Modeling and Analysis of Smart

Power System

ECE | Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering 1

 Power Conversion in Modern Grids

• Dc/Ac converter converts the dc

power generated by a dc
source to ac power( sinusoidal
ac current).
• The source of power in the
micro grids can be dc or ac with
frequencies other than 50/60
Hz.
- Micro turbine generators
are high speed ac alternators
that use natural gas.
- Solar cells and fuel cells
are sources of dc power.
- Variable speed wind
turbine generators operate at
different speeds and provide
variable frequencies. 2
 Power Conversion in Modern Grids

• In order to utilize he ac power sources, ac current is rectified

to dc using an ac/dc rectifier. Then Dc/Ac inverter are
employed to provide ac power with 60/50 Hz frequency.

• Dc power is usually conditioned by employing dc/dc

converters to adjust the output volt

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 Single Phase Dc/Ac inverters
• The two-switch single phase
inverter is used for low power
applications.(half bridge
inverter)
• The inverter has two equal
capacitors with the available
center tap point ‘O’. Each
Capacitor has a voltage of
Vidc /2.
• The load is connected between
node ‘a’ and center tap point ’o’.
• In this topology no dc voltage
appears.
- When SW1+ is ON, SW1- is
OFF and V ao = Vidc /2.
- When SW1- is ON, SW1+ is
OFF and V ao = -Vidc /2. 4
Single Phase Dc/Ac inverters

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 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):
• In producing a sine PWM, two waves are compared; a sine wave VC
(reference voltage) and a triangular wave VT (carrier voltage) with
frequency fS higher than that of the sine wave.
- If VC > VT ;then SW1+ is ON, SW1- is OFF and V ao = Vidc /2.
- If VC <VT ; then SW1- is ON, SW1+ is OFF and V ao = -Vidc /2.

• In PWM, the output voltage Vao is not a pure sinusoidal.

Vidc
Vao  .Ma.Sinet  harmonics
2

• Modulation factor is the proportion of the control and carrier waves

𝑉
amplitudes 𝑀𝑎 = 𝑉𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥

• The peak of the fundamental component of the output voltage is

𝑉
𝑉𝑎𝑛 = 𝑖𝑑𝑐 𝑀𝑎
2
• If the peak of the reference voltage is reduced, the peak of the
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fundamental component reduce proportionally
 Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):
• When 0<Ma <1, the peak of the fundamental component is proportional
to Ma. If Ma >1; then it enters the non-linear region and the
4V
idc
fundamental output saturates at  2 and does not increase with Ma.
 By changing the peak of the reference sine wave, the amplitude of the
output voltage is varied. Similarly by changing the frequency of the
reference sine wave, the output frequency is changed

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 Classroom Activity

• Suppose that a solar panel with the dc output voltage of 500 volts is
connected to a half bridge inverter with a centre tap. We have the
following specifications:
-VC(t) = 4sin(2π60t)volts
-Peak of the carrier voltage Vtmax = 5V
-Carrier frequency = 1KHZ.
• What is the fundamental component of the output ac voltage?
Vao(t) = 200sin(2π60t)volts
• If the carrier frequency is set at 2KHZ, what changes are made to the
output voltage Va0 ?
None
• If the control voltage is set at 5sin(2π50t)volts. What is the output
voltage fundamental component?
5
 250sin (2 50t)  250sin (2 50t) V
5
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 Harmonic Analysis

• In order to achieve low harmonic distortion, the frequency of triangular

wave is increased relative to the sine wave frequency.
𝑓
• Frequency modulation Index(Mf) should be increased. 𝑀𝑓 = 𝑓𝑇
𝐶

• As most of the loads connected to the inverter are inductive, they can
easily filter high frequency components.(Low-pass Filters)

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 Harmonic Analysis

• A large Mf is required to
reduce low-order harmonics
• A high Mf leads to high
carrier frequency which in
turn increases the switching
frequency & losses and
reduces the inverter
efficiency.

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 Full Bridge Inverter

• The four switch converters are

grouped into switch pairs; i.e.
(SW1+ & SW2- ) and (SW1- &
SW2+)
• The output voltage varies
between +Vidc and – Vidc. Thus
the ac voltage peak is twice the
peak voltage in the two-switch
topology.

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 Full Bridge Inverter

• Point ‘b’ can be considered as ac

ground in this topology.
-If VC > VT ; then SW1+ & SW2-
are ON, other switches are OFF
and V ab = Vidc
- If VC < VT ; then SW1- & SW2+
are ON, other switches are OFF
and V ab = -Vidc
• The output voltage is given by the
equation,
Vab  Vidc.Ma.Sin t  Harmonics
e

• The peak of the fundamental

component is Vidc.Ma for 0≤Ma≤1.
• When 0≤Ma≤1, the peak of the
fundamental component varies
linearly with amplitude
modulation index Ma and
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saturates at (4/π)Vidc if Ma>>1.
 Unipolar Full Bridge Inverter

• The previous full-bridge inverter is a

bipolar inverter since voltage jumps
from + to - voltage
• The drawback of the bipolar PWM
switching is the high voltage
charge( from –Vidc to +Vidc )
• The load insulation is subjected to
high stress.
• The Unipolar PWM switching allows
the output voltage to jump between
(-Vidc & 0) or (+ Vidc & 0).
• The logic is the same as that of 2-
switch inverter. However, each leg
has an independent control signal
with its own sine wave.

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Unipolar Full Bridge Inverter

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 Full Bridge Inverter

• The Unipolar Switching Policy can be stated as,

-If VC > VT and –VC < VT; SW1+ and SW2- are ON, other switches are OFF; then
Vab = Vidc.
-If VC < VT and –VC < VT; SW1- and SW2- are ON, other switches are OFF; then
Vab = 0.
-If VC < VT and –VC > VT; SW1- and SW2+ are ON, other switches are OFF; then
Vab = -Vidc.
-If VC > VT and –VC >VT; SW1+ and SW2+ are ON, other switches are OFF; then
Vab = 0.
HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF UNIPOLAR FULL-BRIDGE INVERTER

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 Three phase Dc/Ac Inverters
• A three phase inverter has three legs (one for each phase) and
three terminals.
• At each instant, two terminals send/ receive currents.
• Each leg has a separate control that compares individual sine
function with a common triangular waveform.
• The sine functions of the three logs are 120° apart similar to the
three phase voltages.

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 Analysis of Three phase Dc/Ac Inverters
• Phase voltage Vao, Vbo and Vco can be calculated as (fundamental
component)

Vidc
Vao  Ma. . sin( et )
2
Vidc
Vbo  Ma. . sin( et  120 )
2
Vidc
Vco  Ma. . sin( et  240 )
2

• Selection of switching Frequency

In commercial and residential system, the carrier frequency is below
6KHZ or above 20KHZ to avoid high pitch noise.

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 Classroom Activity

• Find each leg’s voltage w.r.t. ground “o”

Vidc
Vao  Ma sin(et  30)
2
• The line-to-line voltages Vab, Vbc and Vca are √3
times greater than the phase voltages. Find vab(t)
Vidc
Vab  3Ma sin(et  30)
2
• The line-to-line rms value of the voltage is:
3 Vidc
VLL , rms  Ma  0.612 MaVidc
2 2

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 Dc/Dc Converters
• THE STEP-UP CONVERTER:
- A PV module is a variable dc power source.
-A variable speed wind energy source is also a variable dc power source.
-With changes in produced power, the dc voltage is subjected to change.
-A step-up converter can make possible a wide range of dc voltages to convert
to ac in the dc/ac inverters.
• In a boost (step-up) converter, the output voltage is higher than that at input
such that
Vo 1

Vin 1  D
Where D is the duty cycle, 0<D<1.
CLASSROOM ACTIVITY:
Find the current ratio :

Io 1  D

Iin 1
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 Dc/Dc Converters
• STEP-DOWN CONVERTER:
-The step down converter is utilized to lower the dc voltage required to battery
chargers
-Currently battery storage in residential & commercial systems is rated at 6V
and 12V dc. Three 12V dc battery can make a 36V battery storage if put in
series.
• Voltage ratio in buck converter:
Vo
D
Vi
where 0≤D≤ 1 is the turns ratio

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 Rectifiers
• A rectifier is a power converter that
converts ac voltage into dc.
• A three phase diode bridge rectifier
consists of six diodes arranged in
three branches
• The output voltage is a pulsating dc
wave with ripples, with an average
of Vidc=1.347 VLL,rms
• The capacitor smooths out the
voltage ripple.

CLASSROOM ACTIVITY
-If the load resistance is
disconnected, what is the voltage at
the rectifier output ?
It’s maximum Vidc=√2 VLL,rms

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 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION RECTIFIER
• PWM rectifiers have the following advantages over the bridge rectifiers
- DC voltage boost
-Input power factor correction
-Input current harmonic control
• Three phase ac/dc/ac voltage control system is used in motor control
applications, uninterruptible power supplies and distributed generations.
-Front end rectifier
-DC link with a capacitor
-Inverter

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 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION RECTIFIER

• Two goals should be addressed in the rectifier control:

- The storage system must keep the dc voltage within an acceptable range.

-Inverter should be controlled to provide active and reactive power to the power
grid.

-The rectifier adjusts the frequency & voltage of the input ac power by changing
the reference sine waveform.

CLASSROOM ACTIVITY:

If the active/reactive power consumption of the load doubles, What changes are
made to active/reactive power absorbed by the rectifier?

-Active power should adjust; reactive power need not adjust.

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 Three-phase voltage source rectifier
• The analysis of PWM rectifier are
conducted in single-phase
equivalent circuits similar to
inverters
• A voltage source representing the
fundamental component of the
PWM rectifier‘s receiving voltage is
a voltage source connected to the
ac supply.
• The power to the rectifier can be
calculated as
VANVPWMa
P sin 
Xline
where power angle ẟ is the
difference between the angle of VAN
and VPWM .
• The power can be changed by
PWMa, magnitude and phase w.r.t
the phase voltage VAN. This can be
done by using the reference sine
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wave
Example 4.1

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Example 4.1

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Example 4.2

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