Science Focus Answers Unit 5 PDF

Answers to coursebook questions Chapter 5
Unit 5.1 Plate tectonics

1 Six pieces of evidence that suggest the continents were once joined:
• the shape of the continents
• fossil remains of the same fern-like plants and Triassic reptiles
• rock formations in mountain on different continents
• ancient glaciers
• coal above the Arctic Circle
• magnetism in ancient rocks.
2 a Gondwanaland: Australia, Antarctica, South America, Africa, India
b Laurasia: North America, Europe, much of Asia
3 Five surprising facts about the ocean floor when it was first mapped:
• Huge volcanic mountain ranges exist down the centre of the oceans.
• The rock of the ocean floor is much younger than that of the continents.
• Deep ocean trenches exist.
• The rock of the continents is more dense than that of the ocean floor.
• The ocean floor has magnetic stripes that indicate that the rock is of different
ages.
4 The oldest rocks on the ocean floor are those closest to the trenches. The youngest
are on or next to the mid-ocean ridges.
5 a Tectonic plate: sheet of crust, its partly molten bottom and top layer of mantle
that all shift as one.
b Mantle: molten rock under intense pressure and temperature—the layer under
the crust.
c Crust: thin layer of solid rock that we live on—the ‘skin’ of the Earth.
6 The crust varies from about 5 to 7 km thick under the oceans to 30 to 40 km thick
under the continents.
7 The Earth’s crust is broken into plates. These float on convection currents in the
mantle. They collide, separate and scrape against each other.
8 Convection currents are caused by hot material rising and cooler material dropping.
They are thought to occur in the mantle.
9 a False. Triassic reptiles could not have swum the distances required to populate
different continents.
b False. There are similar mountain ranges in the USA and Europe, also in Africa
and South America.
c False. Many of the continents that do not have glaciers now were once cold
enough to have them.
d True
e False. The rock of the ocean floor is much younger than the rock of the
continents.
f False. Continental rock is less dense than the rock of the ocean floor and ‘floats’
on it.
g True
10 The temperatures along the ridges are higher than elsewhere due to the volcanic
action that happens at the mid-ocean ridges.
© Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005.
This page from the Science Focus 3 Teacher’s Resource may be photocopied for classroom use.
11 Diagrammatic answer required.

12 The mantle is kept hot because:
• the crust traps heat like a blanket
• patches are continually being heated by radioactive decay of uranium, thorium
and potassium.
13 If the mantle cooled and became solid, the plates would stop moving.
14 Another reason that Australia doesn’t have any glaciers now is climate change not
related to plate tectonics.
Unit 5.2 At the edges

1 a Types of plate boundaries: spreading, collision and transform boundaries
b Spreading: plates are moving away from each other. A fault in the crust causes a
rift valley to form.
Collision: plates move towards each other. At a subduction zone, either oceanic
plates sink below continental plates forming mountains and oceanic trenches, or a
faster oceanic plate sinks below a slower oceanic plate, resulting in an island chain.
Transform: plates scrape past each other, producing earthquakes.
2 The mid-ocean ridge constantly tries to heal itself, forming a ‘rock scab’ that is the
ridge itself. Magma keeps breaking through the scab, however, oozing out and
forcing the repair to happen all over again.
3 A subduction zone is where one plate (usually the ocean plate) dives under another
(continental) plate. Friction causes earthquakes along it and melts the rock. The
molten rock may have enough pressure to break the surface to form volcanoes.
4 a Fast
b Heavy
c Oceanic plate
5 When the continental plates that form the Himalayas collided, the pressure and
friction was enough to partly melt the rock deep under the mountains This makes a
‘mountain root’ that is highly resistant to weathering.
6 Plates scrape past each other, producing earthquakes. An example is the San
Andreas Fault in California, USA.
7 a Conservative: transform boundaries
b Destructive: collision
c Constructive: spreading
d Subduction zones: collision
e Forms rift valleys: spreading
f Dive into the mantle: collision between oceanic and continental plates
g Causes trenches: collision between oceanic and continental plates
h Causes huge, folded mountains: collision between continental and continental
plates
i Have only sideways movement: transform
j Form island chains: collision between oceanic and oceanic plates
k Form mountains: collision and spreading
8 a Iceland: spreading.
b San Andreas fault: transform
c Mt Everest: collision
d Mt Kilimanjaro: spreading
e Lake Victoria: spreading
f Dead Sea: spreading
11 a Himalayas: Indo-Australian plate with Eurasian plate
b Andes: South American plate with Nazca plate
c Mid-Atlantic Ridge: African plate with South and North American plates
d Caribbean islands: South American plate with Cocos plate
e Japan: Pacific plate with Eurasian plate
f Mariana Trench: Philippine plate with Pacific plate
g San Andreas fault: Pacific plate with North American plate
h Dead Sea: Indo-Australian plate with African plate
12 The plate going under will wear off some of its own rock and will squash the upper
plate. It thickens as a result.
13 a Assuming an average lifetime of between 70 and 90 years, the Himalayas will
grow between 70 and 90 cm. If you reach 100, they will have grown one metre.
b
i A further 10 m will take 1000 years.
ii A further 100 m will take 10 000 years.
iii A further 1 km (1000 m) will take 100 000 years.
14 a Mediterranean Sea: the Red Sea needs to widen another 260 km (500 – 240 km).
260 km = 26 000 000 cm. So the time taken would be: 26 000 000/20 = 1 300 000
years = 1.3 million years.
b Atlantic Ocean (6100 km): 29 300 000 years = 29.3 million years
c Pacific Ocean (14 000 km): 68 800 000 years = 68.8 million years
Unit 5.3 Earthquakes

1 Friction always occurs between two surfaces that try to slide over one another. This
applies to rocks, too; bumps and hollows keep catching, making the slide difficult.
2 The friction between the plates is normally enough to stop movement of the plates
for a while. The plates are still pushing, however, and the pressure will build until it
overcomes the friction. That’s when the plates will move, suddenly.
3 Body waves (either P or S waves) and surface waves (either R or L waves)
4 Examples:
a Longitudinal wave: P waves, sound
b Transverse wave: S and L waves, water waves, light
5 Refraction is when waves change direction due to a change in speed.
6 Different densities and temperatures of the rock below the surface cause changes in
speeds of P and S waves and cause them to be bent or refracted.
7 S waves apparently do not pass through the Earth’s core since there is always a
‘shadow’ opposite the epicentre. S waves cannot pass through liquid, indicating that
the outer core must be liquid.
8 The epicentre is the position on the Earth’s surface directly above the source or
focus of the earthquake.
9 The deepest is about 200 km below the surface. This is where the ocean plate has
completely melted and returned to the mantle. There is no more friction between the
plates here.
10 a R waves are rolling waves. L waves have a side-to-side motion. R waves are the
slowest and often the most dangerous.
b Diagrammatic answer required.
11 Quakes are often not felt because they are in areas of low population or are too small
to be detected.
12 Any quake of 6 or more causes widespread damage.
13 An aftershock is a smaller quake after the original quake. Aftershocks are caused by
slabs of rock and crust settling after the original quake.
14 Aftershocks are often more dangerous than the original because they can bring down
already unstable buildings.
15 A tsunami can form when there is an earthquake with its epicentre under the ocean
floor. The wave travels at high speeds and increases in height as it enters shallow
water.
16 There are almost no videos or photographs of tsunamis because any photographers
would have been killed and their equipment and film or video destroyed.
17 All of Australia sits on the Indo-Australian plate. There are no boundaries running
through it. Papua New Guinea and New Zealand both straddle the Indo-Australian
and Pacific plates and thus sit on a boundary, where earthquakes can be expected.
18 a Body waves travel through the body of the Earth. Surface waves travel across
the surface of the Earth.
b A longitudinal wave is a ‘push-pull’ wave, and moves particles back and forth in
the direction of the movement of the wave. A transverse wave is an ‘up-down’ wave
that moves particles at right angles, or sideways, to the direction of the movement.
19 a Most dangerous: L (and sometimes R)
b Up-down waves: S and L
c Compression waves: P
d Pass through the Earth: P and S
e Fastest: P
f Last to arrive: L
g Like surf: R
h Travel like a snake: L
i Cannot travel through liquid: S and L
20 a Aftershocks are quakes that happen after the original earthquake due to rocks
settling.
b A quake of strength 5 on the Richter scale is ten times the strength of a 4.
c True
d True
e Tsunamis are small (often only 2 m) when in deep water.
21 A tremor would be 3 to 4 on the Richter scale and I to II on the Mercalli.
22 a Damage from superquakes: total destruction of buildings, valleys fill with mud
from landslides, floods and dam breaks; deep cracks in the Earth’s surface
b 0 to 10 per year
23 Various diagrams are possible.
25 a 4.0 min: 2500 km

b 2.2 min: 1300 km
c 3.5 min: 2150 km
d 8.1 min: 6350 km
26 If P and S waves arrive at the same time then you must be at the epicentre of the
quake (actually, you must be at the focus itself!).
27 A single seismograph only gives the distance the quake is from the seismometer.
This would give a circle anywhere along which the quake could have been.
28 a 6000 km: 7.8 min or 7 min 48 s
b 1500 km: 2.6 min or 2 min 36 s
c 3300 km: 5 min
d 900 km: 1.6 min or 1 min 36 s
30
Arrival time Arrival time Time Time (min) Distance of

of P waves of S waves difference epicentre (km)
(h:min:s) (h:min:s) (min:s)
10:24:00 10:32:00 8:00 8.0 6200
04:48:20 4:52:50 4:30 30 ÷ 60 = 0.5 2900
so time is 4.5
min
2:55:21 p.m. 3:01:21 pm 6:00 6.0 4150
7:37:03 p.m. 7:42:33 pm 5:30 5.5 3700
14:08:34 14:11:46 3:12 3.2 1950
20:21:02 20:25:50 4:48 4.8 3150
05:45:10 05:50:10 5:00 5.0 3300
11:34:30 11:41:00 6:30 6.5 4650
08:12:56 08:16:56 4:00 4.0 2500
15:21:04 15:28:40 7:36 7.6 5800
Unit 5.4 Volcanoes

1 Hundreds of thousands; 1500 are potentially active
2 Krakatoa was a volcano that caused the largest explosion recorded in history. It is
now a volcanic island.
3 They may be under water or in remote areas.
4 Various answers, e.g. Mount Gambier
5 A vent is a single exit for lava. A fissure is a long crack for the exit of lava.
6 Volcanoes are usually on or near plate edges.
7 Lava, magma, gases, hydrogen sulfide, steam, volcanic dust, volcanic bombs
8 a Volcanic ash clouds rise because the ash is hotter and thus less dense than the air
around it. Hence it rises.
b These clouds are dangerous because they can smother the surrounding areas and
the people who live there. Rain can turn the ash into a river of mud, which can
destroy anything in its path. The ash can also reach great heights and be a danger to
aircraft.
9 a Lava consists of magma and the gases hydrogen sulfide and steam.
b The magma chamber is a region under the surface where molten rock forms.
c Lahar is a river of volcanic dust and water.
d A fume consists of volcanic gases.
e A jet stream is high-speed winds at a height of about 30 km.
10 Volcanic bombs are solid rock or pieces of the mountain that are blown out by gas
explosions and vent blockages. They can also form when hot lava is thrown into the
air.
11 a True
b True
c Volcanic dust moves faster than lava.
d True
e Ash clouds can travel as far as 500 km.
12 Hydrogen sulfide, H2S (rotten egg gas), causes the smell.
13 The ‘Ring of Fire’ is a ring of active volcanoes around the edge of the Pacific
Ocean.
14 Volcanoes are usually on or near plate edges, and this is where earthquakes usually
occur also.
15 5000 km in 4 hours = 5000/4 = 1250 km/h
Unit 5.5 Landscaping the crust

1 Three types of fault: normal, reverse, transcurrent
2 If the rock that makes the fault scarp is hard, it will weather slowly. If soft, it will
weather quickly and will be carried away by erosion, leaving a rounded rise instead.
3 Horst and graben will be part of the scab formation along the mid-ocean trenches.
Faults will allow blocks of cooled rock to rise and allow others to drop.
4 A substance shows plastic behaviour if it can bend and fold without breaking.
5 Rock can act in a plastic way if it is under extreme pressure and temperatures,
typically found in folding.
8 Evidence that the Hawaiian Islands are moving westwards:
• The oldest island, Kauai, is in the far west.
• The youngest, Hawaii, is in the far east.
• A new underwater volcano, Loihi, is forming east of Hawaii.
• Volcanic activity is only under Hawaii and Loihi.
10 Weaknesses that may have contributed: smaller faults, folds, hots spots, extinct
volcano
11 Intense heat and pressure are needed to convert kerogen into hydrocarbons. Weak
spots could provide these conditions. The other idea is that oil and gas would be
squeezed into the more porous rock that weak spots would provide.
12 Diagrammatic answers required.
13 a A plug is magma that has cooled in the vent of a volcano. The walls of the
volcano have since eroded away, leaving the plug. A dyke is an intrusion of magma
that cooled and never reached the surface. The surface may have eroded to expose it.
b A shield volcano is shallow, with gentle slopes, made from the gradual building-
up of lava. Cinder cones are steeper, smaller and are made from volcanic rock and
dust that has dropped back around the vent.
c A horst is an upthrust block, with faults on both sides. A graben is a rift valley
made from a sunken block, with faults on both sides.
14 Volcanoes form away from plate boundaries if they exist over a hot spot or mid-
plate weakness.
16 The mountains and volcanoes of New Zealand are both caused by the collision of
the Pacific plate with the Indo-Australian plate. Mountains have buckled up and
volcanoes have formed from the subduction zone.
18 a Layer K was laid down first, followed by J, I, H, G, F, E and D on top. All were
laid flat. Pressure folded the layers upwards, forming an upward fold or anticline.
Erosion removed the top of the fold, until D and E were nearly worn away. The
erosion left the surface flat once more. Sediment laid new layers: C first, then B and
A on top.
b Layer D was laid down first, followed by C, B, A. A reverse fault then occurred,
followed by erosion to present profile.
Unit 5.6 Geological time

1 Growth rings indicate the age of the tree.
2 A fossil is a piece of evidence of past life.
3 a A dinosaur footprint is a trace fossil.
b True
c True
d Fossils may be found under oceans or other bodies of water.
e True
f Fossils of complete animals do exist.
4 Uranium changes into lead.
5 a Carbon is used to date fossils.
b No, it could not be used.
6 Cenozoic, Palaeozoic, Archaeozoic, Azoic
7 Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic
8 Various answers, e.g. overpopulation and not enough food, failure to adapt to
climate change.
9 A trilobite is an index fossil.
10 The Earth is thought to be 4.5 billion years old.
11
Period Span (millions of years)

Quaternary 2
Tertiary 63
Cretaceous 79
Jurassic 64
Triassic 40
Permian 42
Carboniferous 72
Devonian 46
Silurian 30
Ordovician 67
Cambrian 65
Precambrian 2130
12 a Carboniferous
b Cretaceous
c Silurian
d Precambrian (Archaeozoic era)
e Jurassic
f Jurassic
g Ordovician
h Precambrian (Proterozoic era)
i Jurassic
j Cretaceous
13 a Diagrammatic answer required.
b Diagrammatic answer required.
c The Precambrian era extends for almost five times the length of time of the first
three eras combined, so it would be difficult to fit on the same page and leave room
for clear labels.
14 A fold in layers of the Earth’s crust may move an older layer above a younger one.
15 Movement of tectonic plates may form a new mountain range and higher land.
16 Models could be produced by pouring plaster into the spaces before removing the
rock.
17 A predator caught one of two smaller animals it was chasing.
Chapter 5 review
1 The Earth is like toast on soup—both have slabs of moving solid crust floating on a
hot, thick liquid.
2 All the current continents were part of Pangaea. Hence it is literally ‘all the lands’.
Its ‘babies’ are Gondwanaland and Laurasia.

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Answers to coursebook questions Chapter 5

Unit 5.1 Plate tectonics

11 Diagrammatic answer required.

Unit 5.2 At the edges

Unit 5.3 Earthquakes

25 a 4.0 min: 2500 km

Arrival time Arrival time Time Time (min) Distance of

Unit 5.4 Volcanoes

Unit 5.5 Landscaping the crust

Unit 5.6 Geological time

Period Span (millions of years)

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