos __
)
 x  

[ (  )
f (2h + 2 + h2) – f (2) Thus, the limit does not exist at x = 0.
lim      __________________
=      
  
     Clearly, y = f (x) is not twice differentiable at
h Æ 0 2h + h2 x = 0.
(  ) (  )]
ÏÔ xe x : x£0
h – h2
________________ 2h + h2
_______ 66. We have y = f (x) = Ì
×           ×          2 3
f (h – h2 + 1) – f (1) h–h
2 ÔÓ x + x - x : x>0
=   
h Æ 0 (  ( 
h (2 + h)
lim   f ¢(2) ×  _______ 
h (1 – h) )
1
   × ____
       
f ¢(x)
) fi
ÏÔ xe x + e x
f ¢(x) = Ì
2
: x<0
ÔÓ1 + 2 x - 3 x : x > 0
1
= 6 × 2 × __     Clearly, f ¢(0 +) = 1 = f ¢(0 –)
4
= 3. Therefore, f (x) is differentiable at x = 0.
64. We have f (x) = |x3|
ÏÔ x 3 ÔÏ xe x + 2e x : x<0
: x≥0 Also, f ≤(x) = Ì
= Ì ÔÓ2 - 6 x : x>0
3
ÔÓ- x : x < 0
Clearly, f ≤(0 +) = 2 = f ≤(0 –)
ÏÔ3 x 2 : x≥0
fi f ¢(x) = Ì Thus, f (x) is twice differentiable at x = 0.
2
ÔÓ- 3 x : x < 0
fi
Ï6 x
f ≤(x) = Ì
: x≥0
h Æ 0 ( 
f (x + h) – f (x)
lim   _____________
67. We have f ¢(x) =   
h
         )
Ó- 6 x : x < 0
Clearly, f ≤(0 +) = 0 = f ≤(0 –)
h Æ 0 ( 
f (x) ◊ f (h)– f (x)
lim  _____________
=     
h
        )
( 
Thus, f (x) is twice differentiable at other values
of x.
Ï 2 Ê 1ˆ
=   
h Æ 0
f (x) ( f (h) – 1)
lim   _____________
h
         )
( 
65. We have y = Ì
Ô0
Ó
Ë x¯
: x=0

h Æ 0 ( 
(f (h) – 1)
lim  f (x)  ×  _________
=     
h
   
  
  )) ...(i)
h Æ 0 x–0 ( 
f (x) – f (0)
lim    _________
Here, f ¢(0) =       
 
) Also, f (x + y)= f (x) ◊ f (y), " x Œ R
Put x = 0 = y, then we get,
=    ( 
________
lim    x   
x Æ 0
1
x2sin __ (  )
 x  
  )
fi
f (0)= f (0) ◊ f (0)
f (0) = f 2 (0)
=   
x Æ 0
(  (  ) )
1
lim  x sin __
 x    
fi
fi
f (0)( f (0) – 1) = 0
f (0) = 1, ( f (0) π 0)
=0 From (i), we get,
Thus, y = f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 f ¢(x) =  
h Æ 0 (  (  ))(f (h) – f (0))
 lim  f (x) ×  __________
h
       
 
Ï
( ( 
Ê 1ˆ Ê 1ˆ
Ô2 x sin Á ˜ - cos Á ˜ : x π 0
y¢= Ì
Ô0
Ë x¯ Ë x¯
: x=0
fi
f ¢(x)
 ____  =   
f (x) h Æ 0 ))
( f (h) – f (0))
lim    ___________
h
       
 
Ó
f ¢(x)
fi  ____  = f ¢(0) = k
f (x)
On integration, we get, Thus, f (x) = – x + 1

log |f (x)| = kx + c
put x = 0, log |f (0)| = log |1| = 0, so c = 0.
x+y
70. We have f  _____
3 (  ) 2 + f (x) + f (y)
  =  ____________
   
3
 
    
f ¢(  _____
3 ) 5 5
fi log |f (x)| = kx x + y __ 2 2
fi   ◊      = __
         f ¢(x), y as a constant
fi f (x) = e kx.
f ¢(  _____
3 )
Hence, the required function is f (x) = ekx. x+y
fi   = f ¢(x)
   
68. Given f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y)
Put x = 0 = y, f (0) = 0 Replacing x by 0 and y by 3x, we get,
f ¢(x) = f ¢(0) = k(say)
Now, f ¢(x) =   
h Æ 0(  )
f (x + h) – f (x)
lim   ____________
h
       
when x = 2, then k = f ¢(2) = 2
=    ( 
h Æ 0 )
f (x) + f (h) – f (x)
lim   ______________
h
        
Thus, f ¢(x) = 2
On integration, we get,
=    (  )
h Æ 0 h
f (h)
lim  ____
         f (x) = 2x + c
( 
when x = 0, then c = f (0) = 2
=   
h Æ 0 )
f (h) – f (0)
lim   _________
h
   
  
Hence, the given function is f (x) = 2x + 2.
= f ¢(0) = k
On integration, we get, f (x) = kx + c
( 
2x + 3y
71. We have f  _______
5 )
2f (x) + 3f (y)
  =  ____________
   
5
 
    
If x = 0, f (0) = 0, then c = 0.
Thus, f (x) = kx
( 
2x + 3y __
fi f ¢  _______
5
2 2
)
  ◊      = __
   
5 5
     ◊ f ¢(x), y as a constant.
(  )
x+y
69. We have f  _____
2
   
f (x) + f (y)
  =  _________
2
 
    
( 
2x + 3y
fi f ¢  _______
5
  = f ¢(x)
    )
2(  )
x + y __
fi f ¢  _____
   
1 1
  ◊      = __
2 2
     f ¢(x), y as a constant
5
Replacing x by 0 and y by  __   x, we get,
3
(  )
x+y f ¢(x) = f ¢(0) = –1
fi f ¢  _____    
  = f ¢(x)
2 On integration, we get,
Replacing x by 0 and y by 2x, we get, f(x) = – x + c
f ¢(x) = f ¢(0) = – 1 when x = 0, then c = f (0) = 1
On integration, we get, Hence, the function is, f (x) = – x + 1
f(x) = – x + c 72. If f (x + y + z) = f (x) ◊ f (y) ◊ f (z) for all x, y, z in R such
When x = 0, c = 1. that f (2) = 4, f ¢(0) = 3, then find f ¢(2). Ans. 12
Hints and Solutions

p 5p
Thus f (x) is discontinuous at x = __
    or ___
    .
(Problems for JEE-Advanced) 6 6
( 
3
x
1. We have f (x) =   
n Æ •
sin x
 ___________
lim         
1 + (2sin x)2n ) 2. We have f (x) =  ______  
4 + |x|
 
Here f (x) is defined for all real values of x.

Ï 5p 5p
Ôsin x : 0 < x < 6 or 6 < x < p Thus, f (x) is continuous for all real x.
Ô 3. We have f (0) = 0.
Ô1 p 5p
= Ì : x = or
Ô 4 6 6
Now,   
lim   
f (x)
Ô p 5p x Æ 0
Ô0 : <x<
Ó 6 6
   (  x
lim   _____
     
x Æ 0 x + 1
 
x
 + _____________  
x
     + _____________
      + ... 
(x + 1) (2x + 1) (2x + 1) (3x + 1) ) =   lim  
x Æ 0 – (  a – ax sinx + b cos x + 5
  ____________________
   
x2
     
)
  
x Æ 0 [ (  1
lim    1 – _____
     
x+1 ) (  1
    + ______
     
1
  – _______
 
(x + 1) (2x + 1)
     ) (since it has a finite limit, so a + b + 5 = 0)
( 0 – a sin x – ax cos x – b sin x

  ________________________ )
( 
=   
lim      
     
 
1
+ _______
     
1
  – _______
(2x + 1) (3x + 1)
     ) x Æ 0 – 2x
(   ________________________________   )
( 
0 – a cos x – a cos x + ax sin x – b cos x

 
((n –
1
+   ___________
1)x + 1)
1
      – ______
     
nx +1
    )] =   
lim  
x Æ 0 –
    
2
  
– 2a – b
=   
x Æ 0 (  1
lim    1 – ______
     
nx + 1
  ) = ________
 
2
   
Also, a + b + 5 = 0
= 1
– 2a – b
Thus, f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0. and  _______
   = 3
2
4. We have
On solving we get, a = –, b = – 4, c = 0 and
Ï Ê Ê 1 1ˆˆ d = loge 3.
Ô x exp Á - Á + ˜ ˜ : x π 0
[  ] [  ]
f (x) = Ì Ë Ë | x| x ¯ ¯ 1 1
Ô 6. We have, f (x) = x –  __    + [x] + x + __
     
Ó0 : x=0 3 3
Ï - Ê 1 1ˆ Ï 2
Ô xe ÁË x + x ˜¯ : x>0 Ô- 2 - 1 - 1 = - 4 : -1 £ x < -
3
Ô Ô
2 1
Ô Ê 1 1ˆ = ÔÔ- 1 - 1 - 1 = - 3 : - £x < -
fi f (x) = Ì xe - Á - + ˜ : x < 0 Ì 3 3
Ô Ë x x¯
Ô 1
Ô0 : x=0 Ô- 1 - 1 + 0 = - 2 : - £x <0
Ô Ô 3
Ó ÔÓ- 1 + 0 + 0 = - 1 : x=0
Ï -2 Thus, f (x) is discontinuous at
Ô xe x : x>0
Ô 2 1
fi f (x) = Ì x : x<0 x = –1, –  __  , –  __  , 0
Ô0 : x=0 3 3
Ô
Ó 7. As we know that [x] is discontinuous at all integral
values of x.
  
lim   f (x) =   
lim   f (x) = f (0) = 0
x Æ 0+ –
x Æ 0 Therefore the function f (x) will be continuous in
Thus, f (x) is continuous at x = 0.

(x – 2)3
(4, 6) only when  _______
a    [ 
   = 0 ]
5. Now,   
lim 
+
 
f (x) fi a ≥ 64
x Æ 0
(  ( 
fi
))
1/x aŒ[64, •)
cx + dx3
=   lim  1 +  ________
      
   
x2
+
x Æ 0
8. We have f (x) = min{1, cos x, 1 – sin x}
=   
lim (1 +dx)1/x (since c = 0 for a finite limit)
  Ï p
+
x Æ 0
Ôcos x : - £x£0
2
Ô
= ed Ô p
= Ì1 - sin x : 0 < x £
2
( 
Ô
Also,   lim 
x Æ 0 –
 
a(1 – x sin x) + b cos x + 5
 ______________________
   
x2
      ) Ô
Ôcos x
Ó
p
: < x£p
2
ÔÏ x
2
: x2 - x £ 0
fi f (x) = Ì
2 2
ÔÓ2 x - x : x - x > 0
ÏÔ x 2 : 0 £ x £1
fi f (x) = Ì
2
ÔÓ x - x x Œ -• •
p
Thus, f (x) is continuous at x = 0, __
    
2
_______
{    – x2,  
9. We have f (x) = max sng (x), – ÷9  }
x3 
Clearly f (x) is continuous for all real x.

1
13. We have f (x) = [x] + x + __ [  ] [  ] 2
      + x + __
3
     
3
Clearly, f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0. Ï 2
Ô- 1 - 1 - 1 = - 3 : - 1 £ x < - 3
ÏÔ x 3 : x 2 < 1 Ô
10. We have f (x) = Ì Ô- 1 - 1 = - 2 2 1
: - £x<-
ÔÓ x : x > 1 Ô 3 3
Ô
1
Ô- 1 + 0 + 0 = - 1 : - £ x < 0
Ô 3
Ô
= Ì 1
Ô0 + 0 + 0 = 0 : 0£ x<
3
Ô
Ô0 + 0 + 1 = 1 1 2
: £x<
Ô 3 3
Ô 2
Ô0 + 1 + 1 = 2 : £ x <1
Ô 3
ÔÓ1 + 1 + 1 = 3 : x =1
Thus the number of points of discontinuity is 7.
Clearly f (x) is continuous at all real x. 14. Since f (x) is continuous at x = a, so f (a) = 0
x Æ a ( 
ln(l + 6f 2 (x) – 3f (x))
lim    __________________
Now,   
3f(x)
  
      )
11.
=   
x Æ a ( 
log(l + 6f 2 (x) – 3f (x)) ____________
lim    ___________________
   
   
6f 2 (x)  –  3f (x) – 3f (x)
  ×  
3f (x) )
6f 2 (x) – 3f (x)
  
    
=   
lim  
x Æ a ( 
6f 2 (x) – 3f (x)
 ____________
3f (x)
  )
    
=   
lim  
(2f(x) – 1)
x Æ a
Clearly f (x) is continuous at x = 1.
= (2f(a) – 1)
12. We have f (x) = x – |x – x2|
=0–1
ÏÔ x 2 : x - x2 ≥ 0
fi f (x) = Ì = – 1.
2 2
ÔÓ2 x - x : x - x < 0
15. Let f (x) = g(x) + h(x) Y
where g(x) = [4 x] and h(x) = {3x}

Now, g(x) = [4 x] is discontinuous at
1
[  ) [  ) [  ) [  ) [  )
1 1
x Œ 0,   __     , __
1 3
     ,   __    , __
3
     ,   __    ,   __
5
     ,  1  , 1,   __     ... 20. X ¢
O x=1
X
[  )
4 4 2 2 4 4 4
21
5,   ___     
4
There are 25 points, where g(x) is discontinuous
Y¢
Also, h(x) = {3x} is discontinuous at x = 1, 2, 3,
4, 5 Clearly f (x) is continuous at x = 0, 1.
Thus, the number discontinuous points is 5. 21. We have f (x) = [tan–1 x]
Therfore, the number of discontinuous points of f (x)
is 30.
16.
22. The function f (x) is undefined only when

Clearly, the function f (x) is continuous everywhere. [x + 1] = 0
fi 0£x+1<1
fi –1 £ x < 0
Therefore, Df = R – [– 1, 0)
17. Thus, the function f (x) is continuous
at x Œ Df = R – [– 1, 0).
23. We have
f (x) = |x + 1|(|x| – |x – 1|)
Thus the number of points of discontinuity is 2 at Ï( x + 1) (2 x - 1) : -2 £ x < -1
x = – 1, 1. Ô- ( x + 1) (2 x - 1) : -1 £ x < 0
Ô
18. We have f (x) = [x] + {2x} + [3x] = Ì
Thus, the number of points of discontinuous is 4. Ô( x + 1) : 0 £ x <1
ÔÓ( x + 1) (2 x - 1) : -1 £ x < 0
Clearly, f is continuous everywhere but not
differentiable at x = – 1, 0, 1
19.
24.
Clearly, f (x) is continuous for all real x.
Clearly, f is discontinuous at x = 2.
25. Case-I : When x ≥ 0

Ï p
ÔÔ0 : x = 2 np + 2
= Ì
Ô1 : x π 2 np + p
ÔÓ 2
Case-II : When x < 0.
Thus the function has discontinuous

p
at x = 2np + __     , n Œ I
2
28.
(i) We have f (x) = [loge x]
It is discontinuous, where loge x is an integer.
i.e. loge x = k
i.e. x = ek, k Œ I
Thus, Thus, the number of points of discontinuity is
infinite at x = ..., e– 3, e– 2, e– 1, 1, e, e2, e3,...
(ii) We have f (x) = Î sin–1 x˚
It is discontinuous, where sin–1 x is an integer.
i.e. sin–1 x = – 1, 0, 1
i.e. x = – sin 1, 0, sin 1
3 at x = – sin 1, 0, sin 1
(iii) We have f (x) = _____

[  ]
2
  2    
x +1
  
2
Thus, f (x) is discontinuous at x = – 1, 1. It is discontinuous, where  _____ 2
  
  is an integer.
x +1
2
i.e.  _____      = 1, 2
x2 + 1
i.e. x = 0, 1.
26. 2 at x = 0, 1.
x
29. We have f (x) = __ [  ] [  __ 3x   ] + [  __ 4x   ]
      +
2
It is discontinuous, where f (x) is an integer.
Thus, the number of points of discontinuity is infinite Ï1 : 0£ x<2

at x Œ I. Ô1 : 2£ x<3
Ô
Thus, f (x) = Ì
27. We have f (x) = sgn (cos 2x – 2 sinx + 3) Ô2 : 3£ x< 4
= sgn(1 – 2 sin2 x – 2 sin x + 3) ÔÓ3 : x=2
= sgn(2 – 2 sin2 x – 2 sin x) Therefore, the number of points of discontinuity is
= sgn{2(1 – sin x)(2 + sin x)} infinite.
Ê 2sin 2 ( x/2) ˆ
lim- ÁÁ 1 - ˜
(Tougher Problems for JEE-Advanced) xÆ0 Ë 2sin( x/2)cos( x/2) ˜¯
= e
Ê Ê xˆˆ
1. Since f is continuous at x = 0, so lim ÁË 1 - tan ÁË ˜¯ ˜¯
xÆ0
- 2
 lim 
   f (x) = f (0) = c = e
x Æ 0
=e
x Æ 0 ( 
1 + a cos 2x + b cos 4x
lim    ___________________
c =       
x2 sin2 x
      
) Now,   
lim    ( 
e1/x + e2/x + e3/|x|
  _______________
  
      )
ae2/x + be3/|x|
–
x Æ 0
Since it has a finite limit, so a + b + 1 = 0 ...(i)
( 
– a – b + a cos 2x + b cos 4x
lim    ________________________
Thus, c =   
x Æ 0
   
x4
     
) =   
lim  
x Æ 0 – ( 
e1/x + e2/x + e3/x
 ______________
  
  
ae2/x + be3/x
    )
( 
– a (1 – cos 2x) – b (1 – cos 4x)
lim    _________________________
=   
x Æ 0
   
x4
      ) =  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0 ( 
e3/x (e–2/x + e–1/x + 1)
 __________________
    
e3/x (ae–1/x + b)
  
)
(  (  ) (  ))
1
= __
   
2sin2 x 2sin2 (2x) b
– a  ______
  
 
  – b ________
      
x2
______________________ x2 Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0, so
=   
lim             
x Æ 0 x2  lim 
  + 
f (x) = =   
lim 
–
  f (x) = f (0)
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
Since it has a finite limit, so (2a + 8b) = 0 1

 __  = e = a
a = – 4b ...(ii) b
1
On solving (i) and (ii), we get, Thus, a = e, b = __
 e 
4 1 Hence, the value of {e(a + b) + 2}
a = –  __  , b = __
    
3 3
{  (  1
= e e + __ ) }
( 
 e   + 2 
x Æ 0
4(1 – cos 2x) – (1 – cos 4x)
lim    _______________________
Thus,       
3x4
      ) = (e2 + 3)
( 
3. Since f (x) is differentiable at x = 0, so it is continuous
=   
x Æ 0
8 sin2 x – 8 sin2 x cos2 x
lim    __________________
3x4
        )  lim 
  + 
at x = 0.
f (x) =   
lim   f (x) = f (0)
( 
–
x Æ 0
)
x Æ 0
2 2
8 sin x(1 – cos x)
lim    _______________
=   
x Æ 0 3x4
  
    
fi  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
( 
eax/2 – 1
 _______
x       =  lim 
   
x Æ 0 –
) ( 
x+c
b sin–1  _____
2 (  1
   = __
        
2 ))
=   
x Æ 0 3 ( 
8 sin2 x sin
lim   __
     ×  _____
x 2
 
 
  × _____
 
x
2
2
x
   
  ) a
fi __
    = b sin–1 __
2
fi a = 1
2
c
(  )
      = __
1
    
2
8
=  __   Also, it is differentiable at x = 0, so f ¢(0 +) = f ¢(0 –)
3
1
Hence, the value of a + b + c + __
3 ( 
      ) fi  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
_________
 
x – 0( 
f (x) – f (0)
     
=  lim 
  – 
x Æ 0 x – )
f (x) – f (0)
 _________
  
0
     
lim 
x Æ 0 –
  ( 
e{  x  }
2
__
)
( 4 1 __
= –  __   + __
3 3 3 3
8 1
     +      + __ )
      1
eax/2 – __
________ (  ) (  ( 
    
2
x+c
b sin–1  _____
2
_______________
1
  – __
        
2 ) )
fi  lim 
  +    x       =  lim 
  –    x       
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
= 2.
2. We have
   (sin x + cos x) cosec x
 lim 
x Æ 0 _______
fi  lim 
  +    x   
1
ex/2 – __
2
x Æ 0
(  ) (  ( 
    
x+c
b sin–1  _____
2
 _______________
   =  lim 
  –  x      
x Æ 0
1
  – __
        
2
 
) )
=   
lim   (1 + (sin x + cos x – 1)) cosec x
(  (  ) (  ) )
–
x Æ 0 x 1 x 2 1
1 + __
      + __
      __
      + ... –  __  
2 2 2 2
(sin x
 ______________________
+ cos x – 1)
=

  
lim  
ex Æ 0 –
  ______________
sinx
      
fi  lim 
  +     
x     
x Æ 0
(  ) {  (  ) }
1 1 4x3
b  ____________
     × __      sin  ___4 
÷  ( 
__________
=  lim 
         
=  lim 
     
+c 2 2
x_____
1 –     
2
  
_________________
      
)
   
 

xÆ – 2 +
5x
x Æ 0 –
1 b
1 4 × – 8
= sin  ______ 
5 × 16 ( 
   )
fi __
     = _________
(  )
  ______
     
÷ 
8 2
c2
__ = – sin __
     
2 1 –         5
4
1 b
fi __
     = _______
  ______
      Also,  lim 
     f (x)
÷ 
( 
8 c2
–
xÆ – 2
__
)
1 –        –1
______
4      
ae(x + 2) – 1
1 b =  lim 
      _________   
 
fi __
     = _______
  ______
      –
xÆ – 2 –1 ______
     
8 ÷4  – c2  2 – e (x + 2)
( 
 
)
fi 64b2 = 4 – c2 1
______
      
a – e(x + 2)
Hence, the result.      _________
=  lim    1    
  
xÆ – 2 ______
      
4. Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0, 2e(x + 2) – 1
= – a
so  lim 
   f (x) = f (0)
x Æ 0
Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0, so
 lim 
  + 
f (x) =   
lim 
–
  f (x) = f (0)
x Æ 0 x Æ 0    
lim 
–
  f (x) =    
lim 
+
  f (x) = f (0)
xÆ – 2 xÆ – 2
 lim 
  + 
f (x) =   
lim   f (x) = a
2
(  )
–
x Æ 0
– a = – sin __
x Æ 0
      = b
Now,  lim 
  + 
f (x) 5
(  ) (  )
x Æ 0
2 2
a = sin __
      , b = – sin __      
=0 5 5
=  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0 ( 
x(3e1/x + 4)
 __________
  
2 – e1/x
   
  ) Hence, the value of (a + b + 2) = 2.
Note: As we know that
( 
x ( 3 + 4e  )
)
1
–  __x 
=  lim 
     __________      
Ï0 : 0 < x < 1
x Æ 0 –
1
__ Ô
x  – 1
2e–      x2n = Ì1 :
 lim  x =1 .
n Æ •
=0 Ô• : x >1
Ó
Also,  lim 
  – 
f (x) x2n – 1
(  )
( 
6. We have f (x) =   
lim    ______    
)
x Æ 0
– x ( 3e–  x +  4 )
1
__ n Æ •
x2n + 1
=  lim 
    ____________
    
     
( 2 – e–1/x ) Ï- 1 : 0 £ x 2 < 1
–
x Æ 0
( 
ÔÔ
=  lim 
  – 
x Æ 0
– x ( 3 + 4e1/x )
 ____________
  
  
(2e1/x – 1)
  
) = Ì0 : x 2 = 1
Ô1 : x > 1
ÔÓ
=0 Ï- 1 : -1 < x < 1
Thus, f (x) is continuous at x = 0 Ô
= Ì0 : x = ±1
Therefore, the value of a is 0. Ô1 : x < - 1, x > 1
Ó
Hence, the value of (a2 + a + 10) is 10.
5. Since f (x) is continuous at x = – 2 Thus, the number of discontinuity is 2 at x = –1, 1.
so,  lim 
     f (x) = f (– 2) 7. We have f (x) =    (cos2n x)
lim  
n Æ •
xÆ – 2
   
lim 
+
 
f (x) =  lim 
     –
f (x) = f (– 2) ÏÔ0 : 0 £ cos2 x < 1
xÆ – 2 xÆ – 2
= Ì
ÔÓ1 : cos2 x = 1
{  ( 
Now,
=    
lim 
xÆ – 2 +
  f (x) =    
lim 
xÆ – 2 +
 
x4 – 16
sin _______
  5
x + 32
      )}
Ï0 : x π np , n Œ I
= Ì
Ó1 : x = np , n Œ I
Thus, the number of discontinuity is infinite at For continuity at x = – 1

x = np, n Œ I. a – b = – 1 ...(ii)
8. We have f (x) =   
lim  
n Æ • (  (  ) )
px 2n
sin  ___     
2
On solving (i) and (ii), we get, a = 0, b = 1
Thus, the value of 2a + 3b + 10
Ï Ê p xˆ = 0 + 3 + 10 = 13.
Ô0 : 0 £ sin ÁË 2 ˜¯ < 1
Ô 11. Given function is discontinuous when
= Ì
Ô1 : Ê p xˆ a + sin px = 1
sin Á ˜ = 2
ÔÓ Ë 2 ¯
Now, if a = 1
Ï0 : x π (2 n + 1), n Œ I fi sinp x = 0
= Ì
Ó1 : x = (2 n + 1), n Œ I fi x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
When a = 0
Here x Œ [0, 2]
fi sinp x = 1
Thus, f (x) is discontinuous at x = 1.
1 5 __ 9
9. Case-I : When x < 1 fi x = __
    , __
    ,     .
2 2 2
We have  lim 
   
n Æ •  ( 
log(2 + x) – x2n sinx
 _________________
x2n + 1
  
     ) Thus, the total number of points of discontinuity
= 8.
( 
log(2 + x) – 0
= ____________
 
1+0
  
    
)
12. We have f (x) =  lim
    
n Æ • 
 
x
___________
      
1 + (2sinx)2n (  )
= log(2 + x)
Case-II : When x > 1
=  lim
    
n Æ • 
 
x
___________
      
1 + (4sin2 x) n (  )
( 
ÏÔ0 : 0 £ 4 sin 2 x < 1
We have  lim 
   
log(2 + x) – x2n sinx
 _________________
  
  
   ) = Ì
2
ÔÓ1 : 4 sin x = 1
( 
nÆ • 
x2n + 1
)
Ï p
  log(2 + x) ÔÔ0 : x π np ± 6 , n Œ I
 _________     
– sin x = Ì
x2n
=  lim 
    _______________
       
   Ô1 : x = np ± p , n Œ I
n Æ •  1 ÔÓ
1 + ___
  2n    6
p
x Thus, f (x) is discontinuous at x = n p ± __     , n Œ I
( 
6

0 – sinx
=  _______     )
= – sinx 13. Case-I : When x < 1
(  )
1+0
cos(px) – x2n sin(x – 1)
Thus, f (x) is discontinuous at x = 1. We have f (x) =  lim 
      ___________________
          
n Æ •
1 + x2n+1 – x2n
10. We have f(x) =  lim
    
nÆ •  ( 
x2n – 1 + ax2 + bx
 ______________
  
  
x2n + 1
   ) =  lim 
x Æ 1
cos(px) – 0
  –   __________
1+0–0
    
  (  )
= cosp = –1
Ïax 2 + bx : -1 < x < 1
Ô Case-II : When x > 1
Ôa - b - 1
( 
: x = –1 We have f (x)
Ô 2
)
Ô
= Ìa + b + 1 cos(px) ________sin(x – 1)
Ô : x =1  _______   
  –   x     
Ô 2 x 2n + 1
_________________
lim   
=         
Ô1 n Æ • 1 1
1 + _____     – __
                                                                                                                                                                                       
ÔÓ x : x > 1 or x < - 1   2n + 1  x 
( 
x
)
For continuity at x = 1, sin(x – 1)
0 – ________
  x     

a+b+1   +   ____________
 _________
    =a+b =  lim    
     
2 1
1 + 0 – __
x Æ 1
 x 
a + b = 1 ...(i)
=  lim 
x Æ 1
( sin(x – 1)
  +  –  ________
x–1
   
 
) Ï 2 1
Ô(1 - 4 x ) : 0 £ x < 2
Ô
f (x) = ÔÌ(4 x 2 - 1) : £ x < 1
= – 1 1
fi
Ô 2
Ô- 1 : 1£ x < 2
Ï| 2 x - 3 |[ x ] : x ≥ 1 Ô
Ó
14. We have f (x) = ÔÌ Ê p x ˆ Thus, f (x) is discontinuous at x = 1.
Ôsin ÁË 2 ˜¯ : x < 1
Ó 17. We have
Ï Ê p xˆ Ï
Ôsin ÁË 2 ˜¯ : 0 £ x <1 Ô
Ô Ô| sin (p x ) | : -1 £ x < 0
Ô
Ô 3 f (x) = Ì1 - {x} : 0 £ x <1
f (x) = Ì(3 - 2 x )[ x ] : 1 £ x <
2 Ô
Ô Ô1 + Ècos ÊÁ p x ˆ˜ ˘ : 1 < x £ 2
Ô 3 ÔÓ ÍÎ Ë 2 ¯ ˙˚
Ô(2 x - 3)[ x ] : 2 £ x £ 2
Ó
Ï- (sin (p x )) : - 1 £ x < 0
Ô
Ï Ê p xˆ fi f (x) = Ì1 - x : 0 £ x <1
Ôsin ÁË 2 ˜¯ : 0 £ x < 1 Ô1 - 1 : 1< x £ 2
Ô Ó
Ô 3 Ï- (sin (p x )) : - 1 £ x < 0
f (x) = ÔÌ(3 - 2 x ) : 1 £ x < 2 Ô
fi f (x) = Ì1 - x : 1£ x <1
Ô 3
Ô(2 x - 3) : £ x < 2 Ô0 : 1< x £ 2
Ó
Ô 2
ÔÓ2 : x=2 Clearly, f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0.
Clearly, f (x) is discontinuous at x = 2.
15. We have
(  )
x+ y
18. Given f  _____
2
   
f (x) + f (y)
  =  _________
2
    
Ï[cos p x ] : 0 £ x £1 Differentiate w.r.t x where y as constant

f (x) = Ì
Ó
Ï1
2 x - 3 [ x - 2]
: x=0
: 1< x £ 2
(  )
x+y
f ¢  _____
2
1 f ¢ (x)
  × __
         =  ____
2 2
  
 
Ô 1 Put y = – x, we get,

Ô0 : 0< x£
Ô
Ô 1
2
(  )
x– x
f ¢  ____
2
  = f ¢ (x)
   
Ô- 1 : < x £1
Ô 2
f (x) = Ì f ¢ (x) = f ¢ (0) = – 1
Ô(2 x - 3) 3
: 1< x £
Ô 2 On integration, we get,
Ô 3
Ô(3 - 2 x ) : <x<2 f (x) = – x + c
Ô 2 when x = 0, f(0) = 1, then c = 1
ÔÓ0 : x=2

Thus, f (x) = 1 – x
Thus f (x) is discontinuous at x = 0, 1/2, 2.
Now,
16. Since 1 £ x < 2
{(f (0))2 + (f (1))2 + (f (2))2 + ... + (f (n))2}
fi 0£x–1<1
= 12 + 02 + 12 + 22 + ... + (n – 1)2
fi [x2 – 2x] = Î(x – 1)2 – 1˚
n (n – 1)(2n – 1)
= Î(x – 1)2˚ – 1 = 0 – 1 = – 1. = 1 +  ______________
     
6
We have
Hence, the result.
ÏÔ 1 - 4 x 2 : 0 £ x <1 19. Given f (x) = x3 – x2 + x + 1
fi f (x) = Ì
2 f ¢ (x) = 3x2 – 2x + 1
ÓÔ[ x - 2 x ] : 1 £ x < 2
Since its D is negative,
so, f ¢ (x) > 0, " x Œ R  lim 

  – 
f (x) =  lim 
  +  f (x) = f (0)
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
( 
Thus, f is strictly increasing in (0, 2)
Now,
Ï f ( x) : 0 £ x £ 1
g(x) = Ì
 lim 
  – 
x Æ 0
(a sinx + b cosx) =  lim 
  + 
ex + x 1/x
______
 
x Æ 0 1 + 2x
    = b )
Ó3 - x : 1 < x £ 2

ÔÏ x - x + x + 1 : 0 £ x £ 1
= Ì
3 2 b =  lim 
  +  (  )
ex + x 1/x
______
 
x Æ 0 1 + 2x
  
  
( 1 + (  ______ 
ÔÓ3 - x : 1< x £ 2
  – 1 ) )
x 1/x
e +x
=  lim 
   
Clearly, g (x) is continuous in (0, 2) but not differen- x Æ 0 +
1 + 2x
tiable at x = 1
( 1 + (_________
  e 1–+1 2x–  x 
 ) )
x 1/x
20. We have =  lim 
     
+
x Æ 0
f (x) = x4 – 8x3 + 22x2 – 24x – 55
f ¢ (x) = 4x3 – 24x2 + 44x – 24 Ê Ê e x -1- x ˆ ˆ 1
lim Á Á ˜˜
= 4(x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6) + Á Á 1 + 2 x ˜¯ ˜¯ x
x Æ0 Ë Ë
= e
= 4(x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3)
Ê Ê e x -1- x ˆ ˆ
Clearly, f is increasing in [1, 2] » [3, •) and decreas- lim Á Á ˜˜
+ Á Á x (1 + 2 x ) ˜¯ ˜¯
x Æ0 Ë Ë
ing in (– •, 1] » [2, 3] = e
Now, min{f (t) : x £ t £ x + 1}: – 1 £ x £ 1 ÊÊ e x -1 ˆ ˆ
lim Á Á ˜˜
+ ÁË ÁË 2 x + (1 + 2 x ) ˜¯ ˜¯
x Æ0
Ï f ( x + 1) : - 1 £ x £ 0 = e
= Ì
Ó f (1) : 0 < x £1 = e0 = 1
Ï f ( x + 1) : - 1 £ x £ 0 Again, for x > 0, we have
Ô
Thus, g(x) = Ì f (1) : 0 < x £1
Ô( x - 10) : x > 1
Ó
( 
ex + x 1/x
f (x) =  ______ 
1 + 2x
 
   )
1 Ê ex + x ˆ
Ï x 4 - 4 x 3 + 4 x 2 - 64 : - 1 £ x £ 0 lnÁ ˜
x ÁË 1 + 2 x ˜¯
Ô = e
= Ì- 64 : 0 < x £1 1
Ô( x - 10)  __   ln(ex + x)– ln(1 + 2x)
Ó : x >1 = e x
(  )
[ {  (  ) }
1 x + ex
__
   ln  _____  1 ex + 1
__ 2
 x    ______    – ______
  
 
Now,   
lim g  (x) = g (0) f ¢(x) = e x 1 + 2x             
x Æ 0 ex + x 1 + 2x
 lim 

  + 
g (x) =   
lim 
–
  g (x) = g (0)
x Æ 0
– 64 = – 64 = – 64

x Æ 0
x
1
–   __2   {ln(ex + x) – ln(1 + 2x)} 
]
(  )
[ 
1 x + ex x
__
   ln  _____x  + 2xex + 1 + 2x – 2ex – 2x}
   1 {e_________________________
1 + e __
So, g (x) is continuous at x = 0 = ex  x   x           
(e + x)(1 + 2x)
Also, g (x) is continuous at x = 1
(  )]
x
1 e +1
Thus, g (x) is continuous in [– 1, •) –  __2    ln   ______ 
 
    
x 1 + 2x
[ 
Ï4 x - 12 x + 8 x : - 1 £ x £ 0
3 2
Ô
Now, g¢(x) = Ì0 : 0 £ x £1 = e x
__
(  )
1 x + ex
   ln _____
     1 (2xe
 
1 + 2 x __
x
– ex + 1)
1
 x   _____________
x   – __
ex + x
  2    ln  ______ 
  
    
     (  )]
(e + x)(1 + 2x) x 1 + 2x
Ô1 : x >1
Ó
Clearly, g¢(0 +) = g¢ (0 –) = 0 Now, f ¢ (1) = e (  ) { __ 1   – ln(  1_____
1 + e
ln ____
     
 
3
+e
 ) }
   
3 3
and g¢ (1+) π g¢ (1–)
Thus, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 1
=  _____
1 + e __
3 (  ){ 
1 1+e
       – ln  _____
   
3 3
   
   (  ) }
So, f (x) is not differentiable in [– 1, •). p
For x = – __
    , f (x) = j (x)
21. Since f (x) is continuous at x = 0, so 2
 lim 
   f (x) = f (0)
x Æ 0
p
(  ) (  )
2
p
f –  __    = j __
      = – a + 0 = – a
2
e + 1 __
Thus, a = –  _____
3
   (  ){  (  ) }
1
3
e+1
       – ln  _____
3
   
  
1
4. We have f (x)  _________
   
log|x2 – 4|
 
= (  _____    ln   _____

3 ){ ( 3 ) 3}
e+1 e+1 1 f is not defined when
      – __
         
(x2 – 4) = 0, |x2 – 4| = 1
Therefore, (x2 – 4) = 0, (x2 – 4) = ±1
e+1
3 (  ) {  (  ) }
a =  _____
e+1
  ln  _____
   
3
   
1
  – __
      , b = 1
3 x2 = 4, x2 = 4 ± 1
__ __
22. If x Œ [– 1, 1], then x = ± 2, ± ÷5   ,  ± ÷3 
  
Thus m = 6
ÏÔsin x - 1 : - 1 £ x < 0
f (g( )) = Ì 2
ÔÓsin x : 0 £ x £1 Also, =   
x Æ 0 ( 
xn – sin(xn)
lim    __________
     
x – sinnx
  )
Ï- sin x : - 1 £ x < 0 Its limit exists only when n = 1
Now, |g(x)| = Ì
Ósin x : 0 £ x £1 Hence, the value of (m + n) is 7.
5. We have
f (|g(x)|) = sin2 x, " x Œ [–1, 1]
f (x) = [3 + 4 sinx], x Œ [p, 2p]
ÏÔ1 - sin x : - 1 £ x < 0 = 3 + [4 sin x]
Also, |f (g(x))| = Ì 2
ÔÓ2sin x : 0 £ x < 1
Now, L.H.L =   

lim 
–
  (sin2 x – sinx + 1) = 1
x Æ 0
and R.H.L =   

lim 
+
  (2sin2 x) = 0
x Æ 0
Thus h (x) is not continuous at x = 0

Ïsin (2 x ) - cos x - 1 : - 1 £ x < 0
Again, h¢(x) = Ì
Ó2sin(2 x ) : 0 £ x £1
Thus, the number of points of disc is 8.
Now, L.H.D =  lim 
  –  (sin 2x – cosx – 1) = – 2 6. We have
x Æ 0
f (x) = [[x]] – [x – 2]
and R.H.D =  lim 
  +  (2sin(2x)) = 0
x Æ 0 = [x] – [x – 2]
Therfore h (x) is not differentiable at x = 0. = [x] – [x] + 2
=2
Integer Type Questions
So f (x) is a constant function.
1. Since f : [1, 7] Æ Q be a continuous function It is continuous everywhere.
where f (1) = 7, so it is a constant function. So, p = the number of discontinuous points = 0
( 
Thus, f (7) = 7.
2. Clearly, f be a constant function, where f (2) = 5 and q =  lim 
3x4 – 2
    ___________   
__________    
)
( ÷  )
Thus, f (2.5) = 5. x Æ •
÷ x  8 + 3x   
+ 4 
3. Given f (x) = ||x| – 1| 2
3 – __  4   
Clearly, f is non differentiable at x = – 1, 0, 1 x
lim    ____________
=    __________   
    
x Æ • 3
Thus, m=3 4
1 + __
  7    +   __
  8     
1 x x
Also, g (x) = _____
      
log|x| =3
So, g (x) is not defined at x = – 1, 0, 1 Hence, the value of (p + q + 2) is 5.
Thus g (x) is discontinuous at x = – 1, 0, 1 7. We have m
( 
So, n=3
Hence, the value of (m + n) is 6. x Æ 0
tan 2x – 2sinx
lim    ____________
=   
x3
  
    
)
=   
lim 

  b = a + 1 ...(i)
x Æ 0
(  (  )
Also, f (x) is differentiable at x = 1
(2x)3 2(2x)
)
5
_____ ______ x3 __
__ x5
2x +       +      + ... – 2 x –      +      – ... 
3 15
 ________________________________________
     
x 3
  
3! 5!
    So,  lim 
x Æ 1 x–1 ( 
f (x) – f (1)
  +  _________   
 
=   
lim 
x Æ 1– )
f (x) – f (1)
   _________
x–1
   
 
(  )
(  )
8 2
= __
     + __
3 6
     
 lim  ( 
(3ax – b + 2) – (3a – b + 2)
  +  ________________________
          )
x Æ 1 x–1
= ( __
3 3) 3
8 1 9
     + __
      = __
( 
     = 3
Also, f (x) = [sin x + cos x], " x Œ (0, 2p)

=   
lim 
x Æ 1
(a + bx2) – (3a – b + 2)
–    ____________________
   
x–1
      )
Thus, the number of disc continuous points of f is 5,
p 3p
where x = __
    , ___
3p 7p
    , p, ___
    , ___
    .
x Æ 1
3a(x – 1)
  +  ________
 lim   
x–1
   
  (  )
2 4 2 4
So, n=5 =   
lim 
x Æ 1– ( 
(a + (a + 1)x2) – (3a – a – 1 + 2)
  _____________________________
    
x–1
      )
Again, f (x) = |log|x|
Clearly, f is not differentiable at x = – 1, 0, 1  lim 
  –  
x Æ 1
( 
(a + (a + 1)x2) – (2a + 1)
 ______________________
   
x–1
      = 3a )
( 
So, p=3
Hence, the value of (m + n – p)
x Æ 1
(a + 1)x2 – a – 1)
  –   _______________
 lim 
x –1
  
     = 3a )
( ( 
= 3 + 5 – 3

8. We have
= 5.  lim 
x Æ 1
(a + 1)(x2 – 1) )
  –   ______________
x–1
  
     = 3a )
(  )
 lim 
  –  
((x + 1)(a + 1)) = 3a
f (h2 + 2h + 2) – f (2) x Æ 1
    __________________
 lim          
h Æ 0 f (h – h2 + 1) – f (1) 2(a + 1) = 3a
( 
2a + 2 = 3a
)
2
f ¢ (h + 2h + 2)(2h + 2) a = 2, b = a + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
lim    ____________________
=       
     
h Æ 0 f ¢ (h – h2 + 1)(1 – 2 h) Hence, the value of (a + b + 1) is 6.

2f ¢ (2)
=  _____  
2x
10. We have f(x) = sin–1  _____
    
1 + x2

(  )
f ¢ (1) Clearly, f (x) is non-differentiable at x = – 1 and
2×6 x=1
=  _____
  
 = 3 But it is continuous everywhere.
4
9. As we know that, every differentiable function is So, p = 0 and q = 2
continuous, so f (x) is continuous at x = 1 Hence, the value of (p + q + 2) is 4.
11. We have
[  )
Thus,   
lim  f (x) = f (1) 3
x Æ 1
f (x) = [3x] – {2x}, x Œ 0,   __     .
2
 lim 
  + f (x) =   
lim 
–
 f (x) = f (1) Clearly, f is discontinuous at
x Æ 1 x Æ 1
1 2 __ 1 4
 lim 
  + (3ax – b + 2) =   
lim   (a + bx2) = 3a – b + 2 x = __
    , __
    ,     , __
    , 1
x Æ 1
–
x Æ 1 3 3 2 3
(3a – b + 2) = (a + b) = 3a – b + 2 Thus, the number of points of discontinuity is 5.
12. We have h (x) = |f (|x|)| = ||x| – 2|
(a + b) = 3a – b + 2
Clearly, h is not differentiable at x = – 2, 0, 2
2a – 2b + 2 = 0 Thus, g (x) is non-differentiable at x = – 2, 0, 2
a – b + 1 = 0 Hence, the number of non-differentiable points is 3.
Hints and Solutions
Questions asked in Roorkee-Jee Exams Ï2 + ( x + 1) : - 2 £ x £ - 1

and g(x) = Ì
1. Given y = |x – 2| Ó2 – ( x + 1) : - 1 £ x £ 2
Ï3 + x : - 2 £ x £ - 1
= Ì
Ó1 – x : - 1 £ x £ 2
Now, (fo g)(x) = f (g(x))
Ï - g( x ) : - 1 £ g( x ) £ 1
Clearly, y = f (x) is continuous everywhere but not = Ì
Ó g( x ) - 2 : 1 £ g( x ) £ 3
   f (x) = f (0) Ï- (3 + x ) : - 2 £ x £ - 1, - 1 £ (3 + x ) £ 1
x Æ 0
Ô(3 + x ) - 2 : - 2 £ x £ - 1, 1 £ (3 + x ) £ 3
 lim 
  + 
f (x) =   
lim   f (x) = f (0) Ô
= Ì
: - 1 £ x £ 2, - 1 £ (1 – x ) £ 1
–
Ô( x – 1)
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
1 ÔÓ(1 – x ) - 2
 lim 
    (x2) =   
lim   (x – 1) =  __   : - 2 £ x £ - 1, 1 £ (1 - x ) £ 3
x Æ 0 + x Æ 0 – 4
Thus, f (x) is not continuous at x = 0. Ï- (3 + x ) : - 2 £ x £ - 1, - 4 £ x £ - 2
3. We have f (x) = x – |x – x2| Ô (1 + x ) : - 2 £ x £ - 1, - 2 £ x £ 0
Ô
= Ì
ÔÏ x - ( x - x ) : x - x ≥ 0 : - 1 £ x £ 2, 0 £ x £ 2
2 2
= Ì Ô ( x – 1)
2 2 ÔÓ – (1 + x ) : - 2 £ x £ - 1, - 2 £ x £ 0
ÔÓ x + ( x - x ) : x - x < 0
ÏÔ x 2 : x2 - x £ 0 Clearly, it is continuous at x = – 1.
= Ì
2 2
ÔÓ(2 x - x ) : x - x > 0 5. Case-I: When t ≥ 0
ÔÏ
2
x : 0 £ x £1
= Ì Then x = 2t – t = t and y = t 2 + t 2 = 2t 2
2
ÔÓ(2 x - x ) : x Œ (– •, 0) » (1, •)
Thus, y = 2x2
Case-II: When t < 0

Then x = 2t + t = 3t and y = 0
Thus, y = 0, x < 0.
The given function is defined as
ÏÔ2 x 2 : 0 £ x £ 1
f(x) = Ì
ÔÓ0 : -1 £ x < 0
Now, f ¢(0 –) = 0
Clearly f (x) is continuous in [– 1, 1] but not differ-
entiable at x = – 1 and x = 1.
and f ¢(0 +) =   
lim  
x Æ 0 +
  ( 
f(x) –f(0)
 ________
x–0
  
 
  )

Ï- 1 - ( x - 1) : - 1 £ x £ 1
4. We have f (x) = Ì
Ó- 1 + ( x - 1) : 1 £ x £ 3
=   
lim  
x Æ 0 +
  ( 
2x2 – 0
  ______  
x–0
 
  )

Ï- x
f (x) = Ì
x – 2
: -1£ x £1
: 1£ x £ 3
=   
lim  
+
x Æ 0
 
(  )
2x
  x
2
___     
Ó
=   
lim  
+
  (2x) 9. We have f(0) = 0
x Æ 0
Now,  lim 
  +  f (x)
( 
=0 x Æ 0
Thus, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0

Hence, it is also continuous at x = 0.
=  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
x(3e1/x + 4)
 __________
     
(2 – e1/x)

)
6. We have (fog)(x)
= f(g(x))
=  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0 ( x(3 + 4e– 1/x)
 ___________
  
    
(2e– 1/x – 1) )

= f(sin x)
=÷  
________
|sin x – 1|  
=  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0 ( 0(3 + 4e– •)
 __________
     
(2e– • – 1)
= 0 )
Also, (go f)(x)
= g(f(x))
_____
Also,  lim 
  – 
x Æ 0 ( 
x(3e1/x + 4)
 __________
  
2 – e1/x
  
  )
( 
  – 1| 
)
= g(÷|x  ) 0(3e– • + 4)
________ =   
lim     __________
     
 
 
= (÷sin|x – 1|  
) x Æ 0 –
2 – e– •
Clearly, (go f)(x) is not differentiable at x = 1. =0
Thus, f(x) is continuous at x = 0
ÏÔ x 3 : x 2 < 1
7. We have f(x) = Ì
2
Now, f ¢(0 +)
ÔÓ x : x ≥ 1

ÔÏ x 3 : - 1 < x < 1
= Ì
ÔÓ x : x ≥ 1 and x £ – 1
=  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0 ( f(x)– f(0)
________
 
x – 0)
   
 )
=  lim 
   
x Æ 0 +
(   x(3e1/x + 4)
 __________
 
x–0
    
(2 – e1/x)
_____________
–0
  
     )
=  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0 ( (3e1/x + 4)
 _________
(2 – e1/x) )
   

=  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0 ( (3 + 4e–1/x)
 _________
     
(2 – e–1/x)

)
( 
limit = 1
Function f(x) is continuous at x = 1
but not differentiable at x = 1
=  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
(3 + 4e– •)
 _________
(2 – e– •)
  )
  
3
ÏÔ3 x : -1£ x £1 = __
    
8. We have f(x) = Ì 2
ÔÓ 4 - x : 1< x < 4 –
Also, f ¢(0 )
=   lim 
x Æ 0 –
  ( 
f(x) – f(0)
 ________
x–0
   
 
)
=  lim 
   
x Æ 0 +
(  x(3e1/x + 4)
 __________
  
(2 – e1/x)
__________
  x      
  
)
 

=  lim 
  – 
x Æ 0 ( (3e1/x + 4)
 _________
(2 – e1/x)
   

)
Thus, f(x) is continuous in [– 1, 4] but not differen-
tiable at x = 1.
=  lim 
  – 
x Æ 0 ( (3e– • + 4)
  _________
(2 – e– •)
 
   )

4
= __
     = 2
  
lim   (  )
ax
 ___   
= ex Æ 0 x = ea
–
2
Thus, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0. Also,  lim 
  +  f (x)
x Æ 0
( 
10. We have f(0)
=  lim 
  f (x)
x Æ 0
 (x + c)1/3 – 1
 ___________
=  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0 (x + 1)1/2 – 1
    
)
(  )  (
_____
)
1 2
lim   __
=        – ______
  2x    
   ((x + c) – 1)(÷x  + 1 
 + 1)
x Æ 0 x e –1   ________________________________
=  lim 
  +      
      
( 
2/3
x Æ 0 ((x + 1) – 1) ((x + c) + (x + c)1/3 +  1)
=   
e2x – 1 – 2x
lim    __________
    
 
)
 (
Its limit exists only when c = 1
x Æ 0 x(e2x – 1)
)
So, R.H.L
( 
4x2 8x3 _____
=   
x Æ 0
1 + 2x +  ___  +  ___  + ... – 1 – 2x
2! 3!
lim     __________________________
   
( 
2x
2 e______–1
      
)
=  lim 
  + 
((x + 1) – 1)(÷x  + 1 
    
   
x Æ 0 ((x + 1) – 1) ((x + 1) 2/3
 + 1)
  ________________________________
+ (x + 1)1/3 + 1)
  
)
( 
2x       
 
( 
2x _____
)
)
(÷x  + 1 
 + 1)
  4x2 ___ 8x3 =  lim 
      ______________________
   
     
  ____  
 +     +... x Æ 0 + ((x + 1) 2/3 + (x + 1)1/3 + 1)
2! 3!
lim    _____________
=      
    
x Æ 0
( 
2x    
2x
2 e______–1
2x
   
 
  ) 2
=  __  
3
=1 2
Thus, ea = __
     = b, c, = 1
Ï2 + 1 - x 2 : | x| £ 1 3
Ô
11. We have f(x) = Ì
ÔÓ2e(1- x )
2
: | x| > 1 Hence, a = loge __
2
(  ) 2
      , b = __
3
    , c = 1
3
Ï2 + 1 - x 2 : -1 £ x £ 1
Ô
= Ì 2
ÔÓ2e(1- x ) : x > 1 and x < – 1
13.
Clearly the function f(x) is not continuous at x = 1

and x = – 1
So, f(x) is not differentiable at x = –1 and x = 1.
(  )
14. We have
Clearly f(x) is discontinuous at x = – 1 and not 1
____
      
differentiable at x = – 1 and x = 1. e x – 1 – 2
   
lim   _______
  1
   
+ ____
12. Since f(x) is continuous at x = 0, so x Æ 1       
ex – 1 + 2
(  )
 lim 
   f (x) = f(0) 1
x Æ 0 –  ____
    
1 – 2e x – 1
 lim 
  + 
f (x) =   
lim   f (x) = f(0)   +   _________
=  lim  1
    
–
x Æ 0 x Æ 0 x Æ 1 –  ____
    
1 + 2 e x – 1
( 
 lim 
  + 
f (x) =   
lim   f(x) = b ...(i)
–
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
=  lim 
x Æ 1
1 – 2e–•
  +    ________ 
 
1 + 2 e–•
   )
Now,   
lim   f (x)
( 
–
x Æ 0
=   
lim 
x Æ 0–
  (1 + ax)1/x
1 – 2.0
=  ______ 
1 + 2.0 )
   = 1
(  )
1
____
       Here, 0 < x sin px £ 1
e x – 1 – 2
lim    _______
Also,    1
 
   Thus, f(x) = [x sin p x] = 0
x Æ 1– ____
      
ex – 1 + 2 Therefore, f(x) is continuous and differentiable at
( 
(– 1, 1).
=   
lim 
x Æ 1–
 
1e–• – 2
 ________
e–• + 2
  )
   Ï- 1
5. We have, f(x) = Ì
: -2 £ x £ 0
Óx - 1 : 0 < x £ 2
( 
1.0 – 2
=  ______   
0+2
) Ï- 1 : - 2 £ | x| £ 0
=–1 Now, f(|x|) = Ì
Ó| x | - 1 : 0 < | x | £ 2
Since R.H.L π L.H.L., so limit does not exist.
Thus, f(x) is not continuous at x = 1. fi f(|x|) = |x| – 1 : 0 < |x| £ 2
Problems asked in Past Iit-Jee Exams Ï- x - 1 : - 2 £ x £ 0

fi f(|x|) = Ì
Ó x -1 : 0 < x £ 2
1. Ans. (a, c) _____
__
x  + 1 
    – ÷
We have f(x) = x(÷x  )
  Ï1 : -2 £ x £ 0
Also, |f(x)| = Ì
Clearly,   
lim   f (x) = 0 = f(0) Ó| x - 1| : 0< x£2
x Æ 0
Thus, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 Ï1 : -2£ x£0
( 
Ô
)
_____
1 1
__
Also, f ¢(x) = (÷x  ) + x ____
  + 1 
    – ÷x     __
    – _______
  _____
   
   fi |f(x)| = Ì1 - x : 0 < x £ 1
2÷x 
    2÷x  + 1 
  Ôx - 1 : 1 < x £ 2
Clearly, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0. Ó
2. We have, f(x) = x3 – x2 + x + 1 Therefore, g(x) = f(|x|) + |f(x)|

f ¢(x) = 3x2 – 2x + 1 > 0, " x Œ R Ï- x : -2£ x£0
2
Î a = 3 > 0, D = b – 4ac = 4 – 12 = – 8 < 0˚ Ô
= Ì0 : 0 < x £1
Thus, f(x) is strictly increasing in (0. 2). Ô2 x - 2 : 1 < x £ 2
Ó
Ï f ( x) : 0 £ x £ 1
g(x) = Ì Ï- 1 : - 2 £ x £ 0
Ó3 - x : 1 < x £ 2 Ô
fi g¢(x) = Ì0 : 0 < x £ 1
ÔÏ x 3 - x 2 + x + 1 : 0 £ x £ 1 Ô2 : 1 < x £ 2
g(x) = Ì Ó
ÔÓ3 - x : 1< x £ 2
Clearly, g(x) is continuous but not differentiable at
ÔÏ3 x 2 - 2 x + 1 : 0 £ x £ 1 x = 0 and x = 1.
g¢(x) = Ì
ÔÓ- 1 : 1< x £ 2 6. Ans. (a).
Thus, g(x) is continuous for all x in [0, 2] but not x
We have f(x) = _____
       
differentiable at x = 1. 1 + |x|
3. Ans. (a, d)
We have f(x) = 1 + |sin x|

Clearly, f(x) is differentiable everywhere.
7. Let f(x) = x2, since f(– x) = f(x).
Clearly f(x) is continuous everywhere but not dif- Now, f ¢(x) = 2x
ferentiable at x = np, n Œ I.
Thus, f ¢(0) = 0
4. We have f(x) = [x sin p x]
8. Let f(x) = x and g(x) = [x]

Clearly f(x) is continuous everywhere and g(x) is
f(x) – f (y)
fi ________
 
(x – y) | 
£ (x – y)
   
 

|
| 
discontinuous function.
Thus, f(x) + g(x) = x + [x] is a discontinuous
function.
9. Let g(x) = ax + b
fi
fi
 
x Æ y
f (x) – f (y)
 lim  _________
 
|f ¢(y)| £ 0
(x – y) | £  
   
   lim  (x – y)
x Æ y
Ïax + b x£0 fi |f ¢(y)| = 0

Then f(x) = Ô 1/ x
ÌÊ 1 + x ˆ fi f ¢(y) = 0
ÔÁ ˜ x>0
ÓË 2 + x ¯ Thus, f(x) is a constant function.
Since f(x) is continuous, so it is continuous at Ï| x - 3| :x≥0
x = 0. Ô
11. We have f(x) = Ì x 2 3 x 13
Ô - + :x<0
Now,   
lim 
–
 f(x) =   
lim 
–
 (ax + b) = b Ó4 2 4
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
(  ) ( __ 12   ) = 0
x + 1 1/x • Ï| x - 3| : x ≥1
Also,   
lim  
f(x) =   
lim    _____ 
   =
Ô
= Ì1
x Æ 0 + x Æ 0 + x + 2 2
ÔÓ 4 ( x - 3) + 1 : x < 1
Thus. b = 0.
Now, f(– 1) = – a
x + 1 1/x
We have, f(x) =  _____ 
x+2
   (  )
= e (  )
x + 1 1/x
log ____
     
x + 2

1
= e x (  )
x + 1
 __ log ____
     
x + 2
fi f ¢(x) = e x
1
(  ) x + 1
 __ log ____
     
x + 2 ×
x
1
(  x+1
) (  )(  ) )
x+2 ( 
–  __2    log  _____ 
1 x + 2 _______
   + __
 x   _____ 
    
x + 1 (x + 2)2
1
   
     Clearly f(x) is continuous at x = 1 and x = 3.
and f(x) is not differentiable at x = 3.
     ) ( – log( __
Thus, f ¢(1) = ( __
Ï| x - 3| : x ≥1
2 9)
     ) + __
2 2 3 1
     × __
      Ô
3 3 Also, f(x) = Ì 1 2
ÔÓ 4 ( x - 3) + 1 : x < 1
     ) ( – log( __
= ( __      ) + __      )
2 2 1

3 3 6 Ï
Ô- 1 : x <1
= ( __
     log ( __     ) + __      )
2 3 1 Ô
f ¢(x) = Ì1 : 1£ x < 3
3 2 9
Ô1
Since, f ¢(1) = f(– 1), so Ô ( x - 3) : x < 1
Ó2

2
a = – __
3 (  (  ) __ 19   )
3
     log __
      +
2
Thus, f ¢(1) = – 1
Therefore, f(x) is differentiable at x = 1.
Thus, the required function is 12. We have
Ï p
Ï Ê2 Ô x + a 2 sin x : 0£ x<
Ê 3ˆ 1ˆ Ô
4
Ô- Á log ÁË ˜¯ + ˜ x : x £ 0 p p
Ô Ë 3 2 9¯ f(x) = ÔÌ2 x cot x + b : £x£
f(x) = Ì 4 2
ÔÊ x + 1 ˆ
1/ x Ô
:x>0 Ô p
ÔÁË x + 2 ˜¯ Ôa cos2 x - b sin x : < x£p
Ó Ó 2
p
10. We have |f (x) – f (y)| £ (x – y)2 At x = __     
4
   
lim + 
p
f(x) =    
lim – 
p
__
p
f (x) = f __
     
4 (  )  lim 
  + 
f (x) =   
x Æ 0
lim 
–
  f (x) = f (0)
x Æ 0
(  ( 
x Æ ___
     x Æ      __
) )
4 4
x 
÷     1 – cos 4x
__  lim 
  +  ___________
  ___  __      =   
lim     ________
   
  = a
   
lim + 
(2x cot x + b) =    
lim –     sin x)
(x + a÷2  x Æ 0    + ÷
÷16  x     – 4 x Æ 0 –
x2
p p
x Æ  __  
(  ( 
x Æ  ___   ___
) )
4 4 __ __
   (÷
÷x     + ÷
16  x 
    + 4) 2sin22x
 _______________  _______
(  (  ) )
p p  lim 
  +  __          =   
lim       
  = a
= 2◊ __   cot __ 16 + ÷ x 
    – 16 x2
–
      + b  x Æ 0 x Æ 0
( 
4 4
p
 __   + a÷2 
  ◊ sin __
p __
(  ) (  (  ) )
p p
      = 2◊  __   cot __
      + b 
 lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
a = 8
___
   + ÷
((÷16 
__
x 
    + 4)) =   
lim 
x Æ 0 –
 
8sin22x
 _______
4x2
   
  = a )
4 4 4 4
( 
p __ p
 __   + a÷2 
4
1
  ◊  ___
  __   = 2. __   + b 
÷   
2  4 ) 15.
p
a – b =  __    ...(i)
4
p
At x = __
    
2
 lim    +  f (x) =  lim 
p
x Æ  ___  
p
__
x Æ     
p
  –  f (x) = f __
     
2 (  )
2 2
 lim 
  +  f (x) =  lim 
p
___
x Æ     
p
__
x Æ     
p
  –  f (x) = f __
     
2 (  )
2 2
Clearly, the function is not differentiable at x = – 1,
 lim 
  +  (a cos2x – b sinx) =  lim 
  –  (2x cot x + b) = b 0, 1, 2.
p p
x Æ  ___   x Æ  __  
2
2 16. Given f (x + y) = f (x). f (y)
(– a – b) = b Put x = 0 = y, f (0) = 0, then f (0) = 1
a = 0. It is given that f ¢ (0) = 2
p
Thus, b = –  __  
4
Hence, the values of a = 0, b = –  __  .
p
 lim 
h Æ 0
f (0 +  h) – f (0)
     _____________
h–0
  
    
= 2 (  )
4
13. Ans. (b) f (0) . f (h)  –  f (0)
   ______________
 lim           ( 
  = 2 )
( 
h Æ 0 h
Given
x
f (x) = __
     – 1  in [0, p] )
2
Ï- 1 : 0 £ x < 2 h Æ 0
f (h) – 1
     _______
 lim 
h
    
  = 2 (  ) ...(i)
( 
Thus, [f (x)] = Ì
Ó0 : 2 £ x £ p Now, f ¢ (x) =   
h Æ 0
f (x  + h) – f (x)
lim    _____________
h
         )
Ïtan (- 1) : 0 £ x < 2
tan ([f (x)]) = Ì
Ótan (0) : 2 £ x £ p =   
h Æ 0 ( 
f (x) . f (h)  – f (x)
lim     ____________
h
        )
(  )
Clearly tan(f (x)) is not continuous at x = 2 f (x)(f (h – 1)
x
( 
x–2
Now, f (x) =  __   – 1  =  _____
2 2
   
  ) (  ) lim    ___________
=   
h Æ 0 h
       

 ____
1 2
    = ______
     
f (x) (x – 2)
  =   
h Æ 0
f (h) – f (0)
lim  f (x) ×  _________
h
  ( 
   
)
1 = 2f (x), from (i)
Thus,  ____
    is also not continuous at x = 2.
f (x) f ¢ (x)
Thus,  ____  = 2
So, tan[f (x)] & tan  ____
x = 2.
1
[  ]
      are both discontinuous at
f (x)
f (x)
14. It is given that f(x) is continuous at x = 0, log|f (x)| = 2x + c
so,   
lim  f (x) = f (0) If x = 0, f (0) = 1, then c = 0.
x Æ 0
Thus, log|f (x)| = 2x. Ï 3p

2x ÔÔ1 : 0< x£
fi f (x) = e 4
(c) Let f (x) = Ì
17. Case-I : When t ≥ 0 Ê 2 ˆ
Ô2sin Á ˜ x : 3p
< x<p
Then x = 2t – t = t and y = t 2 + t 2 = 2t 2 ÔÓ Ë 9¯ 4
Thus, y = 2x2 Now,    
lim 
+
 
f (x) =    
lim 
+
 
f (x) = 1
3p 3p
x Æ  ____
  
  x Æ  ____
  
 
Case-II: When t < 0 4 4
3 p
Then x = 2t + t = 3t and y = 0 Thus f(x) is continuous at x = ___     
4
Thus, y = 0, x < 0. Also, f(x) is continuous at all other points in
The given function is defined as (0, p)
Ï p

ÔÏ2 x 2 : 0 £ x £ 2
f (x) = Ì ÔÔ x + sin x : 0< x£
2
: -1 £ x < 0 (d) Let f (x) = Ì
ÔÓ0 p p
Ô sin (p + x ) : < x < p
ÔÓ 2 2
Now,  lim 
  +  =  lim 
p
___
x Æ     
p
___
x Æ     
p
  –  f (x) = f __
     
2 (  )
2 2
 lim 
p
___
x Æ     
  +   __
  +  f (x) =  lim 
p
___
x Æ     
p
2 ( 
     sin(p + x  )
2 2
p
= – __    
2
And,  lim 
  –  f (x) =  lim 
  –  (x + sin x)
p p
x Æ  __   x Æ  __  
2 2
Now, f ¢ (0 –) = 0
p
= __ ( 
     + 1  )
( 

and f ¢(0 +) =   
lim  
x Æ 0 +
f (x) – f (0)
 _________
x–0
  
   ) p
Thus, f(x) is not continuous at x = __
2
    
( 
2
=  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
2x2 – 0
  ______  
x–0
 
  ) So, f (x) is not continuous in (0, p).
=  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
(  )
2x2
 ___
x     
19. (i) Let f (x) = sin(p [x])
Since [x] provides us integer, so f(x) = 0
It is continuous and differentiable everywhere
=  lim 
  +  (2x)
x Æ 0
(ii) Let f (x) = sin (p (x – [x]))
=0 = sin (p{x})
Thus, f (x) is differentiable at x = 0 As we know that, {x} is discontinuous at every inte-
Hence, it is also continuous at x = 0. gral points, so f (x) is disc at all integers
18. Ans. (b, c) Thus f(x) is non-differentiable at x = – 1 and 1.
p
(a) Since tan x is not defined at x = __
     20. Given f (x) = x |x|
2
So, it is not continuous in (0, p) ÔÏ x
2
: x≥0
= Ì

1
(b) Let g (x) = x sin __ (  )
 x   2
ÔÓ- x : x < 0
which is continuous in (0, p). Ï2 x : x≥0
So, the integral function of a continuous func- f ¢ (x) = Ì
Ó- 2 x : x < 0
tion is also a continuous function.
x
(  )
1 Ï2 : x≥0
Thus, Ú    t sin __
      dt is continuous in (0, p) f ¢¢ (x) = Ì
0
t Ó- 2 : x < 0
Clearly, the function f (x) is not twice differentiable

at x = 0.
fi (  )
x+y
f ¢  _____
2
  = f ¢(x)
   
Thus, f (x) is twice differentiable at x Œ R – {0} Replacing x by 0 and y by 2x, we get,
21. Ans. (a, b, c)
f ¢ (x) = f ¢ (0) = – 1
We have f(x) = Îtan2 x˚
Now, to find  lim 
  +  f (x) =   
lim   f (x) = f(0)
x Æ 0
–
x Æ 0 f (x) = – x + c
2 2 When x = 0, c = 1.
 lim 
  + 
[tan x] =   
lim 
–
  [tan x] = 0 = f (0)
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
Thus, f (x) = – x + 1
Therefore, f (2) = – 2 + 1 = – 1.
Also, f ¢ (0) =   
x Æ 0
f (x) – f (0)
 _________
lim  
x–0
  
 ( 
  ) 24. Now, [x + 1] = 0
0 £ (x + 1) < 1
=   
x Æ 0
( 
[tan2 x] – 0
lim     _________
x     
)

– 1 £ x < 0
x Œ [– 1, 0)
=   
x Æ 0 x
0
lim   __ (  )
     Thus, Df = R – [– 1, 0)
25. Here f is a constant function, where f (10) = 10
=0 Thus, f (1.5) = 10
Thus, f (x) is also differentiable at x = 0. 26. (a)  lim 
  +  f (x)
x Æ 0
22. Since f is continuous at x = 0, so
=  lim 
  +  e {  1
|x| x
1
–  __    + __ }
    
 lim 
   f (x) = f (0) x Æ 0
x Æ 0
e{  –  x  +  x  } = 1
1
__ 1
__
=  lim 
  + 
 lim 
  + 
f(x) =   
lim 
–
  f(x) = f (0) x Æ 0
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
Also,   
lim 
–
 
 lim 
  + 
f (x) =   
lim   f (x) = b x Æ 0
{ 
–
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
=   
lim 
–
  e
1
|x| x
1
–  __    + __ }
    
Now,   
lim   f (x) x Æ 0
{ 
–
x Æ 0
tan2x
 _____ 
  =   
lim 
–
  e
1 1
–  __    + __
|x| x }
    
=   
lim –
  etan3x x Æ 0
x Æ 0
e{   x  +  x  }
1
__ 1
__
=   
lim  
= e2/3 –
x Æ 0
e{   x  } = 0
2
__
Also,  lim 
  +  f (x) =   
lim 
–
 
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
a
 _____
   
=  lim 
  +  (1 + |sin x|)|sinx| Thus, f (x) is disc at x = 0
x Æ 0
a
(b) As we know that, every disc function is not
____
     
 
=  lim 
  +  (1 + sin x)sinx differentiable. So, f (x) is not differentiable at
x Æ 0 x = 0.
a
sinx × ____
     
 
=  lim 
  +  e sinx = ea
x Æ 0
2
__
    
Thus, b = e 3 = ea
2
__
2
a = __
    
    , b = e 3
3
27.
x+y
2(  )
23. We have f  _____
   
f (x) + f (y)
  =  _________
2
    
f ¢ (  _____
2 ) 2 2
x + y __ 1 1
fi   ◊      = __
         f ¢(x), y as a constant Clearly, f (x) is not continuous at x = 2
and not differentiable at x = 1 and x = 2.
28. Ans. (a, c, d) fi |p¢(1)| £ 1

fi |a1 + 2a2 + 3a2 ... + nan| £ 1
33.

29. Ans. (c, d)
We have
Clearly the function f(x) is not continuous at x = 1
f (x) = (x2 – 1)|x2 – 3x + 2| + cos(|x|)
and x = – 1
f (x) = (x2 – 1)|x2 – 3x + 2| + cos(x)
So, f(x) is not differentiable at x = – 1 and x = 1.
f (x) = (x2 – 1)|(x – 1)(x – 2)| + cos(x)
34. We are given, for x ≥ 0,
Thus, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 1, 2
x
30. The function f(x) = [x] 2 – [x2], where [,] = G.I.F., is
F(x) = Ú     f (t) dt
discontinuous at 0
(a) all integers 0
(b) all integer except 0 and 1 F(0) = Ú     f (t) dt = 0
0
(c) all integers except 0
(d) all integers except 1. As f(x) £ cF(x), for all x ≥ 0, we get,
[IIT-JEE, 1999] f(0) £ F(0)
31. Ans. (c)
f(0) £ 0
Let f (x) = x
Since f(x) ≥ 0, " x ≥ 0, we get, f(0) ≥ 0
Then g(x) = |f (x)| = |x|
f(0) = 0
Clearly f(x) is continuous everywhere, so its modulus
is also continuous everywhere. Since f is continuous in (0, •) and F is differentiable
in (0, •), so F¢ (x) = f(x) " x ≥ 0
Thus, g(x) is continuous, whenever f is continuous.
32. Given Since, f (x) £ cF(x), " x ≥ 0, we have
p(x) = a 0 + a1x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + ... + an xn F¢ (x) – cF(x) £ 0

Multiplying both sides by e–cx, we get,
fi p¢(x) = 0 + a1 + 2a2 x + ... + nan xn – 1
F(x) e–cx – cF(x) e–cx £ 0
fi p¢(1) = 0 + a1 + 2a2 + ... + nan
d
Now, |p(x)| £ |ex – 1 – 1|  ___    (e–cx F(x)) £ 0
dx
fi |p(1)| £ |e1 – 1 – 1| = |e0 – 1| = |1 – 1| = 0 Thus, g(x) = e–cx F(x) is a decreasing function on
fi |p(1)| £ 0 (0, •)
fi p(1) = 0 Therefore g(x) £ g(0), for each x ≥ 0

But g(0) = e–c0 F(0) = 0
As |p(x)| £ |ex – 1 – 1|
Thus, g(x) £ 0, " x ≥ 0
fi |p(1 + h)| £ |eh – 1|
e–cx F(x) £ 0, " x ≥ 0
fi |p(1 + h) – p(1)| £ |eh – 1| ( p(1) = 0)
F(x) £ 0, " x ≥ 0
| 

p(1 + h) – p(1)
fi   ____________
h
       
| |  |
eh – 1
£  _____
h
    
  Thus, f(x) £ cF(x) £ 0 " x ≥ 0
|  | |  |
But, it is given that, f(x) ≥ 0 " x ≥ 0
p(1 + h) – p(1) eh – 1
     ____________
fi  lim           £   
lim    _____
   
   Hence, f (x) = 0, " x ≥ 0
h Æ 0 h h Æ 0 h
(  )
35. We have
1
____
      
e x – 1 – 2
  +   _______
 lim  ____1
   

x Æ 1
e x – 1     + 2
(  )
1
–  ____
     (c)
1 – 2e x – 1
     _________
=  lim  1
   
x Æ 1+ –  ____
    
1 + 2e x – 1
=  lim 
x Æ 1
( 
1 – 2e– •
  +   ________
1 + 2e– •
   )
Clearly, sin(|x|) + |x| is not differentiable at
( 1 – 2.0
=  ______ 
1 + 2.0
   ) x=0
=1
(  )
1
 ____
    
e  x – 1 – 2
Also,   
lim 
–
   _______
1
 
   
(d)
x Æ 1 ____
      
e + 2
x – 1
=   
lim 
x Æ 1– ( 
1e– • – 2
   _______
e– • + 2
    )
( 
1.0 – 2
=  ______   
0+2
) Clearly, sin(|x|) – |x| is differentiable at x = 0.
37. Ans. (d)
= – 1
Thus, f(x) is not continuous at x = 1.
36. Ans. (d)
(a) X¢ X
O
38. Ans. (a)
Now, f ¢(k–)
Y¢
Clearly cos(|x|) + |x| is not differentiable at

=   
lim  
x Æ k – (  f(x) – f(k)
  ________
x–k
   )
 
 
x=0
=   
lim  
x Æ k – (  [x] sin (pk) – 0
 ____________
x–k
  
    )
 
=  lim 
   
h Æ 0 – (  [k – h] sin (pk – ph)
 ________________
k–h–k
       )
(b) =  lim 
  – 
h Æ 0
( [k – 1](– 1) k – 1 sin (p h)
 __________________
   
–h
       )
=  lim 
  – 
h Æ 0
( [k – 1]p (– 1) k sin (p h)
  __________________
ph
         )
= (k – 1)p (– 1) k
Clearly, cos(|x|) – |x| is not differentiable at
x=0 39. Since g(x) is continuous at x = a
   g(x) = g(a)
so,  lim  Ïx + 2 : x < -1
x Æ a
Ô 2
 lim 
x Æ a
f(x) – f (a)
    __________
 
x–a
   
   ( 
  = g(a) ) Thus, (go f)(x) = Ì x
Ô 2
: -1£ x < 0
Ó(| x - 1| - 1) : x ≥ 0
f ¢ = g(a)
In the neighbourhood of x = 0, (go f)(x) = x2 which
Thus, f(x) is differentiable at x = (a) is also differentiable at x = 0.
Conversely, let f(x) is differentiable at x = a 42. Given f ¢(a–) = 0
i.e.
x Æ a
( 
f(x) – (a)
lim    ________
f ¢(a) =    )
x – a   
 
   lim 
  + 
h Æ 0
f (a – h) – f (a)
____________
 
– h
       ( 
  = 0 )
ÏÊ f ( x ) - f (a ) ˆ Now, f ¢(– a–)
: x πa
( 
Ô
Let g(x) = ÌÁË
Ô
x - a ˜¯
Ó f ¢(a ) : x =a
=  lim 
  – 
h Æ 0
f (– a – h) – f (– a)
______________
 
– h
         )
lim  g(x) = f ¢(a)
Clearly,   
x Æ a
g(x) is continuous at x = a
=  lim 
  – 
h Æ 0 ( 
– f (a + h) + f (a)
 _____________
– h
         )
Hence, f(x) is differentiable at x = a, iff g(x) is con-
tinuous at x = a.
=  lim 
  – 
h Æ 0 ( 
f (a + h) – f (a)
____________
 
h
         )
Ïtan -1 x
Ô
40. We have f(x) = Ì 1
: | x| £ 1 =  lim 
  – 
h Æ 0 ( 
f (2a – (a + h)) – f (a)
 _________________
h
         )
Ô (| x | - 1) : | x| > 1
Ó2
=  lim 
  – 
h Æ 0 ( 
f (a – h) – f (a)
 ____________
h
         )
Ï1

Ô 2 (- x - 1) : x < - 1
ÔÔ
f (x) = Ìtan -1 x : -1 £ x £ 1
=  lim 
  – 
h Æ 0 ( 
f (a – h) – f (a)
____________
 
– h
       )
Ô1 = – f ¢(a–)
Ô ( x - 1) : x > 1
ÔÓ 2 =0
Thus, f(x) is discontinuous at x = 1, x = –1 43. Since f(x) is differentiable at x = 0, so it is continuous

at x = 0 .
Hence, the domain of f ¢(x) is R – {–1, 1}.
41. We have (go f)(x)  lim 
  + 
f(x) =   
lim 
–
  f (x) = f(0)
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
(  ) (  (  ) )
= g(f(x)) eax/2 – 1 x+c 1
fi  lim 
  +   _______
x       =   
lim    b sin–1 _____
     
   = __
    
x Æ 0 x Æ 0 –
2 2
ÏÔ f ( x ) + 1 : f ( x) < 0
= Ì 2
ÔÓ( f ( x ) - 1) + b : f ( x ) > 0 a
fi __
2
c
     = bsin–1 __ (  )
      =
2
1
__
    
2
Ïx + a + 1 : x<–a fi a = 1
Ô 2
= Ì( x + a - 1) + b : - a £ x < 0
Ô 2
Also, it is differentiable at x = 0, so f ¢ (0 +) = f ¢ (0 –)
Ó(| x - 1| - 1) + b : x ≥ 0
As go f is continuous at x = – a
i.e. (go f)(– a +) = (go f)(– a +) = (go f)(– a)
fi  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
f(x) – f(0)
________
 
x–0
  
 
  ( 
=   
lim 
x Æ 0 –
   ________
x–0 )
f(x) – f(0)
   
 
(  )
(  ) (  (  ) )
1+b=1+b=1 1 x+c 1
eax/2 – __
     b sin–1  _____   – __
        
b=0 2
_______ 2
________________ 2
fi  lim 
  +    x       =  lim 
  –    x       
x Æ 0 x Æ 0
Also, go f is continuous at x = 0
(  ) (  (  )
(go f)(0 +) = (go f)(0 –) = (go f)(0)
(a – 1)2 + b = b = b
fi  lim 
  + 
1
ex/2 – __
    
2
 _______
x+c
b sin–1  _____
2
 _________________
1
  – __
        
2 )
a=1 x Æ 0 x       =   
lim 
–
 
x Æ 0 x        
fi  lim 
  + 
1 + __
2
x
x Æ 0
(  1 x 2
      + __
2 (  ) (  )
      __
 _______________________
2
   
x 
1
      + ... – __
    
2
    ) fi f ¢¢ (x) – 2 = 0 for atleast 1 real root in x Œ (1, 3)
fi f ¢¢ (x) = 2 has 1 real root in x Œ (1, 3)
(  )
47. It is given that, f (x – y) = f (x)g(y) – g(x)f(y)
1 1
b ____________      × __
  ___________     
÷  ( 
and g(x – y) = g(x) g(y) + f(x)f(y)
=   
lim 
+c 2 2
x_____
1 –     
2
   
–   _________________
    
)
   
     
Now, f(0) = f(x – x)
x Æ 0 1 = f(x) g(x) – g(x)f(x)
1 b =0
fi  __   = ________
  _____     
÷ 
8 c2 Also, g(x) = g(x – 0)
2 1 –  __    
4 = g(x)g(0) + f(x)f(0)
1 b
fi  __   = _______
  _____     
÷ 
8 = g(x)g(0)
c2
__
1 –       
4 g(x) – g(x)g(0) = 0
1 b
fi  __   = ______
  __   2    g(x)(1 – g(0)) = 0
8 ÷    – c
4 
Case-I: When g(x) = 0
fi 64b2 = 4 – c2 We can say that, g¢(x) = 0 for all x in R
Hence, the result.
Thus, g¢(0) = 0
44. Ans (a)
Case-II: When g(x) π 0
Then, 1 – g(0) = 0
g(0) = 1
Now, f ¢ (0 +)

h Æ 0 +
 
    ( 
f(0 + h) – f(0)
lim ____________
=  ______
 
h
         )
=  lim 
  + 
h Æ 0
( 
f(0) g(– h) – g(0)f(– h) – 0
 ______________________
   
h
      )
45. Ans. (b)
Given
=  lim 
  + 
h Æ 0
( 
0.g(– h) – 1.f(– h)
 ______________
h
        )

1
f (1) = f __
2 (  ) (  )
1
      = f __
3 n Æ •
1
(  )
lim  f __
      = ...     n   = 0
=  lim 
  + 
h Æ 0
( 
– f(– h)
 ______
h
    
  )
fi  lim 
n Æ •
1
   f __
 n   = 0 (  ) =  lim 
  +  ( 
f(– h) – f(0)
  __________ )
       

h Æ 0 – h
fi f(0) = 0
= f ¢ (0 –)
Since there are infinitely many points in the neigh-
bourhood of x = 0, so Thus f is derivable at x = 0
f(x) = 0 So f is continuous at x = 0
fi f ¢ (x) = 0 Now, g(0) = g(x – x)

= g(x)g(x) + f(x)f(x)
fi f ¢ (0) = 0
= (g(x))2 + (f (x))2
Thus, f(0) = 0 = f ¢(0)
Thus, (g(x))2 + (f(x))2 = 1
46. Ans. (c)
Since f is continuous at x = 0, so g is also continuous
Let g(x) = f (x) – x2
at x = 0.
By mean value theorem, we can say that, g(x) has
We have g¢(0)
three roots at x = 1, 2, 3.
fi g¢(x) has atleast 2 real roots in x Œ (1, 3)
fi g¢¢ (x) has atleast 1 real root in x Œ (1, 3)
=   
h Æ 0 (  g(h) – g(0)
lim     _________
h
       
)
=   
h Æ 0 ( g(h) – 1
lim   ________
 
h
       ) fi
fi
F¢(x) = 0
F(x) = constant
=   
h Æ 0 ( g(h) – 1 g(h)
lim    _______
h
   
+1
 ×  _______ 
g(h) + 1
   )
50.
fi
Ans.
F(10) = F(5) = 5.
(  )
(g(h))2 – 1 (a) Æ p, q, r
lim   __________
=            (b) Æ p, s
h Æ 0 h(g(h) + 1)
(c) Æ r, s
=   
h Æ 0 ( – (f(h))2 ________
lim    _______
h
   
 ×  
1
     
(g(h) + 1) )

(d) Æ p, q
(a) Let f(x) = x |x|

h Æ 0 ( 
f(h) ________
lim    ____
= –   
h
   ×  
f(h)
  
(g(h) + 1)
   ) ÏÔ x 2
= Ì
2
: x≥0
ÔÓ- x : x < 0
= –  
lim 
h Æ 0 ( f(h) – f(0) ________
________
    
h
     
×  
f(h)
  
(g(h) + 1)
   ( f(0) = 0) )
ÏÔ2 x
f ¢(x) = Ì 2
: x≥0
ÔÓ- 2 x : x < 0
 
0
= f ¢ (0) × _______( 
   
g(0) + 1
   ) f(x) is differentiable everywhere.
=0 So, f(x) is differentiable as well as continuous
48. Ans. (a, b, c) in (– 1, 1) __
(b) Let g(x) = ÷    
|x| 
ÏÔ x : x≥0
g(x) = Ì
ÔÓ - x : x < 0
Ï 1
Ô2 x : x≥0
Ô
g¢(x) = Ì
Ô -1 : x<0
ÔÓ 2 - x
Clearly, f(x) is not differentiable at x = 0.

Clearly f(x) is continuous for all x in R. However, it is continuous at x = 0.
(c) Let h(x) = x + [x]
Now f(x) = 1 for all x > 1
f ¢ (x) = 1 Ïx - 1 : - 1 < x < 0
= Ì
Óx : 0 £ x <1
So, f(x) is continuous for all x in R but not differen-
tiable at x = 1. Clearly, f(x) is not continuous at x = 0
49. Ans. (b) So it is not differentiable at x = 0
Given f ¢¢(x) = – f(x)
d
fi  ___    (f ¢(x)) = – f(x)
dx
d
fi  ___    (g(x)) = – f(x)
dx (d)
fi g¢(x) = – f(x)
Also, F(x) = f __ (  (  ) ) (  (  ) )
x 2
        + g __
2
x 2
       
2
fi F¢(x) = 2f __
x
(  ) (  )
      . f ¢ __
2
x 1
(  ) (  )
      .  __   + 2g __
2 2
x
2
x 1
      .g¢ __
      .  __  
2 2
Clearly f(x) is differentiable and continuous in
fi
2
x
F¢(x) = f __ (  ) (  ) (  ) (  )
      . f ¢ __
x
      + g __
2
x
      .g¢ __
2
x
     
2
(– 1, 1)
51. Ans. (c)
fi
2
x
(  ) (  ) (  ) (  )
2
x x
2
x
F¢(x) = f  __    . f ¢  __    – f  __    . f ¢  __    = 0
2 Given  lim 
  +  
(g(x))= p = – 1
x Æ 1
(1  + h – 1) n
     _______________
fi  lim     ( 
      = – 1
log(cosm (1  + h –1) ) (  )
f ¢ __
1
    = 0
2
(  )
h Æ 0
1
( 
Also, f ¢ __
    = 0
fi  lim 
hn
     _________
     
h Æ 0 log(cosmh)
= – 1
) 4
Thus, f ¢(x) = 0 at two points in [0, 1]
fi  lim 
hn
     __________ ( 
     = – 1
 
h Æ 0 m log(cosh) ) Let (  )
g(x) = f x + __
1
      sinx
2
nhn – 1
     _______
fi  lim      ( 
  = – 1 ) (  )
g(– x) = f – x + __
1
      sin(– x)
2
 ( ) (  )
h Æ 0 – m tan h
1
= – f __
    – x  sinx
hn – 2 2
fi  lim 
n _______
    –  __ 
  
    (  )   
   = – 1
= – f ( 1  –  ( __
m
    – x ) ) sinx
h Æ 0 tanh
____ 1
– m       
(  )  
h 2
    __
fi  lim 
h Æ 0
n hn – 2
 m      ______
tanh
m  ____
h
( )
  
  
   = 1
 

= – g(x)
= – f ( x + __   ) sinx
1
2
It is possible only when n – 2 = 0 and __

n
 m     = 1 (  ) Thus, g(x) is an odd function.
(  )
1/2
n = 2 = m 1
Ú      f x + __
      sin x dx = 0
2
( 
52. Statement-I
)
– 1/2
g(x) cosx – g(0)
We have    lim    _____________
   
     1
sinx
Again, Ú    f(1 – t)esin(pt) dt
x Æ 0
(  )
1/2
g¢(x) cosx – g(x)sinx
lim    _________________
=    cosx       
x Æ 0 Put 1 – t = u
1/2
=0
= Ú      f (u)esinp (1 – u) du
Also, f(x) = g(x)sinx 0
1/2
f ¢(x) = g¢(x)sinx + g(x)cosx
= Ú      f (u)esin(p – pu) du
f ¢¢(x) = g¢¢(x)sinx + 2g¢(x)cosx – g(x)sinx 0
1/2
f ¢¢(0) = 0 = Ú      f (u)esinp udu
Thus,   
lim  (g¢(x)cotx – g(0)cosec x) 0
x Æ 0
1/2
0 = f ¢¢(0) = Ú      f(t)esinp tdt
fi Statement is true 0
Satetement-II 54. We have g(x) = f –1(x)

f ¢(x) = g¢(x)sinx + g(x)cosx fi f(g(x)) = x
f ¢(0) = g(0)
fi f ¢(g(x)). g¢(x) = 1 ...(i)
It is not a correct explanation of statement-I.
53. Ans. (a, b, c, d) Now, f(0) = 1
Given f(x) = f(1 – x) From (i), we get, f ¢(g(1)). g¢(1) = 1
1
f ¢(x) = f ¢(1 – x) × – 1 fi g¢(1) =  ______
    
f ¢(g(1))
Put x = 1/2
(  ) (  )
1 1

1
f ¢ __
1
    = – f ¢ 1 – __
    fi g¢(1) =  ____
    = ___
      = 2
2 2 f ¢(0) 1/2
f ¢( __
   ) = – f ¢( __
[Let g(1) = k
   )
1 1

2 2 Also, f(g(1)) = 1
2f ¢( __   ) = 0
1 f(k) = 1 = f(0)

2 k=0
Thus,
55. Ans. (b, c)
g(1) = k = 0]
Now, f ¢ (x) =   
h Æ 0 (  h )
f (x + h) – f (x)
lim    _____________
        
(  )
x
________ f (x) + f(h) – f(x)
We have, f(x) = ln x + Ú    ÷1  + sin t  
dt lim    ______________
=           
0
h Æ 0 h

1
f ¢(x) = __
_______
 x  + ÷1  + sinx   
dx =   
h Æ 0 (  )
f (h)
lim   ____
     
h
  
Clearly, f ¢(x) exists for all x > 0

Thus, f ¢(x) is continuous for all x > 0 but not dif-

h Æ 0 (  )
f (h) – f (0)
lim     _________
=   
h
     

ferentiable at x > 0. = f ¢ (0) = k

More-over, f ¢(x), f(x) > 0 " x Œ (1, •)
On integration, we get, f (x) = kx + c
x
________ If x = 0, f (0) = 0, then c = 0.
ln x + Ú 
   ÷ 1 + sin t  
dt
0 Thus, f (x) = kx.
1 _______
> __
 x  + ÷ dx " x Œ (p, •)
1  + sinx   fi f ¢ (x) = k
1
Thus,  __x  is not bounded.
Ï 2 Êpˆ
Ô x cos Á ˜ : xπ0
58. We have f (x) = Ì Ë x¯
56. Ans. (a, b, c, d)
Ô0 : x=0
We have Ó
Y At x = 0,
y = –x –
L
2
ln
x
f ¢ (0 +) =  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
  ( 
f (x) – f (0)
__________
x–0
     
)
( 
y=
(  )
)
p
X¢
O X x2|cos __
 x   | – 0
y= –1 =  lim 
    ____________
    
   
co
s y =x x Æ 0 + x–0
x
Y¢ =  lim 
  + 
x Æ 0
(  (  (  ) ) )
p
x cos __
 x       = 0
p
Clearly f (x) is continuous at x = __      and f (x) is not
2
Also, f ¢ (0 –) =   
lim 
x Æ 0 –
  ( 
f (x) – f (0)
 ________
x–0
  
   )
Also, f (x) is differentiable at x = 3/2
Now,
x Æ 1
f (x) – f (1)
  +   _________
f ¢ (1+) =  lim 
x–1
   
 ( 
) =   
lim  
x Æ 0 –
(  (  (  )) )
p
x2 cos __
 x    
__________
  x       
=  lim 
x Æ 1+
lnx – 0
x–1 ( 
      ______  
 
  ) =   
lim 
–
  (  (  (  ) ) )
p
x cos __
 x       = 0
x Æ 0
=  lim 
1
__
(  )
 x 
__
         = 1
x Æ 1+ 1
Thus, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0
At x = 2
x Æ 1
f (x) – f (1)
  –   _________
Again, f ¢ (1–) =  lim 
x–1 ( 
   
 
) f ¢ (2+) =  lim 
  + 
x Æ 2
( 
f (x) – f (2)
 _________
x–2
  
   )
x–1–0
(  )
(  |  (  )| )
     ________
=  lim    
 
  = 1 p
x Æ 1– x–1 x2 cos __
 x     – 0
=  lim 
  +   ____________   
   
Thus, f (x) is differentiable at x = 1. x Æ 2 x–2
(  (  ) )
57. Ans. (b, c) p
–x2cos __
 x  
Given f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) =  lim 
  +   _________    
 
x Æ 2 x–2
Put x = 0 = y, f (0) = 0
(  (  ) (  )
)
p p p
x2sin __
 x   × –  __2    – 2x cos __
 x  
x
=  lim 
     _________________________
         
x Æ 2 + 1

p
= 4sin __ (  ) (  )p
      × –  __    = – p
2 4
Also, f ¢ (2–) =   

lim 
x Æ 2 – ( 
f (x) – f (2)
 _________
 
x–2
      )
(  (  )
)
p
x2cos  __ x   – 0
=   
lim   
–   ____________   
   
x Æ 2 x–2
(  )
Clearly, it will intersect at
p
2x cos __(  ) p
 x   + x2 sin __ (  ) p
 x   × __
  2   
x
=   
lim    _______________________
         1 3 5
x Æ 2 – 1  __   < x < 1 or __
     < x < 2 or __
     < x < 3
2 2 2

p
= 4 sin __(  )
      ×
2
p
__
     = p
4 Thus, it will intersect at unique point in
( 
Thus, f(x) is differentiable at x = 0 but not differen-
tiable at x = 2.
1
n + __
    , n + 1  or (n, n + 1)
2 )
59. Ans. (d)
61. Ans. (a, c)
We have, f ¢¢(x) – 2f ¢(x) + f (x) ≥ ex
Since f (x) ≥ 1 " x Œ [a, b]
fi f ¢¢(x).ex – f ¢(x).ex – f ¢(x) ◊ e–x + f (x) e–x ≥ 1 For g(x)
L.H.D at x = a is zero.
d d
fi  ___    ( f ¢(x).e–x) – ___
      ( f (x).e–x) ≥ 1 and R.H.D at x = a
dx dx
(  )
x
d
fi  ___    ( f ¢(x).e–x – (f (x)e–x)) ≥ 1 Ú    f (t) dt – 0
dx   __________
=  lim 
  + 
a
x Æ a x – a      
2
d
fi  ___2  
  (f (x)e–x)) ≥ 1
dx f (x) ≥ 1
=  lim 
  + 
x Æ a
2
d
fi  ___2  
  (j (x)) ≥ 1, where j (x) = f (x)e–x
dx Thus, g(x) is not differentiable at x = a
Similarly, L.H.D at x = b is greater than 1.
fi j (x) is concave upward.
So, g(x) is not differentiable at x = b.
f (0) = 0 = f (1)
fi j (0) = 0 = j (1)
fi j (x) < 0
fi f (x) < 0
60. Ans. (b, c) 62.
We have f (x) = x sin (px)
f ¢ (x) = sin(p x) + p x cos (p x)
Now, f ¢ (x) = 0 gives
Clearly f(x) is not differentiable at x = – 1, 0, 1.
sin(p x) + p x cos (p x) = 0
Thus, the number of points non-differentiable points
sin(p x) = – p x cos (p x) = 3.
63. Differentiability at x = 0
sin(p x)
(  )
 _______    
= – p x f (0) – f (0 – q)
cos (p x) lim    ____________
L.H.D = f ¢ (0 –) =           
q Æ 0 q
tan(p x) = – p x
=   
q Æ 0 ( 0 + g (– q)
lim    _________
q
       )
= 0
since g¢(1) π 0, so f (h (x)) is non differentiable at
x=0
Differentiability of h ( f (x)) at x = 0
q Æ 0 ( 
f (0) – f (0 + q)
lim    ____________
RHD = f ¢ (0 +) =   
q
       
) ÏÔe| f ( x )| : x π 0
h ( f(x)) = Ì
=   
q Æ 0 (  )
g (q)
lim    ____
q
  
   = 0
ÔÓ1 : x=0
LHD = h¢ (f (0 – q))

Thus, f (x) is differentiable at x = 0
Differentiability of h (x) at x = 0
h ¢ (0 +) = 1, h (x) is an even function.
=   
q Æ 0 (  h ( f (0)) – h ( f (0 – q))
lim    __________________
q
     )
   
Hence, non differentiable at x = 0

Differentiability of f (h (x)) at x = 0
f (h (x)) = g (e|x|) " x Œ R
=   
q Æ 0 ( 
lim    _________
|g (– q)|
  
 
g (– q)
1 – e|g (– q)| ______
×      
q )
  = 0
 
LHD = f ¢ (h (0 –)) =   

q Æ 0
  ( 
f (h(0)) – f (h(0 – q))
lim   _________________
q
         ) Also, RHD = h ¢ (f (0 + q))
( 
g (1) – g (e q)
lim    __________
=   
q Æ 0 q
        )
= – g ¢ (1)
=   
q Æ 0 ( 
h (f (0 + q)) – h (f (0))
lim    _________________
q
         )
q Æ 0 ( 
f (h (0 + q)) – f (h (0))
lim    _________________
RHD = f ¢ (h (0 +)) =   
q
         ) =   
q Æ 0 (  |g(q)|
g (– q)
e|g (q)| – 1 ______
lim    ________ ×      
  
 
q )
  = 0
 
=   
q Æ 0
( 
g (e q) – g (1)
lim    __________
q
        )
= g¢(1)
Chapter
5 Differentiation
between the derivative (slope of a curve) and the integral

Concept Booster (the area beneath it), which deemed him as the creator of
1. Introduction calculus. Thereafter, calculus was actively used to solve the
major scientific dilemmas of the time, such as:
In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus 1. calculating the slope of the tangent line to a curve at
concerned with the study of the rates at which quantities any point along its length.
change. It is one of the two traditional divisions of calculus,
2. determining the velocity and acceleration of an object
the other being integral calculus.
given a function describing its position, and design-
The primary objects of study in differential calculus are ing such a position function given the object’s veloc-
the derivative of a function, related notions such as the dif- ity or acceleration.
ferential, and their applications. The derivative of a function
3. calculating arc lengths and the volume and surface
at a chosen input value describes the rate of change of the
area of solids.
function near that input value. The process of finding a
derivative is called differentiation. Geometrically, the deriva- 4. calculating the relative and absolute extrema of
tive at a point is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of objects, especially projectiles.
the function at that point, provided that the derivative exists For Newton, the applications for calculus were geometri-
and is defined at that point. For a real-valued function of a cal and related to the physical world-such as describing the
single real variable, the derivative of a function at a point orbit of the planets around the sun.
generally determines the best linear approximation to the For Leibniz, calculus was more about analysis of change
function at that point. in graphs. Leibniz’s work was just as important as Newton’s,
Differential calculus and integral calculus are connected and many of his notations are used today, such as the nota-
by the fundamental theorem of calculus, which states that tions for taking the derivative and the integral.
differentiation is the reverse process to integration.
2. Definitions
Differentiation has applications to nearly all quantitative
disciplines. For example, in physics, the derivative of the The derivative of the function y = f (x) with respect to the
displacement of a moving body with respect to time is the variable x is the function f ¢(x) is given by
velocity of the body, and the derivative of velocity with
respect to time is acceleration. Newton’s second law of
motion states that the derivative of the momentum of a body

dy
___
(  )
D y
  lim   ___
     =   
dx D x Æ 0 D x
    
equals the force applied to the body. The reaction rate of
a chemical reaction is a derivative. In operations research,
derivatives determine the most efficient ways to transport
materials and design factories.
i.e f ¢(x) =   
D x Æ 0 ( 
f (x  + D x) – f (x)
  lim    ______________
D x
        )
Calculus was created by Isaac Newton, a British scientist,
as well as Gottfried Leibniz, a self-taught German math-
ematician, in the 17th century. It has been long disputed
f ¢(x) =  
h Æ 0 ( 
f (x  + h) – f (x)
 lim    _____________
h
       )
 
who should take credit for inventing calculus first, but both
The function f ¢ is called the derivative of f, since it is
independently made discoveries that led to what we know
derived from f by the limiting operation.
now as calculus. Newton discovered the inverse relationship
We have a variety of notations for the derivative of the d (loga x) ______1

function f(x) (viii)  ________
     
=       
dx x loge a
d
___ df
     (f (x)), ___
    , D (f(x)), f ¢(x), f ¢, y¢, y1 Step-II
dx dx
d (sin x)
The process of finding the derivative of function’s is 2. (i)  _______
     = cos x
called the differentiation. dx
Mathematically, derivative is equal to the slope of the d (cos x)
tangent to a curve at a point. (ii)  _______
     = – sin x
dx
Y d (tan x)
(iii)  _______
     = sec2 x
dx
f ¢(a )
d (cot x)
(iv)  _______
     = – cosec2 x
dx
d (sec x)
(v)  _______
     
= sec x tan x
dx
X
O x=a d (cosec x)
(vi)  _________
     = – cosec x cot x
dx
Also, f ¢(x) =  
h Æ 0 ( 
f (x + h) – f (x)
 lim   _____________
 
h
       )
 
Step-III
d (sin–1 x) ______
3. (i)  ________      
1
=   _____
   
 
dx ÷1  – x2 
 
is known as first principle of differentiation or ab-initio
method of differentiation. d (cos–1 x) 1
(ii)  ________
    = –  ______
     
_____  
dx ÷1  – x2 
 
Rules to find out the differentiation by the first
principle d (tan–1 x) _____1
(iii)  ________
     
=     2 
 
dx 1+x
1. Let y = f (x)
d (cot–1 x) 1
2. Write f (x + h) – f (x) (iv)  ________
    = –  ______
      
dx 1  + x2
3. Find  
h Æ 0 ( 
f (x  + h) – f (x)
 lim     ____________
h
         )
d (sec–1 x) ________
(v)  ________
dx
     
1
=   _____      
|x|÷x  2 – 1  
dy
4. Which is the value of f ¢(x) or ___
     d (cosec–1 x)
dx 1
(vi)  __________
      = –  ________
   
_____  
dx |x|÷x  2 – 1  
3. Derivative of some standard functions
Step-IV
Step-I
d

d 1
dx x
(  )
4. (i)  ___    __
1
     = –  __2   
x
1. (i)  ___    (c) = 0
(  )
dx d 1 – 2
(ii)  ___    __
       = ___
  3  
d (x) dx x2 x
(ii)  ____   
 = 0
dx d __ 1
(iii)  ___   (÷x  ____
   ) =   __     
d (k x) dx 2÷x    
(iii)  _____     = k

dx
d (xn)
(iv)  _____     = nxn – 1

d 1__
(iv) ___
dx ÷x  (  )
      ___
   
1
       = –  _____
 __  
2x ÷x    
dx
Step-V
d (ex)
(v)  _____    = ex 5. (i) The Sum Rule:
dx
d du dv
d (ax)  ___    (u + v) = ___      + ___
    
(vi)  _____     = ax log a dx dx dx
dx
(ii) The Difference Rule:
d (loge x) __ 1
(vii)  ________      
=  x  d du dv
dx  ___    (u – v) = ___     – ___
    
dx dx dx
Differentiation 5.3
(iii) The product Rule: (iii) tan–1 (tan x)

Ï p p
d dv du
 ___  ( u × v) = u  ___   + v  ___   Ôx : - <x<
dx dx dx 2 2
Ô
Ô p 3p
= Ìx - p : < x < .
(iv) The quotient Rule: 2 2
Ô
dv du Ô 3p p
u  ___   – v  ___   Ôx + p : - 2 < x < 2
Ó
d __
___ u
(  )
       v   =  
dx
dx
_________
v2
  
dx
 
p
5. (i) sin–1 x + cos–1 x = __     , x Œ [– 1, 1]
2
4. Differentiation of Composite function –1 –1 p
__
(ii) tan x + cot x =     , x Œ R
2
If y is a differentiable function of u and u is a differentiable p
function of x, then (iii) cosec x + sec x = __
–1 –1
     : x Œ (– •, 1] » [1, •)
2
dy dy ___ du 6. (i) sin–1 x + sin–1 y ______ ______
 ___   = ___      .      = sin–1 (x÷1  – y2    + y÷1  – x2)   
dx du dx
Thus chain rule can aslo be difined as (ii) cos–1 x + cos–1 y _____ ______
d = cos–1 (xy – ÷ 1  – x2     ÷1  – y2)  
 ___    ( f (g (x))) = f (g (x))◊ g¢(x), where –1 –1
dx (iii) sin x – sin y _____ ______
y = f (u) and u = g (x) = sin–1 (x÷1  – y2    – y÷1  – x2)   
(iv) cos–1 x – cos–1 y _____ _____
5. Differentiation by Inverse Trigonometric Function = cos–1 (xy + ÷ 1  – x2    ÷ 1  – y2 
 )
( 
We shall use the following standard result to find the deriva-
tive of inverse trigonometric functions.
1. (i) sin–1 (– x) = – sin–1 (x)

x+y
7. (i) tan–1 x + tan–1 y = tan–1  _____ 
1 – xy
 
   )

(ii) tan–1 (– x) = – tan–1 (x)
(iii) cosec–1 (– x) = – cosec–1 (x)

–1
8. 2 tan x
x–y
1 + xy ( 
(ii) tan–1 x – tan–1 y = tan–1  ______     )
(  ) (  ) (  )
2. (i) cos–1 (– x) = p – cos–1 (x) 2x 2x 1 – x2
(ii) cot–1 (– x) = p – cot–1 (x) = tan–1 _____
   2    = sin–1 _____
   2     = cos–1  ______2 
 
  
1–x 1 + x 1+x
(iii) sec–1 (– x) = p – sec–1 (x)
3. (i) sin (sin–1 x) = x : – 1 £ x £ 1 Some important substitutions
(ii) cos–1 (cos x) = x : – 1 £ x £ 1 Expressions Substitutions
(iii) tan–1 (tanx) = x : x Œ R ______
(i) ÷a  2 – x2 
  x = a sinq, a cosq
(iv) cot–1 (cotx) = x : x Œ R ______
(v) cosec–1 (cosecx) = x : x Œ (– •, 1] » [1, •) (ii) ÷a  2 + x2 
  x = a tanq, a cotq
______
(vi) sec (sec–1 x) = x : x Œ (– •, 1] » [1, •)
(iii) ÷x  2 – a2 
  x = a secq, a cosecq
4. (i) sin–1 (sin x) _____
(iv) ÷a  – x 
  x = a sin2q, a cos2q
_____
Ï p p (v) ÷a  + x   x = a tan2q, a cot2q
Ôx : - £x£ _____
÷ 
2 2 –x
a_____
Ô (vi)       x
  = a cosq, a cos2q
Ô p 3p a+x
= Ìp - x : £x£
Ô 2 2 6. Formula for differentiation of inverse function
Ô 3p p
Ô- p - x : - 2 £ x £ - 2
Ó
(ii) cos–1 (cos x)
Ïx : 0£ x£p
Ô
= Ì2p - x : p £ x £ 3p
Ô- x : -p £ x £ 0
Ó
If g is the inverse of f, then we can write dx

Now, we shall find ___
    
dy
y = f (x) ¤ g (y) = x
dx
___
dy dy      f ¢(t)
So,  ___   = f ¢(x) and g¢ (y)  ___   = 1
dx
___
     = ___ dt
     = ____
     
dx dx dy dy g¢(t)
___
    
dy dt
fi g¢ (y)  ___   = 1
dx
fi g¢ (y) × f ¢(x) = 1 11. Differentiation of a function w.r.t another function
1
fi g¢ (y) = ____
       Let u = f (x) and v = g (x),
f ¢(x)
du
 ___   f ¢(x)
7. Differentiation of Implicit Functions du dx
then  ___   = ___
    = ____
     
.
When y is expressed directly in terms of x, then it is known dy dv g¢(x)
___
    
as explicit function. dx
__
So, when y is not expressed directly in terms of x or For example, if u = sin x and v = ÷
x 
   
conversely, then it is known as implicit function.
For examples, x3 + y3 = xy, sin (xy) = ex + y, log(xy) = du cosx
then  ___   = ____
__
    = 2÷x 
    cos x
x + y2 etc. dv 1
____
  __
    
d (y) ___dy d (y2) dy 2÷x 
   
Here, we shall use ____ =     , _____
     
  = 2y ◊  ___  ,
     
 
dx dx dx dx
12. Higher Order Derivatives
d (y3) dy d (y4) dy
 _____
    = 3y2 ◊  ___  , _____ = 4y3 ◊  ___   and etc.
     
  Let y = f (x) be a differentiable function of x.
dx dx dx dx
dy
Then, y¢ =  ___   = f ¢(x) is the first derivative or first order
8. Logarithmic Differentiation dx
derivative of y w.r.t x.
We shall use the logarithmic differentiation, only when, if
we get, a function which is the product or quotient of a If y¢ is differentiable, then its derivative
(  )
number of functions or a function is of the form (f (x))g (x) d2y
d d dy
where f and g both are differentiable. y¢¢ =  ___    (y¢) =  ___     ___
      =  ___2  is the second order derivative
dx dx dx dx
9. Differentiation of Infinite Series of y w.r.t x
Here, we shall find out the derivative of an infite series., If y¢¢ is differentiable, then its derivative
(  )
If we take one term from an infinite series, it remains d (y¢¢) ___ 2
d3y
d dy
unchanged. y¢¢¢ =  _____
   =       ___
    2    =  ___3  is the third order derivative
_________________________
___________________
____________
dx dx dx dx
Let  f (x) + ÷
y=÷  f (x) +   
÷  f (x)
   + ... to
  •    of y w.r.t x.
_______ Thus, if y is a function of x, then its several derivatives
fi  f (x) + y  
y=÷
dy d2y ___ d3y dny
are ___
    , ___
  2  ,   3  , ..., ___
  n  
fi y2 = (f (x) + y) dx dx dx dx
dy dy
fi 2y  ___   = f ¢(x) + ___
     i.e. y¢, y¢¢, y¢¢¢, ..., yn
dx dx
dy
fi (2y – 1)  ___   = f ¢(x) 13. Differentiation of a Determinant
dx
dy f ¢(x)
fi  ___   = _______
    
  f ( x ) g( x ) h( x )
dx (2y – 1)
If F(x) = l ( x ) m( x ) n( x ) , where f (x),
10. Differentiation of Parametric Functions u( x ) v( x ) w( x )
Let a function y of x be represented by the parametric equa- g (x), h (x), l (x), m (x), n (x), u(x), v(x) and w(x) are all
tions x = f (t) and y = g (t) functions of x and differentiable then F ¢(x)
Differentiation 5.5
f ¢( x ) g ¢( x ) h ¢( x ) Some Standard Results:

= l ( x ) m( x ) n( x )
u( x ) v( x ) w( x )

d n
( np
(i)  ___n   {sin(ax + b)} = an ◊ sin ax + b + ___
dx
      , n Œ N
2 )
dn
f ( x ) g( x ) h( x ) (ii)  ___n    {cos(ax + b)}
+ l ¢( x ) m ¢( x ) n ¢( x ) dx

u( x ) v( x ) w( x )
( 
np
= an ◊ cos ax + b + ___
      , n Œ N
2 )
f ( x ) g( x ) h( x ) d n
(iii)  ___n    {(ax + b)m}
+ l ( x ) m( x ) n( x ) dx
u ¢( x ) v ¢( x ) w ¢( x )
m!
= _______
      ◊ an ◊ (ax + b)m – n, m Œ N
or (m – n)!
f ¢( x ) g( x ) h( x ) f ( x ) g ¢( x ) h( x )
dn
F ¢x = l ¢( x ) m( x ) n( x ) + l ( x ) m ¢( x ) n( x ) (iv)  ___n    {log(ax + b)}
dx
u ¢ ( x ) v ( x ) w ( x ) u( x ) v ¢ ( x ) w ( x )
(– 1)n – 1 (n – 1)! n
f ( x ) g( x ) h ¢( x ) =  _____________
    ◊ a , n Œ N
  
(ax + b)n
+ l ( x ) m( x ) n ¢ ( x )
dn
u( x ) v( x ) w ¢( x ) (v)  ___n    {ax} = (logea)n ax, n Œ N
dx
14. Leibnitz Rules for Differentiation dn

(vi)  ___n   {emx} = mn ◊ emx, n Œ N.
dx
If u and v are two functions of x, then
d n
(uv)n = un v + C1 un – 1 v1 + C2 un – 2 v2 (vii)  ___n   {eax ◊ sin (bx + c)}
dx
+ C3 un – 3 v3 + ... + Cr un – r vr
= rn ◊ eax ◊ sin (bx + c + nj) n Œ N
+ ... + Cn u vn,
dn
where (viii)  ___n    {eax ◊ cos (bx + c)}
dx
dn
n
Cr = Cr, (uv)n, = ___
  n   (uv)
dx = rn ◊ eax ◊ cos (bx + c + nj), n Œ N,
{ 
d n – 1
(un – 1v) =  _____
dxn – 1
 
    } dv
(u)  ___
     and so on.
dx
where r = ÷a  2 + b2 
______
b
 , j = tan–1 __
 a   (  )
Exercises
7. Find the derivative of y = f (x) = sin(x2), using first
(Problems Based on Fundamentals) principle.

First principle of differentiation ABC of Differentiation
dy
1. Find the derivative of y = ex, using first principle. 8. If y = logxx + 10, find ___     
2. Find the derivative of y = f (x) = logex, using first dx
principle. dy
35 , find ___
9. If y = 5log3x – xlog     
3. Find the derivative of y = f (x) = logax, using first dx
principle. 1 __ 2 3 dy
10. If y =  __ __ ___
x  +  x2    +  x3  ,  find  dx  
4. Find the derivative of y = f (x) = sin x, using first
principles. __ __ dy
2 __ 3 __ ___
5. Find the derivative of y = f (x) = tan–1 x, using first 11. If y = ÷x 
    + x÷x 
    + x ÷x      + x ÷x   ,  find     
dx
principle of differentiation.
6. Find the derivative of y = f (x) = esinx, using first
principle.
( 
12. If y = 1 + tan __
p
(  ) ) ( 
     – x    1 + tan x + __
8 ( p
))
dy
        , find ___
8
   
dx
sec x + tan x – 1 dy __ 1 dy __ 1
  13. If y = ______________
     , find ___
        at x = 0 34. If y = ÷x  ___ , prove that 2x  ___   = ÷
    +   __    x  ___
    –   __  . 
sec x – tan x + 1 dx ÷x 
    dx ÷x 
   
( 
dy __ p
x4 + x2 + 1
14. If __________
  2
x –x+1
    
dy
such that  ___   = ax + b, find the, value
dx
35. If y = ex cos x, prove that ___      = ÷
dx
   ex cos x +
2 
4 )
 __    .
______
dy
of a + b + 10 36. If y = ÷ x  2 + a2 
 , prove that y  ___   – x = 0.
dx
( 
dy p
x
2 ) x 2
15. If y = sin  __   + cos  __    , find ___
2
     at x = __
dx
    
6 dy
37. If y = ex + e– x, prove that ___
______
y  2 – 4  
     = ÷ .
__ __
( ÷  ÷  )
x a dy x a dx
16. If y = __
 a    + __
 x     , prove that 2xy  ___   = __
    – __
   
Differentiation of composite functions

dx a x dy
( 
38. If xy = 4, prove that x  ___   + y2  = 3y.
dx )
dy 39. Prove that
17. If y = log (sin (3x + 5)), find ___     
{  (  ) }
dx ______ ______
d x 2 a2 x
______  ___     __   + __
     ÷ a – x2       sin–1 __ a  2 – x2 
 a     = ÷  
dy dx 2 2
18. If y = log (x + ÷ ), find ___
x  2 + 1       
dx
Differentiation by Inverse Trigonometric Function
_____ _____ dy
19. If y = log (÷x  – 1  – ÷ ), find ___
x  + 1        40. Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x:
dx _________
x
20. If y = (sin x) , find y = (sin x) . x (i) tan–1 (÷1  + x2 + x  
)
_________
dy (ii) tan–1 (÷1  + x2 – x  
)
21. If y = log (sin x + cos x), find ___      _____
dx
1
22. If f (x) = _____
     
d((f (f (x))))
 , find __________
        
{ 
÷ 1  + x 2 
_____
  – 1
(iii) tan  __________
–1
x       x π 0 }
x–1 dx
x–1
23. If f (x) =  _____ 
d(f (f (f (x))))
 , find __________
        
(iv) tan   { ÷ 
1 + x2 
  + 1
–1 __________
______
x       x π 0 }
x+1 dx
(v) cot–1 (÷1  + x2  
+ x)
{ 
1
24. Let f be a function for which f ¢(x) = _____ _______ _______
}
  2    
  ÷1  + sinx  
+ ÷ 1  – sinx   
–1 ____________________
x +1 (vi) tan   _______         _______   , 0 <x<p
÷1  + sinx     – sinx  
– ÷1
If g (x) = f (3x – 1), find g¢(x).
41. Differentiate the following functions w.r.t. x:
25. Let f be a function for which f ¢(x) = x2 + 1
dy
If y = f (sin(x3)), find ___
    .

a+x
( 
(i) tan–1  ______ 
1 – ax
   
)
{ 
dx
26. If f (x) = |x – 1| + |x – 3|, find f ¢(2)

a cos x – b sin x
(ii) tan–1 _____________
 
a cos x + b sin x
p
2 } p
     , –  __   < x < __
    
2
3
27. If f (x) = |x2 – 1| + |x2 – 4|, find the value of f ¢ __
      .
2 (  ) ( 
3a2x – x3
(iii) tan–1  ________
a3 – 3ax2 ) 1__ __
   , –  ___
 
x 1
   <     < ___
    a ÷3 
÷3 
  __   
  
28. If f (x2) = x4 + x3 + 1, find f ¢(x4) _____
29. If g is the inverse of f and f ¢(x) = cos 2x, find

( ÷ 
a–x
(iv) tan–1  _____ 
a+x )
    
, – a < x < a
g¢(x).
30. If f (x) = x + tan x and f is the inverse of g, find
(   
sin x
(v) tan–1 ________
1 + cos x
   )    , – p < x < p.
(vi) tan ( _________

b – a tan x )
g¢(x). –1a + b tan x
       
4
x –x +1 2 dy
31. If y =  ___________
__       such that  ___   = px + q then prove
(vii) tan ( ______
b – ax )
2
  x  + 1
x + ÷3  dx –1a + bx
     
5p
that p – q = tan ___
12 (  )
     
_____
(viii) tan  ______
(  1 +x 6x    )
–1
2
_____ _____ dy 1
, prove that ÷x  2 – 1  ___
32. If y = ÷x  – 1  + ÷x  + 1        =  __   y.
( 
dx 2
x
33. If y = _____
     
x+2
dy
 , prove that x  ___   = (1 – y)y.
dx

sin x +__ cos x
(ix) sin–1 __________
 
÷   
2 
  
     )
3p
4
3p
, –  ___  < x < ___
    
4
Differentiation 5.7
 
1+x(  )
1 – x2
(x) sin–1 ______
2
 
1 + x2
   + sec–1  ______2 
1–x (  )
, x Œ R
   
1
2
dy
 __   < x <1, find ___
    .
dx
_____ ______
dy
(  ) (  )
x–1
(xi) sin _____
–1
 
x+1
x–1
    + cos–1 _____
 
x+1
     ), find ___
– ÷x  – x3 
52. If y = sin–1 (x ÷1  – x       
dx
(xii) sin ( _____________

53. If y = f (x) = x3 + x5 + x7 and g is the inverse of f,
–13sin x + 4cos x
 
5
  
     ) then find g¢(3)
(xiii) If y = tan (  _______

54. If y = f (x) = x5 + 2x3 + 2x and g is the inverse of f,

1 – cos x
–1
sin x
    )
  
dy
, find ___
    
dx find g¢ (– 5)
55. If f (x) = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4 and g(x) is the inverse
( 
dy
 
cos x
(xiv) If y = tan _______
–1
   , find ___
  
1 – sin x
    
dx ) of f (x), find g¢ (4).
1
56. If f and g are inverse of each other and f ¢(x) =  _____
   
2x
42. If y = sin–1 _____
   2 
1+x (  ) 1 – x2
   + cos–1  ______2 
1+x
 
   , (  ) find g¢(x).
1 + xn
dy Differentiation of Implicit Functions

4
0 < x < 1, prove that, ___
     = _____
      . dy
dx 1 + x2 57. Find  ___  , if 2x2 + 3xy + 3y2 = 1
(  ( 
dx
x
43. If y = sin–1 _______
  _____
   
÷ 1  + x  
2
  ) 1
   + cos–1 _______
  _____
   
   ,
÷x  + 1 
2
 
) 58. If e + ey = ex + y, prove that, ___
x dy
     + ey – x = 0
dx
_____ _____ dy 1
dy
0 < x < •, prove that, ___
2
     = _____
       59. If x ÷1  + y   = 0, prove that ___
+ y ÷1  + x        = –  _______
    
dx 1 + x2 dx (1 + x)2
{ 
______ ______
+ x ÷1  – y2  
_____ _____
÷ 1 _____
+ x 
44. If y = tan–1   _________________
1  – x  
  + ÷ 2
  dy
      , find ___
2
} 60. If y ÷1  – x2   = 1 prove that
÷ 
  
______     . ______
÷ 1  + x2  1  – x2 
  – ÷   dx dy 1 – y2
 ___   = –  _____2 
  
 
{ 
_______ _______ dx
}
1–x
÷1  + sin x  + ÷ 1  – sin x 
 
45. If y = cot–1 ____________________
  _______         _______    ,
dy sin2 (a + y)
÷1  + sin x  
– ÷1  – sin x  
61. If sin y = x sin (a + y), prove that ___
     = __________
      
dx sin a
dy
then prove that ___      is independent of x. 62. If log (x + y) = 2xy, then prove that y¢ (0) = 1.
dx
(  ) (  )
______ ______
2x 1 + x2 +÷
1  – x6  
63. If ÷ 1  – y6  
46. If y = tan–1 _____
   2     + sec–1  ______2 
   , x > 0, = a (x3 – y3) prove that
÷ 
1–x 1–x ______
dy dy x2 ______ 1 – y6
then prove that ___      = _____
4
       .  ___   = __
  2      
  
dx 1 + x2 dx y 1 – x6
x–1
x+1 ( 
47. If y = sec–1  _____  )1 + x2
   + sin–1 _____
 
1 – x2 (  )
   , x > 0, 64. If x2 + y2 = t – __
dy
1 1
     and x4 + y4 = t2 + __
t
  2    then prove
t
1
dy
prove that ___
     = 0. that ___
     = ___
    . 
dx dx x3y
[  { ÷  } ]
_____
( 
dy
1–x
48. If y = sin 2tan _____
 
1+x
   , find ___
–1
   
      .
dx
_______
x+y
65. If sec  _____  
x – y  ) dy y
  = a, prove that ___
     = __
dx x
   .
(  )
49. If y = cos–1 (2x) + 2cos–1 (÷1  – 4x2   ),
x2 – y2 dy x (1 – tan a)
1 dy 66. If tan–1 ______
  2    = a prove that ___
       = ___________
     .
0 < x < __     , find ___
    . x +y 2 dx y (1 + tan a)
2 dx
( 
_____ _____
1  + x  
÷
–1 _______________
50. If y = tan   _____
1  + x  
÷
– ÷
+ ÷
1  – x 
  
 
     ,
_____
1  – x   ) dy
67. If xy = 1, prove that ___
     + y2 = 0
dx
dy
find ___     . dy
68. If y = x sin y, prove that ___
y
     = ___________
       .
dx
( 
______
)
dx x (1 – x cos y)
x ÷
3  – 3x2   
51. If y = cos–1 x + cos–1 __      +  _______     
2 2 69. If cos y = x cos (a + y) with cos a π ± 1,
____________________
____________
_____
dy cos2(a + y)  
88. If y = ÷sin x +÷      
sin x    + ... to •, prove that
+ ÷sin x 
    
prove that ___
     = __________
       
dx sin a dy cosx
 ___   = ______
    
 
Logarithmic Differentiation dx 2y – 1
dy x+ ex + ... to • dy y
70. Find ___
    , if y = xsin x 89. If y = e x +
e , prove that ___

     = _____
      
dx dx 1 – y
dy dy p
71. Find ___
    , if y = (sin x)cosx 90. If y = (tan)(tan)
, prove that ___
(tan) ... to x
     at x = __
    .
dx dx 4
dy 1 1 ___ 1
72. Find  ___  , if y = (tan x)cot x + (cot x)tan x 91. If y = x + ___
     ___
          ... to •, then prove that,
dx x + x + x +
dy y dy y
73. If xm yn = (x + y)m + n, prove that, ___      = __
 x   ___   = _____
       .
dx dx 2y – x
( 
 x   + x ( 1 +  x  ), find ___
1 x
74. If y = 1 + __ ) 1
__ dy
     at x = 1
dx
sinx cosx ____
92. If y = ____
     ◊  ____   
1+ 1+ 1 + 1 +
sinx cosx
◊      ◊  ____  ... to •,
1
75. If y = sin x ◊ sin2x ◊ sin3x ... sin (2014) x, find ___
dy
    . then prove that, y¢(0) = __     .
2
dx
x x x x dy
dy log x 93. If y = ___
      ◊  ___    ◊  ___    ◊  ___   ... to •, then find ___
    .
76. If xy = ex – y, prove that, ___      = _________
    
 . 1+ 2+ 1+ 2+ dx
dx (1 + logx)2
dy Differentiation of Parametric Functions
77. If xy = yx, find ___
    . dy
dx
94. Find ___
    , when
dy (logy)2 dx
78. If ey = yx, prove that ___      = _______
   
 
. 
dx logy – 1 x = a (t – sin t), y = a (l – cos t).
1 1
dy
79. If xm y n = 1, prove that, ___
m y
     = –  ___ 95. If x2 – y2 = t – __      and x4 + y4 = t2 + __   2   
dx n x   t t
dy
dy 1 – x then prove that x3y ___      + 1 = 0
80. If ex + y – x = 0, prove that ___     =  _____
x   .  dx
(  ) (  )
dx 1 1
96. If x = a t + __
      and y = a t – __       ,
dy t t
x2 – 1
81. Find ___
    , if y = xsin x – cos x + ______
  2  
 . dy x
dx x +1 then prove that ___      = __    .
dx y
( 
82. Find y¢ (0), if _____
y = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) ... (x + 2012)

5t + 12÷1  – t2  
97. If y = cos _____________
  –1
13
       )
83. Find y¢ (0), if
y = (1 + x) (1 + x2) (1 + x4) (1 + x8) ... (1 + x1006)
1 – t2
and x = cos–1  _____2 
1+t
   
, find (  ) dy
___
    .
dx
Differentiation of infinite series
84. If y =
____________________________
 
÷cos x +÷
____________________
      
cos x +÷
_____________
cos x
      to •  
+ ...   
5 ( 
3sin t + 4cos t
98. If x = sin–1 ____________
    
     )
dy
then find ___
    .
6cos t + 8sin t
and y = sin–1 ____________
 
10
  
     ( 
, find ) dy
___
    .
dx
dx
dy 1
sin x cos x ____
sin x cos x dy 99. If x = cos t, and y = sin t, prove that ___
     = ___
  __   at
85. If y = ____
    ____      ____
          ..., find ___
     dx ÷3    
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+ dx 2p
_______________
__________
___
x =     .
______
86. If y = ÷x  + ÷x  + ÷x    
+   to •, prove that
...     3
dy ylogx
dy 1 100. If x = ecos2t and y = esin2t, prove that ___
     = _____
    
 
 ___   = ______
       . dx xlog y
dx 2y – 1
101. If x = x = 2cosq – cos(2q) and
dy y2
, prove that ___
     = ___________
x...to •

87. If y = xx        . y = 2sinq – sin2q, prove that
dx x(1 – ylog x)
Differentiation 5.9
dy
dx
3q
 ___   = tan ___
     
2 (  ) 116. If y = e2x, find ___ (  ) (  )
d2y d2x
  2    ___
dx dy2
     .
(  )
1
102. If x = a t + __
t
1
      and y = a t – __
t (  )
      , x
__ d2y dy
(  2
)
117. If (a + bx)ey = x, then prove that x3  ___2  = x  ___   – y  .
   
dy x dx dx
then prove that ___      = __
    1
dx y 118. If x2 + y2 = a2 and k = __  a , then prove
1+t
2t
(  )
103. If x = sin–1 _____
   2 
2t
   and y = tan–1 _____
   2 
1–t
   ,
(  ) that k = _________
|y¢¢|
  ________
  + y¢2)3 
÷ (1
  
 .
 
dx
t > 1, then prove that ___      = –1 119. If y = eax sin bx, prove that, y2 – 2ay1 + (a2 + b2) y = 0
dy
( 
_____ d2y
5t + 12÷1  – t2 
104. If y = cos _____________
  –1
13
      
 
) 120. If y = 2 sin x + 3 cos x, prove that, ___
  2  + y = 0
dx
(  )
d2y
1 – t2 dy 121. If y = x + tan x, prove that cos2x ___
  2  – 2y + 2x = 0
and x = cos  _____2 
   , find ___
–1
    . dx
1+t dx
d2y
( 
cos x
122. If y = tan x + sec x, prove that ___
  2  = _________
3sin t + 4cos t
105. If x = sin–1 ____________
 
5
  
     ) dx
    
(1 – sin x)2
 
123. If y = A cos (log x) + B sin (log x), then prove that

6cos t + 8sin t
and y = sin ____________
 
10
–1
  
     ( 
, find ) dy
___
    .
dx d2y dy
x2  ___2  + x  ___   + y = 0
( 
_______ ________ dx dx
1  + sin t  
÷
_______    
1  + sin t  
÷
1  – sin t  
 + ÷
106. If x = tan–1  ___________________
   
– ÷
_______   
1  – sin t  
) 124. If y = tan–1 x, prove that (1 + x2) y2 + 2xy1 = 0
125. If y = ex (sin x + cos x), prove that y2 – 2y1 + 2y = 0
______
÷ 1  + t     
and y = tan–1  __________
t
–1
( 
     
, find
2
) dy
___
    .
dx
126. If y = sin–1 x, prove that (1 – x2) y2 – xy1 = 0
d2y
Differentiation of a function with respect to another 127. Find  ___2  , if
dx
function
(i) x = at2, y = 2at
107. Differentiate f (x2 + 2012). w.r.t f (x3 + 2013).
(ii) x = a cos3q, y = a sin3q
108. Differentiate xx w.r.t. x log x.
{ 
_____ _____ (iii) x = a cosq, y = b sinq
109. Differentiate tan–1
÷ 1  + x2   – ÷1  – x2 
________________
  _____
÷ 1  + x  
2
  + ÷
  
 
    
_____
1  – x  
2
 
} d2y
128. If x = a sec q, y = b tan q, prove that ___
dx
b4
  2  = –  ____
a2y3
  . 
w.r.t. cos–1 x2. 129. If y = sin–1 x, prove that (1 – x2) y2 – xy1 = 0

2x
110. Differentiate sin–1 _____
   2 
1+x (  ) 1 – x2
   w.r.t. cos–1  ______2 
1+x
   (  ) d2y
130. Find ___
  2  , if
dx
(i) x = at2, y = 2at
111. Differentiate f (sin x) w. r.t. f (cos x)
(ii) x = a cos3q, y = a sin3q
Higher Order Derivatives
(iii) x = a cosq, y = b sinq
d2y
112. If y = c1ex + c2e–x, then prove that ___
  2  – y = 0. d2y b4
dx 131. If x = a secq, y = b tanq prove that ___
  2  = –  ____  . 
dx a2y3
d2y
113. If x = at2, y = 2at, find ___
  2   132. If x = a (q + sinq), y = a (1 + cos q)
dx
d2y a
d2y prove that ___   2  = –  __2   
114. If x = a cosq, y = b sin q, find ___
  2   dx y
dx
(  ) (  )
133. If x = a(1 – cos q), y = a(q + sinq), prove that
d2y d2y dy –3
115. Prove that ___
  2  = – ___
  2    ___
      d2y 1 p
dx dx dx  ___2  = –  __ __
a  at q =  2  .
dx
134. If y = x log ______( 

x
     
a + bx )
d2y dy
(  )
   , prove that x3  ___2  = x  ___   – y  .
dx dx
2 Then prove that f (x) is a linear polynomial of x.
1 2 x 3x2
2
_____ _____ dy 2 f (x) = x x 2 x 2
135. If ÷ y  + x  
+÷ y  – x   = c, then prove that ___   2  = __   2    147. Let
dx c 0 2 6x
cos4a _____ sin4a _____ 1 dy
136. If _____
  x    +   y   
   =        , then prove that ___      = tan2a. Then find the value of f ¢(1).
x+y dx
137. If y = x sin x, then prove that, cos x sin x cos x
d2y dy 148. Let f (x) = cos2 x sin 2 x 2 cos2 x
x2  ___2  – 2x  ___   + (x2 + 2) y = 0.
dx dx cos3 x sin 3 x 2 cos3 x
138. If f : R Æ R be a function is defined by p
Then find the value of f ¢ __
      . (  )
(  ) (  ) 2
2 2
dy dy 1
y = f (x) = x , then prove that, ___
2
  2    × ___
  2    = –  ___ 3  .
dx dx 2x Leibnitz Rules for Differentiation
139. There is a polynomial
P (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d such that 149. If y = ex, find the value of yn(0).
x
P (0) = P (1) = – 2, P¢(0) = – 1, then find the value 150. If y = a , find the value of yn(0).
of a + b + c + d + 10. 1
151. If y = ______
       , find the value of yn(0).
140. If f (x) = x + tan x and g is the inverse of f, then (x + 1)
1 152. If y = sin x, find the value of yn(0).
prove that g¢ (x) = ____________
       .
2
2 + tan (g (x)) 153. If y = xn, find the value of yn(1).
154. If y = A sin x + B cos x, then prove that
141. If g is the inverse of f such that f (x) = ex + x3 – 1,
e+6 (i) y2 + y = 0
then prove that g¢¢(e) = –  _______   
 
.
(e + 3)3 (ii) yn + 2 + yn = 0.
–1
142. Let f (x) = 1 + x3. If g (x) = f –1(x), then prove that 155. If y = tan x, then prove that
8 (i) (1 + x2) y2 + 2xy1 = 0
g¢¢¢(2) = __    .
3 (ii) (1 + x2) yn + 2 + 2(n + 2)xyn + 1 + n (n + 1)yn
143. Suppose f is a differentiable function such that = 0.
2
f (g (x)) = x and f ¢(x) = 1 + ( f (x)) , then prove that 156. If y = sin–1 x, then prove that
1 (i) (1 – x2) y2 – xy1 = 0
g¢(x) = _____
    2   .
1+x (ii) (1 – x2) y – (2n + 1)xy – n2y = 0
n + 2 n + 1 n
Differentiation of a determinant
157. If y = a cos (log x) + b sin(log x), then prove that
x3 sin x cos x x2 ◊ yn + 2 + (2n + 3) x ◊ yn + 1 + (n2 + 1)yn = 0.
144. Let f (x) = 6 -1 0 , where p is a constant
p p2 p3 (Mixed Problems)
3 ______ dy
d
then prove that ___ p
  3   ( f (x)) at x = 0 is 0. 1. If y = cot–1 (÷cos 2x 
  ), then the value of  ___   at x = __
      
dx dx 6
145. Find the coefficient of x in the determinant will be
(1 + x )a1b1 (1 + x )a1b2 (1 + x )a1b3 (  )

2 1/2
(a)  __   
3 3(  )
1 1/2
(b)  __   
(1 + x )a2b1 (1 + x )a2b2 (1 + x )a2b3 (c) (3)1/2 (d) (6)1/2
÷ 
_____
(1 + x )a3b1 (1 + x )a3b2 (1 + x )a3b3 1+x dy
2. If y =  _____ 
   , then ___
     =
1–x dx
with the help of determinant.
2
(a)  ________________
     
x +1 x+2 x+3 (1 + x)1/2 (1 – x)3/2
146. Let f (x) = x + 4 x+5 x+6 1
(b)  ________________
     
x+7 x+8 x+9 (1 + x) (1 – x)3/2
1/2
Differentiation 5.11
1 p dy
(c)  _________________ 10. y = (tan x)(tan x) , then at x = __ ___
tan x
            , the value of      =
2(1 + x) (1 – x)3/2
1/2 4 dx
(a) 0 (b) 1
2
(d)  ________________
      (c) 2 (d) None of these
(1 + x) (1 – x)1/2
3/2
_____
d
_____________ 11. If x = sin–1 (3t – 4t3) and y = cos–1 (÷1  – t2 
 )
3.  ___    (÷sec
  2x + cosec
  
2
x ) =
dx dy
then ___      =
dx
(a) 4 cosec 2x ◊ cot 2x (b) – 4 cosec 2x ◊ cot 2x
(a) 1/2 (b) 2/5
(c) – 4 cosec x ◊ cot 2x (d) None of these
(c) 3/2 (d) 1/3
d
4.  ___    (log÷__x    (1/x)) = x + e x + ... • dx
dx e
12. If y = e x + then ___

     =
dy
1 y
(a) –  ____      
__ (b) – 2 (a)  _____
    
1
(b)  _____
   
2÷x      1–y 1–y
1 y y
(c) –  _____
2 __
      (d) 0 (c)  _____
     (d)  _____
    
x ÷x      1+y y–1
(  )
_______
1 – x2
+÷
{ 
5. If y = log x____________
        
  } dy
  2 + x2)  , then the value of ___
(a      is
dx
13. The derivative of cos–1  ______2 
1+x
 
   w.r.t.
( 
a

______
(a) ÷a  2 – x2 
 
______
(b) a ÷a  2 + x2 
______
1 – 3x2
cot–1  ______2 
3x – x
   is )
1 3
  (c)  _______
______   
  (d) x ÷a  2 + x2 
  (a) 1 (b)  __  
2
÷ a  + x2 
2
 
2 1
( 
__ (c)  __    (d)  __  
)
x 
÷     – x
6. If y = tan–1  ______   
   , then y¢(1) is 3 2
1 + x3/2
( 
d 2y
(a) 0
1
(b)  __  
2
x
14. If y = x log ______
     
a + bx dx
)
   , then x3  ___2  =
(c) –1
1
(d) –  __  
4
dy
(a) x  ___   – y
dx (  dy
)
2
(b) x  ___   – y 
dx

2x
7. If y = sin–1 _____
   2 
1+x (  ) 1+x
   + sec–1 ______
 
1 – x2
  (  )
   , then
2 dy
___
     =
dx
dy
(c) y  ___   – x
dx (  dy
)
2
(d) y  ___   – x 
dx
4 1 15. If x = et sin t, y = et cos t, t is a parameter,
(a)  _____
     (b)  _____
    
1 – x2 1 + x2 d2y
then ___
  2  at (1, 1) is equal to
4 – 4
(c)  _____
     (d)  _____  
  dx
1 + x2 1 + x2 (a) – 1/2 (b) – 1/4
( 
__ __

a 
÷     – ÷
8. If y = tan–1  ________
1+÷
x 
   
___ 
ax 
   
   
)
dx
, then ___
     =
dy
(c) 0
_______ _______
(d) 1/2
dy
1 1 16. If ÷   – x6)  
(1 +÷   – y6)  
(1 = a3(x3 – y3), then ___
     =
(a)  __________
    __  (b)  _________  __   dx
÷  ÷ 
2(1 + x) ÷x 
    (1 + x)÷x     ______ ______
x2 1 – x6 y2 1 – y6

1
(c) –  ________
  __   (d) None of these (a)  __2    _____6 
 
   (b)  __2     ______6 
   
 
(1 + x)÷x 
    y 1–y x 1–x
÷ 
______
dy 6
9. If yx + xy = ab, then ___      = x2 1 – y
dx (c)  __2    ______6 
   (d) None of these
y – 1 x y 1–x
yx + y logy yxy – 1 + yxlogy
(a) –  ____________   
  _____________
(b)     
   17. If x = f (m) cos m – f ¢(m) sin m and
xyx – 1 + xylogx xyx – 1 + xylogx
y = f (m) sin m + f ¢(m) cos m, then
(  ) (  )
yxy – 1 + yx yxy – 1 + yx
  (c) – _________
  x – 1     (d)  _________    dy 2 dx 2
xy + xy xyx – 1 + xy ___
       + ___
       =
dm dm
(a) [f (m) + f ¢¢(m)]2 (b) [f (m) – f¢¢(m)]2 dy

24. If y = (x log x)log log x, then ___
     =
dx
{f (m)}2
(c) {f (m)}2+ {f ¢¢(m)}2 (d)  _______2    1
{f ¢(m)} (a) (x log x)log log x ______
       (log x + log (log x))
x log x
1 – (logx)2
18. If f (x) = cos–1 __________
 
[  ]
     , then the value of f ¢(e) =
1 + (logx)2
1 ______
+ (log(log x))  __
1
x  +  x log x ( 
     
)
(a) 1 (b)  __
1
e 

2
(b) (x log x)x log x log (log x) ____
      
log x
+
[  1
__
]
 x  
[ 
2 2
(c)  __
e  (d)  __2   
e
log (log x) ____
(c) (x log x)x log x  _________
x     
1
      
log x
+ 1 
]
x dy (d) None of these
19. If y = , then ___
     =
x dx
a+ 25. If f ¢¢(x) = – f (x), where f (x) is a continuous double
x
b+ differentiable function and g (x) = f ¢(x).
x
a+
b
b + ...
b
If (  (  ) ) (  (  ) )
2
x 2
F (x) = f __
x 2
        + g __
        and
2
(a)  ________
     (b)  _______
     F (5) = 5, then F (10) is :
a (b + 2y) b + 2y
a (a) 0 (b) 5
(c)  ________
     (d) None of these (c) 10 (d) 25
b (b + 2y) ______
÷ 1  + x 2   
20. The derivative of tan–1  __________
–  1
x       ( 
with respect to ) 26. If x2 + y2 = 1, then:
(a) yy¢¢ – 2 (y¢)2 + 1 = 0
( 
_____
2x ÷1  – x  
tan–1 _________
 
1 – 2x
  
2
 
   
2
at x = 0, is)

(b) yy¢¢ + (y¢)2 + 1 = 0
(c) yy¢¢ + (y¢)2 – 1 = 0
1 1
(a)  __    (b)  __  
8 4 (d) yy¢¢ + 2 (y¢)2 + 1 = 0
1
(c)  __    (d) 1 x3 sin x cos x
2
__ __
1 1 27. Let f (x) = 6 −1 0 where p is constant.
÷x    , then xy2 + __
21. If y = e ÷ x     + e –      y1 – __
     y =
2 4 p p 2
p 3
(a) 0 (b) 1
d3
(c) – 1 (d) 2 Then ___  3   ( f (x)) at x = 0 is
dx
x3 x2 3x2 (a) p (b) p + p2
3
22. f (x) = 1 − 6 4 , here p is a constant, (c) p + p (d) Independent of p
p p 2 p3 28. There exists a function f (x) satisfying
f (0) = 1, f ¢(0) = – 1, f (x) > 0 for all x and
d3
then ___
  3    ( f (x)) is (a) f ¢¢(x) < 0 for all x
dx (b) – 1 < f ¢¢(x) < 0 for all x
(a) Proportional to x2 (b) Proportional to x
(c) – 2 £ f ¢¢(x) £ –1 for all x
(c) Proportional to x3 (d) A constant
(d) f ¢¢(x) < –2 for all x
1
23. If x + y = a and k = __
2 2 2
 a  then k is equal to 29. If y2 = P (x), a polynomial of degree 3, then

y¢¢
(a)  ______
_____   
÷ 1  + y¢  
|y¢¢|
(b)  _________
________   
  + y¢2)3 
÷(1
 
 
dx
d
(  )d2y
2  ___    y3 ___
  2 
dx
   =
2y¢¢ y¢¢ (a) P¢¢¢(x) + P¢¢ (x) (b) P¢¢(x). P¢¢¢(x)

(c)  ________
______     (d)  ___________
    
________
÷ 1  + y¢2 
    + y¢2)3 
2÷(1   (c) P(x) P¢¢¢(x) (d) A constant
30. If y is a function of x and log(x + y) = 2xy, then the (a) 0 (b) 2

value of y¢ (0) is equal to (c) 1 (d) – 1
(a) 1 (b) – 1 41. The differential co-efficient of the function
(c) 2 (d) 0 f (x) = |x – 1| + |x – 3| at x = 2 is
31. If f (x) = (logtan x (cot x))(log cot x tan x)–1, then the value (a) 1 (b) 3
of f ¢(1) is (c) 0 (d) not defined

(a) 0
p
__
(c)      
(b) 1
(d) p/2.
1
42. Let f (x) = max sin x, __ {  }
    , cos x  . Then the value of
2
4
32. Let f (x) = |x| + |x – 2|, then the value of f ¢(1) is (  )
p
__
f ¢       is
4
(a) 2 (b) 0 (a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 1 (d) not exist (c) –1 (d) not defined
dy
(  )
33. If ex + ey = ex + y, then the value of  ___    is
dx /(1, 1)
dy
43. If xm ◊ yn = (x + y)m + n, then ___
     is
dx
(a) 0 (b) 1 1 1 1 __ 1
(a)  __ __
x  +  y  (b)  __
x  –  y 
(c) –1 (d) not defined
y 1 __ 1
( 
x–1
34. If y = f  _____ 
x+1 ) dy
   and f ¢(x) = x2  ___   at x = 0 is
dx
(c)  __x  (d)  __
x  –  y 
44. If y is a function of x and log(x + y) = 2xy, then the
(a) 1 (b) 0 value of y¢(0) is
(c) 2 (d) – 2 (a) 1 (b) –1
35. Let f (x) = cos x ◊ cos2x ◊ cos4x ◊ cos8x, (c) 2 (d) 0
(  )
2 2
p 45. Let f (x) = (x – 1)|x – 3x + 2| + cos(|x|). Then the
Then the value of f ¢  __    is
4 value of f ¢(1) is
(a) 1 (b) 0__ (a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) ÷ 2   (c) –1 (d) not defined
36. If x = secq – tanq and y = secnq – tannq such that 46. Let y = y(x) and it follows the relations x cos y +
(  )
dy 2 y cos x = p, then y¢¢(0) is
(x2 + A)  ___   = n2 (y2 + B), then the value of (a) 1 (b) –1
dx
a + b + 2 is (c) p (d) – p
(a) 4 (b) 6 47. If xexy = y + sin2x, then the value of y¢(0) is
(c) 8 (d) 10 (a) –1 (b) 2
37. Let f (x) = logx (logex), then f ¢(e) is (c) 0 (d) 1

(a) e
(c) 1/e
(b) – e
(d) 1/e2.
2x
–1 _____
48. Let y = sin    2 
1+x
   .
(  )
3 2 Then the value of y¢(1) is
38. Let f (x) = x + x f ¢(1) + x f ¢¢(2) + f ¢¢¢(3) for all x
p p
in R, where f ¢(1) = a, f ¢¢(2) = b, f ¢¢¢(3) = c then the (a)  __    (b)  __  
2 4
value of a + b + c + 10 is
p
__
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) –       (d) not defined
2
______
(c) 12 (d) 13 (  ) = ÷ x  2 + y2 
y
__
(  )
–1
1 49. If e tan
 x  
 , then y¢¢(0) is
39. If 5f (x) + 3f __
 x   = x + 2 and y = xf (x), then the
p p
 __   –  __  
value of y¢(1) is (a) – 2e2 (b) – 2e 2
(a) 14 (b) 7/8 (c) – 2ep (d) – 2e–p.
(c) 1 (d) 10 50. Let g be a differentiable function of x.
40. Let f (x) g(x)
(  ( 
If f (x) = ____   2  
 , x > 0, such that g (2) = 3, g ¢(2) = – 2,
2cos x ___
÷
– 3sin x
= cos–1  ____________
   
  
13 
     ) 2sin x +___3cos x
+ sin–1  ____________
   
÷13 
  
     , ) x
then the value of f ¢(2) is
then the value of f ¢(2012) is
(a) – 4/5 (b) 4/5 59. Let y = (1 + tan (x + 1°)) (1 + tan (x + 2°)).
(c) – 5/4 (d) 5/4 (1 + tan (x + 3°)) (1 + tan (42° – x)).
dy (1 + tan (43° – x))(1 + tan(44° – x)).
51. If xy = ex – y, then the value of ___      at (1, 2) is
dx d
(a) – 1 (b) 2 Then the value of ___
      ((1 + y)1 + y) is
dx
(c) 1 (d) – 2 (a) 1 (b) 2
2x
52. Let f (x) = tan–1  ______
( 
  
1 – x2 )
   . If the differential co- (c) – 1 (d) 0
efficients of f (x) at x = – 2, 0, 2 are a, b and c

4
xx – x– x
60. If f (x) = cot–1  _______
2
   (  )
 , then f ¢(1) is
respectively, then the value of a + b + c + __      is
5 (a) 1 (b) 2
(a) 1 (d) 2 (c) – 1 (d) 0
(c) 3 (d) 4 cos4a _____
sin4a _____
(  )
1
2 61. If _____
  x   
+   y   
   =      
 , then
1–x x+y
53. Let f (x) = cos–1 ______
      .
1 + x2 (a) y = x tan2a (b) y = x cot2a
If the differential co-efficients of f (x) at x = – 1 and dy dy
1 are p and q respectively, then the value of p + q (c)  ___   = tan2a (d)  ___   = cot2a
dx dx
+ 10 is _____ ____
(a) 0 (b) 5 x  + y  
62. If ÷ + ÷y  – x  
= c, then
(c) 10 (d) 15 dy 2x d2y __ 2
(a)  ___   = ___
  2    (b)  ___2 
  =   2   
54. Let f (x) = min {|x + 1|, |x|, |x – 1|}. dx c dx c
1
Then the value of f ¢  __    is
2 (  )
d2y
(c)  ___2  = __
dx
4
  2    
c
dy 4x
(d)  ___   = ___
dx c2
    
(a) 1 (b) –1
x4 – x2 + 1 dy
(c) 0 (d) not defined 63. If y =   ___________
__       and ___
     = cx + d then the value
2
x +÷    x + 1
3  dx
2 x , x <1
55. Let f (x) =  . of (c – d) is
3 − x x ≥1
Then the value of f ¢(1) is
p
(a) cot __(  )
     
8 (  )
5p
(b) cot ___
     
12
(d) tan ( ___
(a) 2 log 2 (b) – 1
(c) – 2 log 2 (d) not defined
5p
(c) tan ___
12 (  )
           )
5p
8
Let x sin3q + y cos3q = sinq cosq and
56.
dy 64. Let f (x) = |x – 1| + |x – 2|. Then
x sinq – y cosq = 0, then the value of  ___   at (2, 1)
dx (a) f ¢ (1 ◊ 5) = 0 (b) f ¢ (2) = not defined
is
(c) f ¢ (3) = 2 (d) f ¢ (0) = – 2
(  )
(a) 2 (b) 1 2x
(c) – 2 (d) – 1 65. Let f (x) = sin– 1 _____    2 
   . Then
1+x
57. Let y = (sin25° + sin210° + ... + sin290°) x, then the 2
dy (a) f ¢ (2) = –  __    (b) f ¢ (0) = 2
5
value of ___      at (2011) is

1
__
(a) 6      
dx
1
(b) 7  __  

1
(c) f ¢ __
2 (  ) 8
      = __
     
5
(d) f ¢ (1) = 0
2 2
1 1
(c) 8  __    (d) 9  __  ...
2 2 (Problems for JEE-Advanced)
(  p
58. Let y = 1 + tan __
8 (  ) ) ( (  ( 
p
     – x    1 + tan x + __ )))
          .
8 {  ( 
x+÷ x  2 – a2  
1. If y = log ___________
 
_______
)}
2
  + k log ( x + ÷   )
x  2 – a2 
______
a       
Then the value of y¢(2012) is
d2y dy
(a) 2012 (b) 2010 then prove that (x2 – a2) ___
  2  + x  ___   = 2a
(c) 0 (d) 1 dx dx
__y 13. If x < 1, using differentiation, prove that

2. If (a + bx)e x  = x, then prove that
(  ) ( 
1 2x 4x3 8x7 1
 _____   + ______ + _____   + _____   + ... to • = _____
d2y
x ◊ ___
dx
dy
dx
2
  2    = x  ___   – y 
3
)   
1+x 1+x
   2    
1+x
 4   
1 + x8
        
1–x
 
[ { ÷  } ]
_____ 14. If a = x sin q + y cosq c and b = x cosq – y sinqi then
2 a–b x
3. y = _______
  ______
     tan–1 _____
       tan  __    , then prove that prove that,
÷ a  – b   
2 2 a + b 2 2
d3x d y d2y ____ d3y
dy  ____3    ◊  ____2   – ____
  2    
◊   3   = a2 + b2.
1
(i)  ___   = _________
       . dq dq dq dq
dx a + b cos x
15. If x2 + y2 + z2 – 2xyz = 1 then prove that
d2y b sin x
(ii)  ___2  =  ___________
  
   . dy
(a + b cos x)2 dx dz
dx  ______   
______   + ______
  ______
     +  ______
  
______   = 0
4. If x = secq – cosq and y = secnq – cosnq ÷ 1  – x    ÷1  – y    ÷1  – z2  
2 2
then prove that (x2 + 4) ___

dy 2
(  )
      = n2 (y2 + 4).
dx
 
ax2
16. If y = _________________
       
(x – a)(x – b)(x – c)
5. If y = (logcos x sin x)(logsin x cos x)–1 + sin–1 _____
1+x
2x
   2    then
(  )
bx
+  ____________
 
c
     +  _____
(x – b)(x – c) x – c
    
+ 1 then prove that,
dy
prove that ___ (  )
p
      at x = __
     is 8 _______
4
  2     
1
– _____
( 
       
)
( 
dx 4 log e2
6. If y = logn (|cos 4x|) + |sin x|,
p + 16 1 ___
 __
dy
y  ◊  dx   =
1 a
__
 x  _____
b
  + _____
 a – x       
c
  + ____
b–x c–x
     
   )
dy p 17. If f, g, h are differential functions of x and
where x = sec2x, find  ___   at = –  __  
dx 4
(  ) ( 
__ __
)
f g h
  
x ÷2      + x2
+ x÷2 
1___________
7. If y = 2tan–1 ______
      
  + log   __       D = ( xf )I ( xg )I ( xh )I then prove that
1 – x2     + x2
1 – x ÷2 
__ ( x 2 f )II ( x 2 g )II ( x 2 h )II
dy   
4÷2 
then prove that ___
     = _____
      
dx 1 + x4 f g h
I
D = f I gI hI
∏ cos ( __
n
  r    ) = __________
x sinx
8. Prove that If     
x  ,
(  )
  ( x 3 f II )I ( x 3 g II )I ( x 3h II )I
r =1 2 n __
2 ◊ sin   n    
2
cos4a _____
sin4a _____ dy
(  ) (  )
n 1

1 x 1 x
(i) S       r    tan   r     =   n   cot   n     – cot x
__ __ __ __ 18.  _____
x   
 +   y     , prove that ___
 =            = tan2a
x+y dx
r = 1 2 2 2 2
( ÷ 
_________
(ii) S     (  __   sec x (  __   ) ) = cosec x –  ___     cosec
)
n
1 x 1 x2 + x + 1
19. If y = log  _________
n n
  r r 2n       
 
r = 1 2 2 2 x2 – x + 1
(  )
___
2
x
  2n      1
+ ____
{  ( 
2x +__ 1
      tan–1  ______
  __
  
2÷3    
÷3  )
2x __ –1
  + tan–1  ______
       
  
÷3 
   (  )}
2 2 2 2 2
9. If p = a cos q + b sin q, then prove that
dy 1
d 2p ____ a2b2 then prove that, ___      = __________
       .
p + ____   2    =   3  
 
. dx x4 + x2 + 1
(  ( 
dq p
10. If z = cos7 x, y = sin x, then prove that,
d3z 105
  2
1
20. If y = tan–1 _________
x +x+1
      2
1
   + tan–1 __________
)
      
x + 3x + 3 )
 ___3   = ____
( 
      sin 4 x
dy
2
4
11. If y = p (x) is a polynomial of degree n ≥ 3,
  2
1
+ tan–1 __________
       + ... to n terms.
x + 5x + 7 )
d d 2y
{  }
then prove that 2 ◊  ___     y3 ◊  ___2    = p(x). p¢¢¢(x).
dx dx
dy
Then prove that, ___  
1
     = __________
1
      – _____
dx 1 + (x + n)2 x2 + 1
      
12. If j (x) = f (x) ◊ g(x), where f ¢(x) ◊ g¢(x) = c

j¢¢ f ¢¢ g¢¢ 2c
  2
1
( 
21. If y = tan–1 ______________
     
sin x + sin x + 1 )
then prove that ___
    = ___
      + ___
  g  + ___
    . 
j f f.g

(  1
+ tan–1 ______________
  2       
sin + 3sin x + 3 ) f (x) = x3 + x2f ¢(1) + x f ¢¢(2) + f ¢¢¢(3)
for all x in R, show that f (2) + f (0) = f (1)

( 
  2
1
+ tan–1 _______________
     
sin x + 5sin x + 7 )
ax + b
2. If y = ______
  2
x +c
, then show that
  

dy
+ ... to n-terms. then prove that
cos x cos x
dy
dx ( 
d3y
dx
)
d2y
dx ( 
2x  ___   + y   ___3  = 3 x  ___2  +
dy d2y
___
)
       ___2  
dx dx
 ___   = ____________
     – _________
(  ( 
         
dx 1 + (sin x + n)2 1 + (sinx)2  
x
3. If y = tan–1 _______
  2 
1.2 + x )  
x
   + tan–1 _______
   
2.3 + x2
  
)
22. For a function y = f (x), then prove that
dy 2 3/2
1 + ___ {  (  ) } {  (  ) }
dx 2 3/2
___
        1 +  dy     

x
+ tan–1 _______
       
3.4 + x2 (  )
+ ... to n-terms then prove that
dx
 ____________2
       +  ____________        = 0. dy 1
 ___   = ______
      
n+1
–  ___________     
d
___ y d2x
___ dx 1 + x2 x2 + (n + 1)2
  2     2  
dx dy
4. If f (x) = (ax + b)sin x + (cx + d) cos x, find the values
23. If y = cos–1 (8x4 – 8x2 + 1), then prove that of a, b, c, and d such that
dy 4
 ___   + ______   _____
     = 0. f ¢(x) = x cos x
dx ÷1  – x2   
a b c d 5. If g(x) = (ax2 + bx + c) sin x + (dx2 + ex + f ) cos x
24. If f (x) =  _____ +  _____
         –  _____ –  _____
         
and f (x) is then find the values of a, b, c, d, e and f such that
a+x b+x c+x d+x
g¢(x) = x2sin x.
1 __ 1 1 __ 1
divisible by x2, then find the value of  __ a  +  b  –  __
c  –  d . ay + b
ax + b
6. If y =  ______ 
  and z =  ______ 
 
 , prove that
25. If y = (sin–1 x)2 + (cos–1 x)2, then prove that Ax + B Ay + B

d2y
(1 – x2) ___
  2  –
dx
dy
x  ___   = 4
dx
y¢¢¢ 3 ___
 ___  – __
y¢ 2 y¢
y¢¢ 2
(  )
z¢¢¢ 3 __
           = 0 = ___
    – __
z¢ (  )
z¢¢ 2
          
2 z¢
( 
x+b
26. If _____ )
  = a tan–1 (a ln y), a > 0 show that
( 
     
2
 lim 
1 – cosx cos2x cos3x
    __________________
    
     
)

d2y
dx
dy
dx (  )
dy 2
y  ___2  – (y ln y)  ___   = ___
     
dx
x Æ 0 x2
8. If y = e tan
–1
x , show that
1 dy dx
27. If y = __ x , then show that _______   ______
     + _______
  ______
    
=0 d2y dy
÷ 1  + y    ÷ 1  + x4  
4 (x2 + 1) ___
  2  + (2x – 1) ___
     = 0
dx dx
28. If 2x = y1/3 + y–1/3, prove that 9. If y = xn – 1 ln x, then prove that

d2y
(x2 – 1) ___
  2  +
dx
dy
x  ___   – 9y = 0
dx

d2y
x2 ___ (  ) dy
  2    + (3 – 2n) x  ___   + (n – 1)2 y = 0
dx dx
29. If a curve is represented parametrically by the 10. If y = (C1 + C2x) sin x + (C3 + C4x) cos x,
equations x = f (t), y = g(t), then prove that
d 4y d2y
(  ) (  )
2 3 show that ___
  4  + 2  ___2  + y = 0
d y d2x g¢(t) dx dx
___
  2    /  ___2  = – ____
     
dx dy f ¢(t)
11. Let f (x) = x3 f (1) + x2 f ¢(2) + x f ¢¢(3) + f ¢¢¢(4)
30. If y = x5 (cos (ln x) + sin (ln x)), prove that Then prove that f (x) is an independent of x.
{ 
_____________

d2y
dx
dy
x2  ___2  – 9x  ___   + 26y = 0
dx
7
12. If y = cos–1  __   (1 + cos2x) + ÷
2
  2x – 48cos
sin 2
  x  sinx  }
for all x in 0, __ (  )
p
      then prove that
2
dy sinx
 ___   = 1 + ______________   _____________
     .
1. If f is a function from R to R such that dx   x – 48cos
÷sin 2
  
2
x 
13. If x = tan __
dy
2
y
(  ) ( 
(1 + tan(y/2))2
      –  _____________
tan(y/2)
  
   )
   , prove that
12. If f ¢¢(x) = 10, f ¢(1) = 6 and f (1) = 4, then find the
value of f (0) + 2.
13. There is a polynomial P(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d such
2  ___   = – siny (1 + siny + cosy)
dx that P(0) = –2 = P(1), P¢(0) = – 1 and P¢¢(0) = 10,
( ÷  )
_____
cos3x then find the value of (a + b + c + d + 10).
14. If y = cos–1  _____     
  , prove that
cos3x
÷ 
____________
dy 6 Comprehensive Link Passages
     = ____________
___         
dx cos2x + cos4x Passage I
_______
If f and g both are differentiable functions and F = f0g is
15. If ÷x  2 + y2  
–1
= aetan x, where a > 0, y (0) π 0 then find
the composite function defined by F (x) = f (g(x)) then f is
the value of y¢¢(0). differentiable and F¢ is given by the product
Integer Type Questions F¢(x) = f ¢(g(x)) ◊ g¢(x)

x – x–1
x + x ( 
1. If y = cos–1   ______–1 
  )
   , x > 0, find the value of
(i) Let f (x) = sin x, g(x) [x + 1] and g{f (x)} = h(x), where
{.} is the G.I.F, then the value of h¢ __

p
(  )
      is
2
y¢(0).
(a) non-existent (b) 1
2. If y = y (x) and it follows the relation 4x exy = y +
(c) – 1 (d) None
5 sin2x, find y¢(0).
(  )
(ii) If f (x) = |3 – x| and g(x) = f {f (x)}, then g ¢(2) is
_____ ____ d2y
3. If ÷x  + y  
+÷ x  – y  
= c, find the value of c  ___2  + 3  .
2
(a) 1 (b) – 1
dx (c) 3 (d) – 3
4. Let f ¢(x) = g(x) and g¢(x) = f (x) for all x
Also, f (3) = 5 and f ¢(3) = 4. Then find the value of ( 
x–1
(iii) If y = f _____
 
x+1
  ) dy
   and f ¢(x) = x2, then ___
     at x = 0 is
dx
[ f (10)]2 – [g(10)]2. (a) 0 (b) 2
2t 1–t 2 (c) – 2 (d) 1
5. If sin x =  _____     and cot y =  _____
   
, find the value of
1 + t2 2t Passage II
( 
d2y
___
  2  + 3  .
dx ) Let x be the independent variable and y be a dependent
variable defined as y = f (x).
6. If 2x = (y1/3 + y–1/3), find the value of Assuming y1/m + y– 1/m = 2x, where m Œ R – {0}, then
______ ( 
x2 – 1 ___
  y   
d2y x ___
dx
)
     2  + __
dy
 y      .
dx

(i) The value of y is given by
_____
(a) (x – ÷x  2 – 1  
)m (b) (x + ÷
_____
x  2 – 1  
)m
7. Let g be a differentiable function of x such that _____ _____
g(x) (c) (x + ÷x  2 + 1 

)m
  (d) (x – ÷x  2 + 1 
)m
 
f (x) = ____
  x   
.  If g¢(2) = 6, g(2) = 4, find the value of
dy
(ii)  ___   is equal to
f ¢(2). dx
8. Suppose that F(x) = f (g(x)) and g(3) = 6 my my
(a)  _______
_____     (b)  ______
_____    
g¢(3) = 4, f ¢(3) = 2, f ¢(6) = 2. Find F ¢(3). ÷ x  2 + 1   ÷ x  2 – 1  
_____ _____
9. If f (x) = x2 + x3 and g is the inverse of f then find ÷ x  2 –   1   ÷ x  2 –   1  
the value of (5g¢(2) + 3). (c)  ______
my    
(d) –  ______
my    

dy
10. If xy = e x – y, then find the value of 2 ___
      at x = e.
dx (  ) d2y dy
(iii) (x2 – 1)  ___2  + x  ___   =
dx dx
11. Let f be twice differentiable function such that
(a) my (b) m2/y
f ¢(x) = g(x), f ¢¢(x) = – f (x).
(c) m2y (d) my2
If h(x) = {f (x)2} + {g(x)}2 and h(5) = 7, then find
the value of h(2016).
(  )
Passage III _____ _____
÷     
÷_____
1 + x2 
  + 1 – x2 
–1 ________________
If y = tan   _____     
 
Since the graph of f (x) = |x – a| has a turning point at
(B) ÷1  + x  
2
  (Q) x y (1 + 2
  – ÷1  – x2 
x = a, so f (x) = |x – a| is not differentiable at x = a and dy logx)
|x – a| then ___
     is
f ¢(x)  ______  
, a π 0, for example f (x) = |x| is not differentiable dx
x–a
|x| dy
at x = 0 and f ¢(x) = ___   x  , x π 0. y x – y ___
(C) If x = e , then      is (R)
4
_____
       
dx 1 + x2
(i) If f (x) = e||x| – 1|, then f ¢ __
__
1
2 (  )
__ (D)
dy
If xp yq = (x + y) p + q, then  ___   logx
dx (S)  _________
    
(a) ÷e 
    (b) 1/÷e     
is (l + logx)2
__ __
(c) – ÷e     (d) – 1/÷e     
dy x
p
(  )
(ii) If f (x) = |x| |tan x|, then f ¢ –  __    is equal to
6
(E) If y = (x x)x, then ___
     is
dx
(T) –  ______
   
_____  
÷ 1  – x4 
 
(  ) {  __ 43   log  __p6  }
__
__
p ÷3    
2÷3  2. Match the following columns:
(a) __    
      1/ ____
  p   
  –
6
Column I Column II
     ) { ____ p  }
__
(b) – ( __
__
p  
2÷3  4   6
  
1/÷3 
 – __
  p         log  __ 1 1 sin 2 y
6 3 If x = t – __
     and y = t + __
     then
(A) t t (P) (cot x-2
dy/dx is
{  }
__
sin2 x)
(  )
__
p ÷3      __
2÷3 
[  (  ( ÷  ) ) ]
4 6
(c) __     ____
      1/   +      log  __
  p    p  
_____
6 3 1 – x
If y = cos2 tan–1  _____ 
       
 
(B) 1 + x (Q) x/y
(d) None
(  )
then dy/dx is
2p
(iii) If f (x) = |cos x| + |sin x|, then f ¢ ___
      is equal to ____
3
__    = ecos2x × sinx then
If y = ÷tany 
–÷
1______  
3  (C) (R) 1/2
(a)        (b) 0 dy/dx is
2
__
÷    – 1
3  If xy = (x + y) p and dy/dx =
(c)  ______   
  (d) None (D)
y/x, then p is
(S) 2
2
p
(iv) If f (x) = |cos x – sin x|, then f ¢ __ (  )
4
__ __ Questions asked in Roorkee-JEE Exams
  
(a) ÷2    
(b) – ÷2 
(c) 0 (d) None
1–x
1. Differentiate sin–1  _____ 
1+x (  )    w.r.t. ÷
__
x 
   
Matrix Match [Roorkee-JEE, 1984]

dy
2. Find ___
    , if (tan–1 x)y + ycot x = 1
Given below are Matching type questions, with two columns dx
(each having some items) each. Each item of column I has [Roorkee-JEE, 1987]
( ÷ 
_____
(  ) )
to be matched with the items of Column II, by encircling 2 a – b x
the correct match(es). 3. If y =  _______
______      tan–1  _____      tan __        then prove
÷a  – b  
2 2
  a + b 2
Note: An item of Column I can be matched with more
than one items of Column II. All the items of Column II d2y b sin x
that ___
  2  = ___________
    
   
have to be matched. dx (a + b cos x)2
1. Match the following columns: [Roorkee-JEE, 1988]
dy
Column I Column II 4. Find ___
    , when
dx
(  )
______ _____
2x
If y = sin–1  _____       + sec–1 ÷1  – y2  
+ ÷1  – t2  
= a (y – t) and
1 + x 2 y
__
(  )
(A) (P)  x  ____ _ _____
 
+ x2
1______
    
dy
___
then      is x = sin–1 ( t ÷1
  – t  + ÷t  2)
   ÷ 1 – t  
  
1  –  x2 dx
[Roorkee-JEE, 1990]
5. If f, g and h are differentiable functions of x and

f g h

d2y
(  dy
)2
x3  ___2  = x  ___   – y 
dx dx
[IIT-JEE, 1983]
D = ( xf )′ ( xg )′ ( xh )′ , prove that 8. Find the derivative w.r.t x of the function
( x 2 f )′′ ( x 2 g )′′ ( x 2 h )′′
f g h
2x
(logsin x cos x) (logcos x sin x)–1 + sin–1 _____
     
1 + x2 (  )
p
   at x =  __  
4
[IIT-JEE, 1984]
D = f¢ g¢ h¢
9. If f (x) = log x (ln x), then f ¢(x) at x = e is...
( x 2 f ¢¢ )¢ ( x 2 g ¢¢ )¢ ( x 2 h ¢¢ )¢
[IIT-JEE, 1985]
(  )
[Roorkee-JEE, 1991] 1
______ ______ 10. The derivative of sin–1 –  ______      w.r.t
2x2 – 1
6. If ÷ 1  – x6   ÷ 
+ 1 – y6  
= a3 (x3 – y3) prove that ______
1
÷ 1 – x2   at x = __
÷ 
______      is...
dy x2 ______ 1 – y6 2
 ___   = __
  2      
   [IIT-JEE, 1986]
dx y 1 – x6 11. No questions asked in 1987.
[Roorkee-JEE, 1994] 12. If y2 = P(x), a polynomial of degree 3, then
(  )
7. Find the differential co-efficient of
d d2y
2  ___    y3  ___2    equals
__
–1 __ 2 (1 –
÷x   ) 
log(1 – ÷x   )  (sin (1 – ÷
__ x 
   )) with respect to 2 dx dx
[Roorkee-JEE, 1996] (a) P¢¢¢(x) + P¢(x) (b) P¢¢(x) ◊ P¢¢¢(x)
8. Find the differential co-efficient of f (x) = logx (sin(x2)) (c) P(x) ◊ P¢¢¢(x) (d) a constant.
_____
+ (sinx2)logex with respect to ÷
x  + 1 
  [IIT-JEE, 1988]
[Roorkee-JEE, 1997] 13. If x = secq – cosq and y = secnq – cosnq then prove
Questions asked in previous Years’ IIT-JEE Exams

dy 2
that (x2 + 4) ___ (  )
      = n2(y2 + 4)
dx
[IIT-JEE, 1989]
1. Find the derivative of sin (x2 + 1) w.r.t
14. If f (x) = |x – 2| and g(x) = f (f (x)), then g¢(x) = ... for
x from first principle. [IIT-JEE, 1978]
x>2
2. Find the derivative of [IIT-JEE, 1990]
Ï x -1 15. Let f (x) be a quadratic expression which is +ve for
ÔÔ 2 x 2 - 7 x + 5 : x π 1 all real values of x.
f (x) = Ì at x = 1 If g(x) = f (x) + f ¢(x) + f ¢¢(x), then for any real x,
Ô- 1 : x =1
ÔÓ 3 (a) g(x) < 0 (b) g(x) > 0
(c) g(x) = 0 (d) g(x) ≥ 0
[IIT-JEE, 1979]
5x [IIT-JEE, 1990]
_________
3. Given y =   _______      2
+ cos (2x + 1). dy
___
  – x)2  
3÷(1 16. Find      at x = – 1, when
dx __
dy ÷   
3 
Find ___    . [IIT-JEE, 1980] (sin y)sin(px/2) +  ___   sec–1 (2x) + 2x tan (ln(x + 2)) = 0
dx 2
[IIT-JEE, 1991]
dy
+ (tan x)x, find ___
3
4. Let y = ex sin x
     17. No questions asked in 1992.
dx
[IIT-JEE, 1981] 18. The derivative of an even function is always an odd
function. Is it true or false? [IIT-JEE, 1993]
5. Let f be a twice differentiable function such that dy
f ¢¢(x) = – f (x), f ¢(x) = g(x) and h(x) = [f (x)]2 + [g(x)]2, 19. If y = (sin x)tan x, then ___      is
dx
find h(10) if h(5) = 11 [IIT-JEE, 1982]
(a) sin x tan x (1 + sec2x logsin x)

( 
2x – 1
6. If y = f ______
  2
x +1
   
) dy
and f ¢(x) = sin(x2) then ___
     = ...
dx

(b) tan x (sin x)tanx – 1 ◊ cos x
(c) sin xcosx ◊ sec2x log sin x
[IIT-JEE, 1982]
(d) tan x ◊ (sin x)tanx – 1
7. If (a + bx)ey/x = x, then prove that
[IIT-JEE, 1994]

dy
21. If xe xy = y + sin2x, then find ___
     at x = 0
dx
(  ) (  )
d2y dy –2
(c) ___
  2    ___
dx dx
     
d2y dy –3
(d) – ___
  2    ___
dx dx (  ) (  )
     
[IIT-JEE, 2007]
[IIT-JEE, 1996]
31. Let f (x) = 2 + cos x for all real x.
x3 sin x cos x Assertion (A): For each real t, there exist a point c
22. Let f (x) = 6 -1 0 in [t, t + p] such that f ¢(c) = 0
p p2 p3 Reason (R): Because f (t) = f (t + 2p) for each real t.
[IIT-JEE, 2007]
where p is a constant.
32. Let f and g be real valued functions defined on
d3 (– 1, 1) such that g¢¢(x) is continuous g(0) π 0,
Then ___  3   ( f (x)) at x = 0 is
dx g¢(0) = 0, g¢¢(0) π 0 and f (x) = g(x) sin x
(a) p (b) p + p3 Assertion (A):   
lim  (g (x) cotx – g(0) cosec x) = f ¢¢(0)
x Æ 0
(c) p – p3 (d) independent of p.
Reason (R): Because f ¢(0) = g(0)
[IIT-JEE, 1997]
[IIT-JEE, 2008]
2
ax bx 33. Let g (x) = log( f (x)), where f (x) is twice differen-
23. If y = _________________
          + ____________
       
(x – a)(x – b)(x – c) (x – b)(x – c) tiable function on (0, •) such that f (x + 1) = x f (x).
Then N = 1, 2, 3...
c
+ _____
 x – c  + 1, then prove that
(  1
g¢¢ N + __
2 ) (  )
1
      – g¢¢ __
      =
2
dy
 ___   =
dx
y a
__
( 
 x  a_____
b
  + _____
  – x       
b–x c–x
c
  + ____
         )
{  1
(a) – 4 1 + __
9 25
1
     + ___
1
     + ... + ________
        
}
(2N – 1)2
[IIT-JEE, 1998]
25. If x2 + y2 = 1, then

{ 1
(b) 4 1 + __
     +
9 25
1
___  
1
     + ... + ________
   
(2N – 1)2 }
  
{ 
(a) y y¢¢ – 2(y¢)2 + 1 = 0
(b) y y¢¢ + (y¢)2 + 1 = 0

1
(c) – 4 1 + __
9 25
1
     + ___  
1
     + ... + _________
   
(2N + 1)2
  
}
{ 
(c) y y¢¢ – (y¢)2 – 1 = 0
(d) y y¢¢ + 2(y¢)2 + 1 = 0
[IIT-JEE, 2000]

1
(d) 4 1 + __
     +
9 25
1
___  
1
     + ... + _________
   
(2N + 1)2 }
  
x [IIT-JEE, 2008]
26. Let f : (0, •) Æ and F (x) = Ú     f (t) dt 34. No questions asked in between 2009-2010
b–x
35. Let f : (0, 1) Æ R be defined by f (x) =  ______ 
0
 
 , where
If F(x2) = x2 (1 + x), then f (4) is 1 – bx
(a) 5/4 (b) 7 b is a constant such that 0 < b < 1. Then
(c) 4 (d) 2 (a) f is not invertible on (0, 1)
[IIT-JEE, 2001]
1
(b) f π f –1 on (0, 1) and f ¢(b) = ____
      
27. No questions asked in between 2002-2003. f (0)
1
28. If y is a function of x and log (x + y) = 2xy, then the (c) f = f –1 on (0, 1) and f ¢(b) = ____
      
value of y¢(0) is f (0)
(a) 1 (b) –1 (d) f –1 is differentiable on (0, 1),
(c) 2 (d) 0 [IIT-JEE, 2011]
[IIT-JEE, 2004]
29. No questions asked in between 2005-2006.   (  ( 
sinq
36. Let f (q) = sin tan–1 _______    
  _____
÷cos2q 
 
p
))
4
p
  , where –  __   < q <  __  .
4
d
d2x Then the value of ______         ( f (q)) is...
30.  ___2  is d(tanq)
dy
[IIT-JEE, 2011]
(  )
d2y –1
(a) ___
  2   
dx (  ) (  )
d2y –1 dy –1
(b) – ___
  2    ___
dx
     
dx
37. No questions asked in between 2012-2014.
Answers
Level II INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c)
1. 2 2. 4 3. 5 4. 9 5. 3
6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c)
6. 9 7. 2 8. 8 9. 4 10. 1
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a)
11. 7 12. 5 13. 8.
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (c) Comprehensive Link Passages
26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (a) Passage I : (i) (b) (ii) (d) (iii) (a)
31. (a) 32. (b) 33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (d) Passage II : (i) (c) (ii) (b) (iii) (c)
36. (d) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (b) Passage III : (i) (c) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (iv) (d)
41. (d) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (a) 45. (d)
46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (d) 49. (b) 50. (c) Matrix Match
51. (a) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (d) 1. (A)Æ(P, S), (B)Æ(R), (C)Æ(Q, T)
56. (c) 57. (d) 58. (c) 59. (d) 60. (c) 2. (A)Æ(P, S), (B)Æ(Q, T), (C)Æ(P, R)
61. (a, c) 62. (a, b) 63. (a, c) 64. (a, b, c, d)
65. (a, b, c)
Hints and solutions
1. We have f ¢(x) =   ( (  (  ) )
log 1 + __
1 __________
__
 lim    x  ◊  
h
 __
  
h
 x  
      
( 
h Æ 0
)
f (x + h) – f (x) x  
 lim   _____________
=            
h Æ 0 h = 1/x
( 
e
)
x + h
–e
 lim   ________
x 3. We have f ¢(x)
( 
=         
h Æ 0 h
= 
f (x + h) – f (x)
 lim   _____________
          )
(  )
eh – 1
 lim   e ◊  _____
=  x
   
  
h Æ 0 h

h Æ 0
= 
h
(  )
e –1
ex ◊ ______
 lim         
h
  

h Æ 0
( 
loga (x + h) – loga x
 lim    _________________
= 
h
        )
(  (  )
h
)
h Æ 0
x + h
loga  _____  
x   
= ex =  __________
 lim            
( 
h Æ 0 h
)
2. We have f ¢(x)
( 
loga 1 + __
h
)
(  )
f (x + h) – f (x)  x  
=  lim   _____________
             =  ___________
 lim           
h Æ 0 h h Æ 0 h
__
 x  ◊ x
( 
(  log (x + h) – log x
)
)
 lim    ________________
=  
h Æ 0 h
        
( 
loge 1 + __
h
 x   )
( 
1 ___________
(  )
__
x+h
log _____
      )  
 
= 
 lim    x   
h Æ 0 h
__
  
 x  ◊ logea
    
(  ( 
__________ h
=  
 lim             
)
h
(  )
h Æ 0
h
(  )
loge 1 + __
=  
 lim    
( 
log 1 + __
__________
h
)
 x  
       
= 
1
_______
 lim    
h Æ 0 x ◊ loge a
      ___________
 
h
  
 x  
      
 ( (  ) )
__
 x 
h Æ 0 h
h
log 1 + __  x    
1
= _______     
=   __________
 lim            x ◊ loge a
h Æ 0 h
__
 x  ◊ x
4. We have f ¢(x) = (esin × cos x)

h Æ 0 ( 
f (x + h) – f (x)
 lim   _____________
=   
h
         ) 7. We have f ¢(x)
= 
h Æ 0 ( 
sin (x + h) – sin x
 lim   ________________
 
h
         ) h Æ 0 ( 
f (x + h)  –  f (x)
 lim   _____________
=    
h
         )
(  ( 
x+h+x
2cos   ________
2
 lim   ___________________________
=          
x+h–x
2) ( 
  sin   ________
        
   
) ) =  
h Æ 0
  ( 
sin2 (x + h)  –  sin (x)2
 lim   __________________
h
         )
(  ))
h
(  ) ( 
h Æ 0
(  (  ) (  ) )
(x + h)2  +  x2 (x + h)2 – x2
h
2cos x + __
h
      sin __
      cos  ___________
  
     sin  ___________
  
    
2 2
=   
2
 lim   _________________
    
2
     lim     _______________________________
=             
(   ( (  ( 
h Æ 0 h h Æ 0 h
(  ) (  )
) ) (  )
)
h h
2cos x + __       sin __
      (x + h)2 + x2 (2hx + h2)
 lim   _________________
=   
2
     
2
   2cos ___________
    
     sin _________
    
    

2 2
h  lim     ______________________________
=              
) ( 
h Æ 0 __
     ◊ 2
2hx + h2 ________
)
h Æ 0 2h
2 ________
     
      
  
 ( (  ( 
= cos x 2 2hx + h2
)
5. We have ¢(x)
( 
f (x + h) – f (x)
 lim   _____________
=   
h
        ) =  
(x + h)2 + x2
2cos ___________
 
2
  
    
 lim     ______________________________
        
(2hx + h2)
sin _________
 
2
  
    
  
) (  )
) ( 
h Æ 0
(  )
2hx + h2 ______
)
h Æ 0 2
tan–1 (x + h) – tan–1 x  ________
   
         
 lim    __________________
=           2
 ( ( 
h Æ 0 h 2x + h
(  (  )) )
)
x+h–x (x + h)2 + x2
tan–1   ___________
       cos  ___________
      
1 + x (x + h)
 lim    _________________
=           =    
2
 lim   ________________      
  
(  )
h Æ 0 h 1
______
h Æ 0
        
=  ( 
 
 
1 ( 
+
h
tan–1 ___________
x (x
 lim   _________________
      
    
+ h)
   
)) = 2x cos(x2).
2x + h
( 
h Æ 0 h
8. We have y = logx x + 10 = 1 + 10 = 11
(  )
)
h
tan ___________
  –1
      dy
1 + x (x + h) fi  ___   = 0.
 lim    ________________________
=     
      dx
h Æ 0 ___________ h
        ◊ (1 + x (x + h))
1 + x (x + h) 9. We have y = 5 log
3x – x log
35
1 fi y = x log
3x – x log
35 = 0
=  ______
    
1 + x2 dy
fi  ___   = 0
6. We have f ¢(x) dx
( 
f (x + h) – f (x)
 lim    _____________
= 
h Æ 0 h
         ) 1 __
10. We have y =  __
2 __ 3
x  +  x2    +  x3   
( 
dy
)
1 4 9
esin (x + h) – esinx fi  ___   = –  __2    – __   3    – __
  4   
 lim   _____________
=             dx x x x
h Æ 0 h __ __ 2 __ 3 __
11. We have y = ÷x     + x ÷x      + x ÷x      + x ÷x 
   
=  
h Æ 0
  ( 
esin (esin (x + h) – sinx  –  1)
 lim   ___________________
   
h
      )
1
__
    
3
__
    
5
__
    
= x 2 + x2 + x2 + x2
7
__
    
( 
dy 3 __ 5 __ __ 7 2 __
)
1
sin sin (x + h) – sinx
(e
e__________________ – 1) sin (x + h) – sin x) fi  ___   = ____    __  + __
     ÷ x   + __
     x ÷x 
    +      x ÷x 
   
=  
 lim              ×  _______________
         dx 2 ÷x      2 2 2
h Æ 0 (sin (x + h) – sin x) h
12. We have
=   ( 
esin × (sin (x + h) – sin x)
______________________
 lim              )
p
8 ( 
y = 1 + tan  __   – x    1 + tan x + __ ( 
p
       
8 ) ) (  (  ))
h Æ 0 h
_____ _____
fi y=2 19. Given y = log (÷x  – 1  + ÷x  + 1 
)
 
( 
dy
fi  ___   = 0
dx
sec x + tan x – 1
dy
fi ___
dx (÷x  – 1  – ÷
1 _____
     = _______________
  _____  
x  + 1 
)
 
1
     × _______
  _____
2÷x  – 1 
  2÷x
1
  –  _______
       
_____   
  + 1 
  )
( 
13. We have y = ______________
    
    _____ _____

sec x – tan x + 1
sec x + tan x – (sec x2 – tan x2)
= __________________________
           
dy
fi ___
1 _____
     = _______________
  _____  
dx (÷x  – 1  – ÷x  + 1 
)
 
÷x  + 1  – ÷x  – 1  
     ×  ______________
_____     
  
2÷x  2 – 1 
 
)
sec x – tan x + 1 dy 1
fi  ___   = –  ________
    
_____
(sec x + tan x)(1 + sec x – tan x) dx 2÷x  – 2  
2
=  __________________________
         
(sec x – tan x + 1)
20. Given y = (sinx)x
= (sec x + tan x) x
fi y = elog(sinx) = ex log(sinx)
dy
Thus,  ___   = (sec x tan x + sec2x)
( 
dy
dx cos x
fi  ___   = ex log(sinx) log sin x + x ◊  ____    )
(  )
dx sin x
dy
___
      = 0 + 1 = 1 dy
dx x = 0 fi  ___   = (sinx)x (log sin x + x ◊ cot x)
dx
x4 + x2 + 1
14. We have y =  __________
    
x2 – x + 1 21. Given y = log (sin x + cos x)
(x2 – x + 1)(x2 + x + 1) dy cos x – sin x

=  ____________________
     
   fi  ___   = ___________
     
dx sin x + cos x
(x2 – x + 1)
dy 1 – tan x
= (x2 + x + 1) fi  ___   = ________
    
dx 1 + tan x
dy
Thus,  ___   = 2x + 1
( 
dy p
dx fi  ___   = tan __
dx
     – x 
4 )
dy
Given  ___   = ax + b 1
22. We have f (x) = _____
      
x–1
Comparing the co-efficients of x and the constant
term, we get, a = 2 and b = 1
Thus, a + b + 10 = 2 + 1 + 10 = 13.
Now, (  )1
f ( f (x)) = f _____
     
x–1
  
1
15. = ________
       
16. 1
_____
        – 1 
x–1
17. Given y = log(sin(3x + 5))
x–1
dy 1 =  ________
    
fi  ___   =  __________
      ◊ cos (3x + 5) ◊ 3 1–x+1
dx sin (3x + 5)
x–1
= _____
    
dy 2–x
fi  ___   = 3 cot (3x + 5)
dx d((f (f (x))))
______
Thus,  __________
      
18. Given y = log (x + ÷x  2 + 1  
) dx
(  ) (  )
d x–1
dy
fi  ___   =
1______
___________
 
1 _____
× 2x
      × 1 +  ________       = ___
       _____ 
  
dx dx 2 – x
x  + 1  
(x + ÷ 2
) 2÷x  2 + 1 
( 
 
dy (2 – x) ◊ 1 – (x – 1) ◊ (–1)
fi  ___   =
dx
 
1_____
____________
     × 1 + _______
x  + 1  
(x + ÷ 2
)
x
  _____    
÷x  + 1  
2 )
   =  ____________________
   
(2 – x)2
 
  
(  )
_____ (2 – x + x –  1) 1
dy 1_____ ÷ x  2 _____
+ 1  + x =  _____________
     = _______
          
fi  ___   = ___________
        ×  __________    
   (2 – x)2
(2 – x)2
dx (x + ÷ x  + 1 
2
 ) ÷ x  2 + 1  
x–1
dy 23. Given f (x) =  _____ 
 
1 x+1
fi  ___   =  _______
_____    
dx ÷ x  + 1 
2
 
(  ( x–1
f ( f ( f (x))) = f f  _____  ))
 ( )) )
     Thus, f ¢(2) = 0
x+1

( 
x–1
_____
 
x+1
= f  __________
 
     –  1
     
27. Given f (x) = |x2 – 1| + |x2 – 4|
Ï-( x 2 - 1) - ( x 2 - 4) : x < -2
( 
x–1
 _____ 
x+1
     +  1 Ô 2
Ô
2
Ô( x - 1) - ( x - 4) : - 2 £ x < -1

x
(  –1–x–1
= f ____________
 
x–1+x+1
   )
    
= Ì(1 - x 2 ) + (4 - x 2 )
Ô 2 2
: -1 £ x < 1
Ô( x - 1) + (4 - x ) : 1£ x < 2

– 2
= f ___ (  )
     
2x
Ô 2 2
Ó( x - 1) + ( x - 4) : x≥2

–1
= f ___ (  )
  x   
(  )
3
f ¢ __
(  )
Thus,       = 0
2
1
–  __
x  – 1
______
=     
   28. Given f (x2) = x4 + x3 + 1
1
–  __
x   + 1 fi f ¢(x2) ◊ 2x = 4x3 + 3x2
( 
–1 – x
= ______
 
1–x
 
   ) ( 
x+1
  =  _____ 
x–1
   ) fi
4x3 + 3x2
f ¢(x2) =  _________
2x
    
3
= 2x2 + __
     x
2
d(f (f (f (x)))) Replacing x by x2, we get,

Thus,  __________        3
dx f ¢(x4) = 2x4 + __
     x2
2

d x+1
= ___ ( 
        _____ 
dx x – 1 )
   29. We have g(x) = f –1(x)
fi f (g (x)) = x
(x – 1) ◊ 1 – (x + 1) ◊ 1
=  ___________________
        fi f (g (x)) ◊ g¢(x) = 1
(x – 1)2
1
( 
fi g¢ (x) = _______
      

x–1–x–1
= ____________
    
(x – 1)2
 
– 2
= _______
      
(x – 1)2 )
 
fi  
f ¢(g (x))
1
g¢ (x) = _________
    
cos (2g(x))
24. Given g(x) = f (3x – 1)
30. We have f (x) = x + tan x
g¢(x) = 3f ¢(3x – 1)
Given f (x) = g–1(x)
1
= 3 × ___________
        fi g ( f (x)) = x
(3x – 1)2 + 1
3 fi g¢(f (x)) ◊ f ¢(x) = 1.
= ___________
  2      
9x – 6x + 2 1 1
fi g¢(f (x)) = ____
      = ________
       
3 f ¢(x) 1 + sec2x
25. Given
y = f (sin(x ))
1
dy
fi  ___   = f ¢(sin(x3)) ◊ cos(x3) ◊ 3x2 fi g¢( f (x)) = ________
      
dx 2 + tan2x
dy 1
fi  ___   = 3x2 ◊ cos(x3) ◊ ((sin(x3))2 + 1) fi g¢(f (x)) = _____________
       
dx 2  + (f (x) – x)2
26. Given f (x) = |x – 1| + |x – 3|
1
Ï-( x - 1) - ( x - 3) : x < 1 fi g¢(x) = ____________
       
Ô 2 + (g(x) – x)2
= Ì( x - 1) - ( x - 3) : 1 £ x < 3
Ô( x - 1) + ( x - 3) : x ≥ 3 x4 – x2 + 1
Ó 31. Given y =   ___________
  
___     
x2 + ÷     + 1
3x 
Ï-2 x + 2 : x < 1
Ô (x4 + 1) – x2
= Ì2 : 1£ x < 3
=  ___________
___  
    
Ô2 x - 4 : x ≥ 3 x2 + ÷3x 
    +  1
Ó
(x2 + 1)2  –  3x2 dy 2x 2x

= _____________
  2 __       2x  ___   = ____
  __   – _____
  __
   
x +÷    x + 1
3  dx 2÷x 
    2x÷x 
   
__ __ dy __ 1__
(x2 + ÷3 
  x  + 1)(x2 – ÷3 
  x  + 1) 2x  ___   = x 
÷     –  ___   
=  _________________________
2
   
__       dx x 
÷    
(x + ÷    x + 1)
3  Hence, the result.
__
2
  x  + 1)
= (x – ÷3  35. Given y = ex cosx
dy __ dy
 ___   = 2x – ÷   
3   ___   = ex cosx – ex sinx
dx dx
dy dy
Given  ___   = px + q  ___   = ex (cosx – sinx)
dx dx
(  )
Comparing the co-efficients __ of x and constant term, dy __ 1 1
we get, p = 2, q = – ÷3      ___   = ÷   e  x ___
2    __    cosx – ___
  __    sinx 
dx   
÷2  ÷   
2 
Thus, p – q
( 
dy __ p
)
__
=2+÷   
3   ___   = ÷   e  x cos x + __
2       
dx 4
= cot ___
12
p
       (  ) 36. Given
______
x  2 + a2 
y=÷  

p
2 12
p
= tan  __   – ___(  )
       dy
dx
1 ______
× 2x
 ___   =  ________    
 
2÷x  2 + a2 
(  )
5p  
= tan ___
     
12 dy x
_____ _____  ___   = _______
  ______
    
32. We have y = ÷x  – 1  x  + 1 
 + ÷  
dx ÷ x  + a2 
2
 
dy ______
1 1 dy
 ___   = _______
  _____
     + _______
  _____
     ÷ x2 + a2    ___
     = x
dx 2÷x  – 1   2÷x  + 1   dx
_____ _____
dy ÷x  + 1  dy
 + ÷x
 ___   = _______________
  _____ _____
  – 1 
  
   
  y ___
     – x = 0
dx 2÷x  – 1 
  ÷ x + 1 
 
dx
dy y 37. Given y = ex + e– x
 ___   = _______
  _____
     
dx 2÷x  2 – 1   dy
_____  ___   = ex – e– x
dy __
___ y dx
÷ x2 – 1   
    =     
dx 2 dy _________
Hence, the result.  ___   = ÷   x – e– x)2  
(e
dx
33. Given
x+2
x
y = _____
     
1
  = 1 – ______
     
(x + 2)
   (  ) dy
 ___   = ÷
dx
_________
  x – e– x)2  
(e –4
dy 1
 ___   = _______
        dy _____
y  2 – 4  
dx (x + 2)2
 ___   = ÷
dy dx
x
x  ___   = _______
       
dx (x + 2)2 38. Given
xy = 4
4
dy 1 x y = __  x 
x  ___   = ______
         ______     
dx (x + 2) (x + 2) dy 4
 ___   = –  __2   
( 
dy
x  ___   = 1 – ______
dx
     
x
(x + 2) (x + 2) ) x
   ______
        dx
dy
x
4
dy  ___   + y2 = –  __2    + y2
dx
x  ___   = (1 – y) y x
dx dy 4 16 12
__ 1  ___   + y2 = –  __2    + ___
  2  = ___
  2  
34. Given y = ÷x  ___
    +   __    dx x x x
( 
x 
   
)
÷
dy 12 12
dy 1 1 x ___
     + y2  = x × ___   2  =  ___
x  
 ___   =  ____     –  _____
__  __   dx x
dx 2÷x      2x÷x     
(  ) (  )
( 
(  )
)
dy p q
x ___
     + y2  = 3 __
4
 x   = 3y 2sin2 __      – __
     
2 2
dx y = tan–1  _____________________          
(  ) (  )
______ p q p q
a2
x
39. Let y = __
     ÷a  2 – x2  
2
+ __
     sin–1 __
2 (  )
x
 a   2sin __      – __
2 2
      cos __
     – __
4 2
     
dy 1 ______
 ___   = __
dx 2
     ÷ a2 – x2   + __
x 1 ______
× –2x
     ×  ________
2
   
2÷a  2 – x2  
y = tan–1 tan __
p
2 2 (  (  ) )
     – __
q
       
+ __
a2 1
     × ________
1
× __
p q
y =  __   – __
      = __(  )
p tan–1 x
     – ______
      
÷ 
  ______
      a  2 2 4 2
2 x 2
1 – __   2     dy 1
a  ___   = –  ________      
______ dx 2 (1 + x2)
1 1 x2 a2 1
= __ –  __   ×  _______   + __
     × _______
______
     ÷ a  – x   
{ 
2 2
      ______
    
}
______
2 2 ÷a  2 – x2   2 ÷a  – x2 
2
  (iii) ÷ 1  + x 2   
y = tan  __________
–1 –  1
x      , x π 0
a2 – ______ 2x2 + a2
= ____________
       
2÷a  2 – x2    Put x = tanq

2(a2 – x2)
= _________
  ______   
  ( 
secq – 1
y = tan–1 ________
tanq
   
   )
2÷a  2 – x2 
______
a  2 – x2 
=÷
 
( 
1 – cosq
y = tan–1  _______
sinq
   
   )
( 
 
Hence, the result.
40. ______
 
2sin2 (q/2)
y = tan–1 _______________
      
2sin (q/2)cos (q/2) )
(i) y = tan–1 (÷1  + x2  
+ x) q
y = tan–1 (tan (q/2)) = __
    
Put x = tanq 2
–1
tan x
y = tan–1 (secq + tanq) y =  ______     
2

1 + sinq
y = tan–1  _______    ( 
   ) dy
 ___   = ________
1
( 
     
 
cosq dx 2(1 + x2)
) )
1 + cos __
–1 ______________
p
2 ( 
     – q  ) (iv) { 
_____
÷ 1  + x2  
–1   + 1
y = tan  __________ , x π 0 }
y = tan            x      
p
__
( 
( 
sin      – q 
2
)
Put x = tanq
y = tan   –1 ____________________
(  )
2cos2 __
p q
     – __
4 2
      
     
  
( 
secq + 1
y = tan–1  _______
tanq
   
   )
p __
__
(  ) (  )q p __
__
2sin      –       cos      –      
4 2 4 2
q
( 
1 + cosq
y = tan–1  ________
sinq
     
  )
y = tan–1 cot __
p q
(  (  ) )
     – __
4 2
        ( 
2 cos2 (q/2)
y = tan–1 _______________
          
2 sin (q/2) cos (q/2) )
y = tan–1 tan __
p
2 (  (  (  ) ) )
     – __
p q
     – __
4 2
          y = tan–1 (2cos (q/2))
y = __
p q
     + __
4 2 (  )
      = __
p tan–1 x
     + ______
4
    
2
  y = tan–1 tan __
p q
2 2 (  ( 
     – __
        ))
dy
 ___   = ________
 
dx 2(1 + x2)
1
      y = __
p q
     – __
2 2
      (  )
(ii) y = tan–1 (÷1  + x2 
_____
  – x)
y = __
p tan–1 x
     – ______
2
     
2 ( 
  )
Put x = tanq dy 1
 ___   = –  ________      
y = tan–1 (secq – tanq) dx 2(1 + x2)
( 
______

1 – sinq
y = tan–1  _______
     
  ) (v) y = cot–1 (÷1  + x2   + x)
( 
cosq
Put x = tanq
( 
) ( 
p

1 – cos __
y = tan  _____________
–1
     –  q 
2
      
)
secq + 1
y = cot–1 ________
 
tanq
   
   )
p
__
( 
sin      – q 
2 ) ( 
1 + cosq
y = cot–1  ________
sinq
   
   )
( 
2 cos2 (q/2)
y = cot–1 _______________ ) Put x = a cos q
( ÷ 
          __________

2 sin (q/2) cos (q/2)
–1
y = cot (cot(q/2))

a(1 – cosq)
y = tan __________
–1
       
a(1 + cosq) )
y = __
dy
q tan–1 x
     = ______
2
    
2
    ( 
sin (q/2)
y = tan–1 _______
cos (q/2)
  ) q
   = tan–1 tan __
2 (  (  ) )
       
(  )
1
 ___   = ________
     
  q cos–1 x
dx 2(1 + x2) y = __       = ______
      
2 2
{ 
_______ _______
1  + sinx  
÷
(vi) y = tan–1  ___________________
_______    
1  + sinx  
÷
+ ÷ 1
    }
  – sinx  
_______   , 0 < x < p
1  – sinx  
– ÷
dy
 ___   = _______
  _____
dx 2÷1  – x2 
1
     
 
y = tan–1 ________ ( cos (x/2)

 
sin (x/2) )    
(v)   ( 
sinx
y = tan–1 _______ )
   , – p < x < p.
  
1 + cosx
(  (  ) ) (  )
x
y = tan–1 cot __         2 sin(x/2) cos (x/2)
2 y = tan–1 ________________
    
  
  
(  (  (  ) ) )
p
y = tan–1 tan  __   –  __       
x 2cos2 (x/2)
y = __
p x
     – __
    
2 2

x
2(  (  ) )
y = tan–1 tan  __      =  __  
x
2
2 2 dy 1
 ___   = __     
dy 1 dx 2
 ___   = –  __  
dx 2 (vi)
a + b tan x
y = tan–1 _________
  (        )

(  )
41. b – a tan x
(i) Given ( 
y = tan–1  ______ 
a+x
)
1 – ax
   
y = tan   a
a
__
    + tan x
b
–1 _________
   
  
y = tan–1 (x) + tan–1 (a) 1 –  __  tan x
b
(  )
dy 1 a
 ___   = _____
        –1 __
y = tan      + tan–1 (tan x)
dx 1 + x2 b
(ii)
a cosx – b sinx
y = tan–1 _____________
  {  }
p
      –  __   < x < __
p
     –1 __a
y = tan      + x
b (  )
(  )
b cos x + a sin x 2 2 dy
a
__  ___   = 1
    – tan x dx
b
y = tan–1  _________
1 + __
a  
    tanx
 
  
(vii)
a + bx
y = tan–1 ______
  (      )
(  )
b b – ax
(  )
a a
__
–1 __
y = tan      – tan–1 (tan x)     + x
(  )
b
–1 _______ a
b y = tan   a      = tan–1 __     + tan–1 (x)

a
y = tan–1 __
     – x
b (  ) 1 –     x__
b
b
dy
 ___   = – 1
dx
y = tan–1 __
a
(  )
     + tan–1 (x)
b
(iii)
3a2x – x3
y = tan–1  ________ (     , – ___
  )
1 x
  __   < __
1
    < ___
    a ÷3 
  __   
dy
 ___   = _____
     
1
 
 ( (  ) ((   )) )
a3 – 3ax2 ÷
3     dx 1 + x2
( 
x x 3

__
y = tan–1  ___________
__
3  a   –  a  
x  
     
(viii) y = tan–1  ______
1 + 6x2
x
      
)
1 – 3 __
( 
2

3x
y = tan–1 ___
 a  
(  )
 a   

3x – 2x
y = tan–1 _______
 
1 + 6x
    
  )
y = tan–1 (3x) – tan–1 (2x)
dy 1 3
 ___   = ________
    2    × __
 a  dy 3 2
 ___   = _______ – ______
dx 3x
1 + ___
 a    (  )       
dx 1 + 9x2 1 + 4x2
       
(  )
dy 3a sin x +__cos x
 ___   = _______
       (ix) Given y = sin–1 ___________
        
dx 9x2 + a2 ÷   
2 
(  )
_____
( ÷ 
1 1
(iv)
a–x
y = tan–1  _____ 
a+x
   
  ) = sin–1 ___
  __   sin x + ___
÷   
2 
  __   cos x 
÷   
2 

p
= sin–1 sin x + __
       
4 (  (  )) = tan–1 cot __ (  (  ) )
x
       
2
Thus,
p
__
y = x +      
4 (  ) = tan–1 tan __ (  (  ) )
p x
     – __
2 2
       
(  )
dy p x
fi  ___   = 1 fi y = __
     – __
     
dx 2 2
(x)
1 – x2
y = sin–1  ______2  (  )
1 + x2
   + sec–1  ______2 
   , x ŒR (  ) dy
fi  ___   = –  __  
dx
1
2
(  )
1+x 1–x

1 – x2
y = sin–1 ______
 
1 + x2
  
  (  )
+ cos
1 – x2
–1 ______
 
1 + x2
    (  ) 42. Given y = sin–1 _____
   2 
1+x
2x
(  ) 1 – x2
   + cos–1  _____2 
1+x
  
p y = 2 tan–1 x + 2 tan–1 x = 4tan–1 x

y = __
    
2
dy 4
dy  ___   = _____
      
 ___   = 0 dx 1 + x2
dx
( ÷  ) ( ÷  )
_____ _____
–1
x_____ x–1 Hence, the result.
–1
    + cos  _____ 
–1
( 
(xi) Given y = sin    
     
 
(  )
x+1 x+1
fi
p
y = __
    
2
43. Given
x
y = sin–1 _______
  _____
   
÷ 1  + x  
2
  ) 1
   + cos–1 _______
  _____
   
  
÷x  + 1 
2
 
Put x = tan q
(  ( 
dy
fi  ___   = 0
dx Then
tanq
y = sin–1 __________ 
  _________
) 1
    + cos–1 __________
    
  _________
)
(  ÷ 1  + tan q   ÷1  + tan2q  
2

(xii) Given
3 sin x + 4 cos x
y = sin–1 _____________
          )
fi y = sin–1 __
3
5
     sin x + __ ( 4
     cos x  )
y = sin–1 ____
 
secq(  )
tanq
 
1
  + cos–1 ____
secq (  )
      

5 5
fi y = sin–1 (cos a sin x + sin a cos x) y = sin–1 (sinq) + cos–1 (cosq)
fi y = sin–1 (sin (x + a)) = (x + a) y = q + q = 2q = 2 tan–1 x
dy
(  )
2
dy
fi  ___   = 1, where a = tan–1 __
4
       ___   = ______
       
dx 3 dx 1 + x2
(  ) { 
_____ _____
}
1 – cos x
(xiii) Given y = tan–1 _______
         ÷ 1  + x2   + ÷ 1  – x2 
 
(  )
sin x 44. Given y = tan ________________
–1
  _____   
    
_____
(  ) ÷ 1  + x   1  – x  
  – ÷
2 2
x  
2 sin2  __   
–1 _____________ 2
= tan   x       x    x2 = cos(2q)
(  ) (  )
Put
2sin __       cos __      
( 
(  )
__________ __________
)
2 2
÷1  + cos(2q) 
   + ÷ 1  – cos(2q) 
  
(  ) y = tan _________________________
–1
x Thus,   __________        __________   
sin  __    ÷1  + cos(2q) 
   – ÷ 1  – cos(2q) 
  
–1 _______ 2
( 
= tan   x      
(  )
)
______ ______
cos __      
2
  2q  
÷ 2cos + ÷
y = tan ________________
–1
  ______  ______
    
2sin 2
q  
  
 
(  (  ) )  
÷ 2cos – ÷   q  
x x 2 2
= tan tan __
–1
        = __      q   2sin
2 2
dy 1
Thus,  ___   = __
dx 2
    
(  cosq + sinq
y = tan–1 ___________
        
cosq – sinq )
 
y = tan ( ________
(  1 – tanq )
1 +  tanq
(xiv) Given y = tan–1 ________
 
cos x
     ) –1
    
 
(  )
1 – sin x

2cos2 __
–1 _____________
= tan  
x
(  )
     
2
(  (  ) ) (  )
p
y = tan–1 tan __
4
p
     + q    = __
     + q 
4
x       x   
2sin __ (  ) (  )
      cos __      
y = (  __
p p 1
     + q ) = __
     + __
(  )
–1 2
2 2      cos (x )
4 4 2
= tan–1 _______
 
x
__
cos      
2 (  ) dy 1 _____
× 2x
 ___   = –  _______    
x
  = –  ______
    
x     _____
__
sin      
2 (  ) dx 2÷1  – x  
4
  ÷1  – x4 
 
{  [  (  ) ]
_______ _______
45. Given
÷1  + sinx  + ÷
–1 ___________________
y = cot   _______        
1  – sinx  

_______   
}
q
y = sin 2 __
        = sinq
{ 
÷1  + sinx  
– ÷1  – sinx   2
}
________ _____
÷(   (  ) (  ) ) ÷(   (  ) (  ) )
_________________ ________________
x
cos __
      + sin
  
x 2
__
          + cos __
x
      – sin
  
x 2
__
          y = ÷1  – cos2q   = ÷1  – x2   
2 2
–1 ______________________________________ 2 2
÷(   (  ) (  ) ) ÷(   (  ) (  ) )
= cot   _________________      
      ________________    dy 1 × (– 2x) x
x
__
cos       + sin
  
x 2
__ x
          – cos __
      – sin
  
x 2
__
           ___   =  ________
_____     = –  ______   
_____
2 2 2 2 dx 2÷1  – x  
2
  ÷1  – x2 
{  }
______
( cos (  __   ) + sin(( __     ) ) + ( cos( __
     ) – sin ( __
     ) )
x x x x   49. Given y = cos–1 (2x) + 2cos–1 (÷1  – 4x2 
 )
2 2 2 2  
= cot ___________________________________
  –1
    
      
( cos ( __      ) ) – ( cos ( __
     ) + sin ( __      ) – sin ( __
Put 2x = sin q
     ) )
x x x x ________
{  }
2 2 2 2 Thus, y = cos–1 (sinq) + 2cos–1 ÷1  – sin2q  

2cos ( __      )
x
2 y = cos–1 (sinq) + 2cos–1 (cosq)
________
= cot   –1
x    
2sin ( __
     )
2 y = cos–1 cos __
p
(  (  ))
     – q    + 2cos–1 (cosq)
2
= cot { cot ( __
     ) } = __
x
–1
2
x
    
2
y = __
p
( 
     – q  + 2q
2 )
dy
 ___   =
1
__
     = independent of x

p
2 ( 
y =      + q  = __
__ p
2 )
     + sin–1 (2x)
dx 2 dy 2
 ___   = _______
  ______     
Hence, the result. dx ÷1  – 4x2   
46. Given
2x
(  )
y = tan–1 _____
   2 
1–x
1 + x2
   + sec–1  _____2 
1–x (  )
  
50. Given ( 
1  + x  
÷
_____
– ÷1  – x  
y = tan  _______________
–1
_____
1  + x  
÷ + ÷
  
)
    
_____
1  – x  

_____
)
(  ) (  )
2x 1 – x2 Put x = cosq
y = tan–1 _____    + cos–1  _____2 
( 
   2     ________ _______

1–x
y = 2tan–1 x + 2tan–1 x = 4tan–1 x

1+x

÷1  + cosq  
  ________
– ÷1  – cosq 
y = tan–1 ____________________
       
_______
 
 
  
+ ÷1  – cosq  
÷1  + cosq   )
dy ( 
cos(q/2) – sin(q/2)
y = tan–1  ________________
      )
 ( ((   )))
4
 ___   = _____
      cos(q/2) + sin(q/2)
dx 1 + x2
q
1 – tan __
     
  47. Given
x–1
(  )
y = sec–1  _____ 
x+1
x+1
   + sin–1  _____ 
x–1 (  )
   y = tan–1  _________
2
     
q
__
1 + tan      
2
(  _____  (  _____ 
x – 1) x – 1)
x+1 x+1
(  (  ) ) (  )
y = cos–1    + sin –1
   p q p q
y = tan–1 tan __
     – __
        = __
     – __
     
p 4 2 4 2
y = __     
y = (  __
2 2) 2
–1
2 p q p cos x
     – __
      = __
     – ______
     
dy 2
 ___   = 0
dx dy 1
[  { ÷  } ]
_____  ___   =  _______
   
_____  
1–x dx 2÷1  – x2 
48. Given y = sin 2tan  _____ 
–1
     
   
1+x
( 
______
Put x = cosq
51. –1 x ÷3  – 3x2 
y = cos x + cos __
     +  _______
–1  
     )
[  { ÷ 
________ 2 2

1 – cosq
y = sin 2 tan  ________ 
–1
1 + cosq
 
     }]
1
y = cos–1 x + cos–1 __ ( 
÷
     ◊ x + ___
  
3 
    ÷1  – x2 
__
  
_____
)
[  { ÷ 
2 2
}]
_________
2
(  )
2sin (q/2)
y = sin 2tan–1 _________
          
 
1
y = cos–1 x + cos–1 __
      – cos–1 (x)
2cos2 (q/2) 2
[  (  (  ) ) ]
q
y = sin 2tan–1 tan __
         
2

1
y = cos–1 __ (  ) p
      = __
2
    
3
dy 57. We have 2x2 + 3xy + 3y2 = 1
 ___   = 0
dx dy dy
_____ _____
fi 4x + 3x  ___   + 3y + 6y2  ___   = 0
– ÷x  – x3 
52. We have y = sin–1 (x ÷1  – x    ) dx dx
_____ _____
__ dy
y = sin–1 (x ÷1  – x    ÷ 1 – x   (3x + 6y2)  ___   = – (4x + 3y)
2
fi – ÷x 
   ) fi
dx
( 
__
y = sin–1 x – sin–1 (÷x 
)
fi    )
dy 4x + 3y
__ fi  ___   = –  _______    
dy 1 ÷x 
    dx 3x + 6y2
fi  ___   = ______
  _____
     – _______
  _____   
dx ÷ 1  – x  
2
  2÷1  – x   58. We have, ex + ey = ex + y
53. Given
dy
y = f (x) = x3 + x5 + x7 dy
fi ex + ey  ___   = ex + y 1 + ___
dx ( 
dy
) dy
      = ex + y + ex + y  ___  
dx dx
fi  ___   = 3x2 + 5x4 + 7x6 dy dy
dx fi ex + ey  ___   = ex + y + ex + y  ___  
dx 1 dx dx
Now, g¢(y) = ___
     = _____________
        dy
dy 3x2 + 5x4 + 7x6
fi (ey – ex + y)  ___   = (ex + y – ex)
dx
When y = 3, 3 = x3 + x5 + x7
Thus, x=1
dy
fi ___
dx y
e –e ( 
ex + y – ex
     =  ________  
x + y ) ( 
ex + ey – ex
   =   _________
ey – ex – ey
  )
  
1 1 dy ey
Therefore, g¢(3) = _________
        = ___
      fi ___
     = __
  x   = – ey – x
3 + 5 + 7 15 dx e
_____ _____
54. Given y = x5 + 2x3 + 2x 59. We have x ÷1  + y  
+ y ÷1  + x  
= 0
_____ _____
dy fi x ÷1  + y  
= – y ÷1  + x  

 ___   = 5x4 + 6x2 + 2
dx
fi x2 (1 + y) = y2 (1 + x)
dx 1
Now, g¢(y) = ___
     =  ____________
      fi x2 + x2y = y2 + xy2
dy 5x4 + 6x2 + 2
fi x2 – y2 = xy2 – x2y
when y = – 5, then x = – 1
fi (x + y)(x – y) = – xy(x – y)
1 1
Therefore, g¢(– 5) = _________
        = ___
      fi (x + y) = – xy
5 + 6 + 2 13
fi y + xy = – x
55. Given y = f (x) = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4 fi y (1 + x) = – x
dy
fi  ___   = 3x2 + 4x + 3
fi y = –  _____
1+x
x
  
1
  = – 1 – _____
     
1+x
   (  )
dx
Now,
dx
g¢(y) = ___
1
     = ___________
       
fi y = – 1 –  _____
1+x
1
  ( 
   )
dy 3x2 + 4x + 3 dy 1
fi  ___   = –  _______
     
dx (1 + x)2
When y = 4, x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4 = 4 _____ _____
Thus, x=0   + x ÷1  – y2 
60. We have y ÷1  – x2    = 1 ...(i)
1 1 Put x = sinq and y = sinj
Therefore, g¢(4) = _________
        = __
    
0+0+3 3 (i) reduces to sinj cosq + sinq cosj = 1
56. Given f and g are inverse of each other fi sin (q + j) = 1
Thus, f (g(x)) = g( f (x)) = x fi q + j = sin–1 (1)
fi f ¢(g(x)) ◊ g¢(x) = 1 fi sin–1x + sin–1y = sin–1(1)
1 1 dy
fi
1
g¢(x) = _______
       fi ______
  _____       + _______
  _____     ___
  = 0
f ¢(g(x)) ÷ 1  – x2   ÷ 1  – y2    dx
1 dy 1
fi  
1
g¢(x) = _________
      fi ______
  _____       ___
     = – ______
  _____      
1 + (g(x))n 1  – y  
2 dx
  ÷ ÷1  – x2   
(  )
_____
dy ÷1  – y2  
  fi
q–j
cos  _____
   
  = a
fi  ___   = –  _______
_____     2
dx ÷1  – x2  
(  )
÷ 
_____ q–j
dy 1 – y2 fi  _____   = cot–1 (a)
   
fi  ___   = –  _____2 
 
   2
dx 1–x
fi (q – j) = 2cot–1 (a)
Hence, the result.
61. Given sin y = x sin (a + y) fi sin–1 (x3) – sin–1 (y3) = 2 cot–1 (a)
sin y Differentiating w.r.t x, we get,

fi x = ________
     
sin(a + y) 3x2 3y2 ___ dy
fi  ______
_____   – ______
     _____
         = 0
Differentiate w.r.t y, we get,   ÷1  – y6 
÷ 1  – x6   dx
dx sin(a + y) ◊ cosy – sin y ◊ cos(a + y) 3y2 ___ dy 3x2

fi  ___   =  _____________________________
          fi  ______
_____         = ______
  _____  
 
dy {sin(a + y)}2 ÷ 1  – y6 
 dx ÷1  – x6   
______
sin(a + y – y)
dx
fi  ___   = ____________
    
    dy x2÷1  – y6  
dy {sin(a + y)}2 fi  ___   = _________
  _____   
dx y2÷ 1  – x6 
 
dx sina
fi  ___   = _________
      1 1
dy sin2 (a + y) 64. Given, x2 + y2 = t – __
     and x4 + y4 = t2 + __
  2   
t t
dx 1 sin2(a + y)
fi  ___   =  ___    =  _________   
.  Now,
1
x2 + y2 = t – __
    
dy dx
___ sin a t
    
dy
62. We have log (x + y) = 2xy
fi
1 2
(x2 + y2)2 = t – __ (  )
     
t
(  ) ( 
1
(x2 + y2)2 = t2 +  __2    – 2
1
fi  ______
   
(x + y)
dy
  1 + ___
dy
      = 2 x  ___   + y ◊ 1 
dx dx ) ...(i)
fi
t
1
fi x4 + y4 + 2x2y2 = t2 + __
  2    – 2
when x = 0, then y = 1 t
Put x = 0 and y = 1 in (i), we get, 1 1
fi t2 + __
  2    + 2x2y2 = t2 + __
  2    – 2
(  ) ( 
t t
1
fi  ______
   
(0 + 1)
dy
  1 + ___
dy
      = 2 0 ◊  ___   + 1.1 
dx dx ) fi 2x2y2 = – 2
dy
fi 1 + ___ ( 
      = 2
dx ) fi
fi
x2y2 = – 1
y2 = ___
– 1
  2  
dy x
fi  ___   = 1. dy
dx 2
fi 2y  ___   = __     
_____ _____ dx x3
63. Given ÷ 1 – x6  1  – y6 
  + ÷   = a(x3 – y3)
dy 1
fi  ___   = ___
     

Put x3 = sinq, y3 = sinj dx x3y
The given equation reduces to
cosq + cosj = a(sinq – sinj) 65. Given ( 
x+y
sec  _____
x – y  )
   = a
fi (  )
q+j
2cos  _____
2 (  )
q–j
  cos  _____
   
2
   
 
(  )
x+y
fi  _____
x–y   
  =
sec–1 (a)
_______
 
1
    
( q+j
= 2a cos  _____
Z
2 ) (  )
q–j
  sin  _____
   
2
   
 
  xx ++ yy +– xx  
fi (____________     )  =  __________
–y
+y
sec (a) + 1
    
–1
–1
(  ) (  )
sec (a) – 1
q–j q–j
fi cos  _____   = a sin  _____
       
 
2 2
sec–1 (a) + 1 Hence, the result.

x
fi  __y  = ___________
  –1   
    68. Given y = x sin y
sec (a) – 1
dy dy
y sec–1 (a) – 1 fi  ___   = sin y + x cos y  ___  
fi  __x  =  __________
     dx dx
sec–1 (a) + 1
dy
fi  ___   (1 – x cos y) = sin y
(  ) dx
–1
sec (a) – 1
fi y =  __________
      x
sec–1 (a) + 1 dy sin y
fi  ___   =  __________
     
dx (1 – x cos y)
dy sec–1 (a) – 1
fi  ___   =  __________
     dy y
dx sec–1 (a) + 1 fi  ___   = ___________
       
dx x (1 – x cos y)
dy y
fi  ___   = __
 x  Hence, the result.
dx
69. Given cos y = x cos (a + y)
Hence, the result.
(  )
cos y
2 2 fi x = _________
     
x – y cos(a + y)
66. Given tan–1  ______     = a
x2 + y2
dx – cos(a + y)siny + cosy sin(a + y)
fi  ___   =  ____________________________
(  )
        
 
x –y 2 2 dy cos2 (a + y)
tana
fi  ______     = ____
    
 
x2 + y2 1 dx sin(a + y – y)
fi  ___   =  ____________
  
   
( 
dy cos2 (a + y)
x2 – y2 + x2 + y2
fi   _____________
2 2
x –y –x –y
  
2 2 ) tan a + 1
   =  ________ 
tan a – 1
 
dx sin(a)
fi  ___   = __________
 
dy cos2 (a + y)
  
  
x2 tan a + 1
fi –  __2   =  ________   2
tan a – 1 dx cos (a + y)
y fi  ___   =  __________
    
dy sin(a)
y2 1 – tan a
fi  __2   =  ________   Hence, the result.
x tan a + 1
70. Given y = xsin x
fi ( 
1 – tan a 2
y =  ________ 
2
tan a + 1
   x ) fi log(y) = log ( xsin x )
fi
dy
dx ( 
1 – tan a
2y  ___   = 2  ________ 
tan a + 1
   x ) fi log (y) = sinx log x
__1 dy ____ sinx

fi  y  ___
     =   x   
 + cos x log x
( 
dx
dy x 1________
fi  ___   = __
     
dx y 1 + tan a
– tan a
    )
fi
dy
___ (  sinx
     = y ____
dx
  x     + cos x log x  )
Hence, the result.
67. Given xy = 1
fi
dy
___
dx
(  sinx
     = xsinx ____
  x    )
  +  cos x log x 
fi
1
y = __
 x  71. Given y = (sin x)cos x
cos x
dy 1 fi y = elog (sin x)
fi  ___   = –  __2   
dx x fi y = ecosx log (sin x)
( 
dy dy
fi  ___   = – y2
dx
cos x
)
fi  ___   = ecos xlog (sin x) cos x ◊  ____  – sin x log sin x 
dx sin x
dy dy
fi  ___   + y2 = 0 fi  ___   = (sin x)cos x (cos x ◊ cot x – sinx log sin x)
dx dx
72. Given y = (tan x)cot x + (cot x)tan x
fi y = e log(tan x)cot x
+ e log(cot x)tan x

dy
fi ___ (  ) (  1
)
      = 2 log 2 –  __    + 2 = log 4 + 1
dx x = 1 2
75. Given y = sinx ◊ sin2x ◊ sin3x ... sin (2014) x
cot x log(tan x) tan x log(cot x)
fi y = e +e
log y = log (sinx ◊ sin2x ... sin (2014) x)
dy sec2x
fi  ___  = e cot x log(tan x) cotx ◊  _____  
dx tanx ( 
– cosec2 x ◊ log(tan x) 
1 ___
dx
)
logy = log sinx + log sin x2x + ... + log sin(2014)x
 __
+e tan x log(cot x)
tanx ◊   ( 
– cosec2x
________
cotx
 
    2
+ sec x ◊ log(cot x)  )
y   dy   = cot x + 2 cot 2x + ... + 2014 cot (2014) x
dy
dy
fi ___
     = (tanx)cotx (cosec2x – cosec2x ◊ log(tanx))  ___   = y (cotx + 2cot2x + ... + 2014 cot (2014)x)
dx dx
+ (cot x) tan x (– sec2x + sec2x ◊ log(cot x)) 76. Given x y = ex – y

73. Given xm xn = (x + y)m + n fi y logx = (x – y)
fi log (xm xn) = log((x + y)m + n) fi y (1 + log x) = x

x
fi m logx + n log y = (m + n)log (x + y) fi y = _________
       
(1 + logx)

m __
fi  __
n ___ dy
x   +  y   dx   =
(m + n)
 _______ 
(x + y)
dy
 1 + ___ ( 
     
dx ) dy (1
___
fi      =  
1
+ logx) – x ◊  __
_____________
  
    
x 
(  ( 
dy dx 2
n
fi __
 y  –
m + n ___
 _____  ) m+n
        =  _____ 
x + y dx x+y
  –
m
__
)
 x   
(1 + logx)
dy (1 + logx) – 1
( 
fi  ___   =  ___________
  
   
nx + ny – my – ny ___
fi _________________
    
  
y(x + y)
dy
       
dx ) dx (1 + logx)2
logx
( 
dy
fi  ___   = _________

mx + nx – mx – my
=  _________________
x(x + y)
  
     )
 
dx (1 + logx)2
    
Hence, the result.

nx – my ___
fi  _______ 
dy
(  nx – my
        =  _______ 
y(x + y) dx x(x + y)
   ) (  ) 77. Given xy = yx
(  )
fi y log x = x log y
1 dy
fi __
dx
1
 y    ___   = __
 x   (  ) y dy x dy
fi  __x  + log x  ___   = log y + __
 y   ___  
dy y dx dx
fi  ___   = __
   
dx x x dy
(  (  )
y
fi log x – __ )
 y    ___   = log y – __
 x  
1 x
74. Given y = 1 + __ ( 
 x   + x ( 1 +  x  )
)1
__ dx
(  y
)
( 
log y – __
)
dy  x   y x log y – y
(  ) + e( 1 +  __1x  )logx
1
x log 1 +  __ fi  ___   =  _________
x     = __
 x   ________    
( 
fi y = e x  
dx logx – __ )
 y   y log x – x
( 1 +  x  ) log x + __
(  (  ) )
dy 1
__ 1 1 1
fi  ___   = e x log  x   + x  _______
      ◊ –  __2     78. Given ey = yx,
dx
1 + __
1
 x   x (  ) fi log (e y) = log(yx)
(  )
( (  ) )
1
__ 1 __ 1 __ 1
+ e 1 +  x   log x 1 +  __
x    x  –  x2    logx  fi y log(e) = x log (y)
fi y = x log(y)
dy
fi ___
dx
1 x
     = 1 + __ (  1
) (  ( 
 x   log x + __
1
 x   – ______
     
(1 + x)
   ) ) dy x dx
fi  ___   = log(y) + __
 y   ___  
dx dy
( ( 
+ x ( 1 +  x  ) 1 + __ ) ) dy
(  )
1
__ 1 1 __ 1 x
 x    __
x  –  x2    logx  fi  ___   1 – __
 y   = log (y)
dx
dy
dx
1
fi  ___   1  –  _____( 
     
log(y)
= log (y) )  
1+x
8x7
+ _____  8 
1006x1005
  ... + ________
 
1 + x1006
  
(  )
dy dy 1006x1005
fi  ___   (log(y) – 1) = {log (y)}2 1
 ___   = y _____
     
2x
  + _____
   2   + ... + ________
     

dx dx 1+x 1+x 1 + x1006
dy {log(y)}2
fi  ___   =
(  )
__________
       dy
dx (log(y) – 1) ___
      = 1(1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1) (1006-times) = 1006.
dx x = 0
79. Given xm yn = 1
84. We have
_________________________
___________________
fi log(xm yn) = log(1) = 0 ____________
  + ÷ cosx
y = ÷cosx   +   
÷cosx
      to •   
+ ...   
fi m log x + n log y = 0
dy f ¢(x)
fi  ___   =  _______   
 
m __ n ___ dy dx (2y – 1)
fi  __
x   +  y   dx   = 0
dy – sinx
dy my fi  ___   = ______
    
 
fi  ___   = –  ___ dx 2y – 1
dx nx  
sinx cosx ____ sinx ____
cosx
Hence, the result. 85. We have y = ____
      ____             
...
1+ 1+ 1+ 1+
80. Given e x + y = x
sinx sin x
fi y = ____________
        =  ________
    
fi (x + y) = logx cosx
_________ cosx
1 +        1 + _____
    
 
sinx 1+y
dy 1 1 + ______
    
 
fi 1 + ___
     = __
    1  + ...
dx x
(1 + y) cos x
dy 1 1–x fi y = ___________
      
fi  ___   = __
    – 1 =  _____
x     1 + y + cos x
dx x
fi y + y2 + y cos x = sin x + y sin x
82. Given y = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) ... (x + 2012)
dy dy dy
logy = log(x + 1) + log(x + 2) + ... + fi  ___   + 2y  ___   + cosx  ___   – ysinx
log(x + 2012) dx dx dx
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get, dy
= cosx + sinx  ___  
dx
dy ______
1 ___ 1 1 1
 __   + ______
y   dx   =  (x + 1)          + ... + _________
        dy
(x + 2) (x + 2012) fi (1 + 2y + cos x – sin x)  ___   = cosx + y sinx
dx
dy
dx ( 1
 ___   = y ______
     
1
  + ______
     
(x + 1) (x + 2)
 
1
  + ... + _________
   
(x + 2012)
   ) dy cosx + ysinx
fi  ___   =  __________________
dx
       
(1 + 2y + cosx – sinx)
Put x = 0, we get, __________________
_____________
_________
86. Given y = ÷x  + ÷
x  + ÷
x  +   to •   
...    
dy
dx ( 
1 1
 ___   = (2012)! 1 + __
     + __
2 3
1
     + ... + _____
       
2012 ) fi
_____
y = ÷x  + y  

fi y2 = x + y
83. Given y = (1 + x)(1 + x2)(1 + x4)(1 + x8) ...
dy dy
(1 + x1006) fi 2y  ___   = 1 + ___
    
dx dx
logy = log(1 + x) + log (1 + x2) + log (1 + x4) +
dy
fi (2y – 1)  ___   = 1
dx
log (1 + x8) + ... + log (1 + x1006)
dy 1
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get, fi  ___   = _______
       
dx (2y – 1)
1 ___
dx ______ 1 2x 4x3
 __   + _____
y   dy   =  (1 + x)     2   + _____
    
  Hence, the result.
1+x 1 + x4
87. Given y = xx ... to • 1 1 ___

91. Given y = x + ___
     ___
1
          .... to •
y x + x + x +
fi y=x
1
fi log(y) = y log x fi y = x + __
 y 
dy
1 ___ y dy
fi  __ __
 x  + logx  ___   fi y2 = xy + 1
y   dx   = dx
( 
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get,
1
fi __
dy y
 y  – log(x)   ___   = __
dx
 x  ) dy dy
dy y2 fi 2y  ___   = y + x  ___  
dx dx
fi (1 – y log(x)) ___      = __  x  
dx dy
dy y2 fi (2y – x)  ___   = y
dx
fi  ___   = ____________
       
dx x(1 – ylog(x)) dy y
fi  ___   = _______
       
Hence, the result. dx (2y – x)
______________________
________________
_________
88. Given y=÷   + ÷ sinx
sinx        
+ ÷sinx ... to •   
     Hence, the result.
_______
  + y   sinx cosx ____ sin x ____
cos x
fi y=÷ sinx 92. Given y = ____
     ◊  ____   
◊      
◊      ... to •
2
1 + 1 + 1 + 1+
fi y = sinx + y
sin x
dy dy fi y = ________
  cos x     
fi 2y  ___   = cos x + ___
     1 + ____
   
 
dx dx 1+y
dy
fi (2y – 1)  ___   = cos x (1 + y) sin x
dx fi y =  ___________
    
(1 + y) + cos x
dy cos x
fi  ___   = _______
    
 
dx (2y – 1)   fi y {(1 + y) + cos x} = (1 + y)sin x
Hence, the result. fi y¢{(1 + y) + cos x} + y(y¢ – sin x)
x + to •

89. Given y = e x + ex + e

= (1 + y) cos x + y¢ sin x
x + y
fi y=e when x = 0 and y = 0, then
dy
dx
dy
fi  ___   = e x + y 1 + ___
     
dx (  ) fi
fi 2y¢ = 1
y¢(1 + 1) + 0 = 1 + 0
dy
fi  ___   = y 1 + ___
dx
dy
( 
     
dx ) fi y¢ = __
1
    
2
dy dy 1
fi (1 – y)  ___   = y fi  ___   = __
    
dy dx 2
dy y x x x x
fi  ___   =  _____
           ◊  ___   ◊  ___    ◊  ___   ............... to •
93. Given y = ___
dx 1 – y 1+ 2+ 1+ 2+
x x(2 + y)
y = _______   =  _______ 
(tan x) ... to •
90. Given y = (tan x)(tan x) fi    x     
1 +       ____   2 + y + x
fi y = (tan x) y 2+y
fi log (y) = y log (tan x) fi y(2 + y + x) = x(2 + y)
(  ) fi 2y + y2 + xy = 2x + xy
y
1 ___dy dy sec2x
fi  __   
y dx
 
  = ___
log (tanx)    
  + _____
    
 
dx tanx fi 2y + y2 = 2x
p
when x = __
    , y = 1, then fi
dy dy
2 ___   + 2y  ___   = 2
4 dx dx
dy dy
fi  ___   = 0 ◊  ___   + 2 dy dy
dx dx fi  ___   + y  ___   = 1
dx dx
dy dy
fi  ___   = 2 fi (1 + y)  ___   = 1
dx dx
dy dy 1

1
fi  ___   = ______
        fi  ___   =  _______    
_____  
dx (1 + y) dt ÷1  – t 2  
(  )
 
1 – t2
94. We have x = a (t – sin t), y = a (1 – cos t) Also, x = cos–1  _____2 
  
1+t
dx dy
fi  ___   = a(1 – cos t) and  ___   = a sin t fi x = 2 tan–1 t
dy dt

dx 2
dy
 ___   fi  ___   = _____
      
dy dt a (1 – cos t) dt 1 + t 2
Thus,  ___   =  ___   =  __________   
   
dx ___ dx a sin t dy ______ 1
       _____      
dt  ___  
dy dt ÷ 1  – t 2  
______ 1+ t 2
  _______
2 sin2 __ (  )
t
    
fi  ___   =  ___   =     =   _____   
(  )
dx dx 2
___ ______   2÷1  – t  
2
dy 2 1          2 
fi  ___   =  _____________        = tan __
   
(  ) (  )
t t__ dt 1+t
dx 2 sin __      cos      2
95. We have
2 2
 
( 
3 sin t + 4 cos t
  98. Given x = sin–1  ____________
5
  
     )
( 
1 1
fi x2 – y2 = t – __      and x4 + y4 = t 2 +
t
__
  2   
t
fi x = sin–1 __
3 4
     sin t + __
5
     cos t 
5 )
fi 2 2 2 1
(x – y ) = t – __ (  )
     
t
2
fi –1
x = sin (sin (t + a)) = t + a
dx
1 fi  ___   = 1
fi x4 + y4 – 2x2 y2 = t 2 + __ dt
( 
  2    – 2
fi
t
x4 + y4 – 2x2 y2 = x4 + y4 – 2
6 cos t + 8 sin t
Also, y = sin–1  ____________
10
        )
fi – 2x2 y2 = – 2
fi y = sin–1 ___
10
6
( 
      cos t + ___
8
      sin t 
10 )
fi x2 y2 = 1 fi y = sin–1 __
3
5 ( 
     cos t + __
4
     sin t 
5 )
1
y2 = __
–1
fi   2    fi y = sin (sin (t + b))
x fi y = (t + b)
dy 2
fi 2y  ___   = – __   3    fi  ___   = 1
dy
dx x dt
dy 1 dy
fi y  ___   = – __   3     ___  
dx x dy dt 1
Thus,  ___   =  ___   =  __   = 1.
dy dx ___ dx 1
fi x3 y  ___   + 1 = 0     
dx dt
dy dy/dt cos t
99.  ___   = _____  =  _____  
1
96. Given x = a t + __ (  ) 1
      and y = a t – __
t
     
t (  ) dx dx/dt
 
– sin t
 
dy
(  ) (  )
dx 1 dy 1  ___   = – cot(t)
fi  ___   = a 1 – __
  2     &  ___   = a 1 + __
  2     dx
(  )
dy dt
(  )
t dy 2p
 ___    ___ = – cot  ___   
dy 1
__
(  ) (  )
 ___   a 1 +   2     a t + __ 1
     
dx x =  2p  
3
3
dx
dy
dt
dx
dt
t
fi  ___   =  ___   =  ________ 
1
 ___   a 1 – __
  2     a t – __
t
  =  _______ 
(  ) (  ) 1
     
t
x
  = __
 y  dy
(  )
 ___    ___
dx x =  2p  
3
p
= cot __ (  ) 1
      = ___
3
  __   
÷   
3 
t
Hence, the result.
( 
_____
5t + 12÷1  – t 2 
97. Given y = cos   ____________
13
–1
  
    
 
) dy dy/dt
100.  ___   = _____
dx dx/dt
 
esin2t × 2 cos (2t)
  =   _______________
  
    
ecos2t × – 2sin (2t)
( 
______
fi
13
5
y = cos–1 ___
12
     ÷1  – y2 
     t  + ___
13
   ) dy y × log(x)
 ___   = –  _________ 
dx x × log (y)
 
 
y = cos ( ___
      ) – cos
5 –1 –1 dy dy/dq
fi t 101.  ___   =  _____   
 
13 dx dx/d q

2 sin (2 q) – 2 sin(q)
= _________________
  
   
2 cos (q) – 2 cos (2q)
fi
3
y = sin–1 (sin (a + sin t)), a = tan–1 __
     
4 (  )
( __
     )
3
sin (2q) – sin(q) and x = sin–1 (sin (b + sin t)), b = tan–1
=  _______________
  
     4
cos (q) – cos (2 q)
fi y = a + sin (t), x = b + sin (t)
=  
2 cos ___
3q
2
_______________
(  ) (  )
      sin __
     
q
   
2
 
dy dy/dt
 ___   = _____
    =
cos t
 ____ 
  = 1
(  ) (  ) q dx dx/dt cos t
2 sin       sin __
___
3q
   
2 2 Hence, the result.
(  )  
_______ _______
3q
cos ___
      (÷1  + sin t  
106. Given x = tan   ____________________
–1 1  – sin t  
 + ÷  
=   _______ 2
   ( )
= cot ___
3q
     
_______    
1  + sin t  
÷
   
 – ÷
_______  
1  – sin t  
)
3q
sin ___ (  ) 2 ______
( 
     
2
102. Given x = a t + __ (  )
1
      and y = a t – __ (  ) 1
     
÷ 1  +  t2  
and y = tan  _________
–1
t
–  1
   . )
(  (  ) )
t t
t
dy dy/dt fi x = tan–1 cot __         
fi  ___   =  _____    2
(  (  ) )
dx dx/dt q
(  ) (  )
and y = tan tan __
–1
        , t = tan (q)
1 2
a 1 + __   2     a t + __ 1
     
dy t t –1
___ ________ _______ q tan (t)
(  ) (  )
fi      =   t
dx 1
 
  =  
1
   fi x = __
     , y = __
     =  _______
   
__
a 1 –   2     a t –       __ 2 2 2
t t
1
________
       
fi      =  
dy a
___
t + __
_______
(  )
1
     
t x
  = __
   y 
dy _____
___ dy/dt
fi      =  
dx dx/dt
2 (1
  =  
1
+ t 2) ______
________
  
1
 =   2     
(  )
dx 1 __
     (t + 1)
a t –       __ 2
t
103. Given x = sin–1  _____

2t
1 +t (  )
 2     and y = tan–1  _____
(  ) 2t
  
1 – t2
  
107. Let u = f (x2 + 2012) and v = f (x3 + 2013)
du d(f (x2 + 2012))
Thus,  ___   =  _____________
  
    
fi x = p – 2 tan–1 (t), y = 2 tan–1 (t) dv d (f (x3 + 2013))
1
–  ______
 2  
  du f ¢(x2 + 2012) ◊ 2x
dy dy/dt (1 + t) fi  ___   = _______________
  3     
fi  ___   = _____
      ________  
  = –1 dv f ¢(x + 2013) ◊ 3x2
dx dx/dt 1
______
    2     2
(1 + t ) du 2 f ¢(x + 2012)
fi  ___   = ___
      ____________
    .
Hence, the result. dv 3x f ¢(x2 + 2013))
( 
_____
5t + 12÷1  – t 2 
104. Given y = cos _____________
 
13
   –1
    
 
) 108. Let u = xx and v = x log x
du d(x x)
Thus,  ___   =  ________
(  )
   
1 – t2 dy dv d(x log x)
and x = cos–1  _____2 
   , then find  ___  
1+t dx
xx (1 + log x)
=  ____________   = xx
(  )
  
  
5 (1 + log x)
fi y = cos–1 (t) – cos–1 ___
      , x = 2 tan–1 (t)
{ 
13 ______ ______
dy
dx
dy/dt
fi  ___   =  _____ 
dx/dt
 
÷ 1  + x2  
109. Let u = tan ________________
–1
  ______
÷ 1  + x  
2
 + ÷
1  – x2 
–  ÷
  
______
1  – x  
2
 
 
}
      , v = cos–1 (x2)
( 
1

–  _______
_________
=  
   
_____
 1 – t2 
÷  
 
 
 
 
+ t2
1 _____
= –   _______    .
fi
cos q – sin q
u = tan–1 ___________
        
cos q + sin q )
  , x2 = cos (2 q)
2
_____ 2÷ 1 – t2 
(  ( 
 
))
    2 
  p
1+t fi u = tan–1 tan __      – q   
4
105. Given x = sin–1  ____________
5 ( 
3 sin t + 4 cos t
        ) fi
p
u = __(  )
     – q  = __
4
p 1
     – __
4 2
     cos–1 (x2)
and y = sin–1  ____________

10( 
6 cos t + 8 sin t
  
     , ) fi
p 1
u = __
     – __
4 2
     cos–1 (x2); v = cos–1 (x2)
du du/dx
fi  ___   = ______
dv dv/dx
 
1
  = – __
    
2
d 2y
fi  ___2   = ___
dx
b
      –  __
dq a
dq
  cot q  ◊  ___  
dx
(  )
2x
110. Let u = sin–1  _____
1 +x
 2 
(  ) 1 – x2
   and v = cos–1  _____2 
1+x
   (  ) d 2y
fi  ___2   =
dx
( b
)– 1
 a  cosec2 q  ◊ _____
__  
a sinq
   

fi u = 2 tan–1 (x) and v = 2 tan–1 (x)

2/(1 + x2)

( a
b
= –  __2    cosec3q 
)
(  )
du du/dx  _________
fi  ___   = ______
    =     = 1
dv dv/dx 2/(1 + x2) b __ b3
= –  __ ◊
 
a y3   
 

111. Let u = (sin x), v = f (cos x)
b4
du du/dx
fi  ___   = ______      = –  ___3   
dv dv/dx ay
(  ) (  )
du du/dx   f ¢(sin x) cos x d2 x ___
fi  ___   =  _____    = –  ___________    
   115.  ___2 
d dx d dx dx
       ___    ◊  ___  
  =        ___    = ___
dv du/dx f ¢(cos x) sin x
 ( )
dy dy dy dx dy dy
112. We have y = c1ex + c2 e–x
d 1 ___ dx
dy =  ___    ___
       ◊     
fi  ___   = c1ex – c2 e–x dx ___ dy dy
dx     
dx
d2 y d 2y 1
fi  ___2   = c1 ex + c2 e–x = y = _____
–1 ___
   2    ◊   2   ◊ ___
     
dx
fi  ___2 
d2 y
(  )
dy dx ___
___
     
dx
dy
    
dx
(  )
  – y = 0.
dx
113. We have x = at2, y = 2 at
(  )
dy – 3 d2y
= –  ___    ◊  ___2   
dx dx
dx dy 116. Given y = e2x
fi  ___   = 2 at &  ___   = 2a
dt dt dy
fi  ___   = 2e2x
dy dx
dy  ___  
dt 2a 1
Now,  ___   =  ___   =  ___    = __ d 2y
dx ___ dx 2at
    
t fi  ___2   = 4 e2x
     dx
(  ) (  )
dt
d2 x ___ d dx dx d dx dx
d 2y d dy
fi  ___2   = ___
       ___    (  ) fi  ___
2
  =        ___    ◊  ___   = ___
 
dy dy dy
       ___    ◊  ___  
dx dy dy
 ( )
dy
dx dx dx
(  )
d 1 ___ dx
d dy dt = ___
      ___
       ◊     
fi = __
       ___    ◊  ___    dx ___ dy dy
dt dx dx     
dx
fi
d 1 ___
= __
dt t dx (  )
      __
dt
      ◊      

– 1 ___
= _____
   2  
d 2y 1
◊   2   ◊___
     
fi
1 1
= –  __2    ◊ ___
t 2at
       (  )
dy dx ___
___
     
dx
dy
    
dx
fi
1
= –  ____
2at3
    (  ) ( 
dy –3 d2y
= –  ___    ◊  ___2   
dx dx )
114. We have x = a cos q, y = b sinq
(  ) (  )
2
d y d2 x
dy Thus,  ___2     ___2 
   .
dx
fi  ___  = – a sinq &  ___  = b cosq dx dy
dq dq
dy
 ___ 
d 2y
=  ___2   ◊ –
dx
(  )dy – 3 d2y
 ___     ___  
dx dx2
fi  ___  =  ___   =  _______ 
dx dq b cosq b
= – __
    a  cot q
(  ) (  )
dq ___ dx – a sinq d2y 2 dy –3
   
dq =  ___2     ___   
(  )
dx dx
(  )
2
d y d dy d b
fi  ___2   = ___
       ___    = ___
      – __
 a  cotq 
dx dx dx dx = (4e2x)2 (2e2x) –3
16e4x |y¢¢|
= _____
  6x   fi k =  _________
    
8e (1 + y¢ 2)3/2
= ___
2
  2x   
e
2

[  x x2
x + yy¢ = 0 fi y¢ = –  __y  fi y2 =  __2   
y
= __
 y . x2 x + y
2 2
a2

fi 1 + y¢2 = 1 +  __2   =  ______2
   =  ___2  
 
__y y y y
117. We have (a + bx)e x  = x
]
2
a a
__y x fi y2 =  ______   fi |y| =   _______
      
______   
fi e x  = ______
        1 + y¢2 ÷1  + y¢2   
a + bx
( 
y x
fi  __x  = log ______
     
a + bx
   ) 119. We have y = eax sin bx
dy
y
fi  __x  = log x – log (a + bx) fi  ___   = a eax sin bx + eax ◊ b cos bx
dx
dy d 2y
x ◊  ___   – y fi  ___2   = a 2eax sin bx + abeax cos bx
dx 1 b a + bx – bx
fi   ________     = __
 x  – ______
        =  __________
     dx
x 2 a + bx x(a + bx) + abeax cos bx – b2eax sin bx
dy ax2 ax y2 – 2ay1 + (a2 + b2) y
fi x  ___   – y =  ________      =  ______
    
dx x(a + bx) a + bx = a2eax sin bx + abeax cos bx
2
dy dy dy (a + bx)◊a – ax ◊ b + abeax cos bx – b2eax sin bx
fi x  ___2   +  ___   ◊ 1 –  ___   =  ______________
    
 
dx dx dx (a + bx)2 – 2a(aeax sin bx + beax cos bx)
2
dy a2 + (a2 + b2)eax sin bx
fi x  ___2   =  ________
    
dx (a + bx)2 = eax (a2 sin bx + 2 ab cos bx – b2 sin bx
( 
2
dy a2 x 2 – 2a2 sin bx – 2ab cos bx + (a2 + b2) sin bx)
fi x3 ___   =  ________
dx 2
(a + bx)
 2  
a
ax 2
=  ______
     
+ bx
) = 0.
( 
Hence, the result.
fi
d 2y dy 2
x3  ___   = x  ___   – y  .
dx2 dx ) 120. Given y = 2 sin x + 3 cos x
dy
Hence, the result. fi  ___   = 2 cos x – 3 sin x
dx
118. We have x2 + y2 = a2
d 2y
d 2y
(  ) fi  ___2   = – 2 sin x – 3 cos x
2 4
b b b 3 a____ b

fi
 ___   = – __   2    cot3 q = – __   2    __
 y   =   2 3   dx
2
dx a a a y
d 2y
fi
dy
2x + 2y  ___   = 0 fi  ___2   = – 2 (sin x + 3 cos x) = – y
dx dx
dy d 2y
fi x + y  ___   = 0 fi  ___2   + y = 0
dx dx
fi (  )
dy 2 d 2y
1 +  ___    + y  ___2   = 0
dx dx
Hence, the result.
121. Given y = x + tan x
fi
d 2y dy 2
– y  ___2   = 1 +  ___    (  ) dy
fi  ___   = 1 + sec2 x
dx
|  |
dx
(  ) (  )
|  |
dy 2 dy 2 d 2y
2 1 +  ___    1 +  ___    fi  ___2   = 2 sec2 x tan x
d y dx dx dx
fi  ___2    =   ________
– y    =   ________
       
dx |y| d 2y
fi cos2 x  ____2  = 2 tan x
+ y¢2)3/2
(1 + y¢2) (1_________ dx
fi |y¢¢| =  _______
  
 =   a   
 
|y| d 2y
Now, cos2 x  ____2  – 2y + 2x
1 _________|y¢¢| dx
fi  __
a  =  (1 + y¢   
2 3/2
 
) = 2 tan x – 2 (x + tan x) + 2x
= 2 tan x – 2x – 2 tan x + 2x = 2 ex (cos x – sin x) – 4ex cos x + 2ex (sin x + cos x)

= 0. = 2 ex (cos x – sin x – 2 cos x + sin x + cos x)
122. Given y = tan x + sec x = 2ex (0)
dy = 0.
fi  ___   = sec2 x + sec x tan x
dx Hence, the result.
dy 1 + sin x Given y = sin–1 (x)
126.
fi  ___   =  _______      dy
dx cos2 x 1
fi  ___   = ______
  _____
   
dy 1 + sin x 1 dx ÷1  – x2 
fi  ___   =  ________   =  _______
        
dx 2
1 – sin x 1 – sin x d 2y (2x)
  fi  ___2   =  _____________
    
_____
dy – cos x cos x
fi  ___   =  _________     =  _________
      dx 2(1 – x2)÷1  – x2 
dx (1 – sin x)2 (1 – sin x)2
d 2y _______ x dy
Hence, the result.   fi (1 – x2)  ___2 
  =   ______
     = x  ___  
123. Given y = A cos (log x) + B sin (log x)   dx ÷ 1  – x  
2
  dx
d 2y dy
dy A sin (log x) __________
fi  ___   = –  __________
b cos (log x) fi (1 – x2)  ___2 
  – x  ___   = 0
dx x       +   x       dx dx
dy Hence, the result.
fi x  ___   = – A sin (log x) + B cos (log x) 127.
dx dy dy/dt ___ 2a 1
(i)  ___   = _____
    =       = __
    
d 2y dy A cos (log x) __________
B sin (log x) dx dx/dt 2at t
fi x  ___2  +  ___   = –  __________
x      
–   x      
(  ) (  )
dx dx d 2y d dy d 1
2 fi  ___2   = ___
       ___    = ___
      __
     
dy dy dx dx dx dx t
fi x2 ___   + x  ___   = – (A cos(log x) + B sin(log x)
dx2 dx
d 2y dy
d 2y
dx
d 1 ___
fi  ___2   = __
      __
dt t dx (  )
dt
          
fi x2  ___   + x  ___   = – y
dx 2 dx
d 2y 1 1 1
dy 2
dy   fi  ___2   = –  __2    × ___
       = – ____
   3 
 
fi x2  ___   + x  ___   + y = 0 dx t 2at 2at
dx2 dx
dy dy/dq 3 a sin2q cosq
Hence, the result. (ii)  ___   = ______
    = –  ___________
         
dx dx/dq 3 a cos2q sin q
124. Given y = tan–1x
dy dy
fi  ___   = _____
1
        fi  ___   = – tanq
dx 1 + x2 dx
fi
dy
(1 + x )  ___   = 1
dx
2
d 2y
dx
d dy
fi  ___2   = ___
dx dx (  ) d
       ___    = ___
      (– tanq)
dx
d 2y dy d 2y d dq
fi (1 + x2)  ___2   + 2x  ___   = 0 fi  ___2   = ___
     (– tanq) ___  
dx dx dq dx
dx
fi (1 + x2) y2 + 2xy1 = 0 d 2y 1
fi  ___2   = sec2q × ___________
      
dx 3 a cos2q sinq
125. Given y = ex (sin x + cos x),
dy
fi  ___   = ex (sin x + cos x) + ex (cos x – sin x)
dx
dy

a3
=  _________
3x (axy)
a8/3
= _______
 1/3     4    
  =
1 ___
__
 
3(x y)1/3 3 x4 y
 
 
(  )
 
a8 1/3
   
 
fi  ___   = 2 ex cos x 128. Given x = a secq, y = b tanq

dx
d 2y d 2y b 1
fi  ___2   = 2 ex (cos x – sin x) fi  ___2   = –  __  cosec q cot q × _________
      
dx dx a asec q tan q
(  )
d 2y dy d 2y b4
Now,  ___2   – 2  ___   + 2y b b b 3
fi  ___2  = –  __2    cot3 q = –  __2    __
 y   = –  ____   
dx dx dx a a a2 y3
( 
129. Given y = sin–1 x
dy 1
134. Given y = x log ______
x
     
a + bx
   )
fi  ___   = ______
  _____
   
( 
y
dx ÷ 1  – x2  fi  __x  = log ______
x
     
a + bx
   )
d 2y (– 2x) y
  fi  ___2   = –  _____________ 
  
_____ fi  __x  = log x – log (a + bx)
  dx 2(1 – x2)÷1  – x2 
dy
d 2y x dy x ◊  ___   – y
  fi (1 – x2) ___2   = _______
  ______      = x  ___   dx 1 b a + bx – bx
fi   ________     = __
 x  –  ______       =  ___________
  
   
  dx ÷ 1  – x2     dx x 2 a + bx x(a + bx)
2
dy dy dy ax2
fi (1 – x2) ___2   – x  ___   = 0 fi x  ___   – y =  ________   
ax
  =  ______   
dx dx dx x (a + bx) a + bx
fi (1 – x2) y2 – xy1 = 0 d 2y dy dy (a + bx)a ◊ – ax ◊ b
Hence, the result. fi x  ___2   +  ___   ◊ 1 –  ___   =   _______________
   
  
dx dx dx (a + bx)2
130. **
d 2y a2
131. ** fi x  ___2   =  ________
    
132. Given x = a (q + sin q), y = a (1 + cos q) dx (a + bx)2
( 
dy d 2y a2 x 2
– a sin q
fi  ___   =  __________
dx a (1 + cos q)
 
  
sin q
  = –  ________
1 + cos q
    fi x 3 ___   =  ________
dx 2
(a + bx)
 2 
a
ax 2
  =  ______
+
  
bx
   )
2sin __
q
      cos __ (  ) (  )
q
      d 2y
( dy 2
x3 ___   = x  ___   – y  . )
(  )
dy 2 2 q fi
fi  ___   = –  _____________      = – tan __
         dx2 dx
dx
2cos2 __
q
     
2 (  ) 2 _____
135. Given ÷x  + y   y  – x  
 + ÷  = c
_____
(  ) (  ) (  )
2
d y 1 q 1 1 dy 1 dy
fi  ___2   = –  __   sec2 __       × __________
        fi  _______     
_____ 1+  ___    + _______
  _____
      ___   – 1  = 0
dx 2 2 a(1 + cos q) 2÷x  + y   dx 2÷y  – x   dx
_____ _____ _____ _____
d 2y 1 __________1 dy (÷x  + y   )(÷x  + y  
 – ÷y  – x    + ÷y  – x  
 )
fi  ___2  = –  __
a           fi  ___   =  _______________________________
    
_____    
_____  
dx (1 + cos q )2 dx c(÷x  + y    + ÷y  – x ) 
d 2y 1 __ a2 a dy (x + y – y + x)
fi  ___2  = –  __ a   ×   2   = –  __2    fi  ___   =  _____________ 
    
dx y y dx c2
Hence, the result. dy 2x
fi  ___   =  ___2  
133. Given x = a (1 – cos q), y = a (q + sinq), dx c
2
d y 2
dy a(1 + cosq)
 ___   =   __________
   
   fi  ___2   = __  2   
dx a sin q dx c
(  )
cos4 a _____
sin4 a _____ 1
2 cos __
q 2
      136. We have  _____
x   
 
+   y   
 =      
 
 
x+y
 ( ) (  ) ( )
dy 2 q
 ___   = – ______________     = cot __      
(  )
    
dx q
2 sin __
      cos __
2
q
     
2
2 x+y
fi  _____ (  )
x       cos4 a +  _____
x+y
y       sin4a = 1
dy
      ( cot ( __
2
d
 ___   = ___      ) ) ×  ___  
q dq fi 1 + __ (  )
y
(  )
 x   cos4 a + 1 + __
x
 y   sin4 a = 1
dq 2 dx y
(  ) (  )
2
dx x
fi __
 x   cos4a + __  y   sin4a + (sin4a + cos4 a) = 1
 ___   = –  __   cosec ( __

2
     ) × _____
dy q
dx
1
2 2
2
2
1
      
a sinq
y
fi __ (  ) (  )
 x   cos4a + __
x
 y   sin4 a + 1 – 2 sin2 a cos2 a = 1
cosec ( __ (  ) (  )
y
     )
q x
2
2 fi  __x   cos4a +  __y   sin4 a – 2 sin2 a cos2 a = 0
dy
___ 1 _________
___ 2
     = –             
  __
( ÷  ) ( ÷  )
__
dx2 2 a sinq y 2
x 2 2
fi __
 x   cos
 
2
a  + __
 y   sin
  a 
(  )
2
– 2(  __
÷  y   sin a ) ( ÷__  x   cos a ) = 0
dy 1 2 1 __ __
 ___2    q =  __p   = – ___
      × __
     = –  __
a 
x
 
2 y 2
dx 2 2a 1  
( ÷ 
__
÷  )
__
x y 2
139. Given P (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
fi __
 y    sin2 a – __
 x   cos
 
2
a  = 0
P ¢(x) = 2 ax2 + 2bx + c
fi (  __
__
÷  y   sin a – ÷  x   cos a ) = 0

__
x
  __y 2
 
2 P ¢¢(x) = 4ax + 2b
__ P ¢¢(0) = 10 fi 2b = 10 fi b = 5
÷  ÷ 
__
x 2 y
fi  __y   sin
  a = __
 x   cos
 
2
a P(0) = – 2 fi d = – 2
P(1) = – 2 fi a + b + c + d = – 2
fi y = (x) tan2 a
a + 5 + c – 2 = – 2
dy
fi  ___   = tan2 a a + c = – 5 ...(i)
dx
P ¢(0) = – 1 fi c – 1
137. Given y = x sin x
From (i), we get, a = – 4
dy
fi  ___   = x cos x + sin x Hence, the value of (a + b + c + d + 10)
dx
= – 4 + 5 –1 –2 + 10
d 2y = 8
fi  ___2   = cos x – x sin x + cos x
dx 140. Given f (x) = x + tan x
d 2y Since f is the inverse of g, so (f 0 g) (x) = x
fi  ___2   = 2 cos x – x sin x
dx f (g (x)) = x
dy 2
dy f ¢(g (x)) g¢ (x) = 1
Now, x2 ___   – 2x  ___   + (x2 + 2) y
dx2 dx 1
g¢(x) = _______
      
2
x (2 cos x – x sin x) – 2x (x cos x + sin x) f ¢(g (x))
1 1
+ (x2 + 2) x sin x g¢(x) = ____________
         = _______________
       
1 + sec (g(x)) 1 + 1 + tan2 (g(x))
2
= x2 (2 cos x – x sin x + x sin x – 2 cos x)
1
+ x (2 sin x – 2 sin x) g¢(x) = ____________
       
2 + tan2 (g (x))
= x2 (0) + x(0) = 0
Hence, the result. 141. Given f (x) = ex + x3 – 1
138. Given y = f (x) = x2 f ¢(x) = ex + 3x2
dy f ¢¢(x) = ex + 6x
fi  ___   = 2x
dx when y = f (x) = e, then x = 1
2
dy f ¢¢(x)
fi  ___2   = 2 g¢¢(x) = –  _______    
dx {f ¢(x)}3
Also, x2 = y f ¢¢(e) e+6
g¢¢(e) = –  _______     = –  _______
    
fi
dx
2x  ___   = 1 {f ¢(e)}3 (e + 3)3
dy
142. Given f (x) = 1 + x3
fi
d x
2x  ___2 
dy
2
(  )
dy
dx
2
  + 2  ___    = 0 fi
fi
f ¢ (x) = 3x2
f ¢¢(x) = 6x
(  )
2
d x dx 2
fi f ¢¢¢(x) = 6
fi x  ___2 
  +  ___    = 0
dy dy
when y = 2, then x = 1
2
fi
d x ___
x  ___2 
1 f ¢¢(x)
  +    2  = 0 Now, g¢¢(y) = –  _______    
dy 4x {f ¢(x)}2
d2 x 1
fi  ___2   = –  ___ 3   f ¢(x) f ¢¢¢(x) – 3{f ¢¢(x)}2
dy 4x fi g¢¢¢(y) = –   ___________________
       
{f ¢(x)}3
d 2y
dx (  ) (  )d2 x
Now,  ___2    ×  ___2 
dy 4x
1
2x
1
   = 2 × –  ___ 3  = –  ___ 3 
 
fi
f ¢(1) f ¢¢¢(1) – 3{ f ¢¢(1)}2
g¢¢¢(2) = –  ____________________
   
{f ¢(1)}3
    
3 × 6 – 3(6)2
fi g¢¢¢(2) = –  ____________
 
    
(3)3 1 1 1
72 8 + 1 1 1
fi g¢¢¢(2) = ___
    = __
      a3b1 a3b2 a3b3
27 3
143. Given f (g (x)) = x =0+0+0
fi f ¢(g (x)) g¢(x) = 1 = 0.
1 x +1 x + 2 x + 3
fi g¢(x) = ______
       
f ¢(g(x)) 146. We have f(x) = x + 4 x + 5 x + 6
1 x+7 x+8 x+9
fi g¢(x) = ___________
       
1 + (f (g (x)))2
1 1 1
1
fi g¢(x) = _____
    2 
  fi f ¢(x) = x + 4 x+5 x+6
1+x
x+7 x+8 x+9
Hence, the result.
x3 sin x cos x x +1 x + 2 x + 3
144 We have f (x) = 6 -1 0 + 1 1 1
p p 2
p 3 x+7 x+8 x+9
3x3 cos x - sin x x +1 x + 2 x + 3

fi f ¢(x) = 6 -1 0 + x+4 x+5 x+6
p p2 p3 1 1 1
fi f ¢¢(x) = 0
6 x - sin x - cos x On integration, we get,
fi f ¢¢(x) = 6 -1 0 fi f (x) = c1
p p2 p3 Again, integrating, we get,
fi f (x) = c1x + c2
6 - cos x sin x
Hence, the result.
fi f ¢¢¢(x) = 6 -1 0
2 3
1 2 x 3x2
p p p
147. We have x x2 x3
6 -1 0 0 2 6x
fi f ¢¢¢(x) = 6 -1 0 =0
2 3 0 2 6x 1 2 x 3x2
p p p
fi f ¢(x) = x x2 x3 + 1 2 x 3x2
3
d (0)
Thus,  _____  = 0 0 2 6x 0 2 6x
dx3
1 2 x 3x2
(1 + x )a1b1 (1 + x )a1b2 (1 + x )a1b3
+ x x2 x3
145. Let f (x) = (1 + x )a2b1 (1 + x )a2b2 (1 + x )a2b3
0 0 6
(1 + x )a3b1 (1 + x )a3b2 (1 + x )a3b3
fi f ¢(x) = 0 + 0 + 6 (x2 – 2x2) = – 6x2
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x and then putting fi f ¢(1) = – 6
x = 0, we get, the co-efficient of x 148. We have
a1b1 a1b2 a1b3 1 1 1 cos x sin x cos x
1 1 1 + a2 b1 a2 b2 a2 b3 f(x) = cos2 x sin 2 x 2 cos2 x
1 1 1 1 1 1 cos3 x sin 3 x 2 cos3 x

- sin x cos x - sin x 6 (–1)3 3!

fi y3 = –  _______   =  _________
  4    
 
fi f ¢(x) = cos2 x sin 2 x 2 cos2 x (x + 1) (x + 1)3 + 1
cos3 x sin 3 x 2 cos3 x (– 1) 4 4!
fi y4 =  _________     
(x + 1) 4 + 1
cos x sin x cos x
+ - 2sin 2 x 2 cos2 x - 4sin 2 x ... ... ...
cos3 x sin 3 x 2 cos3 x ... ... ...
(– 1)n(n)!
cos x sin x cos x fi yn =  _________  
 
 
(x + 1)n + 1
+ cos2 x sin 2 x 2 cos2 x
(– 1)n(n)!
- 3sin 3 x 3cos3 x - 6sin 3 x Thus, yn (0) =  _________   = (–1)n(n)!
 
 
(0 + 1)n + 1
-1 0 -1 0 1 0
(  )p 152. We have y = sin x
__
(  )
fi f ¢       = - 1 0 - 2 + 0 - 2 0 p
2 fi y1 = cos x = sin __
     + x 
0 -2 0 0 -1 0 2
0 1 0
fi (  p
)
y2 = – sin x = sin 2 ◊  __   + x 
2
+ -1 0 - 2
3 0 6
fi (  )
y3 = – cos x = sin 3 ◊ __
p
     + x 
2
... ... ...
fi (  )
p
f ¢ __
      = (2 – 1) – 1 (6 – 6) = 1
2

...
...
...
...
...
...
149. We have y = xn
fi y1 = e x
fi
n p
yn = sin ___ ( 
    + x 
2 )
fi
fi
y2 =
y3 =
ex
ex
n p
Thus, yn (0) = sin ___
2 (  ) n p
    + 0  = sin ___ (  )
     
2
... ... Ï1 : n = (4 k + 1), k Œ1
Ô
... ... = Ì- 1 : n = (4 k - 1), k Œ1
fi yn = e x Ô0 : n = 2 k , k Œ1
Ó
Thus, yn (0) = e0 = 1 153. We have y = xn
150. We have y = ax
y1 = n xn–1
fi y1 = ax log a y2 = n (n – 1) x n–2
fi y2 = ax (log a)2 y3 = n (n – 1) (n – 2)x n–3
fi y3 = ax (log a)3 ... ... ...
... ... ...
... ... ...
yk = n (n – 1) (n – 2)...(n – (k – 1))x n–k+1
... ... ...
Thus, yk (1) = n (n – 1) (n – 2)...(n – (k – 1))
fi yn = ax (log a) n
= (n – (k – 1))!
Thus, yn (0) = a 0 (log a) n = (log a) n 154. We have y = A sin x + B cos x
1
151. We have y = ______
        fi y1 = A cos x – B sin x
(x + 1)
fi y2 = – A sin x – B cos x = – y
1 fi
fi y1 = –  _______
     y2 + y = 0
(x + 1)2 By Leibnitz theorem, we get,
2 fi
fi y2 = _______
        yn+2 + (0)yn+1 + (0) yn + yn = 0
(x + 1)3 fi yn+2 + yn = 0
155. We have y = tan–1 x By Leibnitz theorem, we get,

1
fi y1 = _______
       (1 – x2) yn+2 – 2 (n + 1) x yn+1 – n(n – 1) yn
(1 + x2)
– x yn+1 – n yn = 0
fi (1 + x2)y1 = 1
fi (1 – x2)yn+2 – (2n + 1) xyn+1 – n2yn = 0
fi (1 + x2) y2 + 2x y1 = 0
By Leibnitz theorem, we get, 157. We have y = a cos (log x) + b sin (log x)
2n (n – 1)
(1 + x2) yn+2 + (2 (n + 1)x) yn+1 +  ________
2
    yn (  ) fi
1
y1 = – a sin (log x) __ __1
x  + b cos (log x) ◊  x 
+ 2x yn+1 + (2n)yn = 0 fi x y1 = – a sin (log x) + b cos (log x)
fi(1 + x2) yn+2 + (2 (n + 2)x) yn+1 + n (n + 1) yn = 0 1 1

fi xy2 + y1 = – a cos(log x) ◊ __
 x  – b sin (log x) ◊  __
x 
2
156 We have y = sin–1 x fi x y2 + x y1 = – y
1 fi x2 y2 + x y1 + y = 0
fi y1 = ______
  _____   
÷ 1  – x2  By Leibnitz theorem, we get,
– 2x ______ _______xy1
  fi y2 = –  ______________
      =    2  
  x2 yn+2 + 2 (n + 1) x yn+1 + n (n – 1) yn
  2(1 – x2) ÷1  – x2  
  (1 – x )
+ x yn+1 + nyn + yn = 0
fi (1 – x2) y2 = x y1 fi x ◊ yn+2 + (2n + 3)x ◊ yn+1 + (n2 + 1) yn = 0
2
fi (1 – x2) y2 – xy1 = 0
Hints and Solutions

Level III 2a2 1
=  ________
______    × __
 a 
______ ÷ x  – a  
2 2
 
{  (  )}
2
x+÷ x  2 – a2  
1. We have y = log  ___________
a         d 2y dy
(x2 – a2)  ___2   + x  ___   = 2a
______ dx dx
x  2 – a2  
+ k log (x + ÷  ) Hence, the result.
______ y/x
dy x+÷
fi  ___   = 2 log  ____________
dx
( 
x  2 – a2 
a      
 
  ) 2. We have (a + bx)e = x
__y
fi e x  = ______
x
       
(  ) ( 
a + bx
 
a
× ___________  
______      × 1 + ________
x + ÷x  2 – a2 

  )x
  ______   
÷x  2 – a2 
  
 
y
fi  __x  = log ______ ( 
x
     
a + bx )
  

(x + ÷
k
+ ____________
  ______
x  – a  
2 2
 )( 
      × 1 + _______
)
2
x
  ______     
÷x  – a    2

y
fi  __x  = log x – log (a + bx)
dy
______ x ◊  ___  – y
(  x+÷ x  – a  
2
= 2 log   ___________ )
a       
2
  a
× ________
  ______
÷x  – a  
2
   
2
 + _______
  ______
  ÷x  – a  2
k
    fi  
2
dx
________
x 2
  
1
 = __
b
 x  – ______
     
a + bx
a + bx – bx
  = __________
     
x(a + bx)
 
______ dy ax2
( 
ax
  fi ( ÷x  2 – a2 
 
______
dy x + ÷x  2 – a2  
  )  ___   = 2 a log ( ___________
dx
  a
 
        + k ) fi x  ___   – y =  ________
dx
    =  ______
x (a + bx) a + bx
    
d 2y dy dy (a + bx) ◊ a – ax ◊ b
______
d 2y dy fi x  ___2   +  ___   ◊1 –  ___   =  _______________
    
 
fi ( ÷x  2 – a2    )  ___2   + _______
x
  ______
      ___   dx dx dx (a + bx)2
dx ÷ x  2 – a2    dx
( 
2 d 2y a2

2a
=  ____________
______  
(  x + ÷ x  – a  
2
     × 1 + _______
2
  )
  ______
x
÷ x  – a2  
2 )
     
fi x  ___2   =  ________
dx
   
(a + bx)2
 
( 
d 2y a2 x 2
fi x3 ___   =  ________
dx 2
(a + bx) a
ax 2
 =  ______
 2 
+
     
bx
)
1 × – b sin x
= –  ___________
  
  
(a + b cos x)2
fi
d 2y
( 
dy 2
)
x3  ___   = x  ___   – y  .
dx2 dx
 
b sin x
=  ___________
  
 
(a + b cos x)2
Hence, the result.  

4. We have x = secq – cosq
[ { ÷  } ]
______
dx
2 a – b x fi  ___  = secq tan q + sinq = tanq (secq + cosq)
3. If y = ________
  ______     tan–1   _____ 
 
     tan  __    , then prove dq
÷ a  – b  
2 2
  a + b 2
Also, y = secn q – cosn q
that
dy
dy 1 fi  ___  = n secnq tanq + ncosn–1q sinq
(i)  ___   = _________
        dq
dx a + b cos x
dy
fi  ___  = n tanq (secn q + cosn q)
d 2y b sin x dq
(ii)  ___2   =  ___________
  
  
dx (a + b cos x)2 dy dy/dq
Now,  ___   = ______
    
[ { ÷  } ]
______ dx dx/dq
2 a–b x
3.(i) Given y = _______
  ______     tan–1  _____ 
      tan  __    n tanq (secn q + cosn q)
÷ a  – b   
2 2 a + b 2 = __________________
        
tanq (secq + cos q)
dy 2 1 n (secn q + cosn q)
 ___   = ________
  _______
    × ________________
        =  ______________
(  ) (  )
dx ÷ –b     
    
a  – b  
2 2
  1 +  a_____ x
   tan2 __
        (secq + cos q)
a+b 2
       _____ 
_____
   sec ( __
dy 2
fi  ___    = (  ) n2 (secn q + cosn q)2
________________
    
   
2 ÷a + b
     )
1 a–b x dx (secq + cos q)2
× __  
2
2

1
=  ________
   
(a + b)
 ×  ____________________
  
      dx (  )
dy 2 n2{(secn q – cosn q)2 + 4}
fi  ___    = _____________________
     
     
{(sec q – cos q)2 + 4}
(  )
_______
2 x
÷ a  – b  
2 2
  (a + b) + (a – b) tan __
     
2 dy 2   n2 (y2 + 4)
(  )
fi  ___    =  __________
   
 .
÷ 
_____ dx (x2 + 4)

a – b 2 __
×  _____ 
x
(  )
   sec      
2
a+b 2
fi
dy 2
(  )
(x2 + 4)  ___    = n2 (y2 + 4)
dx
sec (x/2)
= ____________________
     
   x  
Hence, the result.
(a + b) + (a – b) tan2 __
      (  ) 5. We have
(  )
2
2x
y = (logcosx sinx)(logsinx cos x) –1 + sin–1  _____
1 + tan ( __
     

     )
x2
1 + x2
___________________________ 2
=      
      
a ( 1 + tan ( __
     ) )+ b( 1 – tan ( __
log (sin x) _________
log (sin x)
     ) ) = _________
x 2 x 2    
  
×     + 2 tan–1 x
  
2 2 log (cos x) log (cos x)
{log (sin x)}2
( 
1
= _________________ = ___________
      + 2 tan–1 x
  
)
       
a + b  __________
  
x
1 – tan2 __
     
2 (  ) {log (cos x)}2
x   
(  )
{log(cos x)}2 2{log(sin x)} cot x
1 + tan2 __           
2
    
2 + {log (sin x)} 2{log (cot x)} tan x _____
dy ____________________________ 2
___
fi      =           
  +     2   
1 dx {log (cos x)}4 1+x
= _________
      
a + b cos x dy
(  )
fi  ___    x =  __p  
dx 4
(  )
2
{  (  ) } {  (  ) }
dy d dy
(ii)  ___2   = ___
       ___    1 3 1 3
dx dx dx 2 log ___
  __      + 2 log ___   __     
÷   
2  ÷   
2  2
= ________________________    +  ________
{  (  ) }
          2   

d
= ___ (  1
      _________
 
dx a + b cos x
      ) log ___
1 4
  __     
÷   
2 
(  )
p
1 + __
     
4
4 log ___ { 

1 3
(  ) }
  __     
x
log cos __ (  (  ) )
        + log cos __
2
x
(  (  ) )
  2       + log cos __
x
  3      
(  (  ) )
( 
  
÷2  32 2 2
= ____________   + _______
{  (  ) }
         2      
(  ) )
1 4
___ p + 16 x sin x
log   __      + ... + log cos __
  n     = log  __________
  x   
(  )
 
÷   
2  2 2 ◊ sin __
n
  n    
4 32 2
= _______ + _______
{ ( 
         2      
1
 ___
__      p
)}+ 16 Differentiating w.r.t x, we get,
÷   
2 
= _________
 
4
   
32
  + _______
  2      
1
2 2
x
–  __   tan __ (  )
2
1
      –  __2    tan __
2
x
(  ) 2
1
  2     –  __3     tan __
x
(  ) 1
(  )
  3     – ... –  __n    tan __
2 2
x
  n    
2
– __
1
     log (2) p + 16
2
= cot x – __
1
  n    cot __
2
x
(  )
  n    
2
32
= _______
  2    
p + 16
8
  –  ______
    
log (2)
1
2 2
x
(  )
 __   tan  __    + __
1
  2    tan __
2
x
(  )
  2     + __
2
1
  3     tan __
2
x
(  )
  3    
2
6. If y = logn (|cos 4 x|) + |sin x|, + ... + __

2
1
(  )
  n    tan __
2
x 1
  n     = __(  )
     cot __
2
x
  n     – cot x
2
dy p
      tan( __      cot ( __
n
where u = sec 2x, then find  ___   at x = __      S   __
1
      ) = __
x 1
      ) – cot (x)
x
dx 4 2
  r
2 r
2 n
2 n
r = 1
7. We have
(  ) ( 
__ __
  
x÷2 
y = 2 tan–1  _____2 
1–x
    + x2
1 + x÷2 
+ log  ___________
    __   
1 – x÷2 
     
    + x2 ) (ii) Differentiating w.r.t x, we get,
= 2 tan _____
  –1   
(  )
x÷2 
 2
   
__
__
    + x 2)
+ log (1 + x÷2 
1
2 2
x
 __2    sec2 __
      + __
2
1
(  )
  4    sec2 __
2
x
  2     + __
2
1
(  )
  6    sec2 __
2
x
  3    
(  )
1– x
(  ) (  )
__
    + 2) 1 x 1 x
– log (1 – x÷2  + ... + ___   2n    sec2 __
  n     = cosec2 x – ___  2n    cosec2 ◊__   n    
2 2 2 2
(  )
__
dy
(  ) (  )
2 d x÷2     n
( 
      ◊ ___
 ___   =  ____________       _____
      
1 2 __
S      ___
x
   sec   r     = cosec2 x – ___
1
  2n    cosec2 __
x
)
dx dx   n    
2x
_______
2
1 – x2 r = 1 2
2r 2 2 2
1 +        
(1 – x2)2
9. We have p2 = a2 cos2q + b2 sin2 q
__ __
2x + ÷   
2    
2x – ÷2  fi 2p2 = a2 (2 cos2 q) + b2 (2 sin2 q)
+ ___________
    __  –  __________
  
  __ 
1 + x2 + x÷2 
    1 + x2 – x÷2    
fi 2p2 = a2 (1 + cos 2 q) + b2 (1 – cos 2 q)
__ __ __
2(1 – x2)2 ÷    (1 + x2)
_________
2  2(– 2÷2    x  2) + 2÷2 
  (  1 + x2) fi 2p2 = (a2 + b2 ) + (a2 – b2 ) cos2 q
=  ________   
 ◊
    
  + ______________________
        
 
1 + x4 (1 – x2)2 (1 + x2)2 – 2x2 Differentiate w.r.t q, we get,
__ __
  (  1 + x )
2÷2  2
  (  1 – x )
2÷2  2 dp
=  __________       + __________
       fi 4p  ___   = 2 (a2 – b2) sin2 q
(1 + x ) 4
(1 + x ) 4 dq
__ __ dp
   (1 + x2) + 2÷2 
2÷2     (1 – x2) fi 2p  ___   = (a2 – b2) sin2 q
=  ______________________          dq
(1 + x4) Again, differentiating w.r.t q, we get,
__
(  )
2 2
   (1 + x + 1 – x )
2÷2  d2 p
=  __________________ 4
  
     fi p  ____2   
dp 2
+  ___   = (a2 – b2) cos2 q
(1 + x ) dq dq
__
(  )
  
4÷2 
= _______
       d2 p dp 2
(1 + x4) fi p3 ____   + p2  ___   = p2 (a2 – b2) cos2q
dq 2 dq
x
(  ) sinx
(  )
n
8. We have ’ cos ___   r     =  __________   
x  , d2 p
(  )
  dp 2
r =1 2 n __
2 ◊ sin   n     fi p 3 ____
     = p2 (a2 – b2) cos2q – p2  ___  
2 dq 2 dq
     ) ◊ cos  __
cos ( __
2
x
(  2x    ) ◊ cos ( __ 2x    )... cos( __ 2x    ) =  __________
2 3 n
sin x
  
2 ◊ sin ( __
n
 x  ,
      )
2 n
d2 p
dq 2
dp 2
fi p4 + p3  ____   = p4 + p2 (a2 – b2) cos 2q – p2  ___  
dq (  )
Taking logarithm of both the sides, we get, = p2 (p2 + (a2 – b2)) cos 2q – (b2 – a2) sin2q cos2q
= (a2 cos2q + b2sin2q) (b2 cos2q + a2 sin2q)

2 2 2 2
fi
d 2y
dx2
dy 2
dx (  )
2y3  ___   + 2y2  ___    = y2p¢¢(x)
– (b – a ) sin q cos q
2 2 4
= a b (cos q + sin q + 2 sin q cos q) 4 2 2 fi
d 2y
dx2
dy 2
dx (  )
2y3  ___   = y2 p¢¢(x) – 2y2  ___   
= a2 b2 (sin2 q + cos2 q)2

d 2y 1
= a2 b2 fi 2y3 ___   = y2p¢¢(x) – __
     ( p¢(x))2
dx 2 2
d2 p a2 p2
Thus, p +  ____2   =  ____  
  Again, differentiate w.r.t x, we get,
(  )
dq p3
d d 2y
10. We have z = cos7 x fi 2  ___    y3 ___   
dx dx2
dz
fi  ___  = – 7 cos6 x sin x
dx
Also, y = sin x

dy
(  )
= 2y  ___    p ¢¢(x) + y2p¢¢¢(x) – p¢(x) p¢¢(x)
dx
dy = p¢¢(x) p¢¢(x) + y2p¢¢¢(x) – p¢(x) p¢¢(x)
fi  ___   = cos x
dx
= y2p¢¢¢(x)
dz 7 cos6 x sin x
Now,  ___  = –  __________
   
cos x   = – 7 cos5 x sin x
dy = p(x) p¢¢¢(x)
(  )
2
dz d dz 12. We have j (x) = f (x) g (x)
fi  ___2   = ___
       ___  
dy dy dy Differentiate w.r.t x, we get,
= ___
d dz dx
dx dy dy (  )
       ___    ___   fi j ¢(x) = f(x) g¢ (x) + f ¢(x) g (x)
fi j¢ = f g¢ + f ¢g
d 1
      {(– 7 cos5 x sin x)} ◊ ____
= ___  cos x
    

dx fi j¢¢ = f ¢g¢ + f g¢¢ + f ¢¢g + f ¢g¢
1
= (35 cos4 x sin2 x – 7 cos6 x) ____ cos x     
fi j¢¢ = f ¢¢g + 2 f ¢g¢ + g¢¢f
= (35 cos3 x sin2 x – 7 cos5 x) j¢¢ f ¢¢g + 2 f ¢g¢ + g¢¢f
fi  ___  = _______________
       
(  ) (  )
j fg
d3y d d z dz
2
fi  ___3  =  ___     ___2     ___   f ¢¢ 2 f ¢g¢ g¢¢
dx dy dy
dz =  ___     +  ____   
 +  ___
g  
f f g
d 1
      {(35 cos3 x sin2 x – 7 cos5 x)} ◊ ____
= ___  cos x
    
f ¢¢ 2c g¢¢
dx =  ___     +  ___   +  ___
g  
f f g
= – 105 cos x + sin3 x + 105 cos3 x ◊ sin x
j¢¢ f ¢¢ 2 c g¢¢
105 Thus, ___
    =  ___     + ___
    +  ___
g  
= ____
    [4 cos
 
  3
x sin x – 4 cos x sin3 x] j f f g
4
13. We have, (1 – x) (1 + x) = (1 – x2)
105
= ____
    (4 cos x sin x)[cos
 
  2
x – sin2 x]
4 (1 – x) (1 + x) (1 + x2) = 1 – x4
105 (1 – x) (1 + x) (1 + x2) (1 + x4) = 1 – x8
= ____
    (2 sin 2 x cos 2 x)
 
 
4
... ... ... ... ...
105
= ____
    (sin 4 x)
 
 
4 ... ... ... ... ...
11. Given y2 = p (x) ... ... ... ... ...
Differentiate w.r.t x, we get, (1 – x) (1 + x) (1 + x )...(1 + x2n–1) = 1 – x2n
2
dy
fi 2y  ___   = p¢(x) when n Æ •, x < 1, then x2n Æ 0
dx
Again, differentiate w.r.t x, we get, Thus, (1 – x) (1 + x) (1 + x2)...(1 + x2n–1) = 1
(  )
d 2y dy 2 log{(1 – x) (1 + x) (1 + x2)...(1 + x2n–1)} = log (1) = 0
fi 2y  ___2   + 2  ___    = p¢¢(x)
dx dx log{(1 – x) (1 + x) (1 + x2)...(1 + x2n–1)} = 0
log (1 – x) + log (1 + x) + log (1 + x 2) dx dy

fi _____________
        + ____________
       
(y – zx) (z – xy) (x – yz)(z – xy)
+ log (1 + x4) + log (1 + x8) + ... = 0
dz
Differentiate w.r.t x, we get, + _____________
         = 0 ...(i)
(y – zx) (x – yz)
1 1 2x 4x3 8x 7
– _____
       + _____ +  _____
        2   +  _____  
  + _____
     
+ ... = 0 Now, (y – zx)2
1–x 1+x 1+x 1 + x4 1 + x8
1 2x 4x3 8x 7 1 = y2 + z2 x2 – 2xyz
fi _____
       + _____
   2   +  _____    +  _____   + ... = _____
         
1+x 1+x 1+x 4
1 + x8 1–x = z2 x2 + (y2 – 2xyz)
Hence, the result. = z2 x 2 + 1 – x 2 – z2
14. Given x sin q + y cos q = a
= 1 – x 2 – z2 + z2 x 2
x cos q – y sin q = b
= (1 – x2) (1 – z2)
On solving, we get,
x = a sin q + b cos q Similarly, (z – xy)2 = (1 – x2) (1 – y2),
y = a cos q – b sin q (x – zy)2 = (1 – z2) (1 – y2)
Now, put a = r sin j, b = r cos j From (i), we get,
a
Therefore, r 2 = a2 + b2, j = tan–1 __
    
b (  ) dx
 _______   
______
dy
 +  _______
  
______
dz
 +  _______
  
______  = 0
÷ 1  – x  
2
  ÷1  – y  
2
  ÷1  – z2   
Then, x = r cos (q – j), y = r sin (j – q)
ax2
d3y 3p
Hence,  ___3   = r cos ___
dx
( 
    + q – j 
2 ) 16. We have y = _________________
         
(x – a) (x – b) (x – c)
= r cos p + __ ( p
     + q – j 
2 )  
bx
+ ___________
 
c
     + ____
     
(x – b) (x – c) x – c
  + 1.

p
__
2 ( 
= – cos      + q – j  ) ax2
=  _________________
bx
        + ___________
   
x
     + ______
     
(x – a) (x – b) (x – c) (x – b)(x – c) (x – c)
 
= r sin (q – j)
ax2 bx + x2 – bx
=  _________________
        + ____________
( 
2      
  
p
dz
 ____2   = r cos 2__
dq
     + q – j 
2 ) (x – a) (x – b) (x – c) (x – b)(x – c)
ax2 x2
= – r cos (q – j) =  _________________
        +  ___________
     
(x – a) (x – b) (x – c) (x – b)(x – c)
d3y
dq
3p
 ____3   = r sin ___
2 (  )
    + q – j  = r cos (j – q)
 
ax2 + x3 – ax2
= _________________
      
(x – a) (x – b) (x – c)
( 
d 2y
dq
p
 ____2   = r sin 2 ◊ __
2 )
     + q – j  = – r sin (j – q) x3
=  _________________
       
(x – a) (x – b) (x – c)
d 2y d2y ____ d3y
( 
d3x ____
Now,  ____3    
◊   2   –  ____2    
d q d q
2
d q d q
◊   3    x3
fi log (y) = log  ________________
       
(x – a) (x – b) (x – c) )
= r [sin (q – j)sin (q – j) + cos (q – j) cos (q – j)] fi log (y) = 3 log x – log ((x – a) (x – b) (x – c))
2 2 2
= r [sin (q – j) + cos (q – j)
fi log (y) = 3 log x – log (x – a) – log (x – b)
= r 2 = (a2 + b2) – log (x – c)
dy
1 ___ __ 3 ______ 1 1 1
15. We have x2 + y2 + z2 – 2xyz = 1 fi  __   – ______
y   dx   =  x  –  (x – a)          – ______
       
(x – b) (x – c)
fi 2xdx + 2ydy + 2zdz – 2yzdx – 2xzdy
– 2xydz = 0
fi  __
dy
1 ___ __
( 
1 ______ 1
y   dx   =  x –  (x – a)  ) (  1
   + __
1
 x  – ______
     
(x – b) )
  
fi xdx + ydy + zdz – yzdx – xzdy – xydz = 0

fi (x – yz) dx + (y – zx) dy + (z – xy) dz = 0 ( 
1 ______
+  __
1
x  –  (x – c)  )
  
(  ) (  (  ) (  )
y
)
dy x
1 ___
fi  __
x–a–x
________ x–b–x
+ ________ fi  __x   cos4 a + __  y   sin4 a + (sin4 a + cos4 a)= 1
y   dx   =  x(x – a)   
   
x(x – b)
   
 
(  (  ) (  )
y x
x – c– x
+ ________
 
x(x – c)
fi __
   
  )
 x   cos4 a + __  y   sin4 a + 1 – 2sin2 a cos2a = 1
(  ) (  ) (  (  ) (  )
dy y x
fi __
 x   cos4 a + __
1
fi  __ 

y dx
___   = _______
   
x(x – a)
– a
   
   +  
– b
_______
x (x – b)
   
   +  
– c
_______
x(x – c)
   
   ) __
 y   sin4 a – 2sin2 a cos2a = 0
( ÷  ) ( ÷ 
__
(  )
y 2
x 2
)
1 dy 1 a b c fi __
    
cos2
a  + __
 y    sin2 a 
fi  __ ___   = __ ______ ______ ______  
 
 
 
         +        +      
   x
y dx x (a – x) (b – x) (c – x) __
( ÷  ) ( ÷ 
__
f g h

x 2 y
–2  y    sin a  __
__  x    cos2 a  = 0 )
( ÷ 
__
÷  )
__
17. We have D = ( xf )¢ ( xg )¢ ( xh )¢ x 2 y 2
fi  __y   sin
  a – __
 x   cos
 
2
a  = 0
( x 2 f )¢¢ ( x 2 g )¢¢ ( x 2 h )¢¢
fi (  __
__
÷  y   sin a – ÷  x   cos a ) = 0

__
x
 __y 2
 
2
f g h
__
÷  ÷ 
= xf ¢ + f xg ¢ + g xh ¢ + h __
x y
fi __
 y    sin2 a = __
 x   cos
 
2
a
( x 2 f ¢¢ + 4 xf ¢ ) ( x 2 g ¢¢ + 4 xg ¢ ) ( x 2 h ¢¢ + 4 xh ¢ )
fi y = (x) tan2 a
f g h
dy
= xf ¢ xg ¢ xh ¢ fi  ___   = tan2 a
dx
( ÷ 
( x 2 f ¢¢ + 4 xf ¢ ) ( x 2 g ¢¢ + 4 xg ¢ ) ( x 2 h ¢¢ + 4 xh ¢ ) _________
(R2 Æ R2 – R1)
x2 + x + 1
19. If y = log  _________
      
  
x2 – x + 1
)
{  (  ( 
f g h
= xf ¢
2
xg ¢
2
xh ¢ (R3 Æ R3 – R1)
2
1
+ ____
  
2÷3 
2x +__ 1
      tan–1  ______
  __
  
÷3  )
2x –__ 1
  + tan–1  ______
       
  
÷3 
   , )}
x f ¢¢ x g ¢¢ x h ¢¢
dy 1
then prove that,  ___   = _________
      .
f g h dx x4 + x2 + 1
( 
= x3 f ¢ g¢ h¢
f ¢¢ g ¢¢ h ¢¢
1
20. We have t1 = tan–1  ________
   
x2 + x + 1
  
)
f g h
3
f
2
g
Thus, D¢ = 3x f ¢ g ¢ h ¢ + x f ¢ g ¢ h ¢
h
( 
(x + 1) – x
= tan–1  __________ )
     = tan–1 (x + 1) – tan–1 (x)
  
1 + x (x + 1)
f ¢¢ g ¢¢ h ¢¢
f
f ¢¢¢ g ¢¢¢ h ¢¢¢
g h f g h

( 
  2
1
t 2 = tan–1 _________
   
x + 3x + 3
  
)
= f¢ g¢
3 x 2 f ¢¢ 3 x 2 g ¢¢ 3 x 2 h ¢¢
h¢ + x3 f¢
x 3 f ¢¢¢
g¢
x 3 g ¢¢¢
h¢
x 3h ¢¢¢
( 
(x + 2) – (x + 1)
= tan–1   ______________
  
    
1 + (x + 2) (x + 1 )
= tan–1 (x + 2) – tan–1 (x + 1)
( 
f g h
=
3
f¢
3
g¢
3
h¢   2
1
t 3 = tan–1 _________
      
x + 5x + 7 )
( x f ¢¢¢ ) ( x g ¢¢¢ ) ( x h ¢¢¢ )
Hence, the result.

( 
(x + 3) – (x + 2)
= tan–1   _______________
  
     
1 + (x + 3) (x + 2) )
cos4 a _____
sin4 a _____ 1
18. We have  _____
x   
 +   y   
 =      
  = tan–1 (x + 3) – tan–1 (x + 2)
x+y
.... ..... ..... ..... ....
x+y
fi _____
  x    (  x+y
   cos4 a + _____
  y    )   sin4 a = 1 (  )

....
....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
....
....
y
fi 1 + __ (  x
 x   cos4 a + 1 + __ )
 y   sin4 a = 1 (  ) –1 –1
tn = tan (x + n) tan (x + (n –))
Thus, Sn = t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ... + tn = (8cos4q – 8cos2q + 2) –1

y = tan –1
(x + n) – tan –1
(x) = (8cos4q – 8cos2q + 1)
dy = (8x4 – 8x2 + 1), x = cosq
1 1
 ___   = __________
        – _____
      
dx 1 + (x + n)2 1 + x2 24. As we know that, if f(x) is divisible by x and f ¢(x) is
21. We have also divisible by x, then f(x) is also divisible by x2.
y = tan–1 (sin x + 1) – tan–1 (sin x) a b c d
Given f(x) = _____        + _____
       – _____
       – _____
       
a+x b+x c+x d+x
+ tan–1 (sin x + 2) – tan–1 (sin x + 1)
a b c d
+ tan–1 (sin x + 3) – tan–1 (sin x + 2) f ¢(x) = –  _______
  2    –  _______
   
  + _______
    2    + _______
      
(a + x) (b + x)2 (c + x) (d + x)2
+ .... + tan–1 (sin x + n) – tan–1 (sin x + (n – 1))
= – tan–1 (sin x + n) – tan–1 (sin x) Since f ¢(x) is divisible by x, then f ¢(x) = 0
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get, a b c d
– _______
        – _______
       + _______
        + _______
       = 0
dy (a + x)2 (b + x)2 (c + x)2 (d + x)2
cos x cos x
 ___   =  ____________
      –  _________
   
dx 1 + (sin x + n)2 1 + (sin x)2 Put x = 0, we get,
1 1 1 __ 1
22. Given y = f (x) – __
 a  – __
    + __
    +     = 0
b c d
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get, 1 __ 1 __ 1 __ 1
 __ a  +  b  –  c  –  d  = 0
dy d 2y
 ___   = f ¢(x),  ___2   = f ¢¢(x)
dx dx 25. We have y = (sin–1x)2 + (cos–1x)2
dx 1 d___ 2
x f ¢¢(x) ___
dx f ¢¢(x) dy 2 sin–1x 2 cos –1
x
 ___   = ____
     
 ,   2    = –  _______        = –  _______
        ___   =  _______
_____    –  _______
_____    
dy f ¢(x) dy {f ¢ (x)}2 dy
{f ¢(x)}3 dx ÷1  – x2    ÷ 1  –x  
2
 
{  (  ) } {  (  ) }
dy 2 3/2 dx 2 3/2 dy 2(sin–1x – cos–1x)
___
1 +  ___      1 +  dy       ___   =   _______________
_____      
dx dx ÷ 1  – x2 
 
Now,   ____________        +   ____________       
( 
2 2
d y d___ x
)
___   2    _____
  2   2 (– 2x)
dx dy   ______
2÷1  – x2    _____       – 2(sin–1x – cos–1x)  _______
_____   
 
2
÷ 1  – x  
2
d y __________________________________________
  2÷1  – x2 
 
{  {  } }
___
  2   =             
1 2 3/2
1 + ____
          dx (1 – x2)
{1 + {f ¢(x)} } 2 3/2
f ¢(x)
=   _____________
 
     +  _______________       d2y x
f ¢¢(x) f ¢¢(x)
_______ (1 – x2) ____2  = 4 + 2(sin–1x – cos–1x) ______
  _____
    
–       
  dx ÷ 1  – x2 
 
{f ¢(x)}3
d 2y dy
{1 + {f ¢(x)}2}3/2 {1 + {f ¢(x)}2}3/2 (1 – x2)  ___2   = 4 + x  ___  
=   _____________
  –   ___________________
      
     dx dx
f ¢¢(x) f ¢¢(x)
=0 d 2y dy
(1 – x2)  ___2   – x  ___   = 4
23. We have y = cos–1(8x4 – 8x2 + 1) dx dx
Put x = cos q Hence, the result.
y = cos –1
(cos4q) x+ b
26. We have _____ (  )
  = a tan–1(a ln y), a > 0
     
2
(  )
–1
y = 4q = 4cos x x+b
a ln y = tan  _____   
 
dy 4 2a
 ___   = – ______
  _____
      Differentiating w.r.t x, we get,
dx ÷1  – x2   
dy 4
 ___   +  ______
_____
dx ÷1  – x2 
      = 0
 
a ___
 __
dy
(  ) 1
___
(  ) 2 x____+b
y   dx    =  2a    sec   2a   
 
 
Note: 1. cos(4q) = 2(cos(2q))2 – 1

= 2(2cos2q – 1)2 – 1
2a ___
 ___
y   
dy
dx
2
(  )
        = 1 + tan (  _____
x+b
2a )
2
   
 
= 2(4cos4q – 4cos2q + 1) – 1
2a2 ___
 ___
dy
(  )
        = 1 + a2 (ln y)2
y    dx
2 ___
 __
dy
(  )
y   dx    =
__
a
1
  2    + (ln y)2
dy 3y
fi  ___   = ______
dx ÷
  _____
    
x  2 – 1 
 
(  )
Again differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get, dy 2 9y2
fi  ___    =  _______
(  ) (  )
   
(  )
d 2y dy 2 2(ln y) ___dy dx (x2 – 1)
2 ___ 2 ___
 __        – __
    
        =  ______
    
     
(  )
y dx2 y 2 dx y dx dy 2
fi (x2 – 1)  ___    = 9y2
(  )
dx
yd2y dy dy 2
 ____  
  – ___
(y ln y)  
 
  = ___
      Again differentiating w.r.t x, we get,
dx2 dx dx
Hence, the result.
27. We have y = __
1
 x 
fi
dy d2y
dx dx dx (  )
dy 2 dy
2(x2 – 1)( ___  )  ___2   + 2x  ___    = 18y  ___  
dx
dy
 ___   = –  __2    
dx
_____
1
x
...(i) fi (  )
dy d2y
(  )
dy 2 dy
(x2 – 1)  ___     ___2   + x  ___    = 9y  ___  
dx dx dx dx
Now, ÷  1 + y4 
  d 2y dy
_______ fi (x2 – 1)  ___2   + x  ___   = 9y
÷  (  )1 4 dx dx
= 1 + __
 x    
 
Hence, the result.
÷ 
______
dx 1

x4 + 1
=  _____  
  
  29. As we know that  ___   = ______
       
dy (dy/dx)
x4
÷ 
d2 x
(  )
______ d 1
x4 + 1 fi  ___2   = ___
      ______
        
=  _____  
  
  dy dy (dy/dx)
( 
x2
÷1  + y4 
 _______
_____ 
  __ 1
  =   2    
_____
...(ii)
d2 x
fi  ___2 
dy
  =
d
___ 1
      ______
     
dx (dy/dx) dy )dx
    ___  
÷ 1  + x  
4
  x
d2 x 1 d2y dx
fi  ___2    = –  _____  2   ×  ___2   ×  ___  
dy ÷1  + y4 
_____
 
dy dy
 ___   
dx (  )
dx dy
 ___   = –  _______
_____    d 2y
___
dx ÷ 1  + x4    2
    
d___ x _____dx2
fi   2    = –      
dy
 _______  
_____
dx
  = –  _______
_____    dy dy 3
 ___    (  )
(  )
÷ 1  + y  
4
  ÷ 1  + x4 
 
2
dx
dy dy 3
 ___2  
(  )
 ___  
(  )
dy dx
 _______
  
_____   +  _______
  
_____   = 0 dx dy 3
dt g¢(t) 3
÷1  + y  
4
  ÷1  + x4    fi  ___  
  = – ___    = –  ___
   
   = – ____
     
2
d___x dx dx
___ f ¢(t)
  2        
Hence, the result. dy dt
28. We have 2x = y1/3 + y–1/3
Hence, the result.
1/3 1/3 2
fi 2xy = (y ) + 1 30. We have
y = x5 (cos(ln x) + sin(ln x))
fi (y ) – 2xy1/3 + 1 = 0
1/3 2
______ dy
   
2x ± ÷4x 2
– 4 
  fi  ___   = 5x4 (cos(ln x) + sin(ln x))
fi (y ) =   ___________
1/3
     dx
2
fi
_____
(y1/3) = (  x ± ÷x  2 – 1  
  )
sin(ln x) cos(ln x)
+ x5 –  _______
x      ( 
+  _______
x       )
_____
 )
dy
fi  __   log(y) = log ( x ± ÷x  2 – 1  
1
fi x  ___   = 5y + x5(cos(ln x) – sin(ln x))
3 dx
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get, d2y dy dy
fi x  ___2   +  ___   = 5  ___   + 5x4 (cos(ln x) – sin(ln x))
(  )
1 dy 1 1 _____
× 2x dx dx dx
fi  ___    ___   = ___________
        × 1 ±  _______   
  
( 
_____
3y dx (  x ± ÷   )
x  2 – 1   2÷x  2 – 1 
 
sin(ln x) cos(ln x)
+ x5 –  _______
x    –  _______
  x       )
fi
d 2y dy
(  dy
)
x2 ___   – 4x  ___   = 5 x  ___   – 5y  – y
dx2 dx dx
dy
( 
d3y
) d2y dy d2y
( 
fi 2x  ___   + y   ___3   = 3 x  ___2   +  ___     ___2  
dx dx dx dx dx )
d 2y dy Hence, the result.
x2  ___   – 9x  ___   = – 26y
(  ( 
fi
dx 2 dx 3. Given y = tan–1 _______
 
x
   
1.2 + x2 )  
x
   + tan–1 _______
   
2.3 + x2
  
)
( 
2
dy dy
fi x2 ___   – 9x  ___   + 26y = 0
dx 2 dx
x
+ tan–1 _______
     
3.4 + x2 )
   + ...to n-terms
LEVEL IV ( 
x
Let tn = tan–1  ___________      
)
( 
n(n + 1) + x2
)
1. Given f (x) = x3 + x2 f ¢(1) + xf ¢¢(2) + f ¢¢¢(3) x
 _______
     
Let a = f ¢(1), b = f ¢¢(2), c = f ¢¢¢(3) n(n
–1 __________ + 1)
= tan        
Then f(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c x2
_______
1 +       
( 
2 n(n + 1)
fi f ¢(x) = 3x + 2ax + b
)
x
__ x
fi f ¢¢(x) = 6x + 2a  n  – ______
       
(n + 1)
= tan–1   ____________
x   
  
x   
fi f ¢¢¢(x) = 6 1 + __  n  ◊ ______
       
(n + 1)
fi
fi
f ¢¢¢(3) = fi c = 6
f ¢¢(2) = 12 + 2a fi b = 12 + 2a
(  )
x
= tan–1 __ ( 
  x   
 n   – tan–1 _____
n+1
   )
Thus, y = Sn = t1 + t 2 + t 3 + ... + tn
fi f ¢(1) = 3 + 2a + b fi a = 3 + 2a + b
On solving, we get, a = – 5, b = 2
x
= tan–1x – tan–1 _____
     
n+1
   (  )
3 2
Therefore, f(x) = x – 5x + 2x + 6
Now, f(2) + f(0)
dy 1
 ___   = _____
       
dx 1 + x2 1 + _____
1
  – ___________
 
1
_____
x   2   n + 1 
      ( 
  
  
)
(  )
= 8 – 20 + 4 + 6 + 6 n+1
dy 1 n+1
= 24 – 20  ___   = _____
       –  ___________
  
   
dx 1 + x2 (n + 1)2 + x2
=4
=1–5+2+6 4. Given f (x) = (ax + b)sin + (cx + d)cos x
= f(1)
fi f ¢(x) = a sin x + (ax + b)cos x
ax + b
2. Given y =  ______   + c cos x – (cx + d)sin x
x2 + c
fi x cos x = a sin x + (ax + b)cos x
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get,
+ c cos x – (cx + d)sin x
(x2 + c)y¢ + 2 xy = a
= (a – cx – d)sin x + (ax + b + c)cos x
Again differentiating w.r.t x, we get,
Comparing the co-efficients of cosx and sin x we
fi (x2 + c)y¢¢ + 2 xy¢ + 2y + 2xy¢ = 0 get,
fi (x2 + c)y¢¢ + 4xy¢ + 2 = 0 (a – cx – d) = 0, (ax + b + c) = x
fi (x2 + c)y¢¢ = – 4xy¢ – 2y fi a – d = 0, c = 0; a = 1, b + c = 0
fi – (x2 + c) = (4xy¢ + 2y)/y¢¢ fi a = d = 1, b = 0 = c

Again, differentiating, w.r.t x, we get, 5. Given g(x) = (ax2 + bx + c)sin x + (dx2 + ex + f)
cos x
y¢¢{(4xy¢¢ + 4y¢) + 2y¢} – (4xy¢ + 2y)y¢¢¢
fi – 2x = _________________________________
            fi g¢(x) = (2ax + b)sin x + (ax2 + bx + c)cos x
y¢¢
fi – x(y¢¢)2 = 2x(y¢¢)2 + 3y¢y¢¢ – (2xy¢ + y)y¢¢¢ + (2dx + e)cos x – (dx2 + ex + f)sin x
fi (2xy¢ + y)y¢¢¢ = 3(xy¢¢ + y¢)y¢¢ = (2ax + b – dx2 – ex – f)sin x

(  )
2
+ ( + bx + c + 2 + e)cos x  0 + sin x cos 2x cos 3x   
+ 2cos x sin 2x
   
  cos 3x
+ 3cos x cos2 x sin 3x
Comparing the co-efficients of sin x and cos x, we             
      ______________________________________
 lim 
x Æ 0 2x
get, (2ax + b – dx2 – ex – f) = x2
and (ax2 + bx + c + 2dx + e) = 0 =   
lim 
x Æ0 2
( 
1 sin x cos 2x cos 3x
  __    _______________
x      
2cos x sin 2x cos 3x
  +  ________________
x      
Ïd = - 1, b = f , 2a = e
fi Ì
Óc = 0 = e, a = 0, b = - 2 d
 + _________________

3cos x cos 2x sin 3x
 
2x
     )
   
1
Ïa = 0, b = 2, c = 0 =  __   (1 + 22 + 33)
fi Ì 2
Ód = - 1, e = 0, f = 2 1
= __
     (14) = 7
ax + b 2
6. Given y =  ______ 
 
 
Ax + B 8. Given y = e tan
x
–1
(Ax + B)y = ax + b dy 1
 ___   = etan–1x × _______
     
 
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get, dx (1 + x2)
(Ax + B)y¢ + Ay = a ...(i) dy
(x2 + 1)  ___   = etan–1x
(Ax + B)y¢¢ + 2Ay¢ = 0 ...(ii) dx
(Ax + B)y¢¢¢ + 3Ay¢¢ = 0 ...(iii) d 2y dy 1
(x2 + 1)  ___2   + 2x  ___   = etan–1x × _____
  2    
 
Dividing (iii) by (ii), we get, dx dx x +1
y¢¢¢ 3y¢¢
 ___  =  ____   d 2y dy dy
y¢¢ 2y¢ (x2 + 1)  ___2   + 2x  ___   =  ___  
dx dx dx
y¢¢¢ 3y¢¢
 ____    =  _____    d 2y dy
y¢¢y¢ 2(y¢)2 (x2 + 1)  ___2   + (2x – 1) ___  = 0
dx dx
y¢¢¢ 3(y¢¢)2 Hence, the result.
 ___  =  ______2 
 
y¢ 2(y¢) 9. Given y = xn–1ln x ...(i)
(  )
y¢¢¢ 3 y¢¢ 2 dy 1
 ___  –  __     ___    = 0  ___   xn–1◊ __
 x  + (n – 1)xn–2ln x
dx

y¢ 2 y¢
dy
Hence, the result  ___   = xn–2 + (n – 1)xn–2 ln x
( 
dx
ay + b
Also, z =  ______ 
ax + b
a  ______ 
Ax + B
  =  _____________
 
 
   + b
    
) d 2y 1
 ___2   = (n – 2)xn–3 + (n – 1)xn–2 ◊ __
 x 
Ay + B ax + b
A  ______ 
Ax + B
 
   + B (  )
dx
+ (n – 1)(n – 2)xn–3ln x
(a2 + Ab)x + (ab + Bb) cx + b d 2y
= ____________________
     
      =  ______  
   ___   = (n – 2)xn–3 + (n – 1)xn–3
(aA + AB) + (Ab + B )2 Cx +D dx2
ax + b + (n – 1)(n – 2)xn–3ln x
which is same as of the form y =  ______    
Ax + B
So, we can easily prove that x 2 d 2y
 _____  = (n – 2)xn–1 + (n – 1)xn–1
  
z¢¢¢
 ___   –
z¢
__
(  )
3 z¢¢ 2
       __    = 0
2 z¢
dy
dx2
+ (n – 1)(n – 2)xn–1ln x ...(ii)
(  )
(3 – 2n) x  ___   = (3 – 2n)xn–1 + (3 – 2n)(n – 1)
(  )
y¢¢¢ 3 y¢¢ 2
z¢¢¢ 3 z¢¢ 2
dx
Thus,  ___  – __
       ___    = 0 =  ___   – __
      ___   
y¢ 2 y¢ z¢ 2 z¢
xn–1ln x ...(iii)
Hence, the result.
From (i), (ii) and (iii), we get,
7. We have   
x Æ 0 ( 
1 – cos x cos 2 x cos 3 x
lim    __________________
   
x2
     
) x 2 d 2y
 _____
dy
 + (3 – 2n) x  ___   + (n – 1)2y
  
dx 2 dx
Applying L’Hospital Rule, we get,
= {(n – 2 + n – 1) + (n2 – 3n + 2)ln x}xn–1 fi f ¢(2) = b = 12a + 4b + c

+ {(3 – 2n) + (3 – 2n)(n – 1)ln x}x n–1 fi b = 12a + 4b + 18a + 2b
+ {(n – 1)2ln x}xn–1 fi b = 30a + 6b
fi – 5b = 30a
= {(2n – 3) + (3 – 2n)}xn–1
fi b = – 6a, c = 18a + 2b = 18a – 12a = 6a
+ {(n2 – 3n + 2) + (n2 – 2n + 1)
Now, f(1) = a + b + c + d
+ (5n – 2n2 – 3)}xn–1ln x = a – 6a + 6a + 6a = 7a
= (0)xn–1 + (0)xn–1 ln x fi f (1) = 7a
= 0. fi a = 7a
10. Given = (C1 + C2 x)sin x + (C3 + C4x)cos x ...(i) fi a=0
dy Thus, f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
 ___   = (C1 + C2 x)cos x + C2 sin x
dx = ax3 – 6a x2 + 6a x + 6a
– (C3 + C4x)sin x + C4cos x =0
Thus, f(x) is an independent of x.
{ 
= (C1 + C2 x + C4)cos x + (C2 – C3 – C4x)sin x
_____________
d 2y
 ___2   = C2cos x – (C1 + C2 x + C4)sin x
 7   (1 + cos2x) + ÷
12. y = cos–1 __
2
  2 x – 48cos
sin 2
  x  sin x  }
dx
+ (C2 – C3 – C4x)cos x – C4sin x ( 
= cos–1 7cos2 x + ÷sin 2
_____________
  x  sin x )
  2 x – 48cos
__________
= (2C2 – C3 – C4x)cos x – (C1 + C2 x + 2C4)sin x
1  – 49cos
= cos–1(7cos2 x + ÷ 2
  x  sin x)
...(ii) __________
d3y
___
  3   = – (2C2 – C3 – C4x)sin x – C4cos x 1  – 49cos
= cos–1(7cos x. cos x + ÷ 2
  x  sin x)
dx
– (C1 + C2 x + 2C4)cos x – C2sin x = cos–1(cos x) – cos–1(7cos x)
= x – cos–1(7cos x)
= – (3C2 – C3 – C4x)sin x – (C1 + C2 x + 3C4)cos x
d 4y dy sin x
 ____4  = – (3C2 – C3 – C4x)cos x + C4sin x  ___   = 1 +  ___________
 
__________    
dx ÷ 1  – 49cos 2
  x 
dx
+ (C1 + C2 x + 3C4)sin x – C2cos x dy sin x
fi  ___   = 1 +  ______________
     
_____________
= – (4C2 – C3 – C4x)cos x + (C1 + C2 x + 4C4)sin x dx   x – 48cos
÷ sin 2 2
  x 
...(iii)
d 4
y d 2
y Hence, the result.
Now, ____
  4  + 2  ___2   + y
dx dx
= {– (4C2 – C3 – C4x) + 2(2C2 – C3 – C4x)
y
13. Given x = tan __ (  ) (  (1 + tan(y/2))2
      – ln   ____________
2
  
  
tan(y/2)
   )
     ) – 2ln ( 1 + tan( __
= tan ( __      ) ) – ln ( tan( __
     ) )
+ (C3 + C4x)}cos x + {( 1 + C2 x + 4C4) y y y
– 2(C1 + C2 x + 2C4) + (C1 + C2 x)}sin x 2 2 2
= (0)cos x + (0)sin x
= 0.
11. Given f(x) = x3f(1) + x2f ¢(2) + xf ¢¢(3) + f ¢¢¢(4)
dx 1 2 __
fi  ___   = __
dy 2 2
y
(  )
sec2 (y/2)
     sec       –  ___________
  
y
1 + tan __
 
( 
 
       
2 (  ) )
Let f(1) = a, f ¢(2) = b, f ¢¢(3) = c, f ¢¢(4) = d

1
– ________
       
1
◊ __ (  )
y
     sec2 __
     
Then f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
fi f ¢(x) = 3ax2 + 2bx + c
(  (  ) )
y
tan __
       
2
2 2
fi f ¢¢(x) = 6ax + 2b
dx
dy 2
y
fi 2  ___   = sec2 __ (  ) (   
2
      1 – __________  
1
      – _______
1 + tan(y/2) tan(y/2)
      )
fi f ¢¢¢(x) = 6a
fi
fi
f ¢¢¢(4) = d = 6a
f ¢¢(3) = c =18a + 2b

dx
fi 2  ___   = sec2 __
dy 2 (  ) ( 
y 1 – tan(y/2)
        __________
1
     – _______
     
1 + tan(y/2) tan(y/2)
   )
(  ) (  ÷ 
__________________
fi
dx
dy 2
y
2  ___   = sec2 __
– tan2 (y/2) – 1
        __________________
   )
     
(1 + tan(y/2))tan(y/2)

3
=  __________________
  
         
cos x(4cos3x – 3cos x)
(  ÷ 
___________
fi
dx sec4 (y/2)
2 ___   = –  __________________
dy
   
  
{1 + tan(y/2)}tan(y/2)
   )
3
=  ___________
   
     
cos x cos(3x)
Hence, the result.
(  )
{1 + tan(y/2)}tan(y/2) _______
1 dy
fi  __    ___   = –   __________________ x  2 + y2  
15. Given ÷
–1
      
   = a etan
x
2 dx sec4 (y/2)
( 
–1
)
dy 4{1 + tan(y/2)}tan(y/2) fi (x2 + y2) = a2e2tan
x

fi 2 ___   = –   ___________________
      
  
dx sec4 (y/2) dy 2
2x + 2y  ___   = a2e2tan × _____
–1
x
fi     2 
 
dx 1+x
dy 2tan(y/2)
fi 2 ___   = –  ____________
        dy a2e2tan
–1
x

dx (1 + tan2 (y/2)) fi x + y  ___   =  _______   
( 
dx (1 + x )2
2tan(y/2)
1  +  ___________
   
1 + tan2 (y/2)
  +
1 – tan2 (y/2)
 __________
      fi
1 + tan2 (y/2) ) dy
x(1 + x2) + y(1 + x2)  ___   = (x2 + y2)
dx
when x = 0, then y2 = a2
dy
fi 2  ___   = – sin y(1 + sin y + cos y) dy
when x = 0, y2 = a2, then  ___   = a
dx dx
Hence, the result. Again differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get
( ÷  )
_____
cos3x
(  )
14. –1 _____
Given y = cos   3        dy 2 dy
cos x (1 + x2) + 2x2 + (1 + x2)  ___    + 2xy  ___  
÷ 
_____ dx dx
cos3x
fi cos(y) = _____   3    
  dy 2
dy
cos x fi y(1 + x2)  ___2   = 2x + 2y  ___  
dx dx
cos3x 4cos3x – 3cos x
fi cos2 (y) = _____   3   =  _____________
 
    
dy
cos x cos3x Put x = 0, y = a,  ___   = a, then
dx
fi 2
cos (y) = 4 – 3sec x 2 d 2y
fi 1 + a2 + 0 + a(1 + 0)  ___2   = 0 + 2a2
fi cos2 (y) = 4 – 3(1 + tan2 x) dx
2 2 2 d 2y
___ 2
fi cos (y) = 1 – 3tan x fi 1 + a + a   2   = 2a
2 2 dx
fi 1 – sin y = 1 – 3tan x
(  )
2
dy 2
a –1
fi sin2y = 3tan2 x fi  ___2   =  _____ a      
__ dx
fi sin y = ÷    tan x
3 
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get, Hence, the value of y¢¢(0) is  _____
a2 – 1
a    (  1
   = a – __ ) (  )
 a  
dy __
fi cos y  ___   = ÷    sec2 x
3  Integer Type Questions
dx
__ __
dy ÷    sec2 x _________
( 
3    
÷3 
fi  ___   =  _______
)
cos y    
=         x – x–1
dx cos y cos2 x 1. We have y = cos–1  ______–1 
   , x > 0
÷ 
__________ x+x
dy 3
fi  ___   = __________
  2       
(  ( 
dx cos y cos4x
) )
÷ 
x2 – 1 – x2
1_____
______________
3 fi y = cos–1  _____     = cos –1
–      
= ______________
         x2 + 1 x2 + 1
(1 – 3tan2 x)cos4x

÷ 
__________________
  2   
3
= __________________
     
cos x(cos2 x – 3 sin2 x)
fi ( 
1 – x2
y = p – cos–1  _____
x2 + 1
 
   )
÷ 
_______________
3 ÏÔ2 + tan -1 x : x < 0
= _______________
  2        fi y= Ì -1
cos x (4cos2 x – 3) ÔÓ2 - tan x : x > 0
Ï 2
Ô1 + x 2 : x<0 fi
1+t (  )
2t
x = sin–1  _____ 2 
2t
   , y = tan–1  _____
1 – t2
  
(  )
  
dy Ô
Ô
fi  ___   = Ìnon existent : x = 0 fi x = 2tan–1t, y = 2tan–1t
dx Ô 2 dx
Ô- : x>0 fi  ___   = 1
ÔÓ 1 + x
2 dy
dy
(  )
Thus,  ___    = 2
dx x = 0
d2 x
fi  ___2 
dy
  + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3
2. Given 4x exy = y + 5sin2 x 6. Given 2x = (y1/3 + y–1/3)
(  ( 
fi (y1/3)2 – 2xy1/3 + 1 = 0
fi 4 e xy xy dy
dx ))
+ xe y + x  ___      =
dy
 ___   + 5 sin2x
dx    
2x ± ÷4x 2
– 4 
 
______
fi (y ) =   ___________
1/3
    
when x = 0, then y = 0 2
_____
Now, put x = 0 and y = 0 in (i), we get, fi (y1/3) = x ± ÷x  2 – 1 
 
(  ( 
_____

dy
))
4 1 + 0 0 + 0 ◊  ___      =
dx
dy
 ___   + 0
dx
fi ln(y) = 3 ln(x ± ÷x  2 – 1 
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get,
)
 
( 
dy
fi  ___   = 4
3. Given ÷
dx
_____
x  + y  
____
x  – y  
+ ÷ = c
(dy/dx) ___________
 ______
y    =  
3_____
(x ± ÷x  – 1 
2
)
 
2x
      1 ±  _______
_____     
2÷x  2 – 1 
 
)
(  ) (  ) (  )
_____
1 dy 1 dy
fi  _______   
_____   1 +  ___    + _______
  ____      ___   – 1  = 0 (dy/dx) ___________ ± ÷x  2 – 1 
3_____ x _________  
2÷x  + y  
dx 2÷y  – x  
dx fi  ______y     
=           _____     
 
_____ ____ _____ ____ (x ± ÷ x  – 1 
2
)
  ÷x  – 1 
2
 
dy (÷x  + y   )(÷x  + y  
– ÷y  – x   + ÷y  – x  
) (dy/dx) ______ 3
fi  ___   = _______________________________
      
_____    
____   fi  ______
dx c(÷x  + y  + ÷ y  – x  
) y     =   _____      
÷ x  – 1  
2
dy (x + y – y + x) 3y
fi  ___   =   ____________
 
     dy
fi  ___   = ______
  _____
    
dx c2 dx ÷x  2 – 1   
dy 2x
fi  ___   =
dx
d 2y 2
 ___2  
c fi
dx(  )
dy 2
(x2 – 1)  ___    = 9y2
fi  ___2   = __
  2   
dx c
fi (  )
dy 2 dy d2y dy
2x  ___    + 2(x2 – 1)  ___    ___2   = 18y  ___  
(  )
dx dx dx dx
d 2y
fi c2  ___   + 3  = 2 + 3 = 5

dx2
4. Let h(x) = [f(x)] 2 – [g(x)] 2
fi (  )
dy
dx
d 2y
x  ___    + (x2 – 1)  ___2   = 9y
dx

h¢(x) = 2 f(x)f ¢(x) – 2g(x)g¢(x)
h¢(x) = 2 f(x)g(x) – 2g(x)f(x) = 0
fi  _____ y (  )
x2 – 1 ___
 
 
 
d2y __x ___
 
dx 2
dy
(  )
   +  y        = 9
dx
g(x)
h(x) = c 7. Given f (x) =  ____
x   
 
h(10) = [f (10)] 2 – [g(10)] 2 x g¢(x) – g(x)
f ¢(x) =   ___________
 
    
= [f (3)] 2 – [g(3)] 2 x2
= [f (3)] 2 – [f ¢(3)] 2 2 g¢(2) – g(2)
f ¢(2) =   ___________
 
    
= 25 – 16 = 9 4
2 ×  6 – 4 __ 8

2t
5. Given sin x =  _____
1 – t 2
  and cot y =  _____
 2    
 
f ¢(2) =  _________
    
=      = 2
2t 4 4
1+t
(  ) (  )
8. Given F(x) = f (g(x))
2t 1 – t 2
fi x = sin–1  _____    , y = cot–1  _____
 2    
 
 
1+t 2t fi F ¢(x) = f ¢(g(x))g¢(x)
fi F ¢(3) = f ¢(g(3))g¢(3) h¢(x) = 2f (x)g(x) – 2g(x)f (x) = 0

= f ¢(6)g¢(3) = 2 × 4 = 8 h¢(x) = 0
2 3
9. Given f (x) = x + x h(x) = c
As we know that, if g is the inverse of f, then h(5) = 7
y = f (x) ¤ x = g(y)
h(x) = 7
dy
Now,  ___   = 2x + 3 x2 h(2016) = 7.
dx
dx 1 12. Clearly, f (x) = a x2 + bx + c
fi g¢(y) =  ___   = _______
      
dy 2x + 3x2
f ¢(x) = 2a x + b
when y = 2, then x = 1
(  )
f ¢¢(x) = 2a.
dx 1 1
Now, g¢(2) =  ___     x = 1 _____
  =     
  = __
    Thus, 2a = 10 ¤ a = 5
dy y = 2     2 + 3 5
f ¢(1) = 6 fi 2a + b = 6
  Hence, the value of (5g¢(2) + 3)
b = 6 – 2a = 6 – 10 = – 4
=1+3
f (1) = 4 fi a + b + c = 4
= 4.
c = 4 – a – b = 4 – 5 + 4 = 3
10. Given x y = ex – y
Hence, the value of f (0) + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5
fi log(x y) = (x – y) log(e)
13. Given P (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
fi y log(x) = (x – y)
P ¢(x) = 2ax2 + 2bx + c
y dy dy
fi  __x  + log(x)  ___   = 1 –  ___   ...(i) P ¢¢(x) = 4ax + 2b
dx dx
P ¢¢(0) = 10 fi 2b = 10 fi b = 5
when x = e, then y = 0
P(0) = – 2 fi d = – 2
Put x = e and y = 0 in (i), we get,
P(1) = – 2 fi a + b + c + d = – 2
dy dy
0 + 1 ◊  ___   = 1 –  ___   a + 5 + c – 2 = – 2
dx dx
dy
___ a + c = – 5 ...(i)
2      = 1
dx P ¢(0) = – 1 fi c = – 1
11. Given h(x) = {f (x)}2 + {g(x)}2 From (i), we get, a = – 4
h¢(x) = 2f (x)f ¢(x) + 2g(x)g¢(x) Hence, the value of (a + b + c + d + 10)
h¢(x) = 2f (x)g(x) + 2g(x)g¢(x) = – 4 + 5 – 1 – 2 + 10
=8
h¢(x) = 2f (x)g(x) + 2g(x)f ¢¢(x)
Hints and Solutions

Questions asked in Roorkee - JEE Exams – 2 1
= ____
  ___   × ______
       
÷     (1 + x)
4x 
( 
1–x
1. Let sin–1  _____ 
1+x )
   and v = ÷
__
x     
– 1
= ________
 __ 
(1 + x)÷x 
 
   
  Then dv 1
Also,  ___   = ____
  __
  
du 1 (1 + x).(– 1) – (1 – x).1 dx 2÷x   
 ___   = ____________
      ×   ___________________
  __________      
  
÷  (  )
dx 1–x 2 (1 + x)2 du – 1
________
1 –  _____
          ___      __   
1+x du ___
___ dx (1 + x)÷x 
________     2
  Thus,      =      =        = –  ______
    
(1 + x) – 2   dv dv
___ 1
____ (1 + x)
=  ________________
        × _______
_______________    2 
         __
    
dx 2÷x 
   
  + x) – (1  
÷(1 2 2
– x)   (1 + )
2. We have (tan–1x)y + ycot x = 1
fi ey log tan–1x + ecot x log y = 1 dy 1
  fi  ___   = _________
       
( 
dx a + b cos x

dy
dx
1
fi ey log tan–1x log tan–1x .  ___   + y .  _____
  
tan–1x 1 + x2
1
  .  _____
     ) d 2y – b sin x
fi  ___2   = –  ___________
  
 
b sin x
  =  ___________
  
   
2
(a + b cos x)2
( 
dx (a + b cos x)
1 ___
+ ecot x log y – cosec2 x . log y + cot x .  __
dy
y  .  dx    = 0 ) Hence, the result.
(  )
dy _____ _____
1 _____ 1
fi (tan–1x) y log tan–1x ◊  ___   + y◊_____
  –1
     ◊    2 
   1  – y2 
4. We have ÷ 1  – t 2 
  + ÷   = a(y – t)
dx tan x 1 + x
put y = sin q and t = sin j
(  1 dy
+ ycot x – cosec2 x ◊ log y + cot x ◊ __
 y  ◊  ___    = 0
dx ) cos q + cos j = a(sin q – sin j)

dy
fi (log(tan–1x)tan–1x) y + cot x ◊ ycotx – 1)  ___  
dx
q + j
2cos  _____
2 (  ) (  )
q – j
  cos  _____
   
2
   
 
(  1+x
y
= ycot x cosec2 x.log y – (tan–1x)y – 1 _____
    2 
    
(  )) q + j
= a ◊ 2 cos  _____
2 (  ) (  ) ( 
q – j
  cos  _____
   
2
q + j
  cot  _____
   
2
1
  = __
    )
 a 
dy ((   
 ___   =  _________________________________
    
    
y
ycot xcosec2 x.log y – (tan–1x) y – 1 _____
     
1 + x 2
    
  
(  )) ) q – j
 _____
2
   
1
  = cot–1 __(  ) (  )
 a  
dx log(tan–1x)(tan–1x) y + cot x.ycot x – 1 1
q – j = 2cot–1 __
 a   (  )
3. We have
1
sin–1y – sin–1t = 2cot–1 __
 a   (  )
dy
( ÷ 
_____ 1 1
 ______    ___   – _______
(  ) )
2 a–b x _____      _____
     = 0
y = _______
  ______     tan–1  _____ 
    tan __
        ÷1  – y  
2 dt
  ÷1  – t 2 
 
÷ a  – b  
2 2
  a + b 2
÷ 
______ _____
dy
fi  ___   = _______
  ______
2
      ________________
1
     
dy
 ___   =
÷ 1 _____
– y2   1_____
 _______   =  
– y2
 
( 
 
dx ÷ a  – b  
2 2
 1 +   a
a
–
+
b
_____
b
 
x
   tan2 __ ) (  )
     
2
dt ÷ 1  – t2    1 – t2
(  _ _____
÷ 
_____ ____
2)

a – b __
◊  _____ 
a+b 2
1
   ◊      sec2 __
 
x
     
2 (  )    ÷ 1 – t  
   Also, x = sin–1 t÷1  – t   + ÷t    
_
= sin–1t – sin–1÷t 
   
dy 2 (a + b)
fi  ___   = _______
  ______      . ____________________
  
   
(  )
dx 1 1 1
dx ÷ a  2 – b2 
2 x
  (a + b) + (a – b)tan __
       ___   = ______
  _____
      – _____
  ____    ◊ ___
   _  
2 dt ÷ 1  – t  
2
  ÷
 
1 –  
t  2
÷t   
÷ 
_____
(  )
a – b __ 1 x _ ____
  ◊  _____     ◊      sec2 __      2÷t    – t  
    – ÷1
a+b 2 2   =   __________
_____  
  _
  2÷1  – t 2   ÷ t  
÷  ( ÷  )
_________________________ ______
dy 1 a–b
fi  ___   = _______   ×  _____
  2   2          × (a + b)2  1 – y2
dx (a – b ) a + b  _____2    
    
dy 1–t
( 
___ ____________
(  (  ) )
  Thus,      =         
____
)
x _
1 + tan2 __         dx 1  – t  
    – ÷
2__________
÷t 
2   _____     _  
  ____________________________
   
    
(  (  ) ) ( 
2÷1  – t 2 
(  ) )
x x   ÷ t  
a 1 + tan2 __
        + b 1 – tan2 __
       
( 
2 2
)
_______
dy   – y2)t  
2÷(1
 ___   =   ____________
_        
____
( 
dy 1 dx (  2÷t     – ÷1  – t   )
  fi  ___   =  ________________
)
   
dx
__________
a + b     
2
x
1 – tan2 __
      (  ) f g h
x   
1 + tan2 __     
2 (  ) 5. We have D = ( xf )′ ( xg )′ ( xh )′
( x f )′′ ( x g )′′ ( x 2 h )′′
2 2
3x2 3y2 ___ dy

f g h  ______
_____      – ______
  _____
         = 0
= xf ¢ + f xg ¢ + g xh ¢ + h ÷ 1  – x  
6
  ÷1  – y  6 dx
 
( x 2 f ¢¢ + 4 xf ¢ ) ( x 2 g ¢¢ + 4 xg ¢ ) ( x 2 h ¢¢ + 4 xh ¢ ) 3y2 ___ dy 3x2
 _______
_____         =  ______
_____  
÷1  – y6 
  dx ÷1  – x6 
f g h
÷ 
_____
= xf ¢ xg ¢ xh ¢ dy x2 1 – y6
   ___   =  __2    _____ 
 
( x 2 f ¢¢ + 4 xf ¢ ) ( x 2 g ¢¢ + 4 xg ¢ ) ( x 2 h ¢¢ + 4 xh ¢ )   dx y 1 – x6
__
   ÷__x    )(sin–1(1 – ÷x 
7. Let u = log(1 –   )  )
(R2 Æ R2 – R1) __
f g h and v = 2 2(1 –
÷x   ) 
= xf ¢ xg ¢ xh ¢ (R3 Æ R3 – R1) u = logt (sin–1t) and v = 22t
__
x 2 f ¢¢ x 2 g ¢¢ x 2 h ¢¢ where t = (1 – ÷x    ) 
1 1 1
f g h log t ◊ _____
  –1 ◊ ______
        _____      – __
     log(sin–1t)
t
du sin t ÷ 1  – t  
2
 
= x f ¢3g ¢ h¢  ___  =  ____________________________
         
dt (log t)2
f ¢¢ g ¢¢ h ¢¢ _____
du t log t – log(sin t)÷1  _____
–1
Thus, D¢ – t 2   
sin–1t
 ___  = _________________________
           ,
dt t sin–1t(log t)2.÷1  – t 2  
f g h f g h
3
= 3x ¢ g ¢ h ¢ + x f ¢ g ¢ h ¢
2 f
dv dt 1
 ___   = 22t + 1log2 and  ___    = –  ____
    
__
f ¢¢ g ¢¢ h ¢¢ f ¢¢¢ g ¢¢¢ h ¢¢¢ dt dx 2÷x    
du ___
___ dv
du ___
Thus,      =      /   
f g h f g h dv dt dt
_____
= f¢ g¢ h¢ + f¢ g¢ h¢ t log t – log(sin–1t)÷1  – t 2   sin–1t ____ 1
  = __________________________
     
   
_____  ◊ –   __
    
3 x 2 f ¢¢ 3 x 2 g ¢¢ 3 x 2 h ¢¢ x 3 f ¢¢¢ x 3 g ¢¢¢ x 3h ¢¢¢ t sin t(log t) ◊ ÷1  – t  
–1 2 2 2t + 1
  ◊ 2 log 2 2    
÷x 
__
f g h where t = (1 – ÷x 
  ) 
= f¢ g¢ h¢ 8. Given f (x) = logx (sin(x2)) + (sin x2)lo

gex
2 2 2 _____
( x f ¢¢¢ ) ( x g ¢¢¢ ) ( x h ¢¢¢ ) x  + 1 
and let g(x) = ÷  
Hence, the result. f ¢(x)

To find ____
    
_____ _____ g¢(x)
6. Given ÷ + ÷1  – y6  
1  – x6   = a3 (x3 – y3)
  Now, f (x) = log x (sin(x2)) + (sin x2)lo
g e x
Put x3 = sin q, y3 = sin j log(sin(x2))
=  __________ + e log x log(sin x )
2
    
cos q + cos j = a3 (sin q – sin j) log x log(sin(x2))
log(x) ◊ cot(x2) ◊ 2x –  __________
q + j
2cos  _____
2 ( 
    ) (  )
q – j
  cos  _____
2
   
  fi f ¢(x) =  __________________________
   
(log x)2
 
x      
  
(  ) (  )
q + j
= a3 . 2cos  _____
2
q – j
  sin  _____
   
2
   
  ( 
log(sin(x2))
+ (sin(x2)) log x ◊  __________ + 2x log x.cot(x2) 
x       )
(  )
q – j
cot  _____
2
  = a3
    Also, g¢(x) = _______
f ¢(x)
1
  _____
   
 
2÷x  + 1 
 
(  )
q – j Thus, ____
   
 
[ 
 _____   = cot–1(a3)
    g¢(x)
2 log(sin(x2))
log(x) . cot(x 2
).2x – __________
 
q – j = 2 cot–1(a3) 1 x      
  = _______
  _____     __________________________
            
sin–1(x3) – sin–1(y3) = 2 cot–1(a3) 2÷x  + 1 
  (log x)2
( 
log(sin(x ))
+ (sin(x2)) log x.  __________
2
+ 2x log x.cot(x2)   
x       ) ] 5.

We have, h(x) = [f (x)] 2 + [g(x)] 2
fi
fi
fi
h¢(x) = 2f (x)f ¢(x) + 2g(x)g¢(x)
h¢(x) = 2f (x)g(x) + 2g(x)g¢(x)
h¢(x) = – 2f ¢¢(x)g(x) + 2g(x)f ¢¢(x) = 0
Questions asked in Past IIT-JEE Exams Thus, h(x) is a constant function.
But h(5) = 11
2. f ¢(1) =   
lim  
x Æ 1 ( 
f(x) – f(1)
  ________
x–1
   
  )

fi
fi
h(x) = 11
h(10) = 11
=   
lim   (  x–1
 __________
2x – 7x + 5 3
2
   ______________
  
    
1
     + __
      
)
2x – 1
( 
6. Given y = f  ______
x2 + 1
   
)
) ( 
x Æ 1 x–1
(  (  )
2
dy 2x – 1 (x___________________
+ 1).2 – (2x – 1).2x
=   
lim  
x Æ 1
  3x – 3 + 2x2 – 7x + 5
   __________________
     
3(x – 1)(2x2 – 7x – 5) )  ___   = f ¢  ______
dx 2
x +1
         
(x2 + 1)2
  
  
=   
x Æ 1 3
2
lim   __
(  x2 – 2x + 1
     ×   _________________
        
(x – 1)(2x2 – 7x + 5) ) dy
dx ( 
x2 + 1
 
) ( 
    
2
+ 2 – 4x2 + 2x
2x – 1 2x_______________
 ___   = f ¢  ______   
(x2 + 1)2
  
  
)
=   
x Æ 1 3
2
lim   __
(  (x – 1)2
     ×  _________________
        
(x – 1)(2x2 – 7x + 5) ) dy
dx (  ) ( 
2x – 1 2__________
 ___   = f ¢  ______
2
x +1
     
+ 2x + 2x2
  
(x2 + 1)2
   

)
x Æ 1 3
2
lim   __
=    (  (x – 1)
     ×  ____________
  
    
(2x – 5)(x – 1) ) dy
dx ( (  ) ) ( 
2x – 1 2 2__________
 ___   = sin  ______
2
       
+ 2x + 2x2
  
(x2 + 1)2
   

)
( 
x +1
=   
lim  
x Æ 1 3
2
 __  
1
     × _______
   
(2x – 5)
   ) 7. We have (a + bx)e y/x = x
2
= – __
( 
__y
    
9
5x
x
fi e x  = ______
     
a + bx
   )
3. Given y = ________   + cos2 (2x + 1).
( 
  _______
    y
3
  – x)  
÷(1 2
 
x
fi  __x  = log  ______
a + bx
       )
2
__ 2 1
__ y
(1– x)3 . 5 – __ fi  __x  = log x – log(a + bx)
         
dy      (1 – x)3
3
 ___   =   __________________   
     – 2sin(4x + 2)
dx 4
__ dy
x .  ___   – y
    
(1 – x)3
dx 1 b
fi  ________     = __
 x  – ______
       
dy 15(1 – x) – 2 x 2 a + bx
 ___   =   ___________
  
    – 2sin(4x + 2)
dx 5
__
     dy
3(1 – x)
3 x .  ___   – y
dx a + bx – bx
fi   ________     =  __________     
dy (13 – 15x) x2 x(a + bx)
 ___   =  _________   – 2sin(4x + 2))
dx 5
__
     dy ax
3(1 – x)3 fi x .  ___   – y =  _______
    
3 dx (a + bx)
4. We have y = e x sin x
+ (tan x) x
d 2y dy dy (a + bx)a – ax.b
x .  ___2   +  ___   –  ___   =  _____________
2
= e log(x sin(x
))
+ e x log(tan x) fi   
    
dx dx dx (a + bx)2
dy
 ___   = e log(x sin(x
dx

2
 
( 
)) _______1
 2  
x sin(x )
 .(cos(x2) + 2x2 cos(x2)) 
) fi
d 2y a2
x .  ___2   =  ________
    
( 
+ e x log(tan x) log(tan x) + ____
x
. sec2 x 
      
tan x )
dx (a + bx)2
dy 1
 ___   = (x sin(x2))  __
dx
(  2 2
x  . (cot(x ) + 2x cos(x )) 
2
)
d 2y
dx
a2 x 2
fi x3.  ___2   =  ________
(a + bx)
ax 2
  =  ______
 2    
a + bx (  )
dy
(  2
   = x  ___   – y 
dx )
(  x
+ tan x) x (log(tan x) + ____
tan x
. sec2 x 
       ) Hence, the result.
( 
( 
_____
8. Let
1
10. Let u = sec–1 ______    and v = ÷1  – x2 
  2      
)
2x   
y = (logsin x cos x)(logcos x sin x) –1 + sin–1  _____
1 + x2
  
) 2x – 1
fi
log(cos x) ________
y = ________
 
log(sin x)
  
log(cos )
×  
log(sin x)
+ 2tan–1x
  
1
Now, u = sec–1 ______
  2      
2x – 1

(  )
{log(cos x)}2 Put x = cosq
fi y = ___________
       + 2tan–1x
(  )
2
{log(sin x)} 1
So, u = sec–1 _____
      

cos2q
2
{log(sin x)} (– 2log(cos x).tan x)
  fi u = sec–1(sec2q) = 2q = 2cos–1(x)
         
dy
___ – {log(cos x)}2 (2log(sin x).cot x) _____
___________________________ 2 du 2
     =  
dx
          +     2    fi  ___   = – ______
  _____   
 
{log(sin x)}4 1+x dx ÷ 1  – x2 
 
_____
( (  ) )
dy Also, v = ÷1  – x2 
 
fi  ___    x =  __p    dv 1 ×_____ – 2x x
dx 4 fi  ___   =  _______    = – ______
    _____
   
dx 2÷1  – x  
2
  ÷1  – x2 
{  (  ) } (  (  ) )
1 2
log ___
  __      – 2log ___
  
÷2  ÷

1
  __     
  
2 
– ______
  _____
2
   
1  – x2 
÷
 
{  (  ) } (  (  ) )  
           du
___ _________   2
1 2 1   Thus,      =   x       = __
 x 
– log ___  __      2log ___   __      dv –  ______      
( )
  _____
÷   
2  ÷   
2  1 ÷ 1  – x2 
= ______________________    + 2 ______  
{  (  ) }
    4
      2    
1 p
log ___ 1 + ___
(   ___dudx   )
  __           2
÷   
2  16   Now, __
x =  __   =      = 4
1
2 1
__
    
(  )  
2
1
– 4log ___
  __     11. No questions asked in 1987.
(  (  ) ) ( )
÷
  
2  32
= ___________
    2  + _______
     2    
   12. Given y2 = P(x)
1 p + 16
log ____
  __       dy
÷    )
2  2y  ___   = P ¢(x)
(  )
dx
4 32
= –  ______________
__   + _______
(  )
      2       d 2y dy 2
   ))
(log1 – log(÷2  p + 16 fi 2y  ___2   + 2  ___    = P ¢¢(x)
dx dx
(  ) (  )
2
8 32
= ______ + _______
         2       d 2y dy
(log2) p + 16 fi 2y3  ___   + 2y  ___    = y2P ¢¢(x)
2
2
dx dx
9. We have f (x) = logx(ln x)
log(log x)
fi
d2y
2y3___
dx2
dy 2
     = y2P ¢¢(x) – 2y2 ___
    
dx (  )
= ________
(  (  ) )
      
log x d 2y 1 dy 2
fi 2y3 ___   = y2P ¢¢(x) –  __   2y  ___     
dx2 2 dx
1 __ 1 1
log x .  ____ .  x  – log(log x) .  __
      x  dy2
1
fi f ¢(x) =  
log x
_______________________         fi 2y3  ___  = y2P ¢¢(x) –  __   (P ¢(x))2
dx 2 2
(log x)2
fi
1
__
 x  (1 – log(log x))
f ¢(x) =  ______________   
 
  
fi
dx
d
(  ) d2y
2  ___    y3 ____   
dx2
(log x)2 dy 1
= 2y  ___   P ¢¢(x) + y2P ¢¢¢(x) –  __   .2 . P ¢(x).P ¢¢(x)
dx 2
(1 – log(log x))
fi f ¢(x) =  _____________
  
  
  dy
x(log x)2 = 2y  ___   P ¢¢(x) + y2P ¢¢¢(x) – P ¢(x) . P ¢¢(x)
dx
(1 – 1) dy
fi (f ¢(x)) x = e =  ______
  
 = 0 = 2y  ___   P ¢¢(x) + y2P ¢¢¢(x) – P ¢(x) . P ¢¢(x)
e2 dx
= P ¢(x)P ¢¢(x) + y2P ¢¢¢(x) – P ¢(x) . P ¢¢(x) = 4a2 + 4ab + b2 – 8a2 – 4ab – 4ac
= y2P ¢¢¢(x) = – 4a2 – 4ac + b2
= P(x) . P ¢¢(x) = – 4a2 + (b2 – 4ac)
13. We have x = secq – cosq
< 0 for all x in R.
and y = secnq – cosnq
Thus, g(x) > 0, " x Œ R
dx
fi  ___  = secq tanq + sinq dy
dq 16. Find  ___   at x = – 1, when
dx
dx
fi  ___  = tanq (secq + cosq) Given
dq __
÷   
3 
Also, (sin y) sin(p x/2)
+ 2 tan(ln(x + 2)) +  ___   sec–1(2x) = 0
x
2
dy
fi  ___  = n secn – 1q.secq.tanq + n cosn – 1q.sinq
dq {  (  )
(sin y) sin(p x/2) sin ___
p x dy
      cot y  ___  
2 dx
dy
fi  ___  = n secnq.tanq + n cosnq.tanq
dq
p
+ __ (  )
p x
     cos ___
2 }
      log(sin y)  + 2x log 2tan log(x + 2)
2
__
dy x
sec2 (ln(x + 2))
2______________
fi  ___  = n tanq (sec nq + cos nq .) +     
 
  
÷3 
   +     ×  __________
___ 2x
______      = 0
dq (x + 2) 2
n n 2x ÷  
4x 2
– 1 
 
dy dy dx n ◊ tanq (sec q + cos q .)
fi  ___   =  ___  ∏  ___  =  ____________________
         Put x = – 1, we get,
dx dq dq tanq (secq + cosq )
( 
__
(  ) n2 (sec nq + cos nq)2
dy 2 ________________
___
fi       =     
    
dy
(sin y) – cot y       +     ×  ___
–1 ___
dx )
___
2
  
÷3 
÷

1__ __
 
3 
 
1
    +      = 0
2
(  )
dx (secq + cosq )2 dy
cot ___
–  ____         + 1 = 0
sin y dx
dx(  )
dy 2 n2 (sec nq – cos nq)2 + 4
fi  ___    = ___________________
         
(secq – cosq )2 + 4
cos y ___
 _____  
2 dx
dy
       = 1
sin y
(  )
2 2
dy 2 n (y + 4) dy sin2y
 ___    =  ________  
 
 .   ___   =  _____ = sec y tan y
  
dx (x2 + 4) dx cos y
14. We have f (x) = |x – 2| 18. Yes, it is true, the derivative of every odd function
is an even function.
Ï( x - 2) : x≥2
= Ì 19. Ans. (a)
Ó- ( x - 2) : x < 2 Given y = (sin x) tan x
Now, g(x) = f (f (x)) y = etan x log sin x
dy
= f (x – 2)  ___   = e tan x log sin x (tan x.cot x + sec2 x log sin x)
dx
= (x – 2) – 2
dy
= x – 4, x ≥ 4  ___   = (sin x) tan x (1 + sec2 x log sin x)
dx
Thus, g¢(x) = 1, x > 20 20. No questions asked in 1995.
15. Let f (x) = ax2 + bx + c, a > 0 (since f (x) is + ve for 21. We have xexy = y + sin2 x
( 
all real values of (x)
f ¢(x) = 2ax + b
dy
exy.1 + xexy x  ___   + y.1  =
dx ) dy
 ___   + sin 2x
dx
f ¢¢(x) 2a
Now, g(x) = f (x) + f ¢(x) + f ¢¢(x) fi (  dy
)
exy + x2exy  ___   + y.1  =
dx
dy
 ___   + sin 2x
dx
= (ax2 + bx + c) + (2ax + b) + 2a
when x = 0, then y = 0
= a x2 + (2 + b)x + (2a + b + c) Thus,
dy
2
Now, D = (2a + b) – 4a(2a + b + c) fi 1 + (0 + 0) =  ___   + 0
dx
dy x3
fi  ___   = 1 fi y =  ________________
     
dx (x – a)(x – b)(x – c)
22. Ans. (d)
We have
x3 sin x cos x
x3
  ( 
fi log y = log  ________________
     
(x – a)(x – b)(x – c) )
f (x) = 6 -1 0 fi log y = log(x3) – log((x – a)(x – b)(x – c))
fi log y = 3log x – log((x – a)(x – b)(x – c))
0 p2 p3
fi log y = 3log x – log(x – a) – log(x – b)
3x3 cos x - sin x – log(x – c)
d dy
 ___    ( f (x)) = 6 -1 0 1
fi __
3
 y   ___   = __
1
    – ______
     
1
  – ______
     
1
  – ______
       
dx dx x (x – a) (x – b) (x – c)
0 p2 p3
d2
6 x - sin x - cos x
1 dy
fi __
 y   ___   =
dx ( 1 1
__
 x   ______
   
(x – a) ) ( 
   +
1 1
__
 x   ______
   
(x – b) ) ( 
   +
1 1
__
 x   ______
   
(x – c) )
  
___
) ( 
  2    (f (x)) = 6 -1 0
dx
p p 2
p3
1 dy
fi __
dx
x–a–x
( 
 y   ___   =   _______ 
x(x – a)
x–b–x
   +   _______  
(x – b)
 
  )
+ (    _______  
(x – c) )
x–c–x
6 - cos x - sin x   
d3
___
  3   (f (x)) = 6 -1 0
     (      
  ) + ( _____
dx
dx x ( a – x
  ) )
b – x)
dy y _____
   + ( ____
2
p3 a b c
p p fi  ___   = __        c –  x 
dx
d3
( 
Now,  ___3   )
  ( f (x)) 
x = 0

24.
Hence, the result.
No questions asked in 1999.
6 -1 0 25. Ans. (b)
= 6 -1 0 We have x2 + y2 = 1
fi 2x + 2y y¢ = 0
p p2 p3
fi x + y y¢ = 0
=0 fi 1 + (y¢)2 + y.y¢¢ = 0
Which is independent of p. 26. Ans. (c)
x
23. We have
ax2 bx We have F(x) = Ú     f (t)dt
y =  ________________
        + ___________
      0
(x – a)(x – b)(x – c) (x – b)(x – c)
fi F ¢(x) = f (x)
c
  + ____
 x –  c 
  + 1 Given F(x2) = x2 + x3
ax2 bx fi F ¢(x2).2x = 2x + 3x2
fi y =  ________________
        + ___________
       
(x – a)(x – b)(x – c) (x – b)(x – c)
2x + 3x2 3
fi F ¢(x2) =  _______
    = 1 + __
       x
2x 2
c + x – c
+  ________  

x – c    3
fi f (x2) = 1 + __
     x
ax 2
bx x 2
fi y =  ________________
        + ___________
        + ____
      Put x = 2
(x – a)(x – b)(x – c) (x – b)(x – c) x – c
3
fi f (4) = 1 +  __   ◊ 2 = 1 + 3 = 4
ax2 bx + x2 – bx 2
  fi y =  ________________
        + ___________
      
(x – a)(x – b)(x – c) (x – b)(x – c) 27. No questions asked in between 2002 -2003.
28. Ans. (a)
ax2 x2
fi y =  ________________
        +  ___________
    We have log(x + y) = 2xy
(x – a)(x – b)(x – c) (x – b)(x – c)
 
ax2 + x3 – ax2
fi y =  ________________
       
(x – a)(x – b)(x – c)
1
fi  ______
   
(x + y)
dy
dx (  dy
dx ) ( 
  1 +  ___    = 2 x ◊  ___   + y ◊ 1  )
1 1 dy dy 32. We have f (x) = g(x)sin x

fi  ______   + ______
            ◊  ___   = 2x ◊  ___   + 2y
(x + y) (x + y) dx dx fi f ¢(x) = g(x)cos x + g¢(x)sin x
1
fi ______
     
(x + y) (  dy 1
)
  – 2x  ◊  ___   = 2y – ______
dx
     
(x + y)
   (  ) fi

f ¢¢(x) = g¢(x)cos x – g(x)sin x
+ g¢(x)cos x + g¢¢(x)sin x
1
2y – ______
      ( 
   )   Now, f ¢(0) = g(0) + g¢(0) ◊ 0 = g(0)
dy
dx 1
(x
fi  ___   =  ____________
______
     
+ y)
( 
     =
 – 2x  )
( 2y(x + y) – 1
 ____________
   )
     
1 – 2x(x + y) So Statement-II is true and f ¢¢(0) = 2g¢(0)
(x + y) Now,   
lim  
 (g(x)cot x – g(0)cosec x)
x Æ 0
when x = 0, y = 1.
dy
(  )
fi  ___   
dx x = 1, y = 1
=
(2 – 1)
 ______ 
(1 – 0)
  = 1

x Æ 0 ( 
g(x)cos x – g(0)
lim    _____________
=   
sin x
      
  )
30. Ans. (d)
=   
lim  
x Æ 0
( 
g¢(x)cos x – g(x)sin x
   _________________
   
cos x     )
d2 x
We have  ___2 
dy ( 
g¢(0)cos 0 – g(0)sin 0
=  _________________
   
     )
(  )
cos 0
d dx
  = ___
       ___    = g¢(0)
dy dy
(  )
=0
d dx dx
=  ___     ___    .  ___   = f ¢¢(0)
dx dy dy

d 1 ___
= ___  ( )
      ___
dx ___
dx
       .     
dy dy
    
Thus, statement-I is also true.
But statement-II is not a correct explanation for
statement-I
dx 33. Ans. (a)
1 ___ d2y dx We have g(x) = log(f ( ))
= –  _____  2    .   2   .  ___  
(  )
dy dx dy Now, g(x + 1) – g(x)
 ___    = log(f (x + 1)) – log(f (x))
dx
= – _____
1 ____
   2   
d2y 1
.   2   .  ____
     (  )
f (x +1)
= log  ______   
 
(  ) (  )
f (x)
dy
___ dx ___ dy
(  )
           
dx dx x f (x)
2 = log _____
     
1 ___ d y f (x)
= –  _____  3   .   2  
(  )
dy
___
     
dx
dx
1
g¢(x +1) – g¢(x) = __
= log x
 x 
(  )
2
dy – 3 d y 1
= –  ___    .  ___2   g¢¢(x + 1) – g¢¢(x) = – __   2   
dx dx x
1
31. We have f (x) = 2 + cos x, " x Œ R Put x = k – __     
2
f ¢(x) = – sin x, " x Œ R
clearly, f(x) is continuous and differentiable so, there (  )
1
g¢¢ k + __
1
(  ) 4
      – g¢¢ k –  __    = – ________
2 2
     
(2k – 1)2
 
(  ) (  )
exist a point c Œ (t, t + p) such that f ¢(c) = 0 1 1
Thus, statement-I is true, Now, g¢¢ N +  __    – g¢¢  __   
2 2
= S    ( g ¢¢ ( k + __

     ) – g¢¢ ( k – __
     ) )
Also, f (t + 2p) = 2 + cos(t + 2p) N
1 1
 
= 2 + cos t k = 1 2 2
(  )
= f (t) N
4
     – ________
=S         
Thus, statement-II is also true k = 1 (2k – 1)2
But statement-II is not a correct explanation for
statement-I

( 
1
= – 4 1 + __
9 25
1
     + ___
1
     + ... + ________
     
(2N – 1)2
  
)

35. (a)

(  (  sinq
= sin sin–1  _____________
 
____________
))
      
  q + cos2 q 
÷sin 2
  
(  ( ÷  ))
b–x
Given f (x) =  ______   
  sinq
1 – bx = sin sin–1  ___________________
       
__________________    
b–x b–y sin q + cos2q –  
2
sin2q  
Let y =  ______      fi x =  ______   
 
1 – bx
0 < x < 1 fi 0 < ______ 

b–y
1 – by
 
  < 1
(  (  ) ) sinq
= sin sin–1  _____ 
cosq
  
 
1 – by = sin(sin–1(tanq ))
b–y 1
fi  ______     > 0 fi y > b, y <  __  = tanq
1 – by b
d
b–y 1 _______
       (f (q ))
fi  ______  – 1 < 0 fi – 1 < y < __
       d (tanq )
1 – by b
d
= _______
       (tanq )
fi –1<y<b d(tanq )
(  (  ))
= 1.
sinq
36. We have f (q) = sin tan  _______
–1
   
_____   37. No questions asked in between 2012-2014.
 
÷cos2q   
Chapter
Rolle’s theorem and
6 Lagrange’s mean
value theorem
Here, f (x) is not continuous at x = a

Concept Booster
So, Rolle’s theorem is not applicable here.
(ii)
1. Rolle’s Theorem Y
1.1 Introduction
In calculus, Rolle’s theorem essentially states that any real-
valued differentiable function that attains equal values at
two distinct points must have a stationary point somewhere
between them—that is, a point where the first derivative
(the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function) O x=a x=b x=c
X
is zero.

1.2 Rolle’s Theorem Statement Here, f (x) is not continuous at x = b
Let f (x) be a real function and a, b Œ R.
(iii)
If
(i) f (x) is continuous in [a, b]
(ii) f (x) is differentiable in (a, b)
(iii) f (a) = f (b)
Then there is a number c in (a, b) such that f ¢(c) = 0.

Here, f (x) is not differentiable at x = c
(iii)
1.3 Applicability of Rolle’s theorem

(i)
Here, f (x) is not continuous at x = b

So, Rolle’s theorem is not applicable here. 2. Lagranges Mean Value Theorem
(iv)
2.1 Introduction
In mathematics, the mean value theorem states, roughly: that
given a planar arc between two endpoints, there is at least
one point at which the tangent to the arc is parallel to the
secant through its endpoints.
The theorem is used to prove global statements about a
function on an interval starting from local hypotheses about
derivatives at points of the interval.
2.2 Statement
Let f (x) be a real function and a, b Œ R. If
Here, f (a) is not equal to f (b).
(i) f (x) is continuous in [a, b]
So, Rolle’s thoerem is not applicable here.
Here, f (a) is not equal to f (b).
Then there is a number c in (a, b) such that
So, Rolle’s thoerem is not applicable here.
1.4 Algebraical Significance of Rolle’s Theorem f (b) – f (a)

f ¢(c) = __________
    
    .
b–a
Between any two roots of a polynomial, there is atleast one
root of its derivative.
1.5 Applications of Rolle’s Theorem

(i) If y = f (x) satisfies the Rolle’s theorem in [a, b], then
f ¢(x) = 0 for some x in (a, b).
(ii) Let x = a and x = b be the roots of f (x) = 0 and
y = f (x) satisfies the condition of Rolle’s Theorem on
[a, b]
Here, f (a) = f (b) = 0. Hence we can say that between
two roots of f (x) = 0 at least one root of f ¢(x) = 0
would lie.
(iii) If y = f (x) be a polynomial functions of degree n and 3. Constant Function Theorem
f (x) = 0 has real roots, then all the roots of f ¢(x) = 0
If f is a continuous function in [a, b] and is differentiable
are also real.
in (a, b), with f ¢(x) = 0 for all x in (a, b), then the function
For if f(x) is of degree n, f ¢(x) is of degree (n – 1) f (x) is constant on [a, b].
and a root of f ¢(x) = 0 exists in each of the (n – 1)
intervals between the n roots of f (x) = 0. 4. Constant Difference Theorem
(iv) If all the roots of f(x) = 0 are real, so also are those Let f and g be two continuous functions on [a, b] and are
of f ¢(x) = 0, f ¢¢(x) = 0, f ¢¢¢(x) = 0, ..., and the roots differentiable on (a, b) such that f ¢(x) = g¢(x) for all x in
of any one of those equations separate those of the (a, b). Then there exists a constant C such that f (x) = g (x)
preceeding equation. This follows from (iii). + C for all x in [a, b].
(v) Not more than two roots of f(x) = 0 can
(a) lie between two consecutive roots of f ¢(x) = 0 5. Applications of L.M.V. Theorem
or (i) If f is continuous on [a, b] and m £ f ¢(x) £ M for all x
(b) be less than the least of these or in (a, b), then m (b – a) £ f (b) – f (a) £ M (b – a).
(c) be greater than the greatest of these. (ii) If f is continuous on [a, b] and | f ¢(x) | £ M for all x
(vi) If f ¢(x) = 0 has n real roots, then f(x) = 0 can not in (a, b), then |  f (b)  –  f (a) | £ M | b – a |
have more than (n + 1) real roots. (iii) If f is continuous on [a, b] and |f ¢(x)| ≥ m for all x
(vii) If f n (x) is the nth derivative of f (x) and the equation in (a, b), then | f (b) – f(a) | ≥ m | b – a |
f n (x) = 0 has some imaginary roots, then f (x) = 0 (iv) Rolle’s Theorem is a particular case of L.M.V.
has at least as many imaginary roots. Theorem.
Rolle’s theorem and Lagrange’s mean value theorem 6.3
6. Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem

Let f and g be two real functions defined on [a, b] such
that
(i) f and g both are continuous on [a, b]
(ii) f and g both are differentiable on (a, b) and
(iii) g¢(x) does not vanish at any point of (a, b)
then there exists a real number c in (a, b) such
f (b) – f (a) f ¢(c)

that  __________
  
     = ____
   
  
.
g (b) – g (a) g¢(c)
Example 2. Let f (x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + 12x + 10
Then f ¢(x) = 6x2 – 18x + 12
7. Generalised Mean Value Theorem
Thus f ¢(x) = 0 has two real roots 1 and 2.
If f, g and h are continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on Now f (1) ◊ f (2) > 0.
(a, b), then there exist a number c in (a, b) such that Thus, f (x) has one real root.
The equation f ¢(x) = 0 has two distinct roots say
(iii)
f ¢ (c ) g ¢ (c ) h ¢ (c ) x1 and x2.
f ( a ) g ( a ) h ( a ) = 0. If f (x1) f (x2) < 0, then the eqution f(x) = 0 has three
f (b ) g (b ) h (b ) distinct real roots.
Y
8. Nature of the cubic polynomial f (x 1)
3 2
Let f (x) = ax + bx + cx + d
Then f ¢(x) = 3 ax2 + 2 bx + c X2
X¢ X
(i) when f ¢(x) = 0 has no real root. O
X1
Then f (x) always increases as x increases and the
f (x 1)
equation f (x) = 0 has one real root.
Y¢
Example 3. Let f (x) = x3 – 3x + 1

Then f ¢(x) = 3x2 – 3
Now ¢(x) = 0 has two real roots 1 and –1
Now, f (–1) f (1) = (– 1 + 3 + 1) (1 – 3 + 1)
= – 4 < 0
Thus f (x) = 0 has three real roots.
(iv) The eqution f ¢(x) = 0 has two distinct roots, say
x1 and x2
If f(x2) = 0, then f (x) has two real root.
Example 1. Let f (x) = x3 – x2 + 4x + 10

Then f ¢(x) = 3x2 – 2x + 4
Therefore, f ¢(x) > 0 since D = 4 – 48 < 0
Hence, f is monotonic and it has one real root.
(ii) When f ¢(x) = 0 has two distinct roots say x1 and x2
(x1 < x2)
If f (x1) ◊ f (x2) > 0, then the equation
f (x) = 0 has one real root.
(v) The equation f ¢(x) = 0 has two equal roots, say a. Example 4. Let f (x) = (x – 3)3
If f (a) = 0, then the equation f (x) = 0 has one rea- Then f ¢(x) = 3 (x – 3)2
peated (treble) root. Thus f ¢(x) = 0 has one repeated root x = 3
Also f (3) = 0.
Thus, f (x) = 0 has one repeated root.
Exercises
12. At what points on the curve

(Problems Based on Fundamentals) y = 12 (x + 1) (x – 2) on [–1, 2], is the tangent
1. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function parallel to x–axis?.
f (x) = x3 – 3x2 + 2x + 5 on [0, 2].. Algebraic meaning of Rolle’s Theorem
2. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function 13. Let f (x) = x3 – x2 – x + 1. Prove that there is a root
f (x) = (x – a) m (x – b) n on [a, b], m, n Œ I + of its derivative on (– 1, 1).
14. Prove that the equation x cos x = sin x has a root
3. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function
between p and 2p.
{ 
x2 + ab
f (x) = log  _______ 
x(a + b)
  }
   on [a, b], where 0 < a < b. 15. Prove that the equation x3 + x – 1 = 0 has exactly
one real root.
4. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function
[  ] p
16. Let f (x) = sin5 x + cos5 x – 1 on, 0, __
     
2
p
f (x) = sin4 x + cos4 x on 0, __ [  ]
     
2
Then prove that the equation f (x) = 0 has two roots
5. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function [  ]

in 0, __
p
     
2
f (x) = 2 sin x + sin 2 x on [0, p] 17. If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0, then prove that the equation
6. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function ax2 + bx + c = 0 has at least one root in (0, 1).
p
f (x) = sin x + cos x – 1 on 0, __ [  ]
     
2
18. If a + b + c = 0, then show that the equation
3 ax2 + 2 bx + c = 0 has atleast one root in (0, 1).
7. Verify Rolle’s theorem for the function 19. If 3a + 4b + 6c + 12d = 0, then prove that the
[  ]
equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where a, b, c, d Œ R
p 5p
f (x) = ex (sin x – cos x) on __
    , ___
      has atleast one root in (0, 1).
4 4
20. If f(x) = x 2 (1 – x)3, then prove that the equation
8. Suppose that f (x) = x1/2 – x 3/2 on [0, 1]. Find a f ¢(x) = 0 has atleast one root in (0, 1).
number c that satisfies the conditions of Rolle’s
21. If f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) (x – 4), then find the
theorem.
number of real roots of f ¢(x) = 0
9. If the value of c prescribed in the Rolle’s theorem
and indicate the intervals in which they would lie.
for the function f (x) = 2x (x – 3) n, n Œ N on [0, 3]
is 3/4, then find the value of n. 22. Find the number of real roots of
10. If the function f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + ax + b is defined (i) x3 – 6x2 + 15x + 3 = 0
on [1, 3] satisfies the hypothesis of Rolle’s theorem, (ii) 4x2 – 21x2 + 18x + 20 = 0
then find the values of a and b. (iii) 3x4 – 8x3 – 6x2 + 24x + 1 = 0
11. If the function f (x) = x3 – px2 + qx is defined on
(iv) x4 – 4x – 2 = 0
[1, 3] satisfies the hypothesis of Rolle’s theorem such
that c = 5/4, then find the values of (p + 4q + 17).
23. Discuss the applicability of Rolle’s theorem for (ii) f (x) = sin |x| on [– 2p, 2p]
each of the following functions on the indicated (iii) f (x) = |sin x| on [0, 2p]
intervals: (iv) f (x) = log |x| on [0, 5]
(i) f (x) = |x – 2| in [0, 3]. (v) f (x) = |log |x|| on [–1, 1]
(ii) f (x) = 3 + (x – 2)2/3 in [1, 3] 33. Using L.M.V. theorem, prove that

1
(iii) f(x) = sin __(  )
 x   in [–1, 1]
b–a
 _____
b
b
 < log __
    (  ) b–a
 a   <  _____ , 
a   
Ï- 4 x + 5, 0 £ x £ 1 where 0 < a < b.
(iv) f (x) = Ì .
Ó2 x - 3, 1 < x £ 2 34. Using L.M.V. theorem, prove that (b – a) sec2 a <
p
(v) f (x) = [x] in [– 1, 1], where [,] = G.I.F. tan b – tan a < (b – a) sec2 b, where 0 < a < b <  __  
2
(vi) (x) = sin |x| in [– 2, 2] 35. Using L.M.V. theorem, prove that
(vii) f (x) = e–|x| in [– 3, 3] b–a b–a
 ______2    < tan–1 b – tan–1 a <  ______2 
| 
   , 0 < a < b
 

1
|
(viii) f (x) = e–|x| –  __    in [– 2, 2]
2
1+b 1+a
36. Using L.M.V. theorem, prove that |sin x – sin y| £
|  |
1
(ix) f (x) = __
 x  – 1  in [–1, 1] |x – y|
37. Using L.M.V. theorem, prove that |tan–1 x| £ |x| for
(x) f (x) = sin x + |sin x| in [– p, p] all x in R.
Lagranges Mean Value Theorem 38. Using L.M.V. theorem, prove that |tan x – tan y| ≥
24. Verify Lagranges Mean Value Theorem for the ( p p
|x – y| for all x, y in –  __  , __
2 2 )
     
function f (x) = x3 – x2 – x + 1 on [0, 2].
39. Let f be a differentiable function for all x in R. If
25. Find the value of c for which the function
f (1) = – 2 and f ¢(x) ≥ 2 for all x in [1, 6] such that
f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) on [0, 4] is applicable
on L.M.V. theorem the least value of f (6) is m, then find the value of
2(m + 2)3 + 17
26. Find the point on the curve y = 2x2 – 5x + 3 where
the tangent is parallel to the chord joining the points 40. If f is continuous on [0, 2] and differentiable on (0, 2)
A(1, 0) and B(2, 1). such that f (0) = 2, f (2) = 8 and f ¢(x) £ 3 for all x in
(0, 2), then find the value of f (1).
27. Find a point on the parabola y = (x – 4)2, where the
tangent is parallel to the chord joining (4, 0) and
(5, 1). (Mixed Problems)
28. Suppose f (x) is twice differentiable function such that
f (1) = 1, f (2) = 4, f (3) = 9, then prove that there exist at Choose the most appropriate one (s).
least one root in (1, 3) such that f ¢¢(x) = 2, x Œ R 1. The value of c in L.M.V. theorem for the function
29. If f (x) satisfies the property of L.M.V. theorem in f (x) = x2 in the interval [–1, 1] is
1 1
[0, 2] such that f (0) = 0 and f¢(x) £ __      for all x in (a) 0 (b)  __  
2 2
[0, 2], prove that f (x) £ 1. 1
__
(c) –       (d) non existent
30. Let f (x) and g(x) be differentiable functions for x Œ [0, 2
1] such that f (0) = 2, g(0) = 0, (1) = 6 Let there 2. The value of c of the L.M.V. theorem for which the
______
exist a real number c in (0, 1) such that f ¢(c) = 2g¢(c),   – x2 
function ÷25   in [ 0, 5], is
then find the value of g(1).
(a) 5 (b) 3
(  )
p
31. If a, b, c Œ 0,  __    and a < c < b, then prove
2

(c) 4 (d) None
3. The value of c, of the L.M.V. theorem for which the
[  ]
cos a – cos b
___________
that       = – tan c 1
sin a – sin b function f (x) = x (x – 1) (x – 2) in 0, __
      is
2
32. Discuss the applicability of L.M.V. theorem for each 1
of the following functions to the indicated intervals (a)  __   (b) 0.3
2
1
(i) f (x) = __
 x  on [–1, 1] (c) 0.24 (d) None
4. The equation 3x2 + 4ax + b = 0 has atleast on root 13. Let f be differentiable for all x. If f (1) = – 2 and
in (0, 1) if f ¢(x) ≥ 2 for all x Œ [1, 6] then
(a) 4a + b + 3 = 0 (b) 2a + b + 1 = 0 (a) f (6) < 8 (b) f (6) > 8
4
__ (c) f (6) > 5 (d) None
(c) b = 0, a = –      (d) none
3 14. If a, b, c be non-zero real numbers such that
5. If Rolle’s theorem holds for the function 1
  __    Ú    (1 + cos x) (ax + bx + c) dx

1 8 2
f (x) = x + bx + ax + 5 on [1, 3] with c = 2 + ___
3 2
   0
÷
3 
then (a, b) is/are 2
(a) (3, – 5) (b) (6, – 11) = Ú    (1 + cos8 x) (ax2 + bx + c) dx
0
(c) (11, – 6) (d) (11, 6)
then the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 will have a root
6. The point on the curve y = (cos x – 1) in [0, 2p]
between
where the tangent is parallel to x–axis is
(a) (1, 3) (b) (1, 2)
(a) (0, 0) (b) (p, – 2)
(c) (2, 3) (d) (3, 1)
(c) (2p, 0) (d) (p/2, 2p) 15. The value of |cos a – cos b| is
7. Find out the function in which Rolle’s theorem is (a) < |a – b| (b) > |a – b|
satisfied.
(c) 0 (d) |a + b|.
(a) f (x) = x2 in [1, 2]
16. The length of the longest interval in which Rolle’s
(b) f (x) = x2/3 in [–1, 1] theorem can be applied for the function f(x) = |x2 – a2|
(c) f (x) = |x| in [–1, 1] is (a > 0)
_____
(a) 2a (b) 4a2
(d) f (x) = ÷   – x2 
4   in [– 2, 2]
__
(c) a ÷2     (d) a
2
8. Let f (x) = sin x – sin 2 x in [0, p], then a number c 17. The number of roots of the equation sin + 2 sin 2x
in the Rolle’s theorem is + 3 sin 3x = 0 is the interval [0, p] is
(a) 32°32' (b) 126°23' (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 48°48' (d) 148°32' (c) 3 (d) More than 3
sinx
____
9. Let f (x) =   x      in [0, p], then a number c is the 1
e 18. If Ú    ex (x – a) dx = 0, then
Rolle’s theorem is 0
p p (a) 1 < a < 2 (b) a < 2

(a)  __    (b)  __  
4 3 (c) 0 < a < 1 (d) a = 0
p
__
(c)      
6
3p
___
(d)     
4 19. f (x) = x a sin __ (  )1
 x   , x π 0, f (0) = 0 satisfies conditions
10. Let f (x) = sin x + cos x + c is [0, p], then a real

number c in the Rolle’s theorem is
of Rolle’s theorem on –  __ [  ]
1 __ 1
p  ,  p   for a equals
(a) –1 (b) 0
p p
(a)  __    (b)  __   (c) 7/2 (d) 5/3
3 4
p 2p 20. If f (x) = ax + b, x Œ [–2, 2], then the point c Œ (– 2, 2)
(c)  __    (d)  ___   where
6 5
11. Let f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2)2 in [1, 2], then a real number f ( 2) – f (–2)
c is the Rolle’s throrem is f (c) = ____________
       
4
4 3
(a)  __    (b)  __   (a) does not exist
3 4
(b) can be any c Œ(–2, 2)
5 4
(c)  __    (d)  __   (c) can be only 1
4 5
12. If 2a + 3b + 6c = 0, then atleast one root of the (d) can be only –1.
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 lies in the interval 21. Mean value theorem is applicable to f (x) = x + 2x
(a) (0, 1) (b) (1, 2) – p | – 2 |cos x| equation in the interval
(c) (2, 3) (d) None (a) [–2, 2] (b) [0, p]
[ 
p
(c) –  __  ,
2
p
]
 __   
2 [ 
p
(d) – __
    ,
3
2p
]
 ___    .
3
6. Let f be a continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in
(a, b). If f (a) = a & f (b) = b, then show that there
1
[  1
] [  ]
22. For the function f (x) = x +  __    + x –  __    – [2x],
2 2

exists distinct c1, c2 Œ (a, b) such that
f ¢(c1) + ¢f (c2) = 2
Rolle’s theorem is applicable on the interval
[  ] [  ]
1 1 7. Let f (x) be a twice differentiable function such that
(a) 0, __
      (b) __
    , 1  f ¢¢ (x) < 0 in [0, 2]. Then prove that
4 4
(c) [ 0, __
     ]
1 (i) f (0) + f (2) = 2f (c), c Œ (0, 2)
(d) [0, 1]
2
(ii) f (0) + f (2) < f (1)
23. Rolle’s theorem is applicable for the function
f(x) = (x – 1) |x| + |x – 1| in the interval 8. Let f (x) is continuous in [0, 2] and differentiable in
(a) [0, 1] [  ]
1 3
(b) __
    , __
4 4
     
(0, 2). If f (0) = 2, f (2) = 8 and f ¢(x) £ 3 for all x in
(0, 2), find the value of f (1).
[  ] (d) [ __ [  )
5 7]
1 1 1 6 p
(c) –  __  , __
          , __
       __     , prove that
9. If a, b Œ  0,
2 2 2
|cos a – cos b| £ |a – b|
p
24. If a, b, c Œ 0, __ (  ) cos a – cos b
      and a < c < b, then  ___________
2
   
sin a – sin b 10. Find the value of k for which the equation
may equal to which of the following x3 – 3x + k = 0 has two distinct roots in (0, 1).
(a) tan c (b) cot c 11. Find the number of distinct real roots of
(c) – tan c (d) – cot c x4 – 4x3 + 12x2 + x – 1 = 0.
12. Find the number of real roots of
(Problems for JEE-Advanced)
x3 – 6x2 + 15x + 3 = 0
1. Let f : [0, 4] Æ R be a differentiable function for some 13. Find the number of real roots of
a, b Œ(0, 4), show that
4x3 – 21x2 + 18x + 20 = 0.
2 2
f (4) – f (0) = 8 f (a) f ¢(b) 14 Find the number of real roots of
2. Let f : [2, 7] Æ [0, •) be a continuous and differen- 3x4 – 8x3 – 6x2 + 24x + 1 = 0
tiable function, show that
15. Find the number of real roots of
{(f (7))2 + (f (7))2 + f (2) ◊ f (7)} x4 – 4x – 2 = 0
(f (7) – f (2))  __________________________
   
    
3 16. Find the value of k for which the equation
2
= 5 f (c) ◊ f ¢(c), for all c Œ (2, 7) x4 – 14x2 + 24x – k = 0 has four real and unequal
roots.
3. If f and g are differentiable on [0, 1],
f (0) = 2, g (0) = 0, f (1) = 6 and g (1) = 2, " c Œ (0, 1), 17. Find the value of k for which the equation
then show that x3 – 3x + k = 0 has two distinct roots in (0, 1).
f ¢(c) = 2g¢(c) 18. Let x3 – 2kx2 – 4kx + k2 = 0. If one root is less
than 1 and the other is in (1, 4) and the third root
4. Let f be differentiable for all x. If f(1) = – 2 and is greater than 4 such that
f ¢(x) ≥ 2 for all x Œ [1, 6] then show that __ __
k Œ (m + ÷n     , n (m + ÷n 
   )), then find the value of
f (6) ≥ 8 2 (m + n – 1)3 + 17.

19. Find the value of ‘a’ for which the equation
5. If f (x) and g (x) are continuous in [a, b] and differ-
x3 – 3x + a = 0 would have two distinct roots in
entiable in (a, b), show that there exists some
(– 1, 1).
c Œ (a, b)
20. Find the value of k such that Rolle’s theorem is
f ( a ) f (b ) f ( a ) f ¢ (c ) applicable to the function
such that = (b - a )
g ( a ) g (b ) g ( a ) g ¢ (c ) f (x) = x3 – 2x2 – 4x + 7 on the interval [0, k]

Passage I
1. If the equation x3 – 3x + 1 = 0 has three real roots Let f (x) be a real valued function and a, b Œ R. If f is con-
a, b, g such that a < b < g, then find the value of tinuous in [a, b] and differentiable in (a, b), then there exist
{a} + {b} + {g}, where {,} = F.P.F atleast one real number c in (a, b) such that
2. Find the smallest natural number c for which the
f (b) – f (a)
equation ex = c x2 has exactly three real and distinct f ¢(c) = __________
       
solutions. b–a
On the basis of the above statement, answers the follow-
3. Let f(x) = x4 + 8x3 + 18x2 + 8x + b
ing questions.
If the equation f (x) = 0 has four real and distinct
1. The point on the curve y = x3 such that the tangent
roots, then find b.
at that point is parallel to the chord joining the point
4. Let f : [0, 4] Æ R be a differentiable function A(1, 1) and B(4, 64) is
(i) for some a, b Œ (0, 4), show that, __ __
(a) (7, ÷   ) 
7    ) 
(b) (5, 5÷5 
__
f 2 (4) – f 2 (0) = 8f (a) f (b) (c) (7, 7 ÷   ) 
7  (d) None
(ii) Show that x
2. If log (1 + x) < x < e for all x > 0, then which one
4 is most appropriate?
Ú    f (t) dt = 2 {a f (a 2) + b f (b2)}
0 (  )
ex – 1
(a) 0 < log  _____
x   
   < x
(b) x < log (  _____   ) < e

for some 0 < a, b < 2 e –1 x
x
x   
5. Prove that 2a 02 < 15a then all roots of x5 – a 0 x4 +
x + 1 _________1 1
3ax3 + bx2 + cx + = 0 can not be real. It is given (c)  _____
x    <         < __
   
log (1 + x) x
that a 0, a, b, c, d Œ R.
(d) All of the above.
6. For all x Œ [0, 1], f ¢¢(x) exists and such that
|f ¢¢(x)| < 1. If f (0) = f (1), then show that |f ¢(x)| < 1 3. If f and g are differentiable on [0, 1], f (0) = 2,
for all x in [0, 1]. g(0) = 0, f (1) = 6, g(1) = 2 for all c in (0, 1), then
7. Using L.M.V. theorem, prove that (a) f ¢(c) = g¢(c)
x (b) f ¢( ) = 2g¢(c)
_____
       < log(1 + x) < x, " x > 0
1+x (c) f ¢(c) + g¢(c) = 0
(d) 2f ¢(c) – g¢(c) = 0.72.
Passage II
1. Let f (x) = x1/2 – x3/2 on [0, 1] such that a number c
Between any two roots of a polynomial f (x), there is always
satisfies the hypothesis of Rolle’s theorem, then the
a root of its derivative.
value of 3c + 4 is
On the basis of the above information answer the
2. If the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has at-leas one root
following questions.
in (0, 1) such that 2a + 3b + 6c = m where m Œ W,
then find the value of (m + 3) 1. If a, b, c in R such that the equation 3 ax2 + 2 bx +
c = 0 has atleast one root in (0, 1), then a + b + c
3. If m is the number of real roots of x4 – 4x – 2 = 0
is
and n is the number of real solutions of 2x = x2 + 1,
then find the value of (m + n). (a) 1 (b) 0
4. If p is the number of real roots of x4 – 14x2 + 24x (c) 2 (d) –1
+ k = 0 and q is the number of non differentiable 2. If x4 – 14x2 + 24x – k = 0 has four real and unequal
points of f (x) = |x| + |x 2 – 1|, then the value of roots, then the value of k lies in
(p + q + 2) is (a) (8, 11) (b) (2, 5)
5. Let f be differentiable for all x. If f (1) = – 2 and (c) (0, 2) (d) (1, 3)
f ¢(x) ≥ 2 for all x in [1, 4], then the least value of 3. The number of real roots of 4x3 – 21x2 + 18x + 20
f (4). = 0 is
6. Let f (x) = 2x (x – 3) n, n Œ N on [0, 3]. If f (x) satisfies (a) 1 (b) 2
the Rolle’s theorem for which c is 3/4, then find the
(c) 3 (d) 4
value of n.
4. The number of real roots x4 – 4x – 1 = 0 is

p
__
(a) 1 (b) 2 (D) f (x) = sin2 x, [0, p] (S)     
4
(c) 3 (d) 4
5. The number of real roots of ex = x + 1 is 2. Match the following columns:
(a) 1 (b) 0 If the function f (x) = x3 – px2 + qx is defined on [1, 3]
satisfies the Rolle’s theorem with c = 5/2, then
(c) 2 (d) None
6. The number of real roots of 2x = x2 + 1 is Column I Column II
(a) 1 (b) 2 (A) 4p – q (P) 3
(c) 0 (d) None
Passage III (B) 4p – 2q (Q) 13
Let f (x) = x3 – 3x + k
1. The number of real roots of f (x) = 0 is (C) p (R) 23/4
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 3 (d) 0
(D) q (S) 10
2. If f (x) = 0 has three distinct real root then k lies
in
3. Match the following columns:
(a) (–1, 1) (b) (–2, 2)
Ï
(c) (1, 2) (d) (2, 3) Ôax 2 + b : | x | < 1
3. The number of real roots of f (x) = f (x + 1) is ÔÔ
Let f (x) = Ì1 : | x| = 1
(a) 1 (b) 2
Ôc
(c) 3 (d) 0 Ô : | x| > 1
ÔÓ | x |
Passage IV
If Rolle’s theorem is applicable for the function f in
Let f (x) = x4 – 14x2 + 24x – k [– 3, 3], then
1. The number of real roots of f (x) = 0 is
(a) 3 (b) 2 Column I Column II
(c) 4 (d) 1 (A) |a| + |b| + |c| (P) 8
2. If f (x) has four real and unequal roots, then k lies
in (B) 2a + 3b + 4c (Q) 3
(a) (5, 8) (b) (8, 11)
(c) (11, 13) (d) (13, 19)
3. The number of imaginary roots of f (x) = 0 is (C) a+b (R) 1
(a) 2 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) 3 (D) c (S) 2
Matrix Match
(For JEE-Advanced Exam Only) 4. Match the following columns:
Let f (x) = x3 + bx2 + ax, " x Œ [1, 3] If f (x) satisfies
1. Match the following columns: Rolle’s theorem such that
If each of the follwing functions are satisfied by
1
Rolle’s theorem, then the value of c is c = 2 + ___
  __  ,  then
÷   
3 
Column I Column II
Column I Column II
(A) x
f (x) = e sin x, [0, p] (P) p
__
     (A) the value of a is (P) 17
3
(B) f (x) = x + sin x, [0, p] (Q) p (B) the value of b is (Q) 5
) [  ]
the value of a + b is
(  p p p (C) (R) – 6
(C) f (x) = cos 2x – __
      , 0, __
      (R) __
    
2 2 2 (D) the value of a – b is (S) 11
5. Match the following columns: ÏÊ 1 ˆ 1

ÔÁË 2 - x ˜¯ : x < 2
Column I Column II Ô
n
(a) f (x) = Ì 2
(A) Let f (x) = 2x (x – 3) on [0, 3] (P) 3 ÔÊ 1 - x ˆ : x ≥ 1
If f (x) satisfies Rolle’s theorem on ÔÁË 2 ˜¯ 2
Ó
[0, 3] for which c = 3/4, then the
value of n is Ï sin x
3/2 3/2 Ô : xπ0
If f (x) = x – x on [0, 1] (b) f (x) = Ì x
(B) satisfies Rolle’s theorem, then the (Q) 1/3 ÔÓ1 : x=0
value of ‘c’ is
(c) f (x) = x |x|
If f (x) = x4 – 2x2 + 1 on [– 2, 2]
(C) satisfies Rolle’s theorem, then the (R) – 2 (d) f (x) = |x|
value of ‘c’ is
[IIT-JEE, 2003]
If f (x) = x a log and f (0) = 0, then
a
the value of a for which Rolle’s 3. If f (x) = x log x and f (0) = 0, then the value of a for
(D) (S) – 1 which Rolle’s theorem can be applied to [0, 1] is
theorem can be applied in [0, 1]
is (a) – 2 (b) – 1
(c) 0 (d) 1/2.
6. Match the following columns:
[IIT-JEE, 2004]
Column I Column II 4. Using Rolle’s theorem, prove that there is at least one
(A) The number of real roots of
4x3 – 21x2 + 18x + 20 = 0 is
(P) 4
(  1
____
      
)
root in 45100 , 46  of the polynomial
101
P (x) = 51x – 2323x100 – 45x + 1035.
The number of real roots of
(B) 4 (Q) 3 [IIT-JEE, 2004]
x – 4x – 1 = 0 is
5. If f (x) is a twice differentiable such that
The number of real roots of
f (a) = 0, f (b) = 2, f (c) = – 1,
(C) 3x4 – 8x3 – 6x2 + 24x + 1 = 0 (R) 2
is f (d) = 2, f(e) = 0 where a < b < c < d < e
The number of real roots of then find the minimum number of zeroes
(D) (S) 1
x4 – 4x3 + 12x2 + x – 1 = 0 is of g (x) = (f ¢(x))2 + g¢(x) f ¢¢(x) in the interval [a.e]
[IIT-JEE, 2006]
Qestions asked in past IIT-JEE Exams 6. The number of distinct real roots of
1. If a + b + c = 0, then the equation x4 – 4x3 + 12x2 + x – 1 = 0 is ...
3 ax2 + 2 bx + c = 0 has [IIT-JEE, 2011]

x
7. If f (x) = Ú     et (t – 2) (t – 3) for all x > 0 then

2
(a) atleast one root in [0, 1]
0
(b) one root in [2, 3] and the other in [– 2, – 1]
(a) f has a local maximum at x = 2
(c) imaginary roots.
(b) f is decreasing on (2, 3)
(d) None [IIT-JEE, 1983]
(c) there exist some c Œ (0, •) such that f ¢¢(c) = 0
2. In [0, 1] Lagranges Mean Value Theorem is not (d) f has a local minimum at x = 3.
applicable to [IIT-JEE, 2012]
Answers
Level-II 11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (a)
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b)
6. (a, b, c) 7. (d) 8. (a, b) 9. (a) 10. (b) 21. (b, c, d) 22. (a) 23. (a, b, d) 24. (c)
Integer type questions Matrix Match

1. (5) 2. (3) 3. (4) 4. (9) 5. (4) 1. (A)Æ(R), (B)Æ(S), (C)Æ(P), (D)Æ(Q)
6. (3)
2. (A)Æ(Q), (B)Æ(P), (C)Æ(R), (D)Æ(S)
Comprehensive Link Passages 3. (A)Æ(Q), (B)Æ(P), (C)Æ(R), (D)Æ(R)
Passage I : 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (A)Æ(S), (B)Æ(R), (C)Æ(Q), (D)Æ(P)
Passage II : 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 5. (A)Æ(P), (B)Æ(Q), (C)Æ(S), (D)Æ(S)
4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (b) 6. (A)Æ(Q), (B)Æ(R), (C)Æ(R), (D)Æ(R)
Passage III : 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b)
Passage IV : 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c)
Hints and solutions

fi (m(c – b) + n (c – a)) = 0
(Problems based on Fundaments) mb + na
fi c =  _______  
Œ (a, b)
 
m+n
1. Given f(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 2x + 5 Hence, Rolle’s theorem is verified.
As we know that, every polynomial function is
continuous as well as differentiable.
So, f (x) is continuous and differentiable on the
3. Given { 
x2 + ab
f (x) = log  _______ 
x(a + b)
 
   }
As we know that every logarithmic function is
indicated interval. continuous and differentiable in Positive real
Also, f (0) = 5 and f (2) = 8 – 12 + 4 + 5 = 5 numbers
i.e. f (0) = 5 = f (2) So it is continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in
Thus, all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are (a, b)
satisfied.
Now, we have to show that there exist a point c in
(0, 2) such that f ¢(c) = 0
a2 + ab
( 
Also, f(a) = log  _______ 
a(a + b)
  )
   = log 1 = 0
We have f ¢(c) = 3c2 – 6c + 2 = 0 = 0 gives

We have f ¢( ) = 3c2 – 6c + 2 = 0 gives
and (  b2 + ab
f (b) = log  _______ 
b(a + b)
  )
   = log 1 = 0
_______ __
6 ± ÷36  – 24  ± 2÷3 
  6_______   
Thus, all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are
1
fi c =  ____________  
     =       = 1 ± ___
  __    satisfied.
6 6 ÷   
3 
1 Now we have to show that there exist a point c in
fi c = 1 ± ___
  __   Œ (0, 2)
÷   
3  (a, b) such that f ¢(c) = 0
(  )
Hence, Rolle’s theorem is verified.
x2 + ab
m n We have f(x) = log   _______ 
   
2. Given f (x) = (x – a) (x – b) x(a + b)
As we know that every polynomial function is 2
= log (x + ab) – log (x (a + b))
continuous and differentiable everywhere.
2x 1
So, f (x) is continuous and differentiable on the given fi f ¢(x) = ______   – __
  2      x 
indicated interval. x + ab
Also, f (a) = 0 = f (b). 2 2 – x2 – ab x2 – ab
fi f ¢(x) =  ____________
  
     =   _________   
Thus, all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are x(x2 + ab) x (x2 + ab)
satisfied.
Now, f ¢(c) = 0 gives c2 – ab = 0
Now, we have to show that there exist a point c in ___
(a, b) such that f ¢(c) = 0 fi c=÷     Œ (a, b)
ab 
So, Hence, Rolle’s theorem is verified.
f ¢(x) = m (x – a) m–1 (x – b) n + n (x – a) m (x – b) n–1
4. Given f (x) = sin4 x + cos4 x
m–1 n–1
f ¢(x) = (x – a) (x – b) (m(x – b) + n(x – a)) As we know that every sine and co-sine functions is
Now, f ¢(c) gives c = a, c = b and continuous and differentiable everywhere.
[  ]
So, it is continuous on 0, __
p
      and
2
p
is differentiable. So, f ( ) is continuous in 0,  __   
2 [  ]
(  ) p
differentiable on 0,  __   
2
p
__
and differentiable in 0,      
2 (  )
Also, (  ) p
f (0) = 1 = f __
     
f (0) = 0 + 1 – 1 = 0
(  )
2 p
f __
      = 1 + 0 – 1 = 0
Thus, all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are 2
(  )
satisfied. p
So, f (0) = 0 = f __      
Now, we have to show that there exist a point c in 2
(  )
p
0, __
      such that f ¢(c) = 0
2
Thus, all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are
satisfied.
Therefore, Now, we have to show that, there exists a point

f ¢(x) = 4 sin3 x cos x – 4 cos3 x sinx
= 4 sin x cos x (sin2 x – cos2 x)
c Œ 0, __
p
(  )
      such that f ¢(c) = 0.
2
fi cos c – sin c = 0
= – 2. (2 sin x cos x) (cos2 x – sin2 x)
fi cos c = sin c
= – 2 . sin 2x ◊ cos 2 x
fi tan c = 1
= – sin 4x
Now, f ¢(c) = 0 gives sin (4c) = 0 fi
p
4 (  )
p
c =  __   Œ 0, __
     
2
fi sin (4c) = sin (p) Thus, the Rolle’s theorem is verified.
(  )
p p 7. As we know that, every exponential, sine and cosine
fi c = __
     Œ 0, __
      . functions are differentiable everywhere.
4 2
5. Clearly, f (x) is continuous in [0, p] and differentiable
in (0, p)
p 5p
So, it is continuous in __
    , ___
4 4 [  ]
     
and differentiable in (  __

4 4 )
f (0) = 0, f (p) = 0 p 5p
    , ___
     
fi f (0) = 0 = f (p)
     ) = e ( ___
f ( __
2  2 )
p
p __
1
     1
Thus, all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are Now,      – ___
4        = 0
__ __
satisfied. 4 ÷    ÷   
     ) = e ( – ___

f ( ___
Now, we have to show that, there exists a point
      ) = 0
5p
5p  ___  
1 1
c Œ (0, p) such that f ¢(c) = 0. and 4     + ___ __ __
4 2  2  ÷    ÷   
     ) = 0 = f ( ___
Now, f ¢(c) = 0 gives
f ( __      )
p 5p
So,
fi 2 cos c + 2 cos 2c = 0 4 4
fi cos c + cos 2c = 0 Thus, all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are

satisfied.
fi cos c + 2 cos2 c – 1 = 0
Now, we have to show that, there exists a point
fi 2 cos2 c + cos c – 1 = 0
fi 2 cos2 c + 2 cos c – 1 = 0
( 
p 5p
c Œ __
    , ___
4 4 )
      such that f ¢(c) = 0.
fi 2 cos c (cos c + 1) – (cos c + 1) = 0 fi e (sin c – cos c) + ec (cos c + sin c) = 0

c
fi (2 cos c – 1) (cos c + 1) = 0 fi (sin c – cos c) + (cos c + sin c) = 0

1
fi cos c =  __  , – 1 fi 2 sin c = 0
2
p fi sin c = 0
fi c = __
    , p
p
3
fi
p
c = p Œ __ ( 
    ,
4
5p
___
)
     
4
fi c =  __   Œ [0, p]
3 Thus, all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are
Thus, the Rolle’s theorem is verified. verified.
6. As we know that, every sine and cosine function 8. Given f (x) = x1/2 – x3/2 on [0, 1]
Since f (x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s 68

= ___
    + 17 = 34
theorem, so there exists a point c Œ (0, 1) such 4
that 12. Given curve is y = 12(x + 1) (x – 2)
f ¢(c) = 0 Since the tangent is parallel to x–axis, so
1 –1/2 3 1/2 dy
fi  __   c – __      c = 0 so,  ___   = 0
2 2 dx
1 fi
fi  ___
1/2
    – 3c1/2
= 0 12{(x + 1) + (x – 2)} = 0
c
fi 2x – 1 = 0
fi 1 – 3c = 0
1
1 fi x = __
    
fi c = __     Œ (0, 1) 2
9. Given
3
f (x) = 2x (x – 3) n
when x = 1/2, then y = 12 1 + __ ( 
1 1
) (  )
      __
2 2
     – 2 
fi f ¢(x) = 2 (x – 3) n + 2nx (x – 3) n–1 fi

3
y = 12 × __
     × – __
3
     = – 27
2 2
( 
Now, f ¢(c) = 0 gives
fi 2(c – 3) n + 2nc (c – 3) n–1 = 0
1
__
Hence, the point is     , – 27  .
2 )
fi 2(c – 3) n = –2 nc (c – 3) n–1 13. Given f (x) = x3 – x2 – x + 1
fi (c – 3) n = –nc (c – 3) n–1 fi f ¢(x) = 3x2 – 2x – 1
fi (c – 3) = –nc
f (x) = 0 gives 3x2 – 2x – 1 = 0
fi c (1 + n) = 3
3 3 fi 3x2 – 3x + x – 1 = 0
fi (1 + n) = __ c  = ___
      = 4
3/4 fi 3x (x – 1) + 1 (x – 1) = 0
fi n=3
Hence, the value of n is 3. fi (3x + 1) (x – 1) = 0
10. Given f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + ax + b 1
fi x = 1, –  __  
3
f (1) = f (3)
1
__
fi 1 – 6 + a + b = 27 – 54 + 3a + b fi x = –      Œ (–1, 1)
3
fi a + b – 5 = 3a + b – 27
Thus, the derivative of the function has a root in (–1, 1).
fi 2a = 22
fi a = 11, b Œ R 14. Here, we shall show that the equation x cos x = sin x
has a root in p and 2p.
11. Given f (x) = x3 – px2 + qx
sin x
Let f (x) =  ____  
x   
f (1) = f (3)
fi 1 – p + q = 27 – 9p + q Clearly f (x) = 0, at x = p, 2p
x cos x – sin x
fi 1 – p = 27 – 9p Now, f ¢(x) = ____________
   
    
x2
fi 8p = 26
So, by Rolle’s theorem, f ¢(x) must vanish for some
13
fi p = ___
     value of x in(p, 2p).
4
Hence, the equation x cos x – sin x = 0 has a root in
Also, f ¢(c) = 0 (p, 2p).
fi 3c2 – 2 pc + q = 0. 15. Let f (x) = x3 + x – 1
fi (  )
5 2
3 __ (  )
      – 2p __
4
5
      + q = 0
4
Now,

f (0) = 0 + 0 – 1 = –1 < 0
f (1) = 1 + 1 – 1 = 1 > 0
fi q = 2 p __(  ) (  )
5
      – 3 __
4
5 2
     
4
So, f(x) has a root in between 0 and 1.
16. Given f (x) = sin5 x + cos5 x – 1
fi (  )
q = 2 ___
13 5
     ×  __    – ___
4 4 16
75 130 – 75 ___
    =  ________
16
   
55
=     
16 f ¢(x) = 5 sin4 xcos x – 5 cos4x sin x
Hence, the value of (p + 4q + 17) = 5sin x cos x (sin3 x – cos3 x)

13 55 Now, f ¢(x) = 0 gives
= ___
    + ___
    + 17
4 4 fi sin x cos x (sin3 x – cos3 x) = 0
fi tan3 x = 1
Hence, f ¢(x) = 0 has three real roots.
p
x =  __  
___
fi 15 ± ÷15 
   
4 Now, f ¢¢(x) = 0 gives x =  ________
   
6
Since f ¢(x) has a real root, so f (x) must have two
[  ]
p
roots in 0, __
     
2
ax3 bx2
17. Let f (x) =  ___   +  ___   + cx
3 2
Now f (0) = 0
a b 2a + 3b + 6c __ 0
and f (1) =  __   +  __   + c =  ____________
 
     =      = 0 Thus, f ¢(x) = 0 has three real roots
3 2 6 6
(  ) ( 
___ ___ ___
2
Thus, ax + bx + c = 0 has at-least one root in (0, 1).
3 2
6
    15
15 – ÷15 
– •  ________
   
6
    15
– ÷15 
 ,  ________
  
   
+ ÷15 
,  ________
6
     )
18. Let f (x) = ax + bx + cx
( 
___
Now, f (0) = 0 6
   
15 + ÷15 
and  ________
  , •  )
and f (1) = a + b + c = 0.
22.
Thus, by Rolle’s Theorem, there is atleast one root
in its derivative. (i) Let f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 15x + 3
ax4 bx3 cx2 f ¢(x) = 3x2 – 12x + 15
19. Let f (x) =  ___   +  ___   +  ___   + dx
4 3 2
= 3 (x2 – 4x + 5)
Now, f (0) = 0
Now, f ¢ (x) = 0 has no real roots
a b __ c
and f (1) =  __   + __
     +      + d So, f (x) = 0 has only one real root.
4 3 2
(ii) Let f (x) = 4x3 – 21x2 + 18x + 20
3a + 4b + 6c + 12d fi f ¢(x) = 12x2 – 42x + 18
=  _________________
       = 0
12
fi f ¢(x) = 6 (2x2 – 7x + 3)
So, by Rolle’s theorem, between any two roots fi f ¢(x) = 6 (2x – 1) (x – 3)
of a polynomial, there is atleast one root of its
derivative. Clearly, f ¢(x) = 0 has two real roots.
Hence, the result. Thus, f (x) = 0 has three real roots.
2 3
20. Given f (x) = x (1 – x) (iii) Let f (x) = 3x4 – 8x3 – 6x2 + 24x + 1
Clearly, f (0) = 0 = f (1) f ¢ (x) = 12x3 – 24x2 – 12x + 24
Thus, f (x) has two roots. = 12(x3 – 2x2 – x + 2)
So, by Rolle’s theorem, between any two roots
of a polynomial, there is atleast one root of its = 12{x2 (x – 2) –1 (x – 2)}
derivative. = 12 (x – 2) (x2 – 2)
Hence, the result.
Clearly, f ¢(x) = 0 has three real roots.
21. Given f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) (x – 4)
So, f (x) = 0 has 4 real roots.
f ¢(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) + (x – 1)
(x – 3) (x – 4) + (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 4) (iv) Let f (x) = x4 – 4x – 2
+ (x – 2) (x – 3) (x – 4) f ¢(x) = 4x3 – 4
3 2 3 2
= (x – 6x + 11x – 6) + (x – 8x + 19x – 12) = 4 (x3 – 1)
3 2 3 2
+ (x – 7x + 14x – 8) + (x – 9x + 26x – 24) = 4 (x – 1) (x2 + x + 1)
3 2
= 4x – 30x + 70x – 50 So, it has only one real root
2
f ¢¢(x) = 12x – 60x + 70 Thus, f (x) = 0 has 2 real roots.
Clearly, its D = 3600 – 3360 = 240 > 0 23.
So, f ¢¢(x) has two real roots. (i) f (x) = |x – 2| in [0, 3].
Clearly, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 2 fi 3c2 – 2c – 2 = 0

So Rolle’s theorem is not applicable. ______ __
2±÷ 2 ± 2÷7 
4  + 24   _______   
2/3 fi c =  ___________
      =       
(ii) f (x) = 3 + (x – 2) in [1, 3] 6 6
__
Clearly, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 2 So 1±÷ 7 
  
fi c =  ______
    
Rolle’s theorem is not applicable. 3
__

1
(iii) f (x) = sin  __ (  )
x   in [– 1, 1] fi
1+÷
c =  _______
3
  
7 
    Œ (0, 2)
Clearly, f (x) is not continuous at x = 0 So Rolle’s Hence, L.M.V. theorem is verified.
theorem is not applicable. 25. Given f (x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) (x – 4)
Ï- 4 x + 5, 0 £ x £ 1 As we know that every polynomial function is
(iv) f (x) = Ì .
Ó2 x - 3, 1 < x £ 2 continuous and differentiable everywhere.
So, it is continuous in [0, 4] and differentiable in
Clearly, f (x) is not continuous at x = 1 So Rolle’s
(0, 4)
theorem is not applicable.
Thus, all the conditions of L.M.V. theorem are
(v) f (x) = [x] in [– 1, 1], where [,] = G.I.F.
satisfied.
Clearly, f (x) is not continuous at x = –1, 0, 1
So Rolle’s theorem is not applicable. Now we have to show that there exists a point
c Œ (0, 4) such that
(vi) f (x) = sin |x| in [– 2, 2]
f (4) – f (0) 24 –0
Clearly, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0 f ¢(c) = __________
     =  ______
      = 6
So Rolle’s theorem is not applicable. 4–0 4
(vii) f (x) = e–|x| in [– 3, 3] fi 4c3 – 30c2 + 70c – 50 = – 6
Clearly, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
fi 4c3 – 30c2 + 70c – 44 = 0
So Rolle’s theorem is not applicable.
| 
fi 2 (c – 1) (2c2 – 13c + 11) = 0

1
2 |
(viii) f (x) = e–|x| –  __    in [– 2, 2]
fi 2 (c – 1)2 (2c – 11) = 0
Clearly, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0 11
fi c = 1, ___
    
So Rolle’s theorem is not applicable. 2

1
|  |
(ix) f (x) = __
 x  – 1  in [– 1, 1]
fi c = 1 Œ (0, 4)
Hence, Lagranges Mean Value Theorem is verified.
Clearly, f (x) is not continuous at x = 0
26. Given curve is y = 2x2 – 5x + 3
So Rolle’s theorem is not applicable.
The arc AB is continuous in [1, 2] and differentiable
(x) f (x) = sin x + |sin x| in [–p, p] in (1, 2)
Clearly, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0 So, by L.M.V. Theorem,
So Rolle’s theorem is not applicable. f (2)f (1)
f ¢(x) = _______
    
 
= f (2) – f (1)
Lagranges Mean Value Theorem 2–1
24. Given f (x) = x3 – x2 – x + 1 fi 4x – 5 = 1 – 0
As we know that, every polynomial function is con- fi 4x = 6
tinuous and differentiable everywhere. 3
So, it is continuous in [0, 2] and differentiable in (0, 2) fi x = __
    
2
Thus, all the conditions of L.M.V. theorem are 3
satisfied when x = __
    , then y = 0
2
Now, we have to show that, there exists a point c in
f (2) – f (0)
(0, 2) such that f ¢(c) = __________
      
Thus, the point is __
3
2 (  )
    , 0 
2 – 0) 27. Since the tangent is parallel to the chord joining

f (2) – f (0) 3_____
–1 (4, 0) and (5, 1), so we get,
fi f ¢(c) = __________
      
=     
 = 1
2–0 2 1–0
2 (x – 4) =  _____ 
  = 1
fi 3c2 – 2c – 1 = 1 5–4
1
(x – 4) =  __   Dividing (i) and (ii), we get,
2
cos b – cos a sin c
1 9  ___________     = –  ____
   cos c    
= – tan c
x = 4 + __
     = __
     sin b – sin a
2 2
32.
(  )
1
when
9
x = __
9
    , then y = __
2 1
     – 4  = __
     (i) f (x) = __
 x  on [–1, 1]
2 2 4
9 1
Hence, the point is __
    , __
2 4 (  )
      So, L.M.V. theorems is not applicable.
(ii) f (x) = sin |x| on [–2p, 2p]
28. Let g (x) = f (x) – x2
Clearly, f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
fi g (x) has atleast 3 real roots which are
So, L.M.V theorems is not applicable.
x = 1, 2 and 3
(iii) f (x) = |sin x| on [0, 2p]
fi g¢(x) has at least 2 real roots in x Œ (1, 3)
Clearly, f (x) is not continuous at x = p
fi g¢¢(x) has at least 1 real root in x Œ (1, 3)
So, L.M.V. theorems is not applicable.
fi f ¢¢(x) = 2 for at least one root in x Œ (1, 3) (iv) f (x) = log |x| on [0, 5]
Hence, the result.
29. Applying L.M.V. theorem, we have,
So, L.M.V. theorems is not applicable.
f (x) – f (0) ____
f (x)
f ¢(x) = _________
    
 
=       (v) f (x) = |log | x|| on [–1, 1]
2–0 2
Clearly, f(x) is not continuous at x = –1, 0, 1
f (x) 1 So, L.M.V. theorems is not applicable.
fi  ____  = f ¢(x) £ __
       
2 2 33. Let f (x) = log x, 0 < a < b
fi f (x) £ 1 Clearly, f (x) is continuous and differentiable in (a, b),
where 0 < a < b
Hence, the result. 1
f ¢(x) = __
 x 
30. For the function f (x), applying L.M.V. Theorem,
1
f(1) – f (0) f ¢(c) = __
 c , a < c < b
we get, f ¢(c) = _________
      = f (1) – f (0) ...(i)
1–0
By L.M.V, theorem,
Also, for the function g (x), we have,
f (b) – f (a)
g (1) – g(0) f ¢(c) = __________
    
   
g¢(c) =  __________
  
  = g(1) – g (0) ...(ii) b–a
1–0
Dividing (i) and (ii), we get,

(  )
b
log __
 a  
______
=     
 
f ¢(c) __________
f (1) – f (0) –a
 ____    =        
g¢(c) g(1) – g (0) Now,
a<c<b
1 1 1
fi
6–2
2 =  _______
  
4
  = ____
       fi  __  < __
 c  < __
 a 
g(1) – 0 g(1) b
fi g (1) = 2
fi  __  < ______
 
b
__
1 log  a   __
  
 
(  )
1
<  a 
31. For the function f (x) = cos x, b b–a
f (b) – f (a)
f ¢(c) =  _________
b–a
    
b–a
fi  _____
b
b
 < log __
   
b–a
(  )
 a   <  _____ 
a   
cos b – cos a
fi – sin c = ___________
     
   ...(i)
b–a Hence, the result.
p
For the function f (x) = sin x, 34. Let f (x) = tan x in (a, b), where 0 < a < b < __
    
2
f (b) – f (a)
f ¢(c) = __________
    
    Clearly, f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and differentiable
b–a in (a, b)
sin b – sin a f ¢(x) = sec2 x
fi f ¢(c) = ___________
     
   ...(ii) Now,
b–a
fi f¢(c) = sec2 c fi f ¢(c) = cos c

By L.M.V Theorem, f (y) – f (x)
fi  _________
y – x      = cos c
f(b) – f(a)
f ¢(c) = _________
      

b–a f (x) – f (y)
tan b – tan a fi  _________
x – y  
    = cos c
f ¢(c) = ___________
     
  
| 
b–a
Here, c Œ (a, b)
f (x) – f(y)
fi _________
  x – y     
  = |cos c|
|
| 
fi a<c<b
fi sec2 a < sec2 c < sec2 b
f(b) – f (a)
sin x – sin y
fi __________
  x – y  
      £ 1
|
fi sec2 a < _________
     < sec2 b
    fi |sin x – sin y| £ |x – y|
b–a Hence, the result.
tan b – tan a 37. Let f (x) = tan–1 x – x in [0, x]
fi sec2 a < ___________
     
   < sec2 b
b–a
Clearly, f (x) is continuous and differentiable. So
fi (b – a) sec2 a < (tan b – tan a) < (b – a)sec2 b L.M.V. theorem is applicable.
Hence, the result. 1 x2
f ¢(x) = _____   – 1 = –  _____
    2     
35. Let f (x) = tan–1 x in (a, b), 0 < a < b 1+x 1 + x2
Clearly f(x) is continuous and differentiable in (a, b) c2
fi f ¢(c) = –  _____  
 
1 1 + c2
f ¢(x) = _____
       
1 + x2 f(x) – f (0) c2
fi  _________
  
   = –  _____  
 
1 x–0 1 + c2
fi f ¢(c) = _____
    2 
 
1+c f (x) c2
fi  ____
x    = –  _____  
 
Now, a<c<b 1 + c2
fi a2 < c2 < b2 f (x) c2
fi  ____
x   
 
= _____
–     
  < 0
fi 1+ 2
< 1 + c2 < 1 + b2 1 + c2
tan–1 x – x
1
fi  ______
1
  < _____
  2 
1
  <  ______
    2       fi  _________
    £0
 
1+b 1+c 1+ 2
fi tan–1 x – x £ 0
1 1
fi  ______   < f ¢(c) < ______
  2      2   fi tan–1 x £ x
1+b 1+a
fi | tan–1 x | £ |x|
1 f (b) – f (a) ______
1
fi  ______   < __________
  2        
<     2 
  Hence, the result.
1+b b – a 1+a
38. Let f (x) = tan x
b–a b–a Clearly, f (x) is continuous and differentiable for all
fi  ______2 
  < f (b) – f(a) <  ______2 
   
 
1+b 1+a
( 
p p
x, y in – __
    , __
2 2 )
     
b–a b–a
fi  ______2 
  < tan–1 b – tan–1 a <  ______2 
   
  So, L.M.V. theorems is applicable.
1+b 1+a
fi f ¢(x) = sec2 x
Hence, the result.
fi f ¢(c) = sec2 c
36. Let f (x) = sin x
f (x) – f (y)
Clearly, f (x) is continuous and differentiable So fi  _________
x – y  
    = sec2 c
L.M.V. theorem is applicable.
tan x – tan y
f ¢(x) = cos x fi  ___________
   
x – y   = sec2 c
| 
tan x – tan y
fi   __________
   
x – y     = |sec2 c|
| 1. As we know that every differentiable function
|  |
tan x – tan y is continuous, so it is continuous in [0, 4] and
fi   __________
   
x – y     ≥ 1 differentiable in (0, 4)
Thus, by L.M.V. theorem, we have
fi |tan x – tan y| ≥ |x – y|
f (4) – f (0) __________
f (4) – f (0)
Hence, the result. f ¢(a) = __________
      
=    
     ...(i)
4–0 4
39. Given that f is differentiable in (1, 6) So by L.M.V
Theorems Also, by intermediate value theorem, there exists a
point b in (0, 4) such that
f(6) – f(1)
 _________  = f ¢(x)
  f (4)  +  f (0)
6–1 f (b) = __________
   
     ...(ii)
2
f (6) – f (1) From (i) and (ii), we get,
fi  __________
 
     ≥2
5 ( f (4) – f (0)) (f(4) + f(0))
fi f ¢(a) f (b) =  _____________________
   
    
fi f (6) – f (1) ≥ 10 8
fi f (6) ≥ f (1) + 10 fi 8f ¢(a) f (b) = ( f 2 (4) – f 2 (0))
fi f (6) ≥ – 2 + 10 = 8 Hence, the result.

2. We have to show that
Thus, m=8
Now, the value of 2 (m + 2)3 + 12 {(f(7))2 + (f(2))2 + f(2) . f(7)}
(f (7) – f (2)) _________________________
   
    
3
= 2 (8 + 2)3 + 17
= 5f 2 (c) ◊ f (c)
= 2017.
f 3 (7) – f 3 (2)
40. When f is continuous in [0, 1] and differentiable in i.e.  ___________   
   = 3f 2 (c) ◊ f ¢(c)
(0, 1) 7–2
So by L.M.V theorem, we get, Let g (x) = ( f (x))3
f (1) – f (0)
f ¢(x) = __________
       Clearly, g (x) is continuous in [2, 7] and differentiable
1–0 in (2, 7)
fi f (1) – f(0) = f ¢(x) So, by L.M.V. theorem, there exists a point c in (2, 7)
such that
fi f (1) – 2 £ 3 g (7) – g (2)
g¢(c) = ___________
    
  
f (1) £ 5 ...(i) 7–2
When f is continuous in [1, 2] and differentiable in f 3 (7) – f 3 (2)
(1, 2). fi 3f 2 (c)f ¢(c) = ___________
    
  
7–2
So, by L.M.V. theorem, we get,
f 3 (7) – f 3 (2)
f (2) – f (1) fi  ___________       = 3f 2 (c) f ¢(c)
f ¢(x) = __________
       5
2–1
f 3 (7) – f 3 (2)
fi f (2) – f (1) = f ¢(x) fi  ___________       = 5f 2 (c) f ¢(c)
3
fi f (2) – f(1) £ 3 Hence, the result.
3. As we know that, every differentiable function is also
fi 8 – f (1) £ 3 continuous. So f and g are continuous in [0, 1]
Thus, by L.M.V. theorem, there exist a point c in
fi f (1) ≥ 5 ...(ii)
f ¢(c) f (1) – f (0)
From (i) and (ii), we get, (0, 1) such that  ____    =  __________
     
g¢(c) g(1) – g (0)
f (1) = 5
f ¢(c) 6–2 4 Theorem, f ¢(c1) = f (1) – f (0)
fi  ____    = _____
     = __
     = 2
g¢(c) 2–0 2
and f ¢ (c2) = f (2) – f (1).
fi f ¢(c) = 2g¢(c) Thus, f ¢(c2) – f ¢(c1) = f (0) + f (2) – 2f (1)
4. As we know that every differentiable function is fi (c2 – c1) f ¢¢¢ (c) = f(0) + f(2) – 2f (1), c1 < c < c2
continuous. So it is continuous in [1, 6]
fi f (0) + f (2) – 2f (1) = (c2 – c1) f ¢¢¢(c)
Thus, by L.M.V. theorem, there exists a point
c Œ (1, 6) such that fi f (0) + f (2) – 2f (1) < 0
f (6) – f (1) _______
f(6) + 2
f ¢(c) = __________
      =       fi f (0) + f (2) < 2f (1)
6–1 5
Hence, the result.
f(6) + 2
fi  _______
   = f ¢(c) ≥ 2 8. For some c1 Œ (0, 1) and c2 Œ (1, 2), by L.M.V.
5
fi f(6) ≥ 10 – 2 = 8. f (1) – f (0)
theorem, f ¢ (c1) = __________
      
1–0
f (a) f ( x)
5. Let h(x) = f (2) – f (1)
g( a ) g( x ) and f ¢(c2) =  _________  
 
2–1
Since f (x) and g(x) are continuous in [a, b] and dif-
ferentiable in (a, b), so h(x) is continuous in [a, b] f (1) – f (0)
Now, f ¢(c1) = __________
      = f (1) – 2
and differentiable in (a, b). 1–0
Thus, by L.M.V. Theorem, there some c in (a, b) fi f(1) – 2 = f ¢(c1) £ 3
h(b) – h(a)
such that h¢(c) = __________
    
    fi f(1) £ 5
b–a
f (2) – f (1)
f ( a ) f ¢ ( x ) h (b ) - h ( a ) Also, f (c2) = __________
    
   = 8 – f (1)
fi = 2–1
g( a ) g ¢( x ) b-a
fi 8 – f (1) = f ¢(c2) £ 3
f ( a ) f ¢ (c )
fi h(b) - h(a ) = (b - a ) fi f (1) ≥ 5
g ( a ) g ¢ (c )
From (i) and (ii), we get, f (1) = 5
f ( a ) f (b ) f (a ) f (a ) f ( a ) f ¢ (c ) 9. Let f (x) = sin x
fi - = (b - a )
[  )
g ( a ) g (b ) g ( a ) g ( a ) g ( a ) g ¢ (c ) p
__
Clearly f (x) is continuous in  0,        and differentiable
2
f ( a ) f (b ) f ( a ) f ¢ (c )
fi
g ( a ) g (b )
= (b - a )
g ( a ) g ¢ (c ) (  )
p
in 0, __
     
2
Hence, the result. Thus, by L.M.V. theorem, there exists a point c such
6. We have by L.M.V. theorem, f(b) – f(a)
that f ¢(c) = _________
      

f(b) – f(a) b–a
f ¢(c1) = _________
     , " c1 Œ (a, b)
 
b–a cos b – cos a
fi  ___________
   
   = cos c
b–a b–a
fi f ¢(c1) =  _____ 
  = 1
| 
b–a
Similarly, f ¢(c2) = 1
cos b – cos a
fi  ___________
b–a
   
     = |cos c|
|
| 
Thus, f ¢(c1) + f ¢(c2) = 1 + 1 = 2.
7. By Intermediate Value Theorem,

cos a – cos b
fi ___________
 
a–b
   
     = |cos c|
|

f(0) + f(2)
f (c) = _________
 
2
   , 0 < c < 2
cos a – cos b
fi ___________
 
a–b
   
  
| 
  = |cos c| £ 1
|
fi |cos a – cos b| £ |a – b|
For some c1 Œ (0, 1) & c2 Œ (1, 2), by L.M.V.
Hence, the result.
10. Let f (x) = x3 – 3x + k Then f ¢(x) = 4 x3 – 4 = 4 (x3 – 1)

= 4 (x – 1) (x – w) (x – w2)
Now, f (x) = 3x2 – 3 = 3 (x2 – 1)
Thus, f ¢(x) = 0 has one real root and 2 imaginary
= 3 (x – 1) (x + 1)
roots.
Thus f ¢(x) = 0 has two distinct roots. So, f (x) = 0 has 2 real and 2 imaginary roots.
So, f (–1) f (1) < 0 16. Let f(x) = x4 – 14x2 + 24x – k
fi (1 – 3 + k) (–1 + 3 + k) < 0
Then f ¢(x) = 4x3 – 28x + 24
fi (k – 2) (k + 2) < 0
= 4 (x3 – 7x + 6)
fi – 2 < k < 2
= 4 (x – 1) (x – 2) (x + 3)
11. Let f (x) = x4 – 4x3 + 12x2 + x – 1
So, f(x) = 0 has four unequal roots.
fi f ¢(x) = 4x3 – 12x2 + 24x + 1
Now, f (– 3) = –117 – k,
fi f ¢(x) = 12x2 – 24x + 24
f (1) = 11 – k and f (2) = 8 – k
fi f ¢¢(x) = 12 (x2 – 2x + 2) By the sign scheme,
fi f ¢¢(x) = 12 (x – 1)2 + 1) > 0, " x Œ R f (1) < 0, f (2) > 0 & f (– 3) < 0
So f ¢(x) = 0 has only one real root fi (8 – k) < 0, 11 – k > 0 & – 117 – k < 0
and f (x) = 0 has two real roots. fi k > 8, k < 11 and k > – 117
Further more, f (–1) = 15 > 0, f (0) = –1 < 0
fi 8 < k < 11
and f (1) = 9 > 0. Therfore, 8 < k < 11
Thus, f (x) = 0 has one real root in (–1, 0) and another
17. Let f (x) = x3 – 3x + k
real root in (0, 1).
12. Let f (x) = x3 – 6x2 + 15x + 3 fi f ¢(x) = 3x2 – 3
Now, f ¢(x) = 3x2 – 12x + 5 Now, 3 (x2 – 1) = 0 gives x = ± 1

= 3 (x2 – 4x + 3) Since it has two distinct roots in (0, 1)
= 3 (x – 1) (x – 3) so, f (0) f (1) < 0
Thus, f ¢(x) has 2 real roots. fi k (k – 2) < 0
So, f (x) has 3 real roots. fi 0<k<2
13. Let f (x) = 4x3 – 21x2 + 18x + 20
Hence, the value of k is (0, 2).
Then f ¢(x) = 12x2 – 42x + 18
18. Let f (x) = x3 – 2k x2 – 4k x + k2
2
= 6 (2x – 7x + 3)
where f (0) = k2 ≥ 0
= 6 (2x – 1) (x – 3)
Thus, f ¢(x) = 0 has 2 real roots
So, f (x) = 0 has 3 real roots.
14. Let f (x) = 3x4 – 8x3 – 6x2 + 24x + 1
Now, f ¢(x) = 12x3 – 24x2 – 12x + 24
= 12 (x3 – 2x2 – x + 2) Clearly, f (1) > 0
= 12 (x2 (x – 2) – (x – 2)) fi k2 – 6k + 1 > 0
__
= 12 (x – 2) (x2 – 1) fi (k – 3)2 – (2÷2 
  )  2 > 0
= 12 (x – 2) (x + 1) (x – 1) __
fi (k – 3)2 > (2÷2 
  )  2
Thus, f ¢(x) = 0 has 3 real roots. __
So, f(x) = 0 has 4 real roots. fi   ) 
|(k – 3)| > (2÷2 
__ __
15. Let f (x) = x4 – 4x – 2 fi   )  , (k – 3) < –2÷2 
(k – 3) > (2÷2    
__ __
fi   )  , k < 3 – 2÷2 
k > (3 + 2÷2     ...(i)
Also, f (4) < 0 1. Given f (x) = x3 – 3x + 1
64 – 32k – 16k + k2 > 0 f ¢(x) = 3x2 – 3 = 3 (x2 – 1)
fi k2 – 48k + 64 > 0 = 3 (x + 1) (x – 1)
2
fi (k – 24) – 512 > 0 Clearly, f (x) incresing in (– •, – 1) » (1, •) and
__ decreasing in (– 1, 1)
fi (k – 24)2 – (16÷2 
  )  2 > 0
__ Now, f (– 2) = – 8 + 6 + 1 = – 1
fi (k – 24)2 > (16÷2 
  )  2 f (–1) = –1 + 3 + 1 = 3
__
fi   ) 
|(k – 24)| > (16÷2  f (0) = 1
__ __ f (1) = 1 – 3 + 1 = –1
fi   )  , (k – 24) < – 16÷2 
(k – 24) > (16÷2    
f (2) = 8 – 6 + 1 = 3
__ __
fi   )  , k < 24 – 16÷2 
k > (24 + 16÷2      ...(ii) Now, f (– 2) f (–1) < 0
From (i) and (ii), we get, Thus, there is a root lies in (–2, –1)
__ __
    < k < 24 + 16÷2 
3 + 2÷2     So, [a] = – 2
__ __ Also, f (0) f (1) < 0
fi     < k < 8(3 + ÷
3 + ÷8    ) 
8 
Thus, there is a root lies in (0, 1)
Thus m = 3, n = 8 So, [b ] = 0
Hence, the value of 2 (m + n – 1)3 + 17 Again, f (1) f (2) < 0
= 2 (3 + 8 – 1)3 + 17 Thus, there is a root lies in (1, 2)
= 2017. So, [g ] = 1
19. Let f (x) = x3 – 3x + a Since a, b, g are the roots of x3 – 3x + 1 = 0
fi f ¢(x) = 3x2 – 3 so, a+b+g=0
Now, f ¢(x) = 0 gives x = ± 1 Now, {a} + {b} + {g}
Since it has two distinct roots in (–1, 1), so
= a – [a] + b – [b ] + g – [g ]
f (– 1) f (1) < 0
= (a + b + g) – ([a] + [b] + [g ])
fi (– 1 + 3 + a) (1 – 3 + a) < 0
= 0 –(–2 + 0 + 1)
fi (a + 2) (a – 2) < 0 = 1.
fi – 2 < a < 2
ex
Hence, the value of a is (– 2, 2). 2. Let f (x) =  __2  
x
20. Given f (x) = x3 – 2x2 – 4x + 7
x2 ◊ ex – 2x ◊ ex
fi 2
f ¢(x) = 3x – 4x – 4 f ¢(x) = ____________
   
    
x4
Since f (x) is applicable of Rolle’s theorem, so – 2)ex
xex – 2ex (x
f ¢(k) = 0 f ¢(x) = ________
    
 = ________
     
x3 x3
fi 3k2 – 4k – 4 = 0
fi 3k2 – 6k + 2k – 4 = 0
fi 3k (k – 2) + 2 (k – 2) = 0
fi (3k + 2) (k – 2) = 0
2 Clearly, it has three real and distinct roots.
fi k = 2, –  __   At the neighbourhood of x = 2, f(x) will provide us
3
Hence, the value of k is 2. the minimum value
Hence, the minimum value of c is 2.
3. We have f (x) = x4 + 8x3 + 18x2 + 8x + b where g Œ (0, 2)

For 0 < a < g < b < 2, using intermediate
= {(x2 + 4x)2 + 2(x2 + 4x) + 1} + b – 1
mean value theorem
2
= (x2 + 4x + 1)2 + (b – 1)
Ú    2zf (z2) dz – 2(2g f (g 2))
0
Now, f (x) = 0 gives
fi (x2 + 4x + 1)2 + (b – 1) = 0 ( 
2 gaf (a2) + 2 bb (b2)
= 2 __________________
 
2
  
      )
fi (x2 + 4x + 1)2 = 1 – b 4
fi Ú    f (t) dt = 2[af (a2) + bf (b2)], for 0 < a, b < 2
Let g (x) = (x2 + 4x + 1)2 0
g¢(x) = 2(x2 + 4x + 1) (2x + 4) Hence, the result.
= 4 (x2 + 4x + 1) (x + 2) 5. Let f (x) = x5 – a 0 x4 + 3 ax3 + bx2 + cx + d

__
g¢(x) = 0 gives x = – 2 ± 2÷3 
  ,  2 f ¢(x) = 5x4 – 4a 0 x3 + 9 ax2 + 2 bx + c
Clearly, the range of g(x) is (0, 9) f ¢¢(x) = 20 x3 – 12a 0 x2 + 18 ax + 2b
f ¢¢¢(x) = 60x2 – 24a 0 x + 18a
= 6 (10x2 – 4a 0 x + 3a)
Now, its discriminant is 16a2o  – 120 a

For four distict solutions, (1 – b) Œ (0, 9)
fi 0 < 1 – b < 9 = 8(2a2o  – 15a) < 0
fi – 1 < – b < 8 Thus, f ¢¢¢(x) has no real roots
fi – 8 < b < 1 Therefore, all the roots of f (x) = 0 can not be real.
fi b Œ (– 8, 1) 6. Since f ¢¢(x) exists for all x Œ [0, 1]
4. So, f (x), f ¢(x) are differentiable and continuous in
(i) By Lagranges Mean Value theorem [0, 1]
f (4) – f (0) Now, f(x) is continuous in [0, 1] and differentiable
 __________
    = f ¢(a), a Œ (0, 4) ...(i) in (0, 1) and f (0) = f (1)
4–0
Thus, by Rolle’s theorem there exists atleast one c
Also, from intermediate value theorem in (0, 1) such that f ¢(c) = 0.
f (4) + f (0) Now, let x Œ [0, 1]
 __________
 
     = f (b), b Œ (0, 4) ...(ii)
2 Case-I: when x < c
From (i) and (ii), we get, since f is differentiable in [0, 1]
( 
 
4
  
     ) ( 
f (4) – f (0) __________
fi __________
f (4) + f (0)
 
2
  
     )
= f ¢(a)f(b)

So, f ¢(x) will be continuous and differentiable in (0, 1)
By L.M.V. theorem
for a, b Œ (0, 4) f ¢(x) – f ¢(c)
2 2
 __________
x – c      = f ¢¢(a), " a Œ (c, x)
fi (f (4)) – (f (0)) = 8f ¢(a) f (b), for a, b Œ (0, 4)
Hence, the result. f¢(x) – 0
2
 ________
x – c    = f ¢¢(a)
 
(ii) Replacing t by z , we get,
4 2 f ¢(x) = (x – c) f ¢¢(a)
Ú    f (t) dt = Ú    2zf (z2) dz
0 0 |f (x)| = |(x – c)| f ¢¢(a) ...(i)
From Lagranges Mean Value theorem As | f¢¢(x)| £ 1 " x Œ [0, 1]
2 0
|f ¢¢(a)| £ 1, " x Œ [0, 1]
Ú      2zf (z2) dz – Ú     2zf (z2) dz
 ______________________
0 0
         = 2g f (g 2) |f ¢(x)| < 1, " x Œ [0, 1]
2–0
Case-II: When x > c Questions asked in IIT-JEE Exams

By L.M.V. theorem,
1. Ans. (a)
f ¢(c) – f ¢(x) Let f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx
 __________
c – x  
    = f ¢¢(a)
f (0) = a ◊ 0 + b ◊ 0 + c ◊ 0 = 0
f ¢(x) – f ¢(c) Also, f (1) = a + b + c = 0
 __________
x – c      = f ¢¢(a)
Thus, from Rolle’s theorem, there exists atleast a root
f ¢(x) = (x – c) f ¢¢(a) of its derivative.
So, f ¢(x) has a root in (0, 1).
| f ¢(x)| = |(x – c)| f ¢¢(a) 2. Ans. (a)
|f ¢(x)| < 1 for all x in [0, 1] ÏÊ 1 ˆ 1
ÔÁË 2 - x ˜¯ : x < 2
Case-III: When x = c Ô
(a) We have f (x) = Ì 2
f ¢(x) = f ¢(c) = 0 ÔÊ 1 - x ˆ : x ≥ 1
ÔÁË 2 ˜¯ 2
| f ¢(x)| = 0 < 1 Ó
| f ¢(x)| < 1, for all x Œ [0, 1] Ï 1
From all the cases, we get, ÔÔ-1 : x<
2
f ¢ (x) = Ì
|f ¢(x)| < 1, for all x Œ [0, 1] Ô-2 ÊÁ 1 - x ˆ˜ : x ≥ 1
ÔÓ Ë 2 ¯ 2
Hence, the result.
1
7. Let f (x) = log (1 + x) in [0, x] Clearly f (x) is not differentiable at x = __
    
2
Thus, Lagranges Mean Value Theorem is not
Since f (x) satisfies the condition of L.M.V. theorem
applicable.
in [0, x], there exists q (0 < q < 1) such that
Ï sin x
f (x) – f (0) Ô : xπ0
 __________
  
   = f ¢(q x) (b) We have f (x) = Ì x
x–0 ÔÓ1 : x=0
log (1 + x) ______
1 Clearly f (x) is continuous in [0, 1] and differ-
fi  _________
x   
 
=       
1 + qx entiable in (0, 1)
Now, 0 < q < 1, x > 0 fi q x < x Thus, Lagranges Mean Value Theorem is applicable.
(c) We have f (x) = x|x| = x2 in [0, 1]
fi 1 + q x < 1 + x
As we know that every polynomial function is
1 1
fi  _______ > _____
             continuous and differentiable everywhere.
1 + q x 1 + x
So it is continuous in [0, 1] and differentiable
x x
fi  _____ > _____
             ...(i) in (0, 1).
1 +q x 1 + x
Thus, Lagranges Mean Value Theorem is
Again 0 < q < 1, x > 0 applicable.
(d) Also, f (x) = |x| = x
fi q x > 0
Clearly it is continuous in [0, 1] and differentiable
fi 1 + q x > 1 in (0, 1).
1 Thus, Lagranges Mean Value Theorem is
fi  ______
     < 1
1 + q x applicable.
x 3. Ans. (d)
fi  ______
     < x .....(ii)
1 + q x Given f (x) = x a log x
From (i) and (ii), we get, Since it is applicable for Rolle’s theorem in [0, 1],
x so it must be continuous in [0, 1]
 _____     < log (1 + x) < x
1+x Now, we should check it at the right end of x = 0
Hence, the result. i.e.  lim 
   + 
f (x) = f (0) = 0
xÆ0
Hence, the result.

Now,  lim 
   + 
f (x) =  lim 
   +  (x a log x)
xÆ0 xÆ0
5. We have g (x) = (f ¢(x))2 + g¢(x)f ¢¢(x)
=  lim 
    
x Æ 0+ (  )
log x
____
  –a   
x

dx
d
g (x) = ___
      ( f(x) ◊ f ¢(x))
(  )
By the Rolle’s theorem, between any two roots of a
1
__ polynomial, there is a root of its derivative.
 x 
=  lim 
     _______
     
  
x Æ 0 + – ax–a–1 Now, f(x) ◊ f ¢(x) = 0
(  )
1 Either f(x) = 0 or f ¢(x) = 0
=  lim 
   +  _____   
   –a 
xÆ0 –ax Thus, f (x) has four zeroes at x = a, between b and
c, between c and d and at e
=  lim 
   + 
xÆ0 –a(  )
xa
 ___     So, f ¢(x) has atleast 3 zeroes.
Thus, f (x) f ¢ (x) has atleast 7 zeroes.
It will be zero only when a > 0 Therefore, g(x) has atleast 6 zeroes.
4. Let f (x) = Ú P (x) dx 6. We have x4 – 4x3 + 12x2 + x – 1 = 0

f (x) = Ú (51 x101 – 2323 x100 – 45x + 1035) dx Now, f (– 1) = 1 + 4 + 12 – 1 – 1 = 15 > 0
51 102 _____
2323 45 f (0) = – 1 < 0
f (x) = ____ x –     x101 – ___
           x2 + 1035x
102 101 2 and f (1) = 1 – 4 + 12 + 1 – 1 = 9 > 0
1 45 So f (x) = 0 has a root in (–1, 0) and a root in
f(x) = __
     x102 – 23x101 – ___
    x2 + 1035x
2 2 (0, 1).
Clearly f (x) is continuous and differentiable in Thus, f (x) = 0 has atleast two distinct real roots.
( 
45100 , 46 
1
 ____
    
) Also, f ¢(x) = 4x3 – 12x2 + 24x + 1
f ¢¢(x) = 12x2 – 24x + 24

Also, (  1
____
      
f 45100   ) and
= 12 (x2 – 2x + 1) + 1

1
= __ (  102
____
     ) ( 
101
____
)
45
  – ___
   
      45 101   – 23 45100
 
2
____
      
    (45)100
= 12(x – 1)2 + 1 > 0, " x Œ R
2 2
1
____
+ 1035 (45)100
       fi f ¢(x) increases on R.
2
____ 1
____
fi y = f ¢(x) intersects the x-axis exactly once.
1
= __
            
     ◊ 45 ◊ 45101 – 23 ◊ 45 ◊ 45100
2 fi y = f (x) has exactly three real roots.
2 1
1 ____ ____ 7. Ans. (a, b, c, d)
–  __   45 ◊ 45100 + 23 ◊ 45100
             
2 x
We have f (x) = Ú     et (t – 2) (t – 3) dt

2
=0
0
Also, f (46)
f ¢(x) = ex2 (x – 2) (x – 3)
1 45
= __
     (46)102 – 23 (46)101 – ___
     (46)2 + 1035 (46)
2 2
1
= __
     (23 . 2)102 – 23 (23 . 2)101
2
45
– ___      ◊ 46 ◊ 46 + 1035 (46)
2 Clearly, has maximum at x = 2 and minimum at
=0 x = 3 and f (x) decreasing in (2, 3)
Thus, all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem are So, by Rolle’s Theorem f ¢(x) = 0 for
satisfied. x = 2 and x = 3.
So there exist a point c Œ 45100 , 46  such that (  1
 ____
   
) Thus, there exists a point c Œ (2, 3) such that
f ¢(c) = 0. f ¢¢(c) = 0.
Chapter
7 Monotonocity
Concept Booster
1. Definitions
1. A function f (x) is said to be strictly increasing about
the point x = a if f (a – h) < f (a) < f (a + h), where
h is a very small positive arbitrary number.
4. A function f (x) is said to be non-decreasing about

the point x = a if f (a + h) £ f (a) £ (a – h), where
2. A function f (x) is said to be strictly decreasing about

the point x = a if f (a + h) < f (a) < f (a – h), where
5. Let a function f be differentiable at x = a

(i) If f ¢(a) > 0, then f (x) is strictly increasing at
x = a.
(ii) If f ¢(a) < 0, then f (x) is strictly decreasing at x = a.
(iii) If f ¢(a) = 0, then we need to examine the signs
of f ¢(a – h) and f ¢(a + h)
(a) If f ¢(a – h) > 0 and f ¢(a + h) > 0, then f (x) is
strictly increasing at x = a.
(b) If f ¢ (a – h) < 0 and f ¢(a + h) < 0, then f (x) is
3. A function f (x) is said to be non-increasing about the strictly decreasing at x = a.
point x = a if f (a – h) £ f (a) £ (a + h), where h is
(c) If f ¢(a – h) and f ¢(a + h) have opposite signs,
a very small positive arbitrary number.
then f (x) is neither increasing nor decreasing
(non-monotonic) at x = a.
2. Test for Finding the Monotonicity at an End Point Note:

Let the function f be differentiable at x = a. Discrete point
(i) If x = a is the left end point, then we check as 1. If f ¢(x) = 0 at discrete points, we mean that the
follows points where f ¢(x) becomes 0 do not form an inter-
val. i.e. they are separated from each other.
(a) If f ¢(a +) > 0, then f (x) is strictly increasing at
x = a. 2. If f ¢(x) ≥ 0 for all x Œ (a, b) where f ¢(x) = 0 at
discrete points in (a, b), then f (x) is also increasing
(b) If f ¢(a +) < 0, then f (x) is strictly decreasing at in (a, b)
x = a.
(c) If f ¢(a +) = 0, but f ¢(a + h) > 0, then f (x) is 5. Critical Point
strictly increasing at x = a. A critical point of a function f ¢ is a number ‘a’ in the domain
+
(d) If f ¢(a ) = 0, but f ¢(a + h) < 0, then f (x) is of f such that either f ¢(a) = 0 or f ¢(a) does not exist.
strictly decreasing at x = a. Sometimes we will want to distinguish critical numbers at
(ii) If x = a is the right end point, then we check as which f ¢(x) = 0 from those at which f is not differentiable.
follows We will call a point on the graph of f at which f ¢(x) = 0,
(a) If f ¢(a–) > 0, then f (x) is strictly increasing at a stationary point of f.
x = a. The stationary point of f are the x-intercepts of the graph
of f.
(b) If f ¢(a–) < 0, then f (x) is strictly decreasing at
x = a. If x = a is a critical point of f, then it is also a critical
point of the function g (x) = f (x) + k, " k = R.
(c) If f ¢(a–) = 0, but f ¢(a – h) > 0, then f (x) is
For example, x = 0 is a critical point of f (x) = x2, then
strictly increasing at x = a.
x = 2 is a critical point of f (x) = (x – 2)2.
(d) If f ¢(a–) = 0, but f ¢(a – h) < 0, then f (x) is
strictly decreasing at x = a. Remember the Step to Find the Intervals of
Increasing and Decreasing
3. Necessary Condition for Monotonicity
(i) First we find f ¢(x), and then find where f ¢(x) = 0 or
Let f (x) be a differentiable function does not exist. These points are the critical points
(i) A function f (x) is said to be increase in an interval for the function f (x).
if f ¢(x) ≥ 0. (ii) Plot the critical points on the number line and put +
(ii) A function f (x) is said to be decrease in an interval and – in a alternative way.
if f ¢(x) £ 0. (iii) On a certain interval, if f ¢(x) is +ve, then f (x) is
(iii) If f (x) does not vary in an interval, then f ¢(x) = 0. strictly increasing and is f ¢(x) is –ve then f (x) is
strictly decreasing.
4. Sufficient Condition for Monotonicity
(iv) On a certain interval, if f ¢(x) ≥ 0, then f (x) is
(i) If f ¢(x) > 0 in (a, b), then f (x) is increasing in increasing and if f ¢(x) £ 0 then f (x) is decreasing.
(a, b).
(ii) If f ¢(x) < 0 in (a, b), then f (x) is decreasing in 6. Application of Monotonocity in Isolations of Roots
(a, b). Let f (x) be a real function and a, b be two real numbers
(iii) If f ¢(x) = 0, then f (x) does not vary in (a, b). such that a < b. If
(i) f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b).
Monotonicity at Points where f ( x ) does not exist (ii) f (a) and f (b) have opposite signs.
Let f (x) be a continuous function whose derivative f ¢(x) does (iii) either f ¢(x) > 0 or f ¢(x) < 0 on (a, b)
not exist at x = c but exist in the nbd of x = c. Then f (x) has an exactly one root between a and b.
(i) If f ¢(c –) > 0 and f ¢(c +) > 0, then f (x) is strictly
increasing at x = c. 7. Algebra of Monotonous Functions
(ii) If f ¢(c – h) > 0, f ¢(c –) ≥ 0, and f ¢(c–) ≥ 0, f ¢(c + h) > 0, Let increasing = I and decreasing = D
then f (x) is strictly increasing at x = c. (where both the functions take +ve values) and can not say
(iii) If f ¢(c –) < 0, f ¢(c+) < 0, then f (x) is strictly decreasing anything = W
at x = c. (i) Addition
(iv) If f ¢(c – h) < 0, f ¢(c –) £ 0 and f ¢ (c + h) < 0, f ¢ (c +) (a) I + I = I (b) D + D = D
£ 0, then f (x) is stictly decreasing at x = c.
(c) I + D = W (d) D + I = W
Monotonocity 7.3
(ii) Negativity
(a) – I = D (b) – D = I
(iii) Difference
(a) I – I = W (b) D–D=W
(c) I – D = I (d) D – I = D.
(iv) Product
(a) I × I = I (b) I×D=W
(c) D × D = D (d) D × I = W.
(v) Reciprocality (iii) Hyper-Critical Point: A hyper-critical point
(a) 1/I = D (b) 1/D = I of a function f is a number c in the domain of
f such that either f ¢¢(c) = 0 or f ¢¢(c) does not
(vi) Division
exist.
(a) I/I = D (b) I/D = I
(c) D/D = D (d) D/I = D Rule to find out the Intervals of Concavity
(vii) Composition (i) First we find f ¢¢(x) and then we should find the hyper-
(a) I(I) = I (b) I(D) = D critical points i.e. points at which f ¢¢(x) equals zero
(c) D(I) = D (d) D(D) = I. or does not exist.
(ii) Plot the hyper-critical points on the number line, and
8. General Approach to Proving Inequalities then put + and – in a alternative way.
Some basic idea to proving inequalities (iii) On a certain interval, if f ¢¢(x) > 0, then the function
(i) If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and differentiable f (x) is Concave Up and if f ¢¢(x) < 0, then the function
in (a, b), where f ¢(x) > 0 for all x in (a, b) and f (x) is Concave Down.
f (a) ≥ 0, then f (x) > 0, " x Œ (a, b).
10. Inflection Point
(ii) If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and differentiable
in (a, b), where f ¢(x) < 0 for all x in (a, b) and Let us consider the graph of a function has a tangent line
f (a) £ 0, then f (x) < 0, " x Œ (a, b). (possibly vertical) at the point P(c, f (c)) and that the graph
(iii) If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in is concave up on one side of P and Concave down on the
(a, b), where f ¢(x) > 0 for all x in (a, b) and f (a) £ 0, other side of P. Then P is called an inflection point of the
then f (x) < 0, " x Œ [a, b). graph.
(iv) If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and differentiable in
(a, b), where f ¢(x) < 0, for all x in (a, b) and f (b) ≥ 0,
Some basic Idea on Inflection Points
then f (x) > 0, " x Œ [a, b). (i) A continuous function f need not have an inflection point
where f ¢¢(x) = 0 For example:
9. Concave up and Concave Down
1. Let f (x) = x4. Then f ¢¢(0) = 0, but the graph is always
(i) Concave Up : If the second derivative f ¢¢ (x) is every- Concave Up.
where is positive within an interval, then the arc of 2. Let us take another function f (x) = x5 + 5x4.
the curve y = f (x) corresponding to that interval is
Concave Up. Then f ¢¢(x) = 20x2 (x + 3).
At the nbd of x = – 3, f ¢¢(x) changes it sign from
negative to positive. So x = – 3 is the inflection point.
But at the nbd of x = 0, f ¢¢(x) does not change its
sign. So the graph of the given function is concave
up on both sides of the origin.
3. If x = b is a point of inflection of a curve y = f (x) and
f ¢¢(b) is exist, then f ¢¢(b) must be equal to zero.
4. The point (– 1, 0) in y = (x – 1)3, being both a critical
point and a point of inflection, is a point of horizontal
inflection.
(ii) Concave Down: If the second derivative f ¢¢(x) is
everywhere is negative within an interval, then the 5. If a function f is such that f ¢¢¢(x) is continuous and
arc of the curve y = f (x) corresponding to that inter- f ¢¢(b) = 0, while f ¢¢(b) π 0, then the curve y = f (x)
val is Concave Down. has a point of inflection for x = b.
__
6. It shold be noted that a point separating a Concave Let us take f (x) = 3 ÷x 
    in the vicinity of the origin.
Up arc of a curve from a Concave Down, one may In such a case, we speak of a point of inflection with
be such that the tangent at that point is perpendicular vertical tangent.
to the x-axis, that is, either a vertical tangent or a 7. A number b such that f ¢¢(b) is not defined and the
concavity of f changes at b will correspond to an
tangent does not exist.
inflection point if and only if f (b) is defined.
Exercises
Critical Points
(Problems Based on Fundamentals) ex
16. Find the critical points of f (x) =  _____
   
x–1
1. Find the interval of the monotonicity of the function
f (x) = 2x3 – 12x2 + 18x + 5. 5x2 – 18x + 45
17. Find the critical points of f (x) =  ____________
  
   
2. Find the interval of the monotonicity of the function x2 – 9
f (x) = 5 + 36x + 3x2 – 2x3. 18. Find the critical points of the function
3. Find the interval of the monotonicity of the function f (x) = x4/5 (x – 4)2.
f (x) = (x – 1)3 (x – 2)2.
19. Find the critical points of the function
f (x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 6x + 10 f (x) = x + cos– 1 x + 1.
5. Find the interval of the monotonicity of the function 20. Find the critical points of the function
___________
f (x) = 2x3 + 3 2 + 12x + 20.
f (x) = ÷x  2 – 6x +  
15 
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
x 2
f (x) = __
     + __
   . 21. Find the interval of increasing and decreasing of a
2 x
7. Find the interval of the monotonicity of the function function f (x) = 2x2 – ln |x|.
|x – 1|
f (x) = 5x3/2 – 3x5/2, x > 0. 22. Find the intervals for the function f (x) =  _____  
 is
x2
_____ increasing and decreasing.
f (x) = log ( x + ÷   ).
– x 2
1  + x2   ___  
23. Find the intervals for the function f (x) = x 2 e a2 ,
9. Find the interval of the monotonicity of the function a > 0 is increases. Isolation points.
x 24. Show that the equation x3 = 3x + 1 has a real root
f (x) = ____
     . 
log x in [– 1, 1].
10. Find the interval of the monotonicity of the function x2
_____ 25. Show that the equation ex =1 + x +  __  has a real root
2
f (x) = x – cot– 1 x – log ( x + ÷x  2 + 1  
  ).
in [– 1, 1].
11. Find the least value of m for which the function Algebra of Monotonic Functions
f (x) = – x2 + m x + 1 is strictly increasing in [1, 2]
26. Find the interval where the function f (x) = tan– 1 (e x)
12. For what values of b, the function f (x) = sin x – b x + c is strictly increasing.
is strictly decreasing for all x in R. 27. Find the interval in which f (x) = tan– 1 (log1/3 x) is
13. Find all possible values of ‘a’ for which the function strictly decreasing.
f (x) = e2x – (a + 1) ex + 2x is strictly increasing for 28. Find the interval in which f (x) = cot– 1 (log4 x) is
all x in R. strictly decreasing.
14. For what values of a is the function 29. Find the interval in which f (x) = cot– 1 (log1/10 x) is
( 
a 2  –  1 3
f (x) =   _____
3 )
  x + (a – 1)x 2 + 2x + 1 strictly
   
strictly increasing.
30. Find the______
interval of the monotonocity of the function
increasing? f (x) = ÷   – x2 
3x  .
15. For what values of a, the function f (x) = (a + 2) x3 31. Find the interval of the monotonicity of the function
– 3a x2 + 9a x – 1 is strictly decreasing for all x in R. f (x) = tan– 1 (sin x + cos x) in (0, 2p).
Monotonocity 7.5
32. Find the interval of the monotonocity of the function
(  )
log x
f (x) = log ____
  x   
  .
(Mixed Problems)
1
33. Find the interval in which the function 1. The function f (x) = __
 x  on its domain is
f (x) = sin(log x) + cos(log x) is decreases. (a) increasing (b) decreasing

34. Find the interval of the monotonocity of the function (c) constant (d) none
2 – x
f (x) = loge (cos x) for all x Œ (0, p). 2. Let y = x e , then the interval in which y increases
35. Find the interval of the monotonocity of the function with respect to x is
f (x) = sin(sin x) + cos(sin x) in (0, p). (a) (– •, •) (b) (–2, 0)
Inequality (c) (2, •) (d) (0, 2)
x2 3. If f (x) = x e x (1 – x), then f (x) is
36. Prove the inequality, log (1 + x) > x –  __  for all x in R +
37. Prove the inequality log (1 + x) > _____

2
x
        for x > 0

1
2 [  ]
(a) inc. on –  __  ,  1  (b) dec. on R
1+x
38. Prove that (ex – 1) > (1 + x) log(1 + x), if x > 0
(c) Inc. on R
1
2 [  ]
(d) dec. on –  __  , 1 
x 2 + 1
39. Prove that 2x tan– 1 > log (1 + x2) for all x in R +.
4. If f (x) = Ú      et dt, then the interval in which f (x) is
2
_____ _____

40. Prove that 1 + x log ( x + ÷x  2 + 1   
) ≥ ÷1  + x2  x2
  for all
inc. is
x ≥ 0.
(a) (0, •) (b) (– •, 0)

p
(  )
41. Prove that cos (sin x) > sin (cos x), if x Œ 0, __
      .
2 (c) [– 2, 2] (d) no where
42. Find the smallest positive constant B such that a sin x + 2 cos x
5. If the domain f (x) = _____________
    
     is inc. for all
x £ B x2 for all x > 0. sin x + cos x
b values of x, then
43. If x2 +  __ +
x  ≥ c, " x Œ R , where a, b, c are +ve con-
(a) a < 1 (b) a > 1
stants, prove that 27ab2 ≥ 4c3
(c) a < 2 (d) a > 2
Concavity 6. The interval of increases of the function f (x) = x – ex
44. Find the interval of the concavity of the function
f (x) = x5 + 5x – 6. (  )
2p
+ tan  ___    is equal to
7
45. Find the interval of the concavity for the function (a) (0, •) (b) (– •, 0)
f (x) = x4 – 5x3 – 15x2 + 30. (c) (1, •) (d) (– •, – 1)
– 1
46. Find the interval of the concavity for the function 7. The function f (x) = cot x + x increases in the
f (x) = (sin x + cos x) ex in (0, 2p.) interval
47. Show that the curve y = f (x) = Ax2 +Bx + c is concave (a) (1, •) (b) (– 1, •)
up if A > 0 and concave down if A < 0. (c) (– •, •) (d) (•, •)
Point of Inflection 8. The function f (x) = x x decreases on the interval
48. Find the inflection point of the function (a) (0, e) (b) (0, 1)
f (x) = x4 – 4x3 + x – 10
49. Find the point of inflection of the curve
(  )
1
(c) 0, __
 e   (d) none
x
y = f (x) = (x – 2)2/3 + 10 9. The function f (x) = ____
      increases on the interval
log x
50. Find the point of inflections of the curve (a) (0, •) (b) (0, e)
4 3 2
f (x) = x – 6x + 12x – 8x + 3 (c) (e, •) (d) none
log x
51. Find the point of inflection of the curve 10. The function f (x) =  ____   is increasing in the
x   
1 interval
y = f (x) = x2 – ___
   3  
6x (a) (1, 2e) (b) (0, e)
52.
2
Find the inflection point of the curve y = f (x) = e– x (c) (2, 2e) (d) __
1
( 
 e , 2e  . )
x 21. Let h(x) = f (x) – ( f (x)) 2 + ( f (x))3 for every real
11. The function f (x) = ______
    2   decreases on the interval
4  +  x number x then
(a) (– •, – 1) (b) (– •, 0) (a) h is inc. whenever f is inc.
(c) (– •, – 2) » (2, •) (d) (– 2, 2) (b) h is inc. whenever f is decreasing
12. The function f (x) = tan x – x (c) h is dec. whenever f is inc.
(a) always increases (b) always decreases (d) nothing can be said in general.
(c) never decreases (d) sometimes increases 22. If f (x) = x3 + bx2 + cx + d and 0 < b2 < c, then in
13. If a < 0, the function f (x) = ea x + e– ax is a monotonic (– •, •), f (x) is
dec. function for all values of x, where (a) increasing
(a) x > 0 (b) x < 0 (b) decreasing
(c) x > 1 (d) x < 1 (c) has local max. or min.
14. The value of b for which the function (d) bounded
f (x) = sin x – bx + c is dec. in (– •, •) is given by 23. The function f (x) = 2 log (x – 2) – x 2 + 4x + 1
increases on the interval
(a) b < 1 (b) b ≥ 1
(a) (1, 2) (b) (2, 3)
(c) b > 1 (d) b £ 1
15. The value of a for which the function
f (x) = sin x – cos x – ax + b decreasing for all real
(  )
5
(c) __
    ,  3 
2
(d) (2, 4)
values of x is given by 24. Let y = x2 (x – 3)2 increases for all values of x lying
__ in the interval
(a) a ≥ ÷2 
   (b) a ≥ 1
__ 3
(c) a < ÷   
2  (d) a < 1 (a) 0 < x < __       (b) 0 < x < •
2
1 (c) – • < x < 0 (d) 1 < x < 3
16. y = sin x – a sin 2x – __
     sin 3x + 2 ax , then y increases
3 25. Let f (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + 5 sin2 x be an inc. function
for all values of x, if on the set R. Then a and b satisfy
(a) a = 1 (b) a > 1 (a) a2 – 3b – 15 > 0 (b) a2 – 3b + 15 > 0

(c) a > 0 (d) 0 < a < 1 (c) a2 – 3b + 15 < 0 (d) a < 0 and b > 0
17. The set of values of a for which the function 26. The function f (x) = sin x + cos4 x increases if
4
f (x) = x2 + ax + 1 is an inc. function on [1, 2] is p p 3p

(a) 0 < x < __       (b)  __   < x < ___
    
(a) (– •, – 4) (b) [– 4, •) 8 4 8
(c) [4, •) 3p 5p 5p 3p
(d) (– •, 4] (c)  ___  < x < ___      (d)  ___  < x < ___
    
8 8 8 4
18. The length of a longest interval in which the function
3 sin x – 4 sin3 x is increasing, is 27. The set of all x for which log (1 + x) £ x is
(a) (0, •) (b) (– 1, •)
p p
(a)  __    (b)  __   (c) (– 1, 0) (d) none
2 2
3p 28. For all x Œ (0, 1),
(c)  ___    (d) p
2
_____
(a) ex < 1 + x (b) log (1 + x) < x
19. If f (x) = 2x + cot – 1
x + (  ÷1  + x2 
 + 1 ), then f (x) (c) sin x > x (d) log e x > x

(a) inc. on [0, •)
(b) dec. on [0, •) (  )
l2 – 1 3
29. If f (x) =  ______
l2 + 1
  
   x – 3x + 5 is a dec. function of in
(c) neither inc. nor dec. on [0, •) R then the set of all possible values of l (independent
(d) inc. on (– •,

•) of x) is
(a) [– 1, 1] (b) (– •, – 1)
20. Let f (x) = Ú    ex (x – 1) (x – 2) dx, then f decreases in
(c) (1, •) (d) none
the interval
3 2
30. Let f (x) = x + 6x + px + 2. If the largest possible
(a) (– •, – 2) (b) (– 2, – 1)
interval in which f (x) is dec. function in (– 3, – 1)
(c) (1, 2) (d) (2, •) then p is
Monotonocity 7.7
(a) 2 (b) 6 p p
(a)  __    (b)  __  
(c) 8 (d) 9 2 4
p p
31. If f (x) = sin2 x – 3 cos2 x + 2ax – 4 is increasing for (c)  __    (d)  ___   
all x ≥ 0, then the value of a lies in 8 16
40. The number of solutions of the equation x3 + 2x2 +
(a) [– 2, 0) (b) (– •, 2]
5x + 2 cos x = 0, in [0, 2p] is
(c) [2, •) (d) (– •, 2]. (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 0
32. Let f (x) = sin2 x – (2a + 1)sin x + (a – c). If f (x) £ 0
p
[  ]
for all x in 0, __
      , then the range of a is
2
41. The number of solutions of the equation x3 + 2x2 +
5x + 2 sin x = 0 in [0, p] is
(a) [– 3, 0] (b) [3, •) (a) 3 (b) 2
(c) [– 3, 3] (d) (– •, 3]. (c) 1 (d) 0
33. The set of values of a for which the function
x
f (x) = (4a – 3) (x + 5) + 2 (a – 7) cot __ (  ) (  )x
      sin2 __
2
      . does
2
(Problems for JEE-Advanced)
not posses any critical point is given by 1. Find the length of the largest continuous interval in
(  ) 4
(a) – •, –  __   
3
(b) (– •, – 1) which the function f (x) = 4x – tan 2x is monotonic
increasing.
(  )
4
(c) –  __  , 2 
3 ( 
4
)
(d) – •, –  __    » (2, •)
3
2. Find the number of solutions of the equation x3 + 2x2
+ 5x + 2 cos x = 0 in [0, 2p]
34. The number of roots of the cubic f (x) = x3 + 3x + k, x
" k Œ R is 3. If f (x) = (ab – b2 – 2) x + Ú     (cos4q + sin4q) dq is a
(a) 0 (b) 1 0
(c) 2 (d) 3 decreasing function of x for all x, b in R, find a.
35. The number of inflection points on the curve repre- 4. If f (x) = cos x + a2 x + b is an increasing function
sented by the equations x = t 2, y = 3t + t 3 is for all values of x, find a.
(a) 0 (b) 1 5. If f (x) = 2ex – a e– x + (2a + 1) x – 3 is increasing for
(c) 2 (d) 3 all x, find a.
36. If f ¢(x2 – 4x + 3) > 0 " x Œ (2, 3), then f (sin x) is 1 1
increasing on 6. If y = f (x) be given by x = _____  , y =  _____
    2      t > 0. If
1+t 1 + t2
(  ) np
(a) n p,  ___    , n Œ I
2
f is increasing in (0, a), find the greatest value of a.
(b) ( (2n + 1)p, (4n + 3)  __   ) n ŒI

p 7. Find the range values of ‘b’ so that for all real x,

2 x
f (x) = Ú     (bt 2 + t sin t) dt is monotonic.

(c) ( (4n – 1)  __  , 2 np ), n ŒI
p
0
2
8. Find the interval of strictly increases for the function
(d) None.
f (x) = sin4x + cos4 x.
37. Let f ¢(x) = |x| – {x}, {,} = F.P.F, then f (x) is decreasing
on 9. Find the interval of increasing and decreasing for the
(  )
1
(a) –  __  , 0 
2 (  )1
(b) –  __  , 2 
2
function f (x) = x e x (1 – x).
10. Find the interval of increasing and decreasing for the
(c) (0, 2)
1
(d) __
2 (  )
    , •  . log(p  + x)
function f (x) = _________
 
log(e + x)
 
 .
38. Let f be a function such that f ¢(x) = log1/3 (sin x + a).
If f is decreasing for all real values of x, then the 11. Find the interval for which the function
range of a is f (x) = e – ax + e ax , a > 0 is monotonically
(a) (1, 4) (b) (4, •) decreasing.
(c) (2, 3) (d) (2, •) 12. Find the set of values of a for which the function
39. The length of the largest interval in which the f (x) = x3 + (a + 2) x2 + 3ax + 5 is invertible.
function f (x) = 4x – tan 2x is monotonic is 13. If the function f (x) = 2x2 – k x + 5 is increasing on
[1, 2]. then find k.
14. Find the interval of the increases or decreases for the 5. Let f ¢¢(x) > 0 for all x in R and g(x) = f (2 – x) + f (4 + x).
x Find the interval in which g (x) is increasing.
function f (x) = Ú     (t 2 + 2t) (t 2 – 1) dt 6. Find the set of all real values of a for which
( 
___________
)
– 1
  – 4a –  
÷ 21
f (x) = 1 –  ____________
  
   
a2  3
x + 5x + log e17 increases
ÔÏ xe
ax
: x£0 a+1
15. Let f (x) = Ì 2 3
,
ÔÓ x + ax - x : x > 0 for all real x in R.
7. Find the set of all real values of ‘a’ for which
( 
where a is a +ve const. Find the interval in which _____
f ¢(x) is inc.
x
a  + 4 
÷
f (x) =   ______ 
1 – a
 
)
  – 1  x5 – 3x + log e5 decreases for
all values of x in R.
16. Let f (x) = Ú     |log2 (log3 (log4 (cos t + a)))| dt be
0 8. If f (x) = 2ex – a e– x + (2a + 1) x – 3 is monotonically
increasing for all real values of x, find a. increases for all x in R, then the set of all values
of a.
17. Let f (x) = x3 – 3x + a. If the equation f (x) = 0 has x
__
exactly one root, find the value of a. 9. Find the interval in which f (x) = Ú    2 ÷2 
   sin2 t + (2
__ 0
18. Let f (x) = x3 – 3x + a. If the equation f (x) = 0 has
  )  sin t – 1) dt where 0 < x < 2p is increasing or
– ÷2 
three real and distinct roots, find the value of a.
x
decreasing.
19. Let f (x) = Ú     {(a – 1)(t 2 + t + 1)2 – (a + 1)(t4 + t 2 + 1)} dt 10. Let f (x) = {– b2 + (a – 1) b – 2} x + Ú    (sin2 x + cos4 x)
0
dx, a, b Œ R
Then find the set of values of a for which f ¢(x) = 0
If f (x) be an increasing function, find all the permis-
has two distinct real roots.
sible values of a.
aex  + be– x
20. If y = f (x) = _________
  x 
ce + de– x
is an increasing function of
  
x, then find a relation in a, b, c and d.

(  )
x2
11. Let g(x) = 2f  __    + f (6 – x2) for all x in R and
2
f ¢¢(x) > 0, " x Œ R. Find the intervals of increase and
21. If a, b, c are real numbers, find the intervals in which decrease of g(x).
f (x) = ab
x + a2 ab
x+b 2
ac
bc
12. Let f (x) =  ___
÷
3  ( 
2__ – 1 ______2x  + 1
    tan   __   
     
÷3  )
  – log (x2 + x + 1) + (b2
– 5b + 3) x + 4. If f (x) is a decreasing function for

ac bc x + c2 all real values of x in R, find the permissible values
is increasing or decreasing. of b.
(  x
)
13. If h(x) = f (x) + 2f 1  –  __    , 0 < x < 1 and f ¢(x) > 0,
2
(Tougher Problems for JEE-Advanced) " x Œ (0, 1). Find the interval where h (x) is increasing
or decreasing where f (x) and h (x) are two differen-
1. Let f (x) = 1 – x – x 3. Find all real values of x tiable function.
satisfying the inequality 1 – f (x) – f 3 (x) > f (1
– 5x). 14. Let f ¢(sin x) < 0 and f ¢¢(sin x) > 0 for all x in 0, __ (  )
p
     
2
2. A function f (x) is given by the equation x2 f ¢(x) + and g (x) = f (sin x) + f (cos x), then find the interval
2x f (x) – x + 1 = 0, where x π 0. where g (x) increases or decreases.
If f (1) = 0, then find the interval of the monotonocity 15. Let f ¢(x) < 0 for all x in R such that f ¢(3) = 0.
of the function f.
3. f (x) be a differentiable function such that
find the interval where g (x) is increasing.
p
If g (x) = f (tan2 x – 2tan x + 4) for all x in 0, __
      ,
2 (  )
f ¢(x) = log1/3 (log3 (sin x + a)). If f (x) is decreasing
for all real values of x, find a.
4. f (x) be a differentiable function such that
1. The number of zeroes of the cur ve
1
f ¢(x) = __________________
          . If f (x) be an increas- f (x) = x3 + 3x + m, m Œ R is...
log3 (log1/4 (cos x + b))
2. The number of real roots of the function
ing function, find b. f (x) = x3 – 3x + m, m Œ R is...
Monotonocity 7.9
3. If f (x) = sin2 x – 3 cos2 x + 2ax – 4 is increasing for

all x ≥ 0, then the least value of a is ... (  )
1  – x2
2. f (x) = cos– 1 ______
 
1  + x2
   
is strictly increasing in
4. If the number of real solutions of the equation
(a) (0, •) (b) (– •, •)
x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 2 cos x = 0 in [0, 2p] is m, then the
value of (m + 3) is ... (c) (– 2, 2) (d) (– •, 0)
5. The number of critical points of the function – (x – x 2)
3. f (x) = e is strictly increasing in
f (x) = |x2 – 2x| is ...
(a) (1, •) (b) (– •, 0)
x3
6. If the function f (x) =  __   + (m – 1) x2 + (m + 5) x + 7 (c) (0, 1) (d) (– 2, 0)
3
is increasing for all x > 0, then find the integral
values of m. Passage III
7. Let f (x) = |x| + |x2 – 1|. Then the number of real A critical point is a point where either f ¢(x) = 0 or f ¢(x) does
solutions of 6 f (x) = 7 is ... not exist, whereas a stationary point is a point where f is
x2 differentiable and f ¢(x) = 0.
8. If m is the number of real roots of ke x = 5 + x +  __  ,
2 1. The critical points of the function f (x) = x2/3 (2 – x)
k Œ R + then the value of (m + 3) is ... is/are
9. If f (x) = e2x – (a + 1) ex + 2x is increasing for all (a) 1 (b) 2
real values of x in R, then find the maximum value
of a. (c) 4/5 (d) 0
10. If m is the number of solution of the equation 2. The critical points of the function f (x) = x + cos– 1 x
(  )
p + 1 is/are
3 tan x + x3 = 2, in 0, __       and n is the number of
4 (a) 1 (b) 2
inflection points of f (x) = 3x4 – 4x3, then the value (c) –1 (d) 0
of (m + n + 2) is ... 3. The critical points of the function f (x) = max {sin x,
cos x}, " x Œ (0, 2p) is/are
p
(For JEE-Advanced Exam) (a) 0 (b)  __  
4
Passage I p 5p
(c)  __    (d)  ___  
If f is strictly increasing in (a, b) and g is strictly increasing 2 2
in ( f (a), f (b)), then (g0 f ) is strictly increasing in (a, b).
Passage IV
1. f (x) = tan– 1 (sin x + cos x)3 is strictly inc. in Let f (x) be a real function and a, b Œ R. If
(  )
(a) 0, __
p
     
4 (  )
p p
(b) __
    , __
4 2
      (i) f (x) is continuous in [a, b]
( 

p 3p
2 4 )
(c)  __  , ___
      (d) (p, 2p)
(iii) f (a) and f (b) are of opposite signs
sin x + cos x
2. f (x) = e is strictly increasing in (iv) either f ¢(x) > 0 on (a, b) or f ¢(x) < 0 on (a, b)
(  ) p
(a) 0,  __   
4 (  )
p p
(b) __
    , __
4 2
      then the function f (x) has exactly one root in [a, b]
(  )
p
(c) __
    , p 
2 (  )
(d) 0, __
p
     
2

1. The equation x5 – 3x – 1 = 0 has a unique root in
(a) [0, 1] (b) [1, 2]
3. f (x) = tan– 1 (log2 x) is strictly increasing in
(c) [– 1, 0] (d) [2, 3]
(a) (– •, 0) (  p
2 )
(b) –  __  , 0 
4 2
2. The equation x + 2x – 2 = 0 has a unique root
(c) (0, •) (d) (– •, •) in
Passage II (a) [0, 1] (b) [– 1, 1]
If f is strictly decreasing in (a, b) and g is strictly decreasing (c) [1, 2] (d) [– 2, – 1]
in ( f (a), f (b)), then (g0 f) is strictly decreasing in (a, b). x
3. The equation xe – 2 = 0 has exactly one root in
(  )
– 1
1. f (x) = cot log__1 x  is strictly increasing in (a) [–1, 0] (b) [1, 2]
    
[  ]
2
1
(a) (– •, 0) (b) (– •, •) (c) [0, 1] (d) 0, __
     
2
(c) (0, •) (d) None
Passage V Matrix Match

A point c in the domain of a function f (x) is said to be a (For JEE-Advanced Exam)
hyper-critical point at which f ¢¢(c) = or f ¢¢(c) does not exist.
1. The hyper-critical point of the function f (x) = x5 +
5x – 6 is The number of critical points of the function
(a) 1 (b) 2 Column I Column II
(c) 0 (d) –1 – x
(A) f (x) = |x| e is (P) 2
2. The hyper-critical point of the function f (x) = sin x 2
– cos x in [0, 2p] is (B) f (x) = (ax + bx + c) |x| where (Q) 3
a c < 0, is
p 3p
(a)  __    (b)  ___   (C) f (x) = (1 – x) |x – 2| is (R) 1
4 4
2
5p 7p (D) f (x) = x – 2 |x| is (S) 0
(c)  ___    (d)  ___  
4 4
3. The hyper-critical point of the function f (x) = 2 – |x5 2. Match the following columns
– 1| is The function f (x) is increasing in
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) – 1 (d) 2 Column I Column II
x
(A) f (x) = x – e (P) (– •, 1)
Passage VI
An inflection point is point on a curve at which the curve
changes from concave down-ward to concave upward and
2
(B) f (x) = 2x – log x
_____
(Q)
(  )
1
__
    , • 
2
vice-versa. (C) f (x) = log ( x  + ÷x  2 + 1  
  ) (R) (– •, 0)
1. The inflection point of the function f (x) = 4x4 – x3 (D) f (x) = 5x3/2 – 3x5/2, x > 0 (S) (– •, •)
+ 2 is
(a) (0, 1) (b) (0, 1)
(c) (– 1, 1) (d) (– 2, 0)
Let f (x) = |x + 1| {|x| + |x – 1|}. Then
2. The inflection point of the function f (x) = – x3 + 3x2
+ 1 is
Column I Column II
(a) (1, 3) (b) (0, 1)
(A) f (x) is increasing in (P) (– 2, – 1)
(c) (1, 2) (d) (– 1, 0)
3. The inflection point of the curve f (x) = x4 – 6x2 + (B) f (x) is decreasing in (Q) (– •, •)
8x + 10 is (C) f (x) is continuous in (R) (0, 1)
(a) (0, 1) (b) (1, 2) (D) The number of non-differ- (S) 3
(c) (– 1, – 3) (d) (2, 3) entiable points is
Passage VII (T) 4
If y = f ¢(x) is increasing, then y = f (x) is concave up and if
y = f ¢(x) is decreasing then y = f (x) is concave down. 4. Match the following columns
_____
1. The function f (x) = x1/3 + 2 is concave up in { 
Let f (x) = max sgn (x), – ÷9  – x2 
 , x3  Then }
(a) (0, •) (b) (0, 1)
(c) (– •, 0) (d) (1, 2) Column I Column II
4 2
2. The function f (x) = x – 6x + x – 3 is concave down (A) f (x) is increasing in (P) 1
in (B) The number of (Q) 4
(a) (– •, 0) (b) (– 1, 1) discontinuous points is
(c) (1, •) (d) (1, 2) (C) The number of non- (R) (1, •)
3. The function f (x) = sin x, " x Œ [0, 2p] is concave differentiable points is
up in __
(D) f (x) is decreasing in (S) ( – 3, – 2 ÷2  
   )
(  ) p
(a) 0, __
     
2
p
(  )
(b) __
    , p 
2 (T) (– 1, 0)
(c) (p, 2p) (d) (0, p)
Monotonocity 7.11
5. Match the following columns Column I Column II

ÔÏ x – x + x + 1 : 0 £ x £ 1
3 2 (A) f (x) is increasing in (P) (0, •)
Let f (x) = Ì
ÔÓ3 – x : 1< x £ 2 (B) g (x) is increasing in (Q) (– •, 0)
Then (C) f (x) is decreasing in (R) (– 1, 1)

(D) g (x) is decreasing in (S) (1, •)
Column I Column II
(A) f (x) is increasing in (P) (1, 2) 9. Match the following columns
(B) f (x) is decreasing in (Q) (0, 1)
Let f (x) = |x – 1| + |x – 2| + |x – 3| + |x – 4|
(C) f (x) is continuous in (R) (0, 1) » (1, 2) and a, b, c, d Œ I +. Then
(D) f (x) is differentiable in (S) [0, 2]
Column I Column II
6. Match the following columns (A) If f (x) is increasing in [a. b] (P) 3
Let f (x) = sin (|x|) + |x| and then (a + b) is
g (x) = cos (|x|) + |x|. Then (B) If f (x) is decreasing in [c, d] (Q) 0
then (c + d) is
(C) The number of discontinuous (R)
Column I Column II 7
points is
(A) f (x) is increasing in (P) (– •, 0) (D) The number of non- (S) 4
differentiable points is
(B) f (x) is decreasing in (Q) (0, •)
(C) The number of disc. Points of (R) 2 10. Match the following columns
f (x) and g (x) is x
Let f (x) = _____  , g (x) = tan– 1 x – x. Then
  2    
(D) The number of non- (S) 0 x +1
differentiable points of f (x) is Column I Column II
(T) 1 (A) f (x) is increasing in (P) (– •, – 1]
(B) g (x) is increasing in (Q) [– 1, 1]
(C) f (x) is decreasing in (R) [1, •)
p
Let f (x) = {1, cos x, 1 – sin x}, x Œ – __ [ 
   , p 
2 ] (D) g (x) is decreasing in (S) [0, •)
Then
Question asked in Previous Years’
Column I Column II JEE-Advanced Examinations
(A) f (x) is increasing in (P) [0, p]
1. Use the function f (x) = x1/x, x > 0 to determine the
(B) f (x) is decreasing in (Q) 0 bigger of the two numbers e p and p c.
[IIT-JEE, 1981]
(C) The number of non-
differentiable points is
(R)
[  p
]
–  __  , 0 
2
b
2. If ax2 +  __
x  ≥ c for all +ve x where a > 0 and b > 0,
show that 27ab2 ≥ 4c3 [IIT-JEE, 1982]
(D) The number of discontinuous (S) 2
_____ _____
points is 3. Show that 1 + x log ( x + ÷x  2 + 1  
  ) ≥ ÷1  + x2 
  for all
x ≥ 0 [IIT-JEE, 1983]
8. Match the following columns p
–  __  
( 
4. The larger of cos(ln q) and ln (cos q) if e 2 <
Let
2x
f (x) = sin– 1  _____
  
1 + x2 )
   p
q < __
     ...
2
[IIT-JEE, 1983]
and (  )
1  – x2
g (x) = cos– 1  ______2 
1+x
   . Then
5. The function y = 2x2 – ln |x| is monotonically increasing
for values of x π 0 satisfying the inequalities ... and
monotonically decreasing for values of x satisfying ÏÔ xe ax : x£0

the inequalities ... [IIT-JEE, 1983] 15. Let f (x) = Ì
2 3
6. No questions asked in between 1984 to 1986. ÔÓ x + ax – x : x > 0
7. Let f and g be increasing and decreasing functions where a is a +ve constant. Find the interval in which
respectively from [0, •) to [0, •). Let h(x) = f (g(x)). f ¢(x) is increasing.
If h(0) = 0, then h(x) – h(1) is
[IIT-JEE, 1996]
(a) always zero (b) always – ve
x x
(c) always +ve (d) strictly inc. 16. If f (x) =  ____ and g(x) =  ____
     where 0 < x £ 1,
    
sin x tan x
[IIT-JEE, 1987] then
8. The set of all x for which (1 + x) £ x is equal to ...
(a) both f (x) and g(x) are inc. functions
[IIT-JEE, 1987]
(b) both f (x) and g (x) are dec. functions
9. No questions asked in between 1988 to 1992.
(c) f (x) is an inc. function.
p
10. Show that 2 sin x + tan x ≥ 3x, where 0 £ x £ __
     (d) g (x) is an inc. function.
2 [IIT-JEE, 1997]
[IIT-JEE, 1993]
Ï3 x 3 – 12 x – 1 : - 1 £ x £ 2
11. If f (x) = ÔÌ 18. The function f (x) = sin4 x + cos4 x increases if
ÔÓ37 – x : 2< x£3
p p 3p
then f (x) is (a) 0 < x < __
      (b)  __   < x < ___
    
8 4 8
(a) increasing in [– 1, 2]
3p 5p 5p 3p
(b) continuous in [– 1, 3] (c)  ___  < x < ___
      (d)  ___  < x < ___
    
8 8 8 5
(c) greatest at x = 2
(d) all [IIT-JEE, 1999]
[IIT-JEE, 1993] 19. Consider the following statements S and R.
2 3
12. Let h(x) = f (x) – ( f (x)) + ( f (x)) for all x in R. S : Both sin x and cos x are decreasing functions in
Then
(a) h is inc. whenever f is inc.
p
the interval __ (  )
    , p 
2
(b) h is inc. whenever f is dec. R: If a differentiable function decreases in an interval
(c) h is dec. whenever f is dec. (a, b), then its derivative also decrease in (a, b)
(d) nothing can be said in general. Which of the following is true.
[IIT-JEE, 1993] (a) both S and R are wrong.
13. The function f is defined by f (x) = (x + 2) e– x is (b) both S and R are correct but R is not the correct
(a) decreasing for all x explanation for S.
(b) decreasing in (– •, – 1) and increasing in (c) S is correct and R is the correct explanation for S.
(– 1, •) (d) S is correct and R is wrong.
(c) increasing for all x. [IIT-JEE, 2000]
(d) decreasing in (– 1, •) and increasing in
20. Let f (x) = Ú    ex (x – 1) (x – 2) dx. Then f decrease in
(– •, – 1)
[IIT-JEE, 1994] the interval
ln (x  + p) (a) (– •, – 2) (b) (– 2, – 1)
14. The function f (x) = _________
   
  is (c) (1, 2) (d) (2, •)
ln (x + e)
(a) increasing on [0, •) [IIT-JEE, 2000]
x (1 – x)
(b) decreasing on [0, •) 21. If f (x) = xe , then f (x) is
(a) increasing on [– 1/2, 1]
(  )
p
(c) increasing on 0, __
 e   and decreasing on __
p
(  )
 e , •  (b) decreasing on R.
(  )
(d) decreasing on 0, __
p p
( 
 e   and increasing on __ )
 e , • 

(c) increasing on R.
(d) decreasing on [– 1/2, 1]
[IIT-JEE, 1995] [IIT-JEE, 2001]
Monotonocity 7.13
22. The length of the longest interval in which the

function f (x) = 3 sin x – 4 sin3 x is increasing is
(  )
3 1
(c) –  __  , –  __   
4 2

p
(a)  __   
3
p
(b)  __  
2
(  ) 1
(d) 0,  __   
4
3p (ii) The area bounded by the curve y = f (x) and the lines
(c)  ___    (d) p
2 x = 0, y = 0 and x = t lies in the interval
(  )
[IIT-JEE, 2002] 3
(a) __
    , 3 
23. Using the relation 2 (1 – cos x) < x 2 , x π 0 or 4
p
otherwise, prove that sin (tan x) > x, " x Œ 0, __ (  )
     
4 (b) ( ___
64 16 )
21 11
    , ___
     
[IIT-JEE, 2003]
(c) (9, 10)
dp (x)
24. If P (1) = 0 and _____
(  )
      > P (x) for all x ≥ 1, then prove
  21
dx (d) 0, ___
     
that P (x) > 0 for all x > 1 64
[IIT-JEE, 2003] (iii) The function f ¢(x) is
p
[  ] ( 
3x (x + 1)
25. Prove that for x Œ 0,  __    , sin x + 2x ≥  ________
2 p     )
  .
 
(  ) 1
4 (  )
1
(a) inc. in – t,  __    and dec. in –  __  , t 
4
(b) dec. in (  – t, –  __   ) and inc. in ( –  __  , t )

Explain the identity if any used in the proof. 1 1

4 4
[IIT-JEE, 2003]
26. No questions asked in between 2004 to 2007. (c) inc. in (– t, t)
( p p
27. Let the function f : (– •, •) Æ –  __  , __
2 2 )
      be given by (d) dec. in (– t, t)
[IIT-JEE, 2010]
p
g (u) = 2 tan– 1 (eu) – __
    . Then g is 30. If f (x) = x3/2 (3x – 10), x ≥ 0, then f (x) is increasing
2
in ...
(a) even and is strictly inc. in (0, •)
[IIT-JEE, 2011]
(b) odd and is strictly dec. in (– •, •)
31. Let f (x) = (1 – x)2 sin2 x + x 2 for all x in R and
(c) odd and is strictly inc. in (– •, •)
( 
x
(d) neither even nor odd, but is strictly inc. in
(– •, •).
[IIT-JEE, 2008]
1
2 (t – 1)
g (x) = Ú      _______ 
t+1
 
  )
– ln t  f (t) dt for all x > 1. which
of the following is true?

1
28. For function f (x) = x cos __ (  )
 x   x ≥ 1 (a) g is inc. on (1, •)
(a) for atleast one x in interval [1, •), f (x + 2) (b) g is dec. on (1, •)
– f (x) < 2 (c) g is inc. on (1, 2) and dec. on (2, •)
(d) g is dec. on (1, 2) and inc. on (2, •).
   
(b)  lim 
( f (x)) = 1
x Æ •
[IIT-JEE, 2012]
(c) for all x in interval [1, •), f (x + 2) – f (x) > 2
(d) f ¢(x) is strictly decreasing in the interval [1, •). 32. No questions asked in 2013.
x
[IIT-JEE, 2009]
33. Let f : (0, •) Æ R be given by f (x) = Ú    e (
  ) 1
– t + __ dt
      __
t     ,
29. Consider the function 1/x
t
f (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3. Let s be the sum of all then
distinct real roots of f (x) and let t = |s|. (a) f (x) is monotonic inc. on [1, •).
(i) The real number s lies in the interval
(b) f (x) is monotonic dec. on (0, 1).
(  )
1
(a) –  __  , 0 
4
1
(c) f (x) + f __ (  )
 x   = 0, for all x Œ(0, •).
(b) ( – 1, –  __   )

3 (d) f (2x) is an odd function of x on R.

4
[IIT-JEE, 2014]
Answers
LEVEL II Passage III: 1. (c, d) 2. (a, c, d) 3. (b, c, d)
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d) Passage IV: 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b) Passage V: 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) Passage VI: 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c)
16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a, d) 20. (c) Passage VII: 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c)
21. (a, c) 22. (a) 23. (b, c) 24. (a) 25. (c) MATRIX MATCH
26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (a) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (c) 34. (b) 35. (c) 1. (A)Æ(P), (B)Æ(Q), (C)Æ(P), (D)Æ(Q)
36. (d) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (d) 2. (A)Æ(R), (B)Æ(Q), (C)Æ(Q), (D)Æ(P)
41. (d) 3. (A)Æ(R), (B)Æ(P), (C)Æ(Q), (D)Æ(S)
4. (A)Æ(R,T), (B)Æ(P), (C)Æ(Q), (D)Æ(S)
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
5. (A)Æ(Q), (B)Æ(P), (C)Æ(S), (D)Æ(R)
1. 1 2. 3 3. 2 4. 3 5. 3
6. (A)Æ(Q), (B)Æ(P), (C)Æ(S), (D)Æ(T)
6. 4 7. 6 8. 4 9. 3 10. 5
7. (A)Æ(R), (B)Æ(P), (C)Æ(S), (D)Æ(Q)
COMPREHENSIVE LINK PASSAGES 8. (A)Æ(R), (B)Æ(P), (C)Æ(S), (D)Æ(Q)
Passage I : 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 9. (A)Æ(R), (B)Æ(P), (C)Æ(Q), (D)Æ(S)
Passage II: 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 10. (A)Æ(Q), (B)Æ(T), (C)Æ(P, R), (D)Æ(P, Q, R, S)
Hints and solutions

3. Given f (x) = (x – 1)3 (x – 2)2
fi f ¢(x) = 3(x – 1)2 (x – 2)2 + 2 (x – 1)3 (x – 2)
1. Given f (x) = 2x3 – 12x2 + 18x + 5
= 6x2 – 24x + 18 = (x – 1)2 (x – 2) (3 (x – 2) + 2 (x – 1))
= 6(x2 – 4x + 3) = (x – 1)2 (x – 2) (5x – 7)

= 6(x2 – 4x + 3)
= 6(x – 1) (x – 3)
By the sign scheme, we can say that, f (x) is strictly
( 
7
)
increase in – •,  __    » (2, •) and strictly decreases
5
(  )
By the sign scheme, f (x) is strictly increases in 7
(– •, 1) » (3, •) and strictly decreases in (1, 3) in __
    , 2 
5
2. Given f (x) = 5 + 36x + 3x2 – 2x3 4. Given f (x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 6x + 10
fi f ¢(x) = 36 + 6x – 6x2 fi f ¢(x) = 6x2 – 6x + 6
= – 6(x2 – x – 6) = 6(x2 – x + 2) > 0, for all x in R
= –6 (x – 3) (x + 2)
Thus, the function f (x) is strictly increases for all x
in R.
5. Given f (x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 12x + 20
fi f ¢(x) = 6x2 + 6x + 12
increases in (– 2, 3) and strictly decreases in (– •, – 2) = 6(x2 + x + 2) > 0 for all x in R
» (3, •). Thus, f (x) is strictly increases in (– •, •)
Monotonocity 7.15
x 2 _____
6. Given f (x) = __
     + __    10. Given f (x) = cot– 1 x – log ( x + ÷x  2 + 1  
)
2 x  
1 2 ______ x2  – 4 1
f ¢(x) = 1 + _____
1
  – ___________
fi f ¢(x) = __
     – __
  2    =   2     fi     2         
_____
2 x 2x 1+x (  x + ÷ x  2 + 1   )
_____
(x  – 2) (x + 2)
=  ____________ (  x + ÷x  2 + 1   )
 
     ×  ____________
_____     
 
2x2 ÷x  2 + 1   
1 1
fi f ¢(x) = 1 + _____
    2    –  _______
   
_____   > 0 " x Œ R
1+x ÷x  + 1  
2
Thus, f (x) is strictly increases in (– •, •)

increases in (– •, – 2) » (2, •)and strictly decreases 11. Given f (x) = – x2 + mx + 1
in (– 2, 0) » (0, 2) fi f ¢(x) = – 2x + m
7. Given f (x) = 5x3/2 – 3x5/2, x > 0 Since f is strictly increasing, so f ¢(x) > 0
fi – 2x + m > 0
fi f ¢(x) = 15x1/2 – 15x3/2
__ __ fi m > 2x
= 15 ÷x 
    (1 – x) – 15÷x 
   (x – 1)
fi m > 2, " x Œ [1, 2]
Hence, the least value of m is 2.
12. Given f (x) = sin x – bx + c
By the sign scheme, we can say that, f (x) is strictly fi f ¢(x) = cos x – b
increases in (0, 1) and strictly decreases in (1, •) Since f is strictly decreasing, so f < 0
______ fi cos x – b < 0
8. Given f (x) = log ( x + ÷1  + x2  
  )
fi b > cos x
fi  
1
f ¢(x) = ________________
(  x + ÷ x  + 1   )
2 (  1 _____
× 2x
      1 +  ________    
)
  
2 ÷x  2 + 1 
 
fi
Hence,
b>1
b Œ (1, •)
( 
13. Given f (x) = e2x – (a + 1)ex + 2x
fi  
1
f ¢(x) = ________________
(  x + ÷ x  + 1   
2 )
x
      1 + _______
  _____
   
)
  
÷ x  + 1  
2 fi f ¢(x) = 2 e2x – (a + 1)ex + 2
= 2 (ex)2 – (a + 1)ex + 2
( 

)
_____
1 ÷x  + 1  
2
 + x
= ___________
         __________
_____ _____   
     Since f is strictly increasing, so f ¢(x) > 0
(  x + ÷ x  2 + 1   
) ÷x  2 + 1  
fi 2 (ex)2 – (a + 1)ex + 2 > 0
1 2
= _______
  _____   > 0 " x Œ R
    fi 2 ex – (a + 1)ex + __   x    > 0
÷ x  + 1  
2 e
Thus, f (x) is strictly increases in (– •, •)

fi (  1
2 ex + __ )
  x     – (a + 1) > 0
e
9. Given
x
f (x) = ____
      
log x
fi ( 
1
(a + 1) < 2 ex + __
  x    
e )
fi (a + 1) < 2.2 = 4
log x  –  1
fi f ¢(x) = ________
    
 
(log x)2 fi a<3
Hence, the value of a is Œ (– •, 3)
14. Given (  )
a2  – 1 3
f (x) = ______
     
3
  x + (a – 1) x2 + 2x + 1
(  )
a2  – 1 2
increases in (e, •) and strictly decreases in (0, e). fi f ¢(x) = 3 ______
       x + 2 (a – 1) x + 2
3
fi f ¢(x) = (a2 – 1) x2 + 2 (a – 1) x + 2 Since x = – 3, 3 are not an interior point of the domain
of f, so x = – 3, 3 are not the critical point of f.
Since f is strictly increasing, so f ¢(x) > 0
Thus, the critical points of f are x = 1 and 9.
fi (a2 – 1) x2 + 2 (a – 1) x + 2 > 0
18. Given f (x) = x4/5 (x – 4)2
fi (a2 – 1) > 0 & 4 (a – 1)2 – 8 (a2 – 1) < 0
4
fi a2 > 1 & (a – 1)2 – 2 (a2 – 1) < 0 fi f ¢(x) = 2x4/5 (x – 4) +  ____
    (x – 4)2
5x1/5
fi (a + 1)(a – 1) > 0 & (a + 3)(a – 1) > 0
10x (x  – 4) + 4 (x – 4)2
fi a Œ (– •, – 1) » (1, •) fi f ¢(x) =  ___________________
        
5x1/5
and a Œ (– •, – 3) » (1, •)
(x  – 4) (10x + 4x – 16)
Hence, the values of a are a Œ (– •, – 3) » (1, •) fi f ¢(x) =  ___________________
        
5x1/5
15. Given f (x) = (a + 2) x3 – 3a x2 + 9a x – 1 2 (x  – 4) (7x – 8)
fi f ¢(x) =  ______________
 
    
fi f ¢(x) = 3 (a + 2) x2 – 6a x + 9a 5x1/5
Since f is strictly decreasing for all x in R, so Also, Df = R
8
f ¢(x) < 0 Thus, the critical points of f are x = 0, __
    , 4
7
fi 3(a + 2) x2 – 6a x + 9a < 0 19. Given f (x) = x + cos– 1 x + 1
fi (a + 2)x2 – 2a x + 3a < 0 1_____
–1
fi f ¢(x) =  ______    
 
Thus, (a + 2) < 0 and 4a2 – 12a (a + 2) < 0 ÷ 1  – x2 
 
fi a < – 2 and a2 – 3a (a + 2) < 0 1
Now, f ¢(x) = 0 fi 1 – ______
  _____   
  = 0
fi a < – 2 & a (a + 3) > 0 ÷ 1  – x2 
 
fi a Œ (– •, – 2) & a Œ (– •, – 3) » (0, •) 1
fi  ______
_____   
  =1
Thus, a Œ (– •, – 3) ÷ 1  – x2 
 
ex fi x = 0.
16. Given f (x) =  _____
   
x–1 Also, Df = [– 1, 1]
x x x
(x –  1) e – e ◊ 1 e (x  – 2) Thus, the critical points of ‘f ’ is x = 0.
fi f ¢(x) =  ______________
  
2
   = ________
      
  ___________
(x – 1) (x – 1)2
20. Given x  2 – 6x +  
f (x) = ÷ 15 
Also, Df = R – {1}
1
Since x = 1 is not an interior point in the domain of fi f ¢(x) = _____________
  ___________
      × (2x – 6)
f, so, x = 1 is not a critical point of f. 2÷x    – 6x +  
2
15 
1
Thus, the critical point of f is x = 2. fi f ¢(x) = ______________
  ___________
     × 2(x – 3)
2 ÷x  – 6x +  
2 
15 
5x2 – 18x + 45
17. Given f (x) =  _____________
  
   (x – 3)
x2 – 9 fi f ¢(x) =  ____________
___________  
  
÷ x    – 6x +  
2
15 
(x2 – 9) (10x – 18) – (5x2 – 18x + 45) ◊ 2x
fi f ¢(x) =  _________________________________
          Also Df = R
(x2 – 9)2
Thus, the critical points of f is x = 3.
18 (x2 – 10 + 9)
fi f ¢(x) =  _____________
  
    21. Given f (x) = 2x2 –ln |x|
(x2 – 9)2
2
1 4x  – 1
18(x – 1)(x – 9) fi f ¢(x) = 4x –  __
x   = _______
  x     
fi f ¢(x) =  _____________
  
   
(x2 – 9)2
(2x  – 1)(2x + 1)
=  ______________
x     . 
Also, Df = R – {– 3, 3}
Monotonocity 7.17
Thus f (x) is strictly decreases in (– 1, 1)

Now, f (– 1) = – 1 + 3 – 1 = 1 > 0
and f (1) = 1 – 3 – 1 = – 2 < 0
By the sign scheme for f ¢(x), we have, f (x) is increas-
Thus, the curve y = f (x) = x3 – 3x – 1 will cut the
[  ) [  )
1
ing in  –  
2 2
1
__  , 0   »   __  , •   and decreasing in  – •,

1
( 
–  __     
2 ] x-axis exactly one point in (– 1, 1)
x2
f (x) = ex – 1 – x –  __  
» (  0,
25. Let
2 ]
1 2
__       .
fi f ¢(x) = ex – 1 – x < 0, " x Œ (– 1, 1)
2
22. Given f (x) = |x – 1|/x
Thus, f (x) is strictly decreases in (– 1, 1)
Ïx –1 1 1
ÔÔ 2 = –
x x2
: x ≥1
1 1 __ 1 __ 1
fi f (x) = Ì
x Now, f (– 1) =  __ __
e  – 1 + 1 –  2   =  e  –  2   < 0
Ô –x=
1 1 1
– : x <1
ÓÔ x 2 x2 x and
1 5
f (1) = e – 1 – 1 –  __   = e – __
     > 0
2 2
Ï 1 2 2–x
ÔÔ- x 2 + x 3 = x 3 : x ≥1 x2
Thus, the equation ex = 1 + x +  __   has a real root
fi f ¢(x) = Ì 2
Ô– 2 + 1 = x – 2 : x < 1 in (– 1, 1)
ÔÓ x 3 x 2 x3 26. As we know that tan – 1 x & e x, both are strictly
increasing for all x in R.
Therefore f (x) = tan– 1 (ex) is strictly increasing for
all x in R.
27. As we know that tan– 1 x is strictly increasing for
By the sign scheme for the function f ¢(x), we have all x in R and (log1/3 x) is strictly decreasing for all
f (x) is increasing in (– •, 0) » [1, 2] and decreases x Œ R +.
in (0, 1] » [2, •).
Therefore, f (x) = tan– 1 (log1/3 x) is strictly decreasing
for all x Œ R.
2 2
23. Given f (x) = x2 e– x
/a , a > 0
(  )
28. As we know that cot– 1 x is strictly decreasing for all
2x
x /a × –  ___2   
2 2 2 2
fi f ¢(x) = 2 x e–
x /a + x2 ◊ e– x in R and (log4 x) is increasing for all x Œ R +.
a Therefore, f (x) = cot– 1 (log4 x) is strictly decreasing
= 2 x e–
2 2
(  )
x2
x /a 1–  __2   
a
for all x Œ R +.
29. As we know that (log1/10 x) is strictly decreasing
( 
for all x Œ R + and (cot– 1 x) is strictly decreasing for
= – 2 x e–
2 2 (x  – a) (x + a)
x /a  ____________
a2
  
     ) all x.
Thus f (x) = cot– 1 (log1/10 x) is strictly increasing for
(  )2 all x > 0.
= –  __2     e– x /a × x(x – a)(x + a)
2 2
__
a 30. Let f (x) = 3x – x2 and g (x) = ÷
x 
   
Now, f ¢(x) = 3 – 2x
3
By the sign scheme, f is strictly inc. in – •, __
      and
2 (  )
Now, by the sign scheme for the function f ¢(x), we
have f (x) is increases in (– •, – a] » [0, a]
3
2 (  )
strictly decreasing in  __  , •  .
Also, g is srictly increasing in [0, •).

24. Given x3 = 3x + 1
Now, Df = [0, 3]
______
3
Let f (x) = x – 3x – 1   – x2 
Thus, the function y = ÷3x   is strictly increasing
fi f ¢(x) = 3x2 – 3 = 3(x2 – 1)
(  )3
in 0, __
3
      and strictly decreasing in __
2 (  )
    , 2  .
2
2
fi f ¢(x) = 3 (x – 1) < 0, " x Œ (– 1, 1)
31. Let g (x) = tan– 1 and h (x) = (sin x + cos x) p 5p

fi 2np + __
     < x < 2 p + ___
    
4 4
Now, h¢(x) = (cos x – sin x)
p 5p
( 
fi 2np + __
     < log x < 2np + ___
    
)
__ 1 1
=÷     ___
2    __    cos x – ___
  __    sin x  4 4
÷   
2  ÷   
2 
fi e(
  p
)
2np +  __    (  5p
2np +  ___    )
( 
__ p
)
4 < x < e 4
=÷   c  os x + __
2       
4
34. Let g(x) = loge x and h(x) = cos x
h(x) is strictly increasing if h¢(x) > 0
Here, g (x) is strictly increases for all x > 0
( 
__ p
fi ÷ 2   cos x + __       > 0
4 ) Also, h (x) is strictly decreases in (0, p)
(  )
p Again, for the domain of the function, cos x > 0
fi cos x + __
      > 0
4
fi 0 < ( x + __
p p
     ) < __     < (  x + __
3p
     & ___
p
     ) < 2p
fi (  )
p
x Œ 0,  __   
2
4 2 2 4
Therefore, the function f (x) is strictly decreases in
(  )
p p 5p 7p p
fi –  __   < x < __
     and ___
    < x < ___
     0, __
      .
4 4 4 4 2
Thus, the given function f (x) is strictly increases in 35. Let g (x) = sin x + cos x and h (x) = sin x
p 3p
__
4 4 (  ) (  )
    , ___
5p 7p
      » ___
    , ___
4 4
p
      and strictly decreasing in 0, __ (  )
      Now,
4
g¢(x) = cos x – sin x
» ( ___       » ( ___ ( 

__ p
4 4 )
3p 5p
    , ___     , 2p ).
7p
4
    cos x + __
= ÷2       
4 )
( 
__ p
32. Let
log x
g (x) = ____
  x   
  and h (x) = log x
When    cos x +  __    > 0
g¢(x) > 0. ÷2 
4 )
Now,
1 – log x
g¢ (x) =  _______
  
 
fi
p
–  __   <
2 (  x + __ p4   ) < __ p2  
x2 p p p p
fi –  __   – __
     < x < __
     – __
    
By the sign scheme, g (x) is strictly increasing in 2 4 2 4
(0, e) and strictly decreasing in (e, •) 3p p
fi –  ___  < x < __    
Also, h (x) is strictly increasing for all x > 0. 2 4
Also, Df = (1, •) When g¢(x) < 0, __
p
2
p
     < x + __ (  3p
      < ___
4
    
2 )
Thus, f (x) is strictly increasing in (1, e)
p p 3p p
and strictly decreasing in (e, •) fi  __   – __
     < x < ___
    – __
    
2 4 2 4
33.
Let g(x) = sin x + cos x and h(x) = log x
p 5p
Since h(x) is an increasing function, f (x) will be fi  __   < x < ___
    
4 4
decreases if g(x) decreases.
Now, g¢(x) = cos x – sin x
p
Thus, f (x) is strictly increases in 0,  __    and strictly
2 (  )
(  (  )
p
) decreasing in __
__ 1 1
    ___
= ÷2    __    cos x – ___
  __    sin x      , p  .
4
÷   
2  ÷   
2 
x2
36. Let f (x) = log (1 + x) – x +  __  
(  ( 
__
= ÷2 
p
    cos x + __
       
4 )) 1
2
fi f ¢(x) = _____        – 1 + x
Since g(x) decreases, so g ¢(x) < 0 1+x
1
f ¢(x) = _____
fi (  p
cos x + __
      < 0
4 ) fi      
1+x
  – (1 – x)
( 
p p 1  –  1 + x2 x2
fi 2np + __
     < x + __
2 4
3p
)
      < 2np + ___
    
2
fi f ¢(x) =  _________
1+x
  
   =  _____
x+1
    > 0 " x Œ R +
Monotonocity 7.19
_____ _____
fi f (x) is strictly increasing in (0, •) 40. Let f (x) = 1 + x log ( x + ÷x  2 + 1   
) – ÷1  + x2 
 
Thus
( 
f (x) > f (0) _____
fi
x2
log (1 + x) – x +  __   > 0
2
f ¢ (x) = log ( x + ÷   ) + __________
x  2 + 1    
x_____
      
x  2 + 1 
x  + ÷   )
fi
x2
log (1 + x) > x –  __  
2
x
1 +  _______
   
_____
(  x
   –  _______
   
_____
÷ x  + 1   ÷1  + x2 
2 )
 
 
Hence, the result. _____
f ¢ (x) = log ( x + ÷ ) + _______
x
x x  2 + 1      _____
     
37. Consider f (x)= log (1 + x) – _____
        ÷ 1  + x2 
 
x+1
x
1 1 – _______
  _____
     
fi f ¢(x) = _____
       – _______
       ÷ 1  + x2   
1 + x (x + 1)2 _____
x +  1 – 1 _______ x f ¢ (x) = log ( x + ÷   )
x  2 + 1  
fi f ¢(x) =  ________   
 =        

2
(x + 1) (x + 1)2 _____
f ¢ (x) = log ( x + ÷ ) ≥ 0, "x ≥ 0
x  2 + 1  
 
fi f ¢(x) > 0 for all x > 0
Thus, f (x) is increasing in [0, •)
Thus, f (x) is strictly increasing
f (x) ≥ f (0)
fi f (x) > f (0) _____ _____
x 1 + x log ( x + ÷x  2 + 1  
  ) – ÷x  2 + 1  ≥ 0
fi log (1 + x) – _____
       > 0
x+1 _____ _____
x fi 1 + x log ( x + ÷x  2 + 1  
  ) ≥ ÷x  2 + 1  
fi log (1 + x) > _____
     
  for all x > 0
x+1 Hence, the result.
Hence, the result. 41. Let f (x) = x – sin x
38. Let f (x) = (1 + x) log (1 + x) – ex + 1
(1 + x)
fi (  )
p
f ¢ (x) = 1 – cos x > 0, " x Œ 0,  __   
2
f ¢(x) =  ______ 
(  )
fi   + log(1 + x) ◊ 1 – ex p
(1 + x) Thus, f (x) is strictly increasing in 0, __
     
2
fi f ¢(x) = 1 + log(1 + x)– ex
fi f (x) > f (0)
fi f ¢(x) < 0 for all x < 0 fi x – sin x > 0
Thus, f (x) is strictly decreasing function
fi x > sin x
fi f ¢(x) < f (0)
fi cos x < cos (sin x) ...(i)
fi (1 + x) log (1 + x) – ex + 1 < 0
fi (1 + x) log (1 + x) < e –1 x
p
(  )
Also, for all x in 0,  __    , 0 < cos x < 1
2
fi cos x < 1
Hence, the result.
fi cos x > sin (cos x) ...(ii)
39. We have f (x) = 2x tan– 1 x – log (1 + x2)
2x 2x
fi f ¢ (x) = 2 tan x +  ______
– 1
 2   –  ______
     sin (cos x) < cos x < cos (sin x)
1  + x 1  + x2
42. Given f (x) = log x – Bx2
fi f ¢ (x) = 2 tan– 1 x > 0 for all x in R +
1 1 – 2Bx2
Thus, f (x) is strictly increasing in R + fi f ¢ (x) = __
 x  – 2Bx =  ________
x    
fi f (x) > f (0) The critical points of ‘f ’ are
fi 2x tan– 1 x – log (1 + x2) > 0

1
x = 0, ____
  ___
1
, – ____
       ___
    
÷     ÷2B 
2B     
fi 2x tan –1 x > log (1 + x2)
Hence, the result. Now, (  1
f ¢ (x) > 0, "x Œ 0, ____
  ___
÷ )
     
   
2B 
and
1
f ¢ (x) < 0, "x Œ ____
  ___
÷
2B 
, • 
    
    (  ) fi f ¢¢ (x) = 20x3
fi f ≤¢ (x) = 60x2 is exists for all x

Now, log x < Bx2 for x > 0
Now, f ¢¢ (x) = 0 gives x = 0
1
It holds good for x = ____
  ___
    
÷    
2B  By the sign scheme for f ¢¢ (x) = 0, we have, f (x) is
concave down in (– •, 0) and concave up in (0, •).
Thus (  )1
log ____
  ___
÷    
2B 
1
      < B, ___
2B 2
1
      = __
     45. We have f (x) = x4 – 5x3 – 15x2 + 30
___ 1 fi f ¢ (x) = 4x3 – 15x2 – 30x
fi     ) < __
– log ( ÷2B      
2
___
fi f ¢¢ (x) = 12x2 – 30x – 30
1
fi log ( ÷     ) < –  __  
2B 
2 Now, f ¢¢ (x) = 0 gives 12x2 – 30x – 30 = 0
1
___ –  __  
fi ÷ 2B   < e 2 fi 6x2 – 15x – 15 = 0
fi 2x2 – 5x – 5 = 0
fi 2B < e– 1 _______
5 ± ÷25  + 40   
fi
1
B > ___
      fi x =   ___________
     
2e 4
1 5 ± 8 ___ 13 3
Thus, the least value of B is ___
      fi x =  _____  =     , –  __  
  
2e 4 4 4
b By the sign scheme for the function f ¢¢ (x), the func-
43. Let f (x) = a x2 + __
 x  – c
fi
b
f ¢ (x) = 2a x –  __2   
( 
3 13
tion f (x) is concave down in –  __  , ___ )
      and concave
4 4
x
b
(  3
4 ) (  13
up in – •, –  __    » ___ )
    , • 
4
Now, f ¢ (x) = 0 gives 2a x – __
  2    = 0
x 46. We have f (x) = (sin x + cos x) ex
fi 2a x3 = b f ¢ (x) = (sin x + cos x) ex + ex (cos x – sin x)
f ¢ (x) = ex (sin x + cos x + cos x – sin x)
(  )

b 1/3
fi x = ___
      
2a f ¢ (x) = 2ex cos x
b
Thus, the least value of f (x) occurs at x = ___
      
2a (  )
1/3
f ≤(x) = 2 (ex cos x – ex sin x)
{  }
b 2/3 b f ≤ (x) = 2ex (cos x – sin x)
we have a ___
       + _______
   1/3  ≥c
2a
{  } b
___
      
2a
Now,
fi
f≤ (x) = 0 gives 2ex (cosx – sinx) = 0
tan x = 1
a ( ___
      ) + b ≥ c ◊ ( ___
      )
b b 1/3
fi p 5p
2a 2a fi x = __
    , ___
    
4 4
fi ( ___
     ) ≥ ___
3b b 3
2 By the sign scheme for the function f ≤ (x) = 0, we
      ◊ c
27b
2
b
2a
3
have f (x) is concave down in __
p 5p
(  )
    , ___
4 4
      and concave
(  ) ( 
fi  ____  ≥ ___
      ◊ c2
8
  
2a
2 3
p
up in 0, __
4
5p
      » ___ )
    , 2p 
4
fi 27b a ≥ 4c
47. Given curve is y = f (x) = Ax2 + Bx + C
fi 27a b2 ≥ 4c3 f ¢ (x) = 2Ax + B
Hence, the result. f ≤ (x) = 2A
44. We have f (x) = x5 + 5x – 6 Thus, the curve concave up if f ≤ (x) > 0 and concave
down if f ≤ (x) < 0 i.e. concave up if A > 0 and con-
fi f ¢ (x) = 5x4 + 5 cave down if A < 0.
Monotonocity 7.21
f ≤ (x) = – 2( e– x ◊ (– 2x) )

2 2
48. We have f (x) = x4 – 4x3 + x – 10 fi x ◊ 1 + x ◊ e–
fi f ¢ (x) = 4x3 – 12x2 + 1 fi f ≤ (x) = 2e–

2
x (2x2 – 1)
fi f ≤ (x) = 12x2 – 24x = 12x (x – 2) 2
Now, f ≤ (x) = 0 gives 2e–
x (2x2 – 1) = 0
Now, f ≤ (x) = 0 gives x = 0 and x = 2.
1__
fi x = ±  ___   
when x = 0, y = – 10 ÷   
2 
when x = 2, y = – 24 1 –     
1
__
1
when x = ___
  __   , y = e 2 = ___
  __   
Thus, the point of inflection are (0, 10) and ÷   
2  ÷e 
   
(2, – 24) 1__ –      1

1
__
49. We have y = f (x) = (x – 2)2/3 + 10 when x = –  ___   , y = e 2 = ___

  __    .
÷   
2  ÷   
e 
2 2
fi f ¢ (x) = __
     (x – 2) – 1/3 = _________
        Thus, the point of inflection are
3 3(x – 2)1/3
fi f ≤ (x) = _________
 
2
   
9 (x – 2) 4/3
  ÷
1__ ___
–  ___
   ÷
2 
1
e ( 
    ÷
1 1__
  ,    __     & ___
   ÷
2  ) ( 
  __   , ___
      
e 
    )
Thus, f ≤ (x) does not exist at x = 2.
when x = 2, y = 0 + 10 = 10
1. Given f (x) = 4x – tan 2x
Thus, the inflection point is (2, 10)
f ¢ (x) = 4 – 2 sec2 x
50. We have f (x) = x4 – 6x3 + 12x2 – 8x + 3
Now, f ¢ (x) > 0 gives 4 – 2 sec2 2x > 0
fi f ¢ (x) = 4x3 – 18x2 + 24x – 8
fi sec2 2x < 2
fi f ≤ (x) = 12x2 – 36x + 24 __ __
2
fi ( sec 2x + ÷2  
   ) ( sec 2x – ÷2  
   ) < 0
= 12 (x – 3x + 2) __ __
fi     < sec 2x < ÷2 
– ÷2    
= 12 (x – 1) (x – 2)
p p
Now, f ≤ (x) = 0 gives x = 1, 2 fi –  __   < 2x < __    
4 4
when x = 1, y = 2 p p
fi –  __   < x < __
    
when x = 2, y = 3 8 8
Thus, the length of the longest interval
Thus, the point of inflection are (1, 2) and (2, 3).
51. Given y = f (x) = x2 – ___

1
   3  
6x

p
(  (  ) )
= __
8
p
4
p
     – –  __      = __
    
4
1 2. We have x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 2 cos x = 0

fi f ¢ (x) = 2x + ___
   4  
2x Let f (x) = x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 2 cos x
2
fi f ≤ (x) = 2 – __
  5    fi f ¢ (x) = 3x2 + 4x + 5 – 2 sin x
x
2 Let g (x) = 3x2 + 4x + 5 and h (x) = 2 sin x
Now, f ≤ (x) = 0 gives 2 –  __5    = 0
x 16 – 60 ___ 44 22
Thus, x=1 Max value of g (x) is –  _______ =     = ___
       and max
6 6 3
5
when x = 1, y = __
     value of h (x) is 2.
6
5
(  )
Thus, the point of inflection is 1,  __    .
6
Thus,
fi
f ¢ (x) > 0
f (x) is strictly increasing function
2
52. We have y = f (x) = e –
x
2
Also, f (0) = 2 > 0 and f (2p) > 0
fi f ¢ (x) = e –
x × – 2x
2 Therefore f (x) has no real root.
fi f ¢ (x) = – 2e–
x × x
x
3. We have
x
7. We have f (x) = Ú     (bt 2 + t sin t) dt
0
f (x) = (ab – b2 – 2) x + Ú     (cos4 q + sin4 q) dq
0 fi f ¢ (x) = bx2 + x sin x
fi f ¢ (x) = (ab – b2 – 2) + (cos4 x + sin4 x)
Since f (x) is a decreasing function, so f ¢ (x) £ 0
fi (  sin x
f ¢ (x) = x2 b +  ____ )
  
x   
Since f (x) is monotonic, so f ¢ (x) > 0 or f ¢ (x) < 0
fi (ab – b2 – 2) + (cos4 x + sin4 x) £ 0
fi (ab – b2 – 2) + 1 £ 0 fi (  sin x
x2 b +  ____ ) ( sin x
   > 0 & x2 b +  ____
x    )
   < 0
x   
2
fi (ab – b – 2) £ 0
fi 2
(b – ab +1) ≥ 0
sin x
fi b +  ____ (  )
sin x
   > 0 & b +  ____
x    ( 
   < 0
x    )
Therefore, b > 1
fi a2 – 4 £ 0
fi b Œ (– •, 1)
fi (a + 2) (a – 2) £ 0
fi – 2 £ a £ 2 8. We have f (x) = sin4 x + cos4 x
fi a Œ [– 2, 2] f ¢ (x) = 4 sin3 x ◊ cos x – 4 cos3 x ◊ sin x
4. Given f (x) = cos x + a2 x + b = – 4 sin x ◊ cos x (cos2 x – sin2 x)
fi f ¢ (x) = – sin x + a2 = – 2 (2 sin x ◊ cos x) (cos2 x – sin2 x)

Since f (x) is increasing, so f ¢ (x) ≥ 0 = – (2 sin 2x ◊ cos 2x)
fi a2 – sin x ≥ 0 = – sin 4x
fi a2 ≥ sin x
When f (x) is strictly increasing, then f ¢ (x) > 0
fi a2 ≥ 1
fi – sin 4x > 0
fi a2 –1 ≥
fi (a + 1) (a – 1) ≥ 0 fi sin 4x < 0
fi a £ – 1, a ≥ 1 fi p < 4x < 2p
fi a Œ (– •, – 1] » [1, •) p p
fi  __   < x < __     
2 2
5. Given f (x) = 2ex – ae– x + (2a + 1) x – 3
fi f ¢ (x) = 2ex + ae– x + (2a + 1)

Thus,
p p
x Œ __
    , __
4 2 (  )
     
Since f (x) is increasing, so f ¢ (x) ≥ 0 9. We have f (x) = x ex (1 – x)
fi 2ex + ae– x + (2a + 1) ≥ 0 fi f ¢ (x) = ex (1 – x) + x ex (1 – x) × (1 – 2x)
fi 2 (ex)2 + (2a + 1) ex + a ≥ 0 fi f ¢ (x) = (1 + x (1 – 2x)) ex (1 – x)
Therefore, D £ 0 fi f ¢ (x) = (1 + x – 2x2)ex (1 – x)

fi (2a + 1)2 – 8a £ 0
= – (2x2 – x – 1)ex (1 – x)
2
fi 4a + 4a + 1 – 8a £ 0
2
= – (2x + 1) (x – 1)ex (1 – x)
fi 4a – 4a + 1 £ 0
By the sign scheme for f ¢ (x), the function f (x) is
fi (2a + 1)2 £ 0
fi (2a – 1)2 = 0
1
[  ] ( 1
)
increasing –  __  , 1  and decreasing in – •, –  __    [1, •)
2 2
1
fi a = __
     log (p  + x)
2 10. Given f (x) = __________
      
log (e + x)
6. ***
Monotonocity 7.23
1 1 fi a2 – 5a + 4 < 0
log (e + x) ______ – log (p + x)  _____
          
(p + x) (e + x)
fi f ¢ (x) = ____________________________
         fi
    (a – 1) (a – 4) < 0
{log (e + x)}2
fi 1<a<4
(e + x) log (e + x) – (p + x) log (p + x) a Œ (1, 4)
=  ____________________________
           Thus,
(e + x) (p + x){log (e + x)}2
13. Given f (x) = 2x2 – k x + 5
Since 1<e 0 " x Œ [1, 2]
Multiplying (i) and (ii), we get,
Thus, f ¢ (1) is the least value of f (x).
(e + x) log (e + x) < (p + x) log (p + x) Now, f ¢ (1) > 0 gives 4 – k > 0
Thus, f ¢ (x) < 0 fi k<4
Therefore, f (x) is decreasing in (0, •). fi k Œ (– •, 4)
– ax ax x
11. Given, f (x) = e +e ,a>0
14. We have f (x) = Ú     (t 2 + 2t) (t 2 – 1) dt
fi f ¢ (x) = – a e– ax + a eax –1
ax – ax
fi f ¢ (x) = a (e –e ) fi f ¢ (x) = (x2 + 2x) (x2 – 1)
Since f (x) is monotonic increasing, so f ¢ (x) > 0 fi f ¢ (x) = x (x + 2) (x + 1) (x – 1)
ax – ax
fi a (e –e )>0 By the sign scheme, we get, f (x) is strictly increasing
fi ( 
e  – 12ax
a _______
  ax    
e
  > 0 ) in (– •, – 2) » (– 1, 0) » (1, •) and strictly decreas-
ing in (– 2, – 1) » (0, 1)
fi e2ax – 1 > 0 ÏÔ xe ax : x£0
2ax 0 15. Given f (x) = Ì
fi e >e 2 3
ÔÓ x + ax – x : x > 0
fi 2a x > 0
Clearly f is continuous at x = 0
fi x>0
Hence, the required interval (0, •). Ï(ax + 1)e ax : x<0
Ô
fi f ¢ (x) = Ì1 : x=0
12. We have f (x) = x3 + (a + 2) x2 + 3ax + 5 Ô 2
Ó1 + 2ax – 3 x : x>0
fi f ¢ (x) = 3x2 + 2 (a + 2) x + 3a
Ïa(ax + 2)e ax : x<0
Since f (x) is invertible, so f (x) is bijective function Ô
fi f ≤ (x) = Ì2 a : x=0
Therefore, f is one-one function Ô2 a – 6 x : x>0
Thus, we can conclude that f (x) is strictly increasing Ó
or strictly decreasing. Now, for x < 0, f ≤ (x) > 0
Here, the co-efficient of x2 is 3, so f (x) is strictly
increasing. fi ax + 2 > 0
2
Therefore, f ¢ (x) > 0 fi x > –  __
a 
fi
So,
3x2 + 2 (a + 2) x + 3a > 0
D<0
fi [ 
2
f ¢ (x) increases on –  __ ]
a , 0 
fi 4 (a + 2)2 – 36a < 0 Also, x > 0, f ≤ (x) > 0
fi (a + 2)2 – 9a < 0 fi 2a – 6x > 0

2 a
fi a + 4a + 4 – 9a < 0 fi x > __
    
3
Thus,
a
f ¢ (x) increases on 0, __ [  ]
     
3
fi (a – 1 – a – 1) x2 + (a – 1 + a + 1) x + (a – 1 – a – 1) = 0
[  ]
fi – 2x2 + 2ax – 2 = 0
2 __ a
Hence, f ¢ (x) increases on –  __
a ,  3    . fi x2 – ax + 1 = 0
16. We have It has two distinct roots only when, D ≥ 0
x
f (x) = Ú     | log2 (log3 (log4 (cos t + a))) | dt fi a2 – 4 ≥ 0

0
fi (a + 2) (a – 2) ≥ 0
f ¢ (x) = | log2 (log3 (log4 (cos x + a))) |
fi a £ – 2, a ≥ 2
Since f (x) is increasing, so f (x) is defined for all x.
fi a Œ (– •, 2] » [2, •)
(log3 (log4 (cos x + a))) > 0
(log4 (cos x + a)) > 1 aex  + be– x
20. We have y = f (x) = _________
  x       
(cos x + a) > 4 ce + de– x
a > 4 – cos x (cex  + de– x) (aex – be– x) – (cex – de – x) (aex + be– x)

=  _________________________________________
       
   
a > 5 for all x in R (cex + de– x)2
17. We have f (x) = x3 – 3x + a 2 (ad –  bc)
= ___________
  x   
    
fi f ¢ (x) = 3x – 3 2 (ce + de– x)2
= 3 (x – 1) (x + 1) Since f (x) is increasing function, so f ¢ (x) ≥ 0
Now, f (x) = 0 will have only one root if 2 (ad –  bc)
fi  ___________
    ≥ 0
  
f (1) f (– 1) > 0 (cex +  de– x)2
fi (a – 2) (a + 2) > 0 fi (ad – bc) ≥ 0

fi a < – 2, a > 2 fi ad ≥ bc
fi a Œ (– •, – 2) " (2, •) 21. We have
3
18. We have f (x) = x – 3x + a x + a2 ab ac
2
fi f ¢ (x) = 3x – 3 2
f (x) = ab x+b bc
Now, f ¢ (x) = 0 gives 3x2 – 3 = 0
ac bc x + c2
2
fi x –1=0
a( x + a 2 ) a 2 b a2c
fi x2 = 1 1
fi x = ± 1 = ____ ab2
       b( x + b2 ) b2 c
abc
It has three roots only when ac 2 bc 2 c( x + c 2 )
f (– 1) f (1) < 0
( x + a2 ) a2 a2
fi (a + 2) (a – 2) < 0 abc 2
=  ____ 
  b ( x + b2 ) b2
fi – 2 < a < 2 abc
c2 c2 ( x + c2 )
19. We have
x
( x + a2 ) a2 a2
f (x) = Ú     { (a – 1) (t 2 + t + 1)2 – (a + 1) (t4 + t 2 + 1) } dt
2
0 = b ( x + b2 ) b2
fi f ¢ (x) = {  (a – 1) (x2 + x + 1)2 – (a + 1) (x4 + x2 + 1) } c2 c2 ( x + c2 )
|  |
Now, f ¢ (x) = 0
( x + a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) ( x + a 2 + b2 + c 2 ) ( x + a 2 + b2 + c 2 )
fi { (a – 1) (x + x + 1) – (a + 1) (x + x + 1) } = 0
2 2 4 2
= b2 ( x + b2 ) b2
fi { (a – 1) (x2 + x + 1) – (a + 1) (x2 –  x + 1) } = 0 c2 c2 ( x + c2 )  

Monotonocity 7.25
1 1 1 dy
Thus, x2  ___   + 2xy = x – 1
dx
= (x + a2 + b2 + c2) b2 ( x + b2 ) b2
d
c2 c2 ( x + c2 ) fi  ___    (x2 y) = x – 1
dx
1 0 0 On integration, we get,
2 2 2 2
= (x + a + b + c ) b x 0 x2
x2 y =  __   – x + c
c2 0 x 2
when x = 1, y = 0 , then c = 1/2
2 2 2 2
= (x + a + b + c ) x
x2 1
Thus, x2 y =  __   – x + __
    
fi f (x) = (x + a2 + b2 + c2) x2 2 2
1 1 1
fi f ¢ (x) = 2 (x + a2 + b2 + c2) x + x2 fi y = __
     – __
 x  + ___
   2 
 
2 2x
fi f ¢ (x) = x {3x + 2 (a2 + b2 + c2)} dy 1 x  –  1
fi  ___   =  1 2    – __
      = _____
  3    
Now, f ¢ (x) = 0 gives dx x x3 x
fi x {3x + 2 (a2 + b2 + c2)} = 0 So, by the sign scheme, f (x) is increasing in

x Œ (– •, 0) » (1, •) and decreasing in x Œ (0, 1)
2 (a2  + b2 + c2)
fi x = 0, –  _____________
 
     3. Since f (x) be a decreasing function, we have
3
Thus, f (x) increasing in log1/3 (log3 (sin x + a)) < 0
fi
( 
(log3 (sin x + a)) > 1

2 (a2  + b2 + c2)
  – •, –  ______________
3
  
       » [0, •)
] fi (sin x + a) >3
[ 
fi a > 3 – sin x

2 (a2  + b2 + c2
and decreasing in –  _____________
3
      , 0  ] fi a > 4 for all x in R.
4. Since f (x) be an increasing function, we have
log3 (log1/4 (cos x + b)) > 0
fi (log1/4 (cos x + b)) > 1
1. We have f (x) = 1 – x – x3 1
fi 0 < (cos x + b) < __      for all x in R.
4
fi f ¢ (x) = – 1 – 3x2 < 0, " x Œ R
1
f (x) is strictly decreasing fi – cos x f (1 – 5x)
3
fi 1 0
5. We have f ≤ (x) > 0
2
fi x (x – 4) > 0 fi f ¢ (x) is increasing for all x in R
fi x (x + 2) (x – 2) > 0 Also, g (x) = f (2 – x) + f (4 + x)
fi x Œ (– 2, 0) » (2, •) fi g ¢ (x) = – f ¢ (2 – x) + f ¢ (4 + x)
2. We have x2 f ¢ (x) + 2x f (x) – x + 1 = 0 Since g (x) is increasing, so g ¢ (x) > 0
Put y = f (x) fi – f ¢ (2 – x) + f ¢ (4 + x) > 0

fi f ¢ (4 + x) > f ¢ (2 – x) fi – 7 £ a £ 3
fi (4 + x) > (2 – x) Thus, a Œ [2, 3] ...(i)
fi 2x > – 2 Case II: When a + 1 < 0
fi x > – 1 Then 21 – 4a – a2 ≥ 0
fi x Œ (– 1, •) fi a2 + 4a – 21 £ 0
fi (a + 7) (a – 3) £ 0
6. Find the set of all real values of a for which
fi – 7 £ a £ 3
( 
__________
  – 4a –  
÷ 21
a+1
a2  3
  
f (x) = 1 –  ____________
    )
x + 5x + loge 17 Thus, – 7 £ a < – 1
...(ii)
inreases for all real x in R.

a Œ [– 7, – 1) » [2, 3]
6. We have 7. We have
( 
___________

  –  4a –  
÷ 21
a+1
a2  3
  
f (x) = 1  –  ____________
     )
x + 5x + loge 17
( 
a  + 4  
÷
f (x) =  ______  
1–a
_____
)
– 1  x5 – 3x + loge 5
( 
___________
fi f ¢ (x) = 3 1  –  
  – 4a  –  
÷____________
21
a+1
  
   
a2 
x2 + 5 ) fi f ¢ (x) = 5   ( 
_____
a  + 4 
÷______
1–a
 
)
–1  x4 – 3
  
Since f (x) is increasing, so f ¢ (x) ≥ 0 Since f (x) decreases for all x in R, so
( 
__________ f ¢ (x) £ 0
fi 3 1  – 
  – 4a   
÷____________
21 – a2 
a+1
  
    )
x2 + 5 ≥ 0
fi ( 
_____
a  + 4 
÷
1–a
 
5  ______   )
–1  x4 – 3 £ 0
( 
__________
fi 1 –  
  – 4a   
÷____________
21 – a2 
a+1
  
    )
5
£ – ___
   2  
3x ( 
a  + 4 
÷  
fi  ______  
1–a
_____
3
– 1  £ ___
   4  
5x
)
( ÷ 
__________
fi  
– a2 
____________
21 – 4a   
a+1
  
   
5
£ ___
   2   ) It is possible only when
( 
3x _____
fi   ( ÷ 
__________
– a2 
____________
21 – 4a   
  
  – 1  £ 0 )
a  + 4 
÷
1–a
 
 ______   – 1  £ 0 )
a+1 _____
a  + 4  
÷
fi  ______   £ 1
( ÷ 
__________
fi  
– a2 
____________
21 – 4a   
a+1
   £ 1
    ) 1–a
Case I: when 1 – a > 0
_____
Case I: when a + 1 > 0 fi ÷ a + 4 
 £ 1 – a
__________
fi ÷ 21 – 4a   
– a2  £ a + 1 fi (a + 4) £ (1 – a)2
fi 21 – 4a – a2 £ (a + 1)2 fi (a + 4) £ 1 – 2a + a2
fi 21 – 4a – a2 £ a2 + 2a + 1 fi a2 – 3a – 3 ≥ 0
___ ___
fi 2a2 + 6a – 20 ≥ 0    
3 – ÷21     
3 + ÷21 
fi a £  _______, a ≥  _______
     
 
fi a2 + 3a – 10 ≥ 0 2 2
But – 4 £ a < 1
fi (a + 5) (a – 2) ≥ 0
[ 
___
fi a £ – 5, a ≥ 2
2
Hence,
3–÷
2
   
21 
a Œ – 4,  _______
     ]
Also, 21 – 4a – a ≥ 0
Case II: When a > 1
fi a2 + 4a – 21 £ 0 _____
 ≥ 1 – a
Then ÷ a + 4 
fi (a + 7) (a – 3) £ 0
which is true for a > 1
Monotonocity 7.27
Hence, the values of a is 3

{– b2 + (a – 1) b – 2} +  __   ≥ 0, since the minimum
4
[ 
___
a Œ – 4,  
   
– ÷21 
3_______
2 ]
  » (1, •)
    3
value of sin2 x + cos4 x is __
    
4
8. We have
{– 4b2 + 4 (a – 1) b – 8 + 3} ≥ 0
f (x) = 2ex – a e– x + (2 + 1) x – 3
fi f ¢ (x) = 2ex + a e– x + (2a + 1) – 4b2 + 4 (a – 1) b – 5 ≥ 0
Since f (x) is monotonically increases in R, so 4b2 – 4 (a – 1) b + 5 £ 0
fi f ¢ (x) ≥ 0 So its D<0
fi 2ex + ae– x + (2a + 1) ≥ 0 16 (a – 1)2 – 80 < 0
fi 2e2x + (2a + 1) ex + a ≥ 0 (a – 1)2 – 5 < 0
fi 2 (ex)2 + (2 + 1) ex + a ≥ 0 (a – 1)2 < 5

__
which is true for all a ≥ 0.   
|(a – 1)| < ÷5 
__ __
9. We have     < (a – 1) < ÷5 
–÷5    
x __ __
__ __
f (x) = Ú     (2 ÷2 
   sin2 t + (2 – ÷   )  sin t – 1) dt
2     < a < 1 + ÷
1 – ÷5    
5 
0 __ __
__
2
__ Hence, the value of a is ( 1 – ÷5 
  ,  1 + ÷    ).
5  
fi    sin x + (2 – ÷
f ¢ (x) = (2 (÷2    )  sin x – 1)
2 

__
   sin x + 1)
= (2 sin x – 1) (÷2 
x2
2 (  )
11. We have g (x) = 2f  __    + f (6 – x2)
When f (x) is increasing, so f ¢ (x) > 0
fi
__
   sin x + 1) > 0
(2 sin – 1) (÷2 
fi (  ) (  )
x2 2x
g ¢ (x) = 2f ¢  __     ___    + f ¢ (6 – x2) (– 2x)
2 2
fi
__
   sin x + 1) < 0, (2 sin x – 1) > 0
(÷2  {  (  )
x2
= 2x f ¢  __    – f ¢ (6 – x2) 
2 }
1 1
fi sin x < – ___
  __  ,  sin x > __
     when g (x) is increasing, so g (x) ≥ 0
÷   
2  2
fi (  )
5p 7p
x Œ ___
    , ___
4 4
p 7p
      and x Œ __ (  )
    , ___
6 6
     
fi {  (  )x2
2x f ¢  __    – f ¢ (6 – x2)  ≥ 0
2 }
f ≤ (x) > 0 fi f ¢(x) is increasing
x Œ ( ___       » ( __
But
4 4 ) 6 6 )
5p 7p p 7p
fi     , ___     , ___
     
x2
Case I: when  __   > (6 – x2)
when f (x) is decreasing, so 2
fi f ¢ (x) < 0 fi x2 > 4
__
fi    sin x + 1) < 0
(2 sin x – 1) (÷2  fi x Œ (– •, 2) Œ (2, •)
– 1
fi  ___
÷   
2 
1
__  < sin x < __
    
2
Now, (  )
x2
f ¢  __    > f (6 – x2)
2
fi (  ) ( 
p
x Œ 0, __
6
5p 5p
      » ___
    , ___
6 4 ) (  7p
      » ___ )
    , 2p 
4
fi (  )
x2
f ¢  __    – f (6 – x2) > 0
2
10. We have f (x) = {  – b 2

+ (a – 1) b – 2 } x Thus, if x > 0, g ¢ (x) > 0 for x Œ (2, •)

and g¢ (x) < 0 for x Œ (– •, – 2)
+ Ú    (sin2 x + cos4 x) dx, a, b Œ R

x2
f ¢ (x) = {– b2 + (a – 1) b – 2} + (sin2 x + cos4 x) Case II: when  __   < (6 – x2)
2
Since f (x) is increasing function, so f ¢(x) ≥ 0 fi x2 < 4
{– b2 + (a – 1) b – 2} + sin2 x + cos4 x) ≥ 0 fi – 2 < x < 2
Now, (  )
x2
f ¢  __    < f ¢ (6 – x)
2
2
 __________
1
__
      is – 2
x  +  x  + 1  (  )
fi (  )
x2
f ¢  __    – f ¢ (6 – x) < 0 for all x in (– 2, 2)
2 fi (b2 – 5b + 5) < 0
(  ) (  )
__
If x > 0, g¢(x) > 0 for x Œ (– 2, 0) 5 2 ÷    2
5 
fi b –  __    – ___
      < 0
2 2
     ) < (  ___

__
fi ( b – __      )
and x < 0, g¢ (x) < 0 for x Œ (0, 2) 5  
÷5  2  
2
Thus, g (x) is increasing in (– 2, 0) » (2, •) and 2 2
fi  ( b – __
|  52   ) | < ( ___ ÷25     )
__
decreasing in (– •, – 2) » (0, 2)  
(  )      ) < (  ___

__ __
–  ___  < ( b – __      )
2 2x +__ 1
12. We have f (x) = ___
  __    tan– 1  ______   – log (x2 + x + 1)
     
÷5    5  
÷5   
÷   
3    
÷3  fi
2 2 2
__ __
+(b2 – 5b + 3) x + 4 5 ÷5     5 ÷5    
fi  __   – ___
    < b < __
     + ___
    
__ 2 2 2 2
2 2/÷3    __ __
f ¢ (x) = ___
  __   ×   ___________
( 
fi         
5 – ÷5    
5  + ÷5 
÷   
3  2x +1 2
______
1 +   __   
÷   
3 
  ) fi  _______
2
   < b < _______
 
2
Hence, the value of b is
   
( 
__ __
)
2x  + 1
–  __________
     + (b2 – 5b + 3)     5______
5  – ÷5 
 ______
   
,  
+÷   
5 
    
(x2  + x + 1) 2 2
= __
4 3
     × _____________
 
3 (4x2  + 4x + 4)
2x + 1
     –  _________    
13. We have h (x) = f (x) + 2f 1 – __
2
x
( 
      , 0 < x < 1 )
x2  + x + 1
+ (b2 – 5b + 3)
fi
x
2
1
2 (  )
h¢(x) = f ¢(x) + 2f ¢ 1 –  __    × –  __  
= _________
  2     
1 2x + 1
–  _______   
  + (b 2
– 5b + 3)
fi h ¢ (x) = f ¢ (x) – f ¢ 1 – __
x
     
2 (  ) ...(i)
(x + x + 1) x2 + x + 1 2 x 2

when x < __     , then 1 –  __   > __     
3 2 3

1 –  2x – 1
=  __________
     + (b2 – 5b + 3)
  
fi ( 
f ¢ 1 – __
2
x
)
      > f ¢(x), since f (x) is inc.
(x2  + x + 1)
fi h¢ (x) < 0

2x
= (b2 – 5b + 3) –  __________
     
(x2  + x + 1)
fi h (x) is decreasing in 0, __
2
     
3 (  )
2 x 2
when x >  __   then 1 –  __   < __
    
2 3 2 3
= (b2 – 5b +3) –  __________
    
1
__ ( 
x  +  x  + 1  ) fi
x
f ¢ (x) > f ¢ 1 – __ ( 
     
2 )
Since f (x) be a decreasing function, so f ¢ (x) < 0 fi h ¢ (x) > 0
fi
2
(b2 – 5b + 3) – ___________
       < 0
2
Thus, h (x) is increasing in __
    , 1  (  )
1
__ ( 
x +  x  +  1  ) 3
14. We have, g (x) = f (sin x) + f (cos x)
2 fi g¢ (x) = f ¢ (sin x) cos x + f ¢ (cos x) (– sin x)
fi (b2 – 5b + 3) < __________
      
1
__ ( 
x  +  x  + 1  ) fi g ¢ (x) = f ¢ (sin x) cos x – f ¢ (cos x) sin x
2
fi (b – 5b + 3) < – 2, since the minimum fi g ≤(x) = f ≤ (sin x) cos2 x – sin x f ¢ (sin x)
value of
+ f ≤ (cos x) sin x – f ¢ (cos x) cos x
Monotonocity 7.29
fi g ≤ (x) < 0, since f ¢ (sin x) < 0, f ≤ (sin x) > 0 3. Given f (x) = sin2 x – 3 cos2 x + 2 ax – 4
and f ¢ (cos x) > 0, f ≤ (cos x) < 0 fi f ¢ (x) = sin 2x + 3 sin 2x + 2a
[  ]
p fi f ¢ (x) = 4 sin 2x + 2a
in the interval 0,  __   
2 Since f (x) is increasing for all x ≥ 0, so
fi g ¢ (x) is a decreasing function 4 sin 2x + 2a ≥ 0
Now, (  )
p
g ¢ __
      = 0
4
fi 2a ≥ – 4 sin 2x
fi a ≥ – 2 sin 2x
If
p
4
p
x <  __   than g ¢ (x) < __
4(  )
     
fi a≥2
fi g ¢ (x) > 0 Hence, the least value of a is 2.
[  ]
p 4. The given equation is
fi g ¢ (x) is increasing in 0,  __   
4 fi x3 + 2x2 + 5x + 2 cos x = 0
If
p
x > __
p
     then g ¢ (x) < g ¢ __
4 (  )
     
4
fi
fi
x3 + 2x2 + 5x = – 2 cos x
x (x2 + 2x + 5) = – 2 cos x
fi g ¢ (x) < 0 Clearly, it has no solution.
p p
fi g (x) is decreasing in __
     < x £ __
    . Thus m=0
4 2
Hence, the value of (m + 3) is 3.
15. We have g (x) = f (tan2 x – 2 tan x + 4) 5. Given function is
fi g ¢ (x) = f ¢ (tan2 x – 2 tan x + 4) (2 tan x –2) sec2 x f (x) = | x2 – 2x |
fi g ¢ (x) = 2f ¢ (tan2 x – 2 tan x + 4) (tan x – 1) sec2 x
Since f ≤ (x) > 0, so f ¢ (x) is increasing

Now, g ¢ (x) = 2f ¢ (tan2 x – 2 tan x + 4) (tan x – 1) sec2 x
= 2f ¢ ((tan x – 1)2 + 3) (tan x – 1) sec2 x
> 0 for all x in __

p p
    , __
4 2 (  )
     
p p
Thus, g (x) is increasing in __
    , __
4 2 (  )
      .
Thus, the number of critical points is 3 at x = 0, 1, 2.
6. We have
Integer Type Questions x3
f (x) =  __   + (m – 1) x2 + (m + 5) x + 7
3
1. Given f (x) = x3 + 3x + m, m Œ R
fi f ¢ (x) = x2 + 2 (m – 1) x + (m + 5)
fi f ¢ (x) = 3x2 + 3 > 0
Since f (x) is increasing, so f ¢ (x) > 0
Clearly, f ¢ (x) has no real roots.
fi x2 + 2 (m – 1) x + (m + 5) > 0
Hence, the number of zeroes of the function f (x) is 1.
Clearly, its D < 0
2. Given f (x) = x3 – 3x + m, m Œ R
fi 4 (m – 1)2 – 4 (m + 5) < 0
fi f ¢ (x) = 3x2 – 3 = 3 (x2 – 1)
fi (m – 1)2 – (m + 5) < 0
Thus, f ¢ (x) = 0 gives x = ± 1
fi m2 – 2m + 1 – m – 5 < 0
Clearly, f ¢ (x) has two real roots. fi m2 – 3m – 4 < 0
Hence, the number of real roots of f (x) is 3. fi (m – 4) (m + 1) < 0
fi – 1 < m < 4
Thus, the integral values of m are 0, 1, 2, 3. Thus m=1

Hence, the number of integral values of m is 4 Also, f (x) = 3x4 – 4x2
7. Given f (x) = |x| + |x2 – 1| fi f ¢ (x) = 12x3 – 12x2
7
|x| + |x2 – 1| = __
     fi f ≤(x) = 36x2 – 24x = 12x (3x – 2)
6
2
Now, f ≤ (x) = 0 gives x = 0, __
    
3
So, the number of points of inflection is 2
Thus, n=2
Hence, the value of (m + n + 2) is 5.
Questions asked in Past IIT-JEE Exams

1. Given f (x) = x1/x, x > 0
Clearly, the number of solution is 6. 1
__
    log x
8. Given equation is fi f (x) = e x
(  )
1
__
x2     log x 1 1
k ex = 5 + x +  __  , k Œ R + fi f ¢ (x) = e x __   2    – __
  2    log x 
2 x x
( 
fi 2 k ex = 10 + 2x + x2
)
1
__
    1 1
fi f ¢ (x) = x x __
  2    – __
  2    log x 
x 2
fi 2 k e = (x + 1) + 9 x x
1
__
   
xx
fi f ¢ (x) = __
  2   (1 – log x)
x
fi f ¢ (x) < 0 ( x > e fi log x > 1)
fi f (x) is strictly decreasing function.
when x>e
fi f (x) < f (e)
1
__ 1
__
Clearly, the number of solution is 1    
   
fi pp < ee
Thus, m=1
(  __ 1 )pe (  __1 )
pe
Hence, the value of (m + 4) is 4.    
fi p p  < ee  

9. Given f (x) = e2x – (a + 1) ex + 2x

fi (p) e < (e) p.
2x x
fi f ¢ (x) = 2e – (a + 1) e + 2
b
2. Let f (x) = ax2 + __
 x  – c
Since f (x) is increasing, so
2e2x – (a + 1) ex + 2 ≥ 0 b
f ¢(x) = 2ax – __
  2   
Thus, its descriminant D < 0 x
fi (a + 1)2 – 16 < 0
fi (a + 1)2 – 42 < 0
fi (a + 1 + 4) (a + 1 – 4) < 0
fi (a + 5) (a – 3) < 0 2b
f ≤ (x) = 2a +  ___3  
fi – 5 < a < 3 x
Hence, the maximum value of a is 3.
10. Clearly, the number of solutions of Now,
b 1/3
f ¢ (x) = 0 gives x = ___
      
2a (  )

p
3 tan x + x3 = 2, in 0, __ (  )
      is 1.
4 which is a positive critical point.
Monotonocity 7.31
So we shal find the least value of f (x) 4. Let f (x) = ln x – x, x > 0
b 1/3
which occurs at x = ___
      
2a (  ) fi
1
f ¢ (x) = __
1–x
 x  – 1 =  _____
x    
b
Since ax2 + __
 x  ≥ c, " x Œ R +, we should
have ( (  ) )n 1/3

f ___
         ≥ 0
2a
Thus, f (x) is strictly increasing in (0, 1) and strictly
decreasing in (1, •)
fi (  ) b 2/3
a ___
       + ______
b
   1/3   ≥c
So, f (x) has the greatest value at x = 1.
2a
(  ) b
___
      
2a
fi f (x) £ f (1) = – 1 < 0
fi f (x) < 0
a ( ___
      ) + b ≥ c ( ___      )
b b 1/3
fi
2a 2a fi ln x < x
     + b ) ≥ x ( ___

fi ( __
p
      )
b b 1/3 –  __   p
Now, we have e 2 < q <  __  
2 2a 2
p
     ) ≥ c ( ___
fi ( ___
0 < q < __
      )
3b 3 b 3 fi     
2
2 2a
fi 0 < cos q < 1
2 3
fi 27ab ≥ 4c
fi ln (cos q) < 0 ...(i)
_____ _____
3. Let f (x) = 1 + x log ( x + ÷ ) –
x  + 1    2
÷1  + x2 
  ( ln x < 0 " x Œ (0, 1))
_____ _____ p
–  __   p
x  2 + 1 
f (x) = 1 + x log (x + ÷ )–÷
  1  + x2 
  Also, we have e 2 < q < __
    
2
_____
fi f ¢ (x) = log ( x + ÷ )
x  2 + 1    fi
p p
(  )
–  __   < ln q < ln __
     
( 
2 2
 
x
+ ________________
(  x + ÷ x  + 1   
2 )
2x
      1 +  ________
_____     
2 ÷x  2 + 1 
 
) fi
p
2 (  )
p
–  __   < ln q < __
      ( ln x < x)
2
2x fi 0 < cos (ln q < 1 ...(ii)
–  ________
   
_____  
2 ÷1  + x2 
 
From (i) and (ii), we conclude that,
_____
= log ( x + ÷ )
x  2 + 1  
  ln (cos q) < cos (ln q)
x x 5. Given y = 2x2 – ln |x|

+ _______
  _____
      – _______
  _____
    
÷ 1  + x  
2
  ÷1  + x2    dy 1 (2x  – 1) (2x + 1)
 ___   = 4x – __
 x  =  ______________
dx x      
_____
= log ( x + ÷ ) ≥ 0
x  2 + 1  
 

Thus, f is an increasing function
So, when x ≥ 0 From the sign scheme for f ¢ (x), f (x) is strictly increas-
fi f (x) ≥ f (0)
_____ _____
( 
1
ing in –  __  , 0  »
2 ) ( __ 12  , • ) and strictly decreasing in
fi 1 + x log ( x + ÷1  + x2 
  ) – ÷1  + x2 
_____
  ≥ 0
_____
( – •, –  __12   ) » ( 0, __ 12   )
fi 1 + x log ( x + ÷   ) ≥ ÷1  + x2 
1  + x2    6. No questions asked in between 1984 to 1986.
Hence, the result. 7. Ans. (a)
Given h (x) = f (g (x))

Since f is inc. and g is dec. so h is dec.
( I(D) = D) Thus, f (x) decreases in (– •, – 2) and increases in

(– 2, •)
fi h (x) £ (0) ◊ " x ≥ 0
Also, f (2+) = 37 – 2 = 35
fi h (x) £ 0 ◊ " ≥ 0 ...(i)
and f (2–) = 12 + 24 – 1 = 35
Also, h (x) ≥ 0 ◊ " x Œ [0, •] ...(ii)
Hence, f (x) is continuous at x = 2.
From (i) and (ii), we conclude that,
Also, f (2+) < f (2) and f (2–) < f (2)
h (x) = 0 for all x Œ [0, •)
Thus, x = 2 is the point of maxima.
Thus, h (x) – h (1) Hence, the result.
=0–0 12. Ans (a, c)
= 0. for all x Œ[0, •)
Given h (x) = f (x) – ( f (x))2 + ( f (x))3
*
8. Let f (x) = ln (1 + x) – x

fi h¢ (x) = f ¢ (x) – 2f (x) f ¢ (x) + 3 ( f(x))2 f ¢ (x)
1 1  – 1 – x x
f ¢ (x) = _____
       – 1 =  ________ = –  _____
 
        
1+x 1+x 1 + x fi h ¢ (x) = (3 ( f (x))2 – 2f (x) + 1) f ¢ (x)

fi ( (3 ( f (x))2 – 2f (x) + 1)
h ¢ (x) =  __________________
   
+ve
   )
   f ¢ (x)
From the sign scheme, we can say that f is decreasing Thus, h ¢ (x) > 0, when f ¢ (x) > 0
for x ≥ 0 and h ¢ (x) < 0, when f ¢ (x) < 0
when x ≥ 0 fi f (x) £ f (0)
Therefore h is increasing when f is increasing and h
fi log (1 + x) – x £ 0 is decreasing when f is increasing.
fi log (1 + x) £ x 13. Ans. (d)
Thus, log (1 + x) £ x, " x ≥ 0 Given f (x) = (x + 2) e– x
9. No questions asked in between 1988 to 1992. fi f ¢ (x) = e– x – (x + 2) e– x

10. Let f (x) = 2 sin x + tan x – 3x f ¢ (x) = (1 – x – 2) e– x
fi f ¢ (x) = 2 cos x + sec2 x – 3 f ¢ (x) = – (1 + x) e– x
[g (x) = 2 cos x + sec2 x
= cos x + cos x + sec2 x
> 3, by A.M ≥ G.M]
Thus, f ¢ (x) ≥ 0 Thus, f (x) increasing in (– •, – 1) and decreasing in
So, f is increasing function for x ≥ 0. (– 1, •).
When x ≥ 0 fi f (x) ≥ f (0) 14. Ans. (b).
fi 2 sin x + tan x – 3x ≥ 0 ln (x  + p)
Given f (x) = _________
   
 
fi 2 sin x + tan x ≥ 3x ln (x + e)
11. Ans.(a, b, c, d) 1
_____ 1
log (e + x) – _____
               log (p + x)
p +x e+x
____________________________
fi f ¢ (x) =             
ÔÏ3 x 2 + 12 x – 1 : –1 £ x £ 2 {log (e + x)} 2
Given f (x) = Ì
ÔÓ37 – x : 2< x£3 (e + x) log (e + x) – (p + x) log (p + x)
=  _____________________________
        
(p + x) (e + x) {log (e + x)}2
Ï6 x + 12 : –1 £ x £ 2
fi f ¢ (x) = Ì
Ó– 1 : 2< x£3   < 0 for x > 0
Now, in [– 1, 2], f ¢ (x) = 6 + 12 Thus, f decreases on [0, •)
Monotonocity 7.33
Clearly, G is continuous on [0, 1] and differentiable

ÔÏ xe
ax
: x£0
15. Given f (x) = Ì on (0, 1).
2 3
ÔÓ x + ax – x : x > 0
tan x  – x sec2 x
Now, G ¢(x) =  ____________
  
   

Clearly f is continuous at x = 0 tan2 x
Ï(ax + 1)e ax : x<0 Again, let, H (x) = tan x – x sec2 x
Ô
fi f ¢(x) = Ì1 : x=0 So H is continuous on [0, 1] and differentiable on
Ô 2 (0, 1).
Ó1 + 2ax – 3 x : x>0
H ¢ (x) = sec2 x – sec2 x – x sec2 x tan x
Ïa(ax + 2)e ax
: x<0
Ô H ¢ (x) = – x sec2 x tan x < 0 for 0 < x < 1.
fi f ≤(x) = Ì2 a : x=0
Ô2 a – 6 x H is a decreasing function on [0, 1]
Ó : x>0
Thus, H (x) < H (0)
Now, for x < 0, f ≤ (x) > 0 fi H (x) < 0
fi ax + 2 > 0
2 fi G ¢ (x) < 0
fi x > –  __
a   Thus, G (x) is a decreasing function on [0, 1]
fi
2
[ 
f ¢ (x) increases on –  __
a , 0  ] x
Therefore, g (x) = ____
      
tan x
is a decreasing function on
Also, x > 0, f ≤ (x) > 0 0 < x £ 1.
fi 2a – 6x > 0
a
fi x > __
     18. Ans. (b)
3
f (x) = sin4 x + cos4 x
[  ]
a Given
Thus, f ¢ (x) increases on 0, __
     
3 f ¢ (x) = 4 sin3 x cos x – 4 cos3 x sin x
Hence, [  ]
2 __
f ¢ (x) increases on –  __
a
a ,  3    . = – 4 sin x cos x (cos2 x – sin2 x)
16. Ans. (b) = – 2 (2 sin x cos x) (cos2 x – sin2 x)

Ï x = – 2 sin 2x cos x 2x
Ô : 0 < x £1
Let F (x) = Ì sin x
Ô0 = – sin 4x
Ó : x=0
f increases when f ¢ (x) > 0
Clearly F is continuous on [0, 1] and differentiable
on (0, 1) fi – sin 4x > 0
sin x  – x cos x fi sin 4x < 0
Now, F ¢ (x) =  ___________
     
sin2 x fi p < 4x < 2p
p p
cos x (tan x  – x) fi  __   < x < __
    
=  _____________
      4 2
sin2 x
p 3p
fi  __   < x <  ___  
fi F ¢ (x) > 0, for 0 < x < 1 4 8
Thus, F (x) increases on [0, 1] 19. Ans. (d)
S is the correct statement.
sin x
Hence, f (x) =  ____  increases on 0 < x £ 1
x   
But R is the wrong statement.
Ï x
Ô : 0 < x £1
Let (  )
3p
f (x) = sin x " x Œ p, ___
     
2
Again, let G (x) = Ì tan x Clearly, f is decreases in the given interval.
Ô0 : x=0
Ó Now, f ¢ (x) = cos x
3p
which is increases in p, ___(  )
      .
2
20. Ans. (c) > – tan2 x __

1
(  )
     tan2 x  +  1     tan2 x
2 2
Given f (x) = Ú    e (x – 1) (x – 2) dx
x
1
=  __   tan2 x (1 – tan2 x)
2
f ¢ (x) = ex (x – 1) (x – 2)
> 0 for all x in 0, __ (  )
p
     
4
Thus, f ¢ (x) > 0 for all x in 0,  __    (  )
p
4
f is decreasing, when f ¢(x) £ 0
Thus f is decreasing in [1, 2]
21. Ans. (a)
p
Therefore f is increasing in 0, __
     
4 [  ]
Given f (x) = xex (1 – x) So, x ≥ 0 fi f (x) ≥ f(0)
f ¢ (x) = ex (1 – x) + xex (1 – x) (1 – 2x) fi sin (tan x) – x ≥ 0

= ex (1 – x) (1 + x (1 – 2x))
x (1 – x) 2
fi
p
sin (tan x) ≥ x for all x in 0, __
     
4 [  ]
= – e (2x – x – 1) Hence, the result.
= – ex (1 – x) (2x2 – 2x + x – 1) d (P (x))
24. Given that _______
      > P (x) for all x ≥ 1.
 
= – e x (1 – x)
(x – 1) (2x + 1) dx
d (P (x))
fi  _______
     
– P (x) > 0
dx
d (P (x))
f is increasing when f ¢ (x) ≥ 0 and decreasing when fi e– x  _______
    – e– x P (x) > 0
 
dx
f ¢ (x) £ 0.
d
Thus f is increasing in [– 1/2, 1]. fi  ___    (e– x P (x)) > 0
dx
22. Ans (a)
fi (e– x P (x)) is an increasing function.
3
Given f (x) = 3 sin x – 4 sin x = sin 3x
Thus, x > 1 fi e– x P (x) > e– x P (1) = 0
fi f ¢ (x) = 3 cos 3x
f is increasing when f ¢ (x) ≥ 0 fi e– x P (x) > 0
fi 3 cos 3x ≥ 0 fi P (x) > 0, " x > 1

p p Hence, the result.
fi –  __  £ 3x £ __     
2 2
fi
p p
–  __   £ x £ __
6
    
6
25. Let ( 
3x (x + 1)
f (x) = sin x + 2x –  ________
p    )
 
 
f ¢ (x) = cos x + 2 – (   ________  )

3 (2x + 1)
Hence, the length of the longest interval fi p     

p
= __
6 (  )
p
6
p
     – –  __    = __
    
3 fi
6
f ¢ (x) = – sin x – __
 p 
p
23. Let f (x) = sin (tan x) – x, 0 £ x £ __
     Thus, f ¢ (x) is a decreasing function.
4
fi f is an increasing function.
fi f ¢ (x) = cos (tan x) sec2 x – 1
= cos (tan x) (1 + tan2 x) – 1 So, x≥0
= cos (tan x) tan2 x – (1 – cos (tan x)) fi f (x) ≥ f (0)
> cos (tan x) tan2 x – __
1
     tan2 x
2
fi ( 3x (x + 1)
sin x + 2x –  ________
p    )
≥ 0
 
sin x + 2x ≥ (  ________ )

1 3x (x + 1)
= tan2 x (cos (tan x) – 1) +  __   tan2 x fi
2 p      
Monotonocity 7.35
26. No questions asked in between 2004 to 2007. By the Lagranges Mean Value Theorem, there exists
27. Ans. (c) some c Œ (x, x + 2) for which
p
Given g (u) = 2 tan– 1 (eu) –  __   f (x + 2)  – f (x)
2  _____________
      = f ¢ (c)
2
p
fi g (– u) = 2 tan– 1 (e– u) – __
    
2 As f ¢ is strictly decreasing on [1, •),
(  )
1 p so, lim   
f ¢ (c) >    f ¢ (x) = 1
= 2 tan– 1 __
  u     – __
     x Æ •
e 2
f (x +  2) – f (x)
Thus,  _____________
 
     >1
p 2
= 2 cot (e ) – __
– 1
     u
2
fi f (x + 2) – f (x) > 2

p
= 2 __ (  p
     – tan– 1 (u)  – __
2
    
2 ) Hence, the result.
29. Ans. (i). (c), (ii). (a), (iii). (b).
p
= (p – 2 tan– 1 (u)) –  __   (i) Ans. (c)
2

p
( 
= __
     – 2 tan– 1 (u) 
2 ) Since (  ) (  ) 1
2
3
f –  __    f –  __    < 0
4
so, s lies in ( –  __  , –  __   )

(  p 3 1
= – 2 tan– 1 (u) – __
     
2 ) 4 2
= – g (u) (ii) Ans. (a)
3 1
Thus g (u) is an odd function. Here, –  __   < s < –  __  
4 2
2eu 1 3
Also, g ¢ (u) =  ______   > 0 " u Œ R
   fi  __   < t < __

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8.

Differential Calculus Booster JEE main & Adv

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

McGraw Hill Education Offices

Differential Calculus Booster

Copyright © 2017, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited.

This edition can be exported from India only by the publishers,

ISBN (13): 978-93-5260-575-0

Cover Designer: Creative Designer

Visit us at: www.mheducation.co.in

Level - I : Problems based on Fundamentals

1. Real Function 1.1–1.95

2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 2.1–2.84

3. The Limit 3.1–3.67

4. The Continuity and Differentiability 4.1–4.71

6. Rolle’s theorem and Lagrange’s mean value theorem 6.1–6.24

8. The Tangent and Normal 8.1–8.43

9. The Maxima and Minima 9.1–9.38

1.1 Definition 1.3 Co-domain

Note: 1.4 Image

(iii) Oblique Asymptotes

(iii) Odd power reciprocal functions

(iii) Cube root Function

(C) Irrational Functions

Df = [0, •) and Rf = Rf = [0, •) 2n+1 __

(iii) Greatest Integer Function (G.I.F)

(D) Piece-wise Defined Functions Ï- 2 : - 2 £ x < -1

(x) [x] < n ﬁ x < n, n Œ I For examples,

Df = R and Rf = [0, 1).

Properties of Fractional part Function

(vii) If {x} > f, 0 < f < 1 Characteristics of cosine function

Characteristics of co-tangent function

Graph of f (x) = sin– 1 x.

Characteristics of co-secant function

haracteristics of arc sine function

3. It is not a periodic function.

Characteristics of arc co-tangent function

Characteristics of arc co-secant function Now, f(x) = a cos x + b sin x + c

Characteristics of arc secant function

(ii) The maximum and minimum values of

Case II: when 0 < a < 1

Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4 }, B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

5. Classification of functions with respect to its images ﬁ f(x) is one-one function.

1 (b) Number of onto function between two sets A and

x f(x) g(fx) h(g(f(x)))

Properties of Composition of Functions

(v) The composition of any function with the identity 4. Product

Properties of even and odd functions

To prove g(– x) = g(x) & h(– x)

Geometrically, an even extension of a function is the Example-1. Let y = sin x

Since the graph of y = sin x repeats after a fixed interval

Example-3. Let y = {x} = x – [x] f (x)

Example-6. Find the period of f (x) = sinx + sin 2x

Example-7. Find the period of f(x) = sin 2x + cos 3x

6. If f (x) is a periodic function with period T then f ¢(x) is 12. Functional Equation

22. Let f (x) = cos[p 2]x + cos[– p 2]x

[ ] [​ __​ 14 ​ + ____ ​ + ​ __ ​ ​ ​ + ... + [​ __

(iii) ​[ cos ​( __

Exponential functions f (x) = log10 (1 – log10 (x2 – 5x + 16))

f (x) = log2 (x2 – 4x + 3)

bijective function. 129. Find the domains of

131. Find the domain of

139. A function f (x) is defined as

g : [1, 2] Æ [1, 2] be defined as g(x) = {x} + 1, where f (x) = (tan(x5))​ex​ ​sgn(​x​ ​)

[  ] [   14   + +           + ... + [  __

(iii) [ cos ( __

g : [1, 2] Æ [1, 2] be defined as g(x) = {x} + 1, where f (x) = (tan(x5))ex sgn(x )

(d) Does not exist because f is not onto (  ) 3

f(x) = log2 ( log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4) )

93. Find x, if | | |x2 – x + 4  –2 | – 3 | = x2 + x – 12.

f(x) = sin( log(5x2 – 8x + 4) ) (Tougher Problems for JEE-Advanced)

8. Find the domain of the function (  (16 sin2 x + 1) 

{ p p (a) a > b > c (b) a < b < c

    { 2f (x) f (y) – ( f (xy) + f ( __

– ( [ x +       + ... + [  x +      

Here, cos ( __

–1 £ ( __      – 1 ) £ 1

D = [ –    , – 2 ] » [ 

139. Now, f ( f(x)) = f ( ( a – xn )1/n

151. Given ( 3x – 1

f (x) + f (– x) = log (  _____ 