International Journal of Research and Engineering Volume1 Issue1

International Journal of Research and Engineering Issue 1, Volume 1
International Journal of Research

and Engineering
Volume 01, Issue 02

January to March 2014
1 http://www.ijre.org
Contents
Pg.
S.No. Paper Title
No.
A Study To Evaluate The Effectiveness Of Planned Teaching Programme On
1. Knowledge And Practice Regarding Prevention Of Obesity Among 6-15
Adolescents In Selected Schools Of Bangalore District.
Author: Mr. Narayan Swami M.
A Study To Assess The Knowledge Of The Staff Nurses Regarding Care Of
2. Unconscious Patients In A Selected Hospital, Manglore 16-17
Author (s) : Mrs. B.Y.Patil
A Study To Assess The Effectiveness Of Acupressure In Reducing Menstrual

Pain Among Adolescent Girls With Primary Dysmenorrhea Studying In
3. Selected Schools 18-21
Author (s) : Ms. Karthika.S

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding
4. Complications Of Elderly Pregnancy Among Married women at Bidadi 22-25
Author(s): Sheeba Thaya Anandi. S
A study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding

5. knowledge of mental illness among adolescents 26-27
Author: Marudhar
Study on the anti histaminic activity of Achyranthes aspera L. and Tephrosia
6. L. on experimental rats. 28-29
Author(s): Mahesh Kumar Ningwal
Lichen Biodeterioration Studies On Monuments Of Gwalior Division,

7. Madhya Pradesh. 30-33
Author(s): Vindhyeshwari Uppadhayay (M.Sc.)
Studies On Propagation And Some Device Applications Of Surface

8. Plasma Waves (Spws) 34-36
Author: Santosh Chauhan
Editorial Board Members
EDITOR-IN-JOURNAL
Rahul Kumar Jain
Dept. Human Resource
IJRE, India
________________________________________________________________________
MANAGING EDITOR
Varun Jain
Qualification: Master of Computer Application
Affiliation: IGNOU, India
IJRE, India
________________________________________________________________________
Editorial Board Members
1. Dr. Mohammad Hassan Khan

Qualification: M.A. (Arabic), Ph.D.
Department of Arabic
2. Dr.S.K.Khatik
Professor & HOD
Qualification: Ph.D.
Department of Commerce
3. Dr. Alok Mishra

HOD, Lecturer
Qualification: M.P.T., Ph.D.
Department of Physical Education
4. Dr.(Mrs.)Sulbha Amlathe
Head, Dept of Engineering Chemistry
Qualification: Ph.D. (Environmental Analytical Chemistry)
5. Dr.(Mrs.) Taruna Jain

Head, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, BUIT
Qualification: M. Tech.
6. Dr. M.K.Shrivastava, Professor

Department of Legal Studies & Research
Qualification: Ph.D. (Law)
7. Dr. Anil Prakseh

Department of Biotechnology
Qualification: Ph.D. in Biotechnology
8. Dr. Kiran Singh

Professor (on Lien), Dept. of Microbiology
Qualification:Ph.D.
9. Dr. Rakesh Jain

Dept. of Computer Science and Applications
Qualification: M.C.A., Ph.D.
International Journal of Research and Engineering is indexed by:
Disclaimer:
The responsibility of the contents and the opinions expressed in this journal is exclusively of the author(s) concerned. The
publisher/editor of the journal is not responsible for errors in the contents or any consequences arising from the use of information
contained in it. The opinions expressed in the research papers/articles in this journal do not necessarily represent the views of the
publisher/editor.
© All rights reserved.
A Study To Evaluate The Effectiveness Of Planned Teaching Programme On

Knowledge And Practice Regarding Prevention Of Obesity Among Adolescents In
Selected Schools Of Bangalore District.
Author: Mr. Narayan Swami M.
Dept. Of Community Health Nursing
Sneha College Of Nursing, Bangalore, Karnataka
ABSTRACT: The prevalence of obesity is increasing dramatically all
There is no simple solution to obesity, and no fast way to create the over the world. Very little data are currently available on the
energy deficit required for sustainable loss of fat - weight loss prevalence of childhood obesity and more research on the risk
requires long-term commitment to permanently change eating and factors is required before preventive public health programmes can
exercise habits. Valid advice is to reduce overall energy intake, be put into practice. Prevalence of overweight and obesity were
include more vegetables, fruits and whole grain products and 13.2% and 1.6%, respectively. According to gender, the prevalence
fewer foods high in saturated fat, sugar and salt. While mindful of of obesity in boys was 2.0% and overweight was 13.9%, while in
the need to encourage individuals to make changes, the medical girls, obesity was 1.2% and overweight was 12.5%. Available
profession needs to lead the charge to advocate for changes to our estimates show the prevalence of overweight and obesity in
obesogenic environment. children increased by a magnitude of two to five times in
KEYWORDS: Obesity, Prevention of Obesity, Adolescents, developed countries (e.g. from 11% to over 30% in boys in
Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme Canada), and up to almost four times in developing countries (e.g.
INTRODUCTION from 4% to 14% in Brazil). The evidence reviewed indicates that
current programmes lead to short-term improvements in outcomes
Global health problems and priorities are undergoing relating to obesity and chronic disease prevention without adverse
transition from the past two decades. Scientific advancements in effects .2
the field of medicine contributed effective antibiotics and vaccines A study was conducted to determine responsibilities of
to combat most of the deadlier infectious diseases while industrial school nurses in delivering obesity prevention services assess
and technological advancements added comfort to human life. As a opinions and beliefs about school-based obesity prevention and
result incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases are gradually determine factors associated with school nurses supporting and
replacing by lifestyle related diseases such as cancer, providing obesity prevention services. Study suggests considerable
cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. support among school nurses for school-based obesity prevention
Chronic nature of the lifestyle related problems severely damages efforts and a growing interest in providing primary and secondary
the quality of life and also pressurizes the health care delivery preventive care services in the school setting. Study findings also
system for the long term care. Lifestyle related diseases are having speak to the need for preparation, time and support from the school
few common risk factors which can be prevented if early measures and health provider community.14
are adopted by the individuals. Responsibility lies on the health The school-based intervention was effective in increasing
care workers and administrator to initiate measures to educate and health knowledge in the intervention as compared with the control
create awareness about risk factors of these chronic diseases. school. Secondarily, it was effective in improving certain dietary
Countries differ in their measures according to their affordability. behaviors. Utilizing health care professionals in the classroom to
Countries like in India low cost but effective measures are required teach students appropriate lifestyles and actually measuring
to create awareness among the population. Health education can be cardiovascular risk factors to increase awareness among students
most effective if provided in younger age which enables primordial was effective in increasing overall health knowledge.
prevention. There is no simple solution to obesity, and no fast way to
School health nursing is one of the extended care create the energy deficit required for sustainable loss of fat - weight
practices of nurses where they can reach significant portion of the loss requires long-term commitment to permanently change eating
population during their early developmental stages. Several adult and exercise habits. Valid advice is to reduce overall energy intake,
disorders can be prevented if healthy practices are inculcated from include more vegetables, fruits and whole grain products and
the childhood. Adolescence is a crucial stage of human life where fewer foods high in saturated fat, sugar and salt. While mindful of
most of the health risk behavior is seeded into the life like the need to encourage individuals to make changes, the medical
smoking, alcoholism, eating junk foods and physical inactivity. profession needs to lead the charge to advocate for changes to our
Nurses are required to assess the existing knowledge, attitude and obesogenic environment.
practice towards these risky behaviors and should initiate measures Investigator had rich experience in the field of cardiac
to alleviate them. nursing as he was working in the premiere cardiac institute of
NEED FOR THE STUDY Karnataka. He recognized the need of preventing the risk factors of
The optimum means of defining obesity in children is cardiovascular diseases in the earliest stages of life so that one can
unclear, creating variation in practice, and hindering obesity go through healthy adult life. Hence investigator was interested in
surveillance, prevention and treatment. The incidence of developing and evaluating the intervention for preventing obesity
overweight and obesity is rising at an alarming pace in the pediatric among high school children.
population, just as in the adult population. The adult co morbidities
associated with this risk factor are well-recognized and are being
further elucidated continually. Additionally, we are gradually OBJECTIVES
developing a better understanding of the risks of overweight and
obesity among children while they are still young. If current trends This session deals with the statement of the problem,
continue, the problem of pediatric overweight and obesity will objectives of the study, operational definitions, hypothesis made in
become of unmanageable proportions once these individuals reach the study, limitations of the study and conceptual framework.
adulthood. 1 Objectives are the guiding forces for a researcher throughout his
study. Explicit description of objectives is essential to come out

with the meaningful research. The statement of the problem and the
objectives for the current study are as follows: Hypothesis
H1: There is a significant difference between pre test and post
Statement of the Problem test knowledge scores among adolescents regarding
A study to evaluate the effectiveness of planned teaching prevention of obesity.
programme on knowledge and practice regarding prevention of H2: There is a significant difference between pre test and post
obesity among adolescents in selected schools of Bangalore test practice scores among adolescents regarding
district. prevention of obesity.
H3: There is a significant association between pre test and post
Objectives of the Study test knowledge scores with selected sociodemographic
• To assess the Knowledge Regarding prevention of obesity variables of adolescents.
among adolescents H4 : There is a significant association between pre test and post
• To assess the practice of prevention of obesity among test practice scores with selected sociodemographic
adolescents variables adolescents.
• To develop and evaluate the effectiveness of planned
teaching Programme on Knowledge and Practice of Assumptions
adolescents regarding prevention of obesity. 1. Adolescents are having earlier knowledge and related
• To find the association between selected socio practice regarding obesity.
demographic variables with knowledge scores 2. Awareness of adolescents regarding prevention of
obesity can be measured by self administered
• To find the association between selected socio
questionnaire.
demographic variables with practice scores
3. Practice of adolescents regarding prevention of obesity
can be measured by self reported check list.
4. Sociodemographic variables of adolescents may have
influence on their knowledge and practice scores.
Operational Definitions
Assess: Refers to ascertaining the outcome of self instructional Conceptual Framework
module on knowledge and practice of adolescents regarding Conceptual framework represents the researcher’s mental
prevention of obesity. mapping of various concepts and their relations as intended in the
Effectiveness: Refers to the impact of self instructional module on study. Conceptual framework is a theoretical approach to the study
knowledge and practice of adolescents regarding prevention of of problems emphasizing the selection, arrangement and
obesity as revealed by statistically significant difference between classification of its concepts. Conceptual framework states
pre test and post test knowledge and practice scores. functional relationship between events and is not limited to
Planned teaching programme: Refers to structured learning statistical relationship.
material prepared by the investigator regarding etiology, effects Nola J Pender’s Health promotional model is used in this
and prevention of obesity for the duration of 60 minutes using study as proceedings of the study closely matches with the
appropriate audio visual aids. elements of Health promotional model. Individual’s knowledge
Obesity: Refers to excessive deposition of the fat in body perception about their health and illness depends on the various
manifested by disproportionate weight to the height with the body socio demographic characteristics and cues to action by others.
mass index of more than 25. In this study individuals knowledge regarding prevention of
Prevention: refers to self directed measures to regulate food intake obesity is assessed in the background of socio demographic
and physical activity in order to halt the development of obesity. characteristics like gender, age, and religion, type of family,
Knowledge: Refers to the awareness of adolescents regarding income, body mass index and exposure to previous information.
prevention of obesity as revealed by the self administered Planned teaching programme by the investigator acted like cues to
questionnaire scores. action.
Practice: refers to food intake and physical activity behavior of
adolescents regarding prevention of obesity as revealed by the self
reported rating scale.
Adolescents: Refers to the students studying in the selected high
schools of Bangalore district fulfilling following inclusive and
exclusive criteria.
INCLUSIVE CRITERIA
1. The children who are studying in high school between 8th
Standard to 10th Standard.
2. Those who are present and willing to participate at the
time of data collection.
EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA:
1. Those who are not present at the time of data collection.
2. Those who are not willing to participate at the time of
data collection. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is a systematic way of conducting a

research study to solve a problem. This comprises of the
statement of the problem, the objectives of the study, the
hypothesis that have been formulated and the variables under
the study. The methods used for data collection and the
statistical methods used for analyzing the data and the logic
behind it.
Research Approach
According to Poilt & Hungler (1995) the classical approach for

the conduct of evaluation research consists of four broad phases,
• Determining the objectives of the programme
• Developing a means of measuring the attainment of those
objectives
• Collecting data
• Interpreting data in terms of objectives. In the analysis of data,
the difference of the initial and the terminal measurement
represents the effect of the independent variables.
The view of the nature of the problem selected for the
study and the objectives to be accomplished, an evaluation research
was considered an appropriate research approach for the present
study
Research Design
The research design is the overall plan for obtaining
answers to the questions being studied and for handling the
difficulties encountered during research process. Polit and Hungler,
1995 stated that a research design incorporates the most important
methodological decisions that a researcher makes in conducting a
research study. The purpose of the research design is to achieve
greater control and thus improve the validity of the study in
examining the research problem.
For the present study one group pre test post test research Figure 2: Schematic Representation Of research Design
design was selected. Population
Pre test post test According to Polit and Hungler, a population comprises
O1 X O2 of the entire set of individuals (or object) having some common
O1 -pre test assessment of the knowledge characteristics sometimes referred to as universe
-pre test assessment of the practice The population of the present study comprises of the high
O2- post test assessment of knowledge school students studying in selected high school of Bangalore
-post test assessment of practice district. The accessible populations are those studying at
X- Treatment or independent variable (planned teaching Siddhartha boarding high school of Bangalore district.
programme)
Variables
Independent variable: planned teaching programme Sample and Sampling Technique
Sample is the subset of the units that compose the
Dependent variable: Knowledge and practice of prevention of population. The process of sampling makes it possible accepts a
obesity with demographic Variables such as Age, gender, religion, generalization to the intended population based on careful
family income, type of family, body mass index and previous observation of variables, within a relatively small proportion of
information of obesity. population.
Setting of the Study: In the present study, 60 high school students studying in
The study was conducted in the Siddhartha residential high school selected high schools were selected by convenient sampling
,Koththanur of Bangalore district. technique by the investigator.
Figure 3: Steps Of Convenient Sampling
Before selecting the sample, the researcher carefully and Section – C: A self reporting rating scale comprising of
completely defined the population including a description of the multiple response questions to assess the practice on Diabetic diet.
members to be included. Selections were made among those who There are total 15 questions in the section C of which 11
fulfilled the sampling criteria. Obviously, a truly representative are positively stated items and 4 are negatively stated items.
sample, which accurately represents the larger population, is
selected. SCORING
The 18 questions in section- B are of Multiple-choice
SAMPLING CRITERIA questions and for the correct option the score is 1 and other options
The following criteria are set to select samples. 0.
3. The children who Knows to study Write and Read The 15 questions in Section- C are rating questions. The
Kannada and English (7th Standard to 12th Standard). scoring scale consists of five options always –frequently-undecided
4. Those who are present and willing to participate at the –occasionally-rarely. There are 11 positively stated items and 4
time of data collection. negatively stated items.
In positively stated items the scores awarded in the order
EXCLUSIVE CRITERIA: of 1, 2, 3,4and5 negatively stated items the scores awarded in the
3. Those who are not present at the time of data collection. order of scores awarded in the order of 5,4,3,2 and 1.
4. Those who are not willing to participate at the time of The score ranges from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of
data collection. 18 for section-B and score of minimum 15 to a maximum of 75 for
section-C.
Development Of Tool CONTENT VALIDITY

LoBiondo-Wood and Haber, 1998 stated that
questionnaires are employed to gather information concerning It is the assessment of instruments ability to measure
knowledge, attitude, beliefs and feelings. what it intends to measure, the degree to which the data collection
A self administered knowledge questionnaire was tool reflects the body of knowledge pertaining to concept being
developed for assessing the knowledge regarding prevention of studied15.
obesity and a self reported rating scale to assess the practice on 10 experts, comprising of 6 nurse educators from the
prevention of obesity. The tools were prepared on the basis of the department of community health Nursing, 3 Professors from
objectives of the study. department of Medicine and dietician and 1 Statistician, established
The following steps were adapted in the development of content validity of the tool. The experts were requested to give
the instruments: their opinions and suggestions regarding the relevance of the tool
• Review of literature provided adequate content for the for further modifications to improve the clarity and content of the
tool preparation. items.
• Researcher’s personal experience, consultation with After considering the experts’ suggestions and modifications,
experts and discussion with peer groups. the tool was finalized and it consisted of 10 items on personal
• Prior to structuring the questionnaire the investigator data, 18 items on knowledge regarding prevention of obesity
visited various hospitals and collected relevant data and 15 items on practice of prevention of obesity. Tool was
necessary to construct the items for the knowledge translated into Kannada and back translation to English was
questionnaire. done. Tool was given to Kannada expert for validity.
• Prior to preparation of the checklist the investigator
assessed the knowledge on common practices of RELIABILITY OF THE TOOL
adolescents regarding prevention of obesity. Reliability of the research instrument is defined as the
• Development of Blue print. extent to which the instrument yields the same results on repeated
• Construction of demographic proforma, planned measures. It is then concerned with consistency, accuracy,
knowledge questionnaire and checklist to assess precision, stability, equivalence and homogeneity.
knowledge and practice adolescents regarding prevention The reliability of the tool is established by split-half
of obesity. method by administering the tool for 6 high school students who
• Content Validity. fulfilled sampling criteria. Reliability was established by split-half
• Reliability of the tool. method using the Spearman Brown Prophecy formula. The
reliability coefficient of the tool was found to be 0.8715, which
DESCRIPTION OF THE TOOL showed that the tool was reliable.
The tool consists of three sections
Section – A : This section is the first section seeking information DEVELOPMENT OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGRAMME
on demographic background of the adolescents i.e. Age, gender, The planned teaching programme was prepared based on
religion, family income, type of family, body mass index and the title of the topic and objectives selected for the study.
previous information on obesity. The following steps were adopted to develop it, they are
Section - B: Consists of questions assessing knowledge about • Development of the content.
prevention of obesity among high school students in broad aspects • Establishment of content validity
comprising questions on the following. • Development of the blue print
- Meaning and etiology of obesity • Planning for teaching
- Consequences and treatment of obesity • Translation of PTP in to Kannada.
- Prevention of obesity
There are total 18 Multiple Choice Questions. In section DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA CHECK LIST
B, Item number 1-7 inquire meaning and etiology of obesity, 8-10 A criteria checklist was prepared to develop PTP based
about Consequences and treatment of obesity and 10-18 regarding on the review literature and the opinion of experts. The criteria
Prevention of obesity. checklist constructed under broad heading
Objectives administration of planned teaching programme. Post test was

Content (selection, organization, presentation) conducted after 8 days with the same questionnaire.
Language
Feasibility and practicability. PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS:
The drafts of criteria check list and PTP was given to 10 The analysis of data involves the translation of
experts for validation. information collected during the course of a research study into an
PREPARATION OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGAMME interpretable and manageable form. It involves the use of statistical
(PTP) procedures to give organization and meaning to data. Statistical
Planned teaching programme was developed keeping in methods are used to organize and reduce masses of data into
mind the objectives criterion check list literature reviewed and the convenient descriptive terms and to draw inferences from them.
opinion of experts and the main factors were kept in mind while The analysis of the data was carried out by descriptive
preparing PTP . The level of knowledge of the sample, Method of and inferential statistics.
teaching to be adopted, simplicity of language, relevancy of The plan of data analysis is followed and the organization of
teaching and attention span of students were also kept in mind the data is in the master sheets of computer.
while preparing PTP . • Frequencies and percentages for the analysis of
demographic data.
CONTENT VALIDITY OF PLANNED TEACHING • Chi square test is used to associate the demographic
PROGAMME (PTP) variables with the knowledge and practice scores.
The Initial draft of PTP was given to 10experts along • Paired “t” test is used to find the effectiveness of PTP on
with criteria checklist. The experts were requested to validate the knowledge and practice of students.
PTP based on the criteria checklist. The suggestions of the experts
were incorporated and planned teaching programme was modified DISCUSSION
and finalized with opinion of guide.
DESCRIPTION OF PLANNED TEACHING PROGAMME The remarkable growth of obesity in the young
(PTP) population in many parts of the world in a relatively short time
The PTP was titled as the prevention of obesity among span represents one of the defining public health challenges of the
adolescents. It included an introduction, general objectives and 21st century. At this early phase in addressing childhood obesity,
specific objectives. It consists of the following areas action has begun on a number of levels to improve dietary patterns
Defines adolescence obesity and increase physical activity in children and youth throughout
Describes the causes of obesity world. Schools, corporations, youth-related organizations, families,
Explains the consequences of obesity communities, foundations, and government agencies are working
Describes the method diagnosing childhood obesity to implement a variety of policy changes, new programs, and other
Describes the treatment modalities of obesity interventions. There is a great deal yet to be learned about how to
Describe the mode of prevention evaluate these efforts and disseminate information on effective
interventions. Preventing childhood obesity will involve changes in
Determining the method of evaluating Planned Teaching social norms and the demand by the general public for healthier
Programme (PTP) lifestyles and the products and opportunities that support physical
The valuation of PTP was through post test after 7 days activity and healthful diets.
of distribution of planned teaching programme. The present research study is to evaluate the
Translation of PTP effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge and
The PTP was translated in to Kannada by an expert to practice regarding prevention of obesity among adolescents in
simplify the language based on the literacy level. selected schools of Bangalore district.
The objectives of this study are:
To assess the Knowledge Regarding prevention of
obesity among adolescents
PILOT STUDY To assess the practice of prevention of obesity among
After obtaining formal permission from the authorities adolescents
the pilot study was conducted from 01.10.2009 to 10.10.2009 To develop and evaluate the effectiveness of planned
among 6 non-study subjects selected at a non-study area by using teaching Programme on Knowledge and Practice of
simple random sampling technique. The investigator given self- adolescents regarding prevention of obesity .
introduction explained the purpose of the study and a written To find the association between selected socio
consent was obtained from the subjects. demographic variables with knowledge scores
The data is collected from the samples by using structured To find the association between selected socio
tools. Data analysis of the pilot study was done to ensure the demographic variables with practice scores
effectiveness of the main study. The findings revealed that HYPOTHESES
most of the subjects were having inadequate knowledge and H1: There is a significant difference between pre test and post
unfavorable practices regarding diabetic diet. Considering the test knowledge scores among adolescents regarding
results and opinion of experts, the investigator decided to prevention of obesity.
carry out a detailed study. H2: There is a significant association between pre test and post
test knowledge scores with selected sociodemographic
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE variables of adolescents.
After obtaining formal permission from the school H3: There is a significant association between pre test and post
authorities and from the students, data was collected from 60 test practice scores with selected sociodemographic
students selected by convenient sampling technique during variables adolescents.
30.10.2009 to 15.11.2009. Section A – demographic characteristics of the study subjects.
It took about 30-40 minutes per sample to collect the Majority of the respondents (56.67%) are males and
data. 60 respondents filled the questionnaire and it is followed by remaining 43.33% of respondents are females. 75% belongs to 13-
15 years of age group and remaining 23% of respondents belongs A study was conducted to implement a school based
to 15-17 years of age group. 58.3% of respondents are Hindus health promotion programme aimed at reducing risk factors
followed by 26.7% of respondents are Muslims and 11.7% of for obesity and to evaluate the implementation process and
respondents are Christians. 71.7% of respondents are living in its effect on the school. Intervention children showed a
nuclear families and remaining 28.3 % of respondents are living higher score for knowledge, attitudes, and self reported
in joint families. Majority of the respondents (55%) having the behaviour for healthy eating and physical activity.
63
income lesser than Rs. 6000 per month whereas 11.7% having the A study was conducted to evaluate the short-term
income more than Rs 12000. effectiveness of a weekly dietary instruction program to reduce
Majority of the respondents (66.7%) are having normal obesity in elementary school children. A significantly increased
body mass index followed by 18.3% are below normal 11.7% are nutrition knowledge and change to more healthy dietary behavior
overweight and remaining 3.3% of respondents are obese. 81.7% were also found in students who finished the instruction program.
are not having previous information on obesity and remaining 64
18.3% of respondents are having previous information on obesity . Section F - Analysis of association between knowledge and
A study was conducted to review the socio-demographic practice of adolescents regarding prevention of obesity during
and home environmental determinants in children and adolescents. pre-test and post test.
In adolescents aged 13-14 y, the socio-demographic determinants Association between selected sociodemographic
were year of examination, type of school, size of municipality, variables with pretest knowledge scores shows that Gender
gender, and province; overweight showed a significant positive ,agegroup ,previous information and type of family having
main effect with public schools and low municipality size.59 significant association between pretest knowledge scores. Gender
A study was conducted to examine changes in relative ,agegroup ,previous information and type of family shows
weight and prevalence of obesity across a ten-year period among significant association between posttest knowledge scores.
14-year-old boys according to parental education level. There is a Association between selected sociodemographic
trend toward increasing prevalence of obesity across the decade variables with pretest and posttest practice scores shows that
considered, according to father's education level. A significant Gender and type of family shows significant association between
increase is also observed in the group with parents attaining pretest practice scores.where as gender ,type of family and family
university education.60 income shows significant association between posttest practice
A study was conducted to sociocultural predictors of scores.
children's physical activity and fitness, with particular attention A study was conducted to examine the relationships
paid to the influence of ethnicity independent from potential among weight status (BMI), health perceptions, and psychosocial
confounders such as social class. Specific multivariate findings characteristics in children, parents, and parent-child dyads.
included higher levels of television viewing and vigorous exercise Significant correlations included: child health perceptions and child
among children from single parent homes, lower habitual physical BMI (r = 0.309, P < 0.001) and parent perception of weight and
activity among girls, and children from single parent homes. 61 parent BMI (r = 0.691, P < 0.001). For parent-child dyads, one
Section B - analysis of knowledge and practice of adolescents correlation approached significance (child health perceptions and
regarding prevention of obesity during pre-test and post test. parent stage of change (r = -0.269, P < 0.01). 65
Overall mean knowledge score in the pre test is 48.78% A study was carried out at the University School to
where as in the post test is 82.33%. In the area wise knowledge assess the Obesity risk factors in children. A logistic regression
score highest mean percentage of 98% found in the area of model was developed to examine the relationships between obesity
meaning and etiology of obesity during pretest and 86.75% mean and possible risk factors. Obesity was strongly associated with
knowledge score observed in the area of Prevention of obesity parental obesity. Furthermore, energy intake, having regular
during posttest. physical activity, presence of obesity in the mother, the father, and
A study was conducted to assess the Knowledge amongst the mother's family and having a mother working out of home
adolescent girls about nutritive value of foods and diet during were also significantly associated with obesity. 66
diseases, pregnancy and lactation. A total of 23.69 and 55.93% A study was conducted to explore dietary patterns,
students had incorrect knowledge that pulses and non-vegetarian physical activity and perceptions of relationships between life-style
foods should be avoided during later half of the pregnancy.62 and health among children in a suburb with low socio-economic
Overall mean practice score in the pre test is 31.92 status and a high proportion of immigrants and refugees. Thirty-
whereas in the post test is 65.68%. In the area wise practice scores one percent of the children were obese or overweight. Thirty-four
highest mean percentage of 46.05% observed in the area of percent spent more than 3 h daily watching TV or using computer,
practice related to Diet, activity and lifestyle mean practice score a behaviour, which clustered with excess intake of sweet drinks
observed in pretest and 71.15% in the area of practice related to and habitually skipping breakfast. The results show that low socio-
Diet, activity and lifestyle during posttest. economic status and migration are proxies for overweight and
Section C - Analysis of effectiveness of planned teaching obesity. 67
Programme on Knowledge and practice by comparing A study was conducted to explore the factors associated
pretest and posttest knowledge scores with obesity in school children Research to date supports the
The computed ‘t’ value(6.868) between the means of pre complex interrelationships between nutritional knowledge, feeding
test and post test is more than the critical ‘t’ value obtained from ‘t’ practices, values, and select demographic variables and the
value tables at a level of significance of 5%. The results of ‘t’ test development of obesity in school children. The present study
shows that the improvement of mean value of knowledge scores of suggests implications for school nursing practice in relation to the
post test when compared to a lesser values of pre test are not by problem of obesity in children.68
chance but due to the gain in knowledge because planned teaching CONCLUSION
programme at a level of significance of0.05%.
Application of student’s ‘t’ test (two tail test) to pre test School health nursing is one of the extended care practice
and post test practice scores yielded the computed ‘t’ of nurses where they can reach significant portion of the population
value(24.285) between the means of pre test and post test is more during their early developmental stages. Several adult disorders
than the critical ‘t’ value obtained from ‘t’ value tables at a level of can be prevented if healthy practices are inculcated from the
significance of 0.05%. childhood. Adolescence is crucial stage of human life where most
of the health risk behavior is seeded into the life like smoking, IMPLICATIONS:
alcoholism, eating junk foods and physical inactivity. Nurses are The findings of the study have implications in areas of
required to assess the existing knowledge, attitude and practice nursing practice, nursing administration, nursing education and
towards these risky behaviors and should initiate measures to nursing research.
alleviate them.
The present research study is to evaluate the 1. Nursing Practice:
effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge and The findings implies the need for community health
practice regarding prevention of obesity among adolescents in nurse to keep abreast with the knowledge by undergoing
selected schools of Bangalore district. continuing education and in-service education and training to
The objectives of this study are: upgrade skills and learning and be well versed with newer
To assess the Knowledge Regarding prevention of advancements in diagnosis and use of self- monitoring instruments
obesity among adolescents and management skills. The community health nurse can play an
Knowledge is assessed using translated self administered important role in educating the general information, importance of
questionnaire with 18 items. Overall mean knowledge score in the diet and prevention of obesity among adolescents in the school
pre test is 48.78% where as in the post test is 82.33%. settings .
To assess the practice of prevention of obesity The study finding signifies the importance of formulating
among adolescents. and implementing PTP by nursing personnel mainly at the school
Practice is assessed using self reported rating scale with settings. Since there is a gross inadequacy in knowledge and
15 items of 5 point scale. overall mean practice score in the pre test practices regarding prevention of obesity they are able to make
is 31.92 where as in the post test is 65.68%. significant contribution to the adolescents in achieving good health.
To develop and evaluate the effectiveness of planned 2. Nursing Education:

teaching Programme on Knowledge and Practice of The study had proved that improving knowledge of
adolescents regarding prevention of obesity . adolescents regarding prevention of obesity can change their
To find the association between selected socio practice. To impart the knowledge to the community the Nursing
demographic variables with knowledge scores. personnel need to be equipped with adequate knowledge regarding
To find the association between selected socio prevention of obesity. Nursing personnel working in various health
demographic variables with practice scores setting should be given in service education to update the
HYPOTHESES knowledge and abilities in identifying the learning needs of the
H1: There is a significant difference between pre test and post clients with obesity regarding prevention of obesity and planning
test knowledge scores among adolescents regarding for appropriate intervention.
prevention of obesity. 3. Nursing Administration:
The results of ‘t’ test shows that the improvement of The nursing administrator should take an initiative in
mean value of knowledge scores of post test when compared to a creating health policy making and developing protocols in
lesser values of pre test are not by chance but due to the gain in providing education to the adolescents during their schooling and
knowledge because planned teaching programme at a level of involve patients in the promotion of their health. Nurse
significance of 0.05%. administrators should review the institutions policies and practices
H2: There is a significant difference between pre test and post related to diabetic diet of patients. They should develop dietary
test practice scores among adolescents regarding meal plans and guidelines to be followed for management of
prevention of obesity. obesity.
Application of student’s ‘t’ test (two tail test) to pre test The Nurse administrator should plan for the budget and
and post test practice scores yielded the computed ‘t’ utilize the resources for training of staff, health education of
value(24.285) between the means of pre test and post test is more patients and providing regular education, Training and follow up
than the critical ‘t’ value obtained from ‘t’ value tables at a level of for adolescents attending schools and colleges.
significance of 0.05%. 4. Nursing Research:
There is a growing need for furnishing nursing research
H3: There is a significant association between pre test and post in all areas of healthcare. The Nurse researchers especially
test knowledge scores with selected sociodemographic beginners need to enhance their quest for knowledge. Several
variables of adolescents. research studies including the current study in the field of child
Chi square test was conducted to test the association hood obesity serves as knowledge base to the beginner nurse
between selected sociodemographic variables and knowledge researchers, who can further conduct research studies in the areas
scores. Association between selected sociodemographic variables of the importance of diet, ideal body weight, dietary allowances
with pretest knowledge scores shows that Gender ,age group and sources, fiber in diet, anti oxidants using control groups. The
,previous information and type of family having significant nurse researchers can discuss with diabetes mellitus patients,
association between pretest knowledge scores. Gender ,age group Healthcare professionals on future research problems related to
,previous information and type of family shows significant diabetes mellitus and dietary management. The nurse researchers
association between posttest knowledge scores. may effectively use the results of various studies and recommend
H4: There is a significant association between pre test and post on the importance of diet, sources of food and changes in life style
test practice scores with selected sociodemographic for better management of obesity thus to reduce the mortality and
variables adolescents. morbidity associated to diabetes mellitus . The nurse researchers
Chi square test was conducted to test the association can conduct studies to assess the effectiveness of self-care manual
between selected sociodemographic variables and practice scores. and health education modules for various age groups of
Association between selected sociodemographic variables with adolescents.
pretest and posttest practice scores shows that Gender and type of Limitations:
family shows significant association between pretest practice • Information collected from the adolescents was based on
scores. Where as gender ,type of family and family income shows the self reported responses only.
significant association between posttest practice scores.
• The study was confined to 60 adolescents only.
• The study is limited to assessment of knowledge and [10] Fact sheet ,Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the
practice of adolescents attending schools only. Balance, 2005 , Institute of Medicine , Available
RECOMMENDATIONS from,www.iom.edu
In the light of the above findings and personal experience [11] Ye D, Drabo YJ, Ouedraogo D, Samandoulougou A,
of the investigator the following recommendations are offered. Sawadogo A. Obesity, hypertension, and diabetes
• The study can be replicated on a larger sample; thereby mellitus among school children in Ouagadougou, Dakar
findings can be generalized for a larger population. Med. 2001;46(2):112-5. Available from
• A Self instructional module can be prepared to enhance :http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15773176
the knowledge and practice of adolescents regarding [12] Melin A, Lenner RA. Prevention of further weight gain
prevention of obesity. in overweight school children, a pilot study. Scand J
• Regular educational programmes can be conducted for Caring Sci. 2008 Dec 12. Available from :URL:
adults on importance of diet; monitoring body mass http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
index and management of prevention of obesity thereby [13] Rimmer JH, Rowland JL, Yamaki K. Obesity and
ensuring an active live for type 2 diabetes mellitus. secondary conditions in adolescents with disabilities:
• A comparative study can be done between effectiveness addressing the needs of an underserved population. J
of self instructional module versus planned teaching Adolesc Health. 2007 Sep;41(3):224-9. Available from
programme. :URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
• The study can be done in the community area. [14] Martha Y. Kubik, Obesity Prevention in Schools: Current
• A similar study can be conducted to compare the Role and Future Practice of School Nurses, Prev Med.
knowledge and practice level of adolescents between 2007 June; 44(6): 504–507. Available from :URL:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
urban and rural communities.
[15] Stamatakis E, Zaninotto P, Falaschetti E, Mindell J, Head
J. Time trends in childhood and adolescent obesity in
BIBLIOGRAPHY
England from 1995 to 2007 and projections of
[1] Allcock DM, Gardner MJ, Sowers JR. Relation between prevalence to 2015. J Epidemiol Community Health.
Childhood Obesity and Adult Cardiovascular Risk. Int J 2010 Feb;64(2):167-74. Available from :URL:
Pediatr Endocrinol. 2009;2009:108187. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
:URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ [16] Brophy S, Cooksey R, Gravenor MB, Mistry R, Thomas
[2] Pirinçci E, Durmuş B, Gündoğdu C, Açik Y. Prevalence N, Lyons RA, Williams R. Risk factors for childhood
and risk factors of overweight and obesity among urban obesity at age 5: analysis of the millennium cohort study.
school children in Elazig city, Eastern Turkey, 2007. Ann BMC Public Health. 2009 Dec 16;9:467. Available from
Hum Biol. 2010 Jan-Feb;37(1):44-56. Available from :URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
:URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ [17] Stamatakis E, Wardle J, Cole TJ. Childhood obesity and
[3] Jeffrey P. Koplan, Catharyn T. Liverman, Vivica I. overweight prevalence trends in England: evidence for
Kraak,Shannon L. Wisham, Progress in Preventing growing socioeconomic disparities. Int J Obes (Lond).
Childhood Obesity: How Do We Measure Up? 2010 Jan;34(1):41-7. Epub 2009 Nov 3. Available from
Committee on Progress in Preventing Childhood Obesity :URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
, National Academy of Sciences. Available from :URL: [18] Ramachandra A, Sneha latha C, Vinitha and Joseph S.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ The prevalence of over weight in urban Indian adolescent
[4] Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Resnick MD, Blum RW. school children MV Hospital Rayapuram Madras 2002
Lessons learned about adolescent nutrition from the sept. 57(3) : 185 – 90 .Available from :URL:
Minnesota Adolescent Health Survey. J Am Diet Assoc. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
1998 Dec;98(12):1449-56. Available from :URL: [19] Subramanyan V. jayasree R, Rafi M., The prevalence of
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ over weight and obesity in adolescent girls in Chennai
[5] Thompson JL, Davis SM, Gittelsohn J, Going S, Becenti 2003 Aug, 40(8) : 775 – 9 And 2004 Feb 4(2) : 200
A, Metcalfe L, Stone E,Harnack L, Ring K. Patterns of Available from :URL:
physical activity among American Indian children: an http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
assessment of barriers and support. J Community Health. [20] Agarawal T, bathra RC and Singh D The prevalence of
2001 Dec;26(6):423-45. Available from :URL: Obesity and over weight in adolescent in Ludhiana 2008
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/ jun 45(6) : 800-2 Available from :URL:
[6] U.S. Department of Agriculture. Continuing Survey of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
Food Intakes by Individuals 1994-96, 1998. [21] Kumar H.N., Mohanan P, Kotian S,Sajjan BS, Kumar
[7] Rissam HS, S Kishore, N Trehan., Coronary Artery SG, Prevelence of over weight and obesity among pre-
Disease in Young Indians –The Missing Link, Escorts school children in semi urban south, 2008 jun;45 (6) :
Heart Institute and Research Centre,New Delhi-110 497- 49. Available from :URL:
025.Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
http://medind.nic.in/jac/t01/i3/jact01i3p128.pdf [22] Sharma A, Sharma K,Mathur KP, Growth pattern and
[8] Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, prevalence of Obesity in affluent school childrens of
Tabak CJ, Flegal KM.Prevalence of overweight and Delhi, 2007 May; 10(5) : 485 – 91. Available from
obesity in the U.S., 1999–2004. JAMA 2006;295:1549– :URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
55. Available from http://muni.sfgov.org /site/ [23] Haque F, de la Rocha AG, Horbul BA, Desroches P,
uploadedfiles/ shapeupsf/ research_data/ Neighborhood Orrell C. Prevalence of childhood obesity in northeastern
_Greenness.pdf Ontario: a cross-sectional study. Can J Diet Pract Res.
[9] Halford JCG, Gillespie J, Brown V, et al. Effect of 2006 Autumn;67(3):143-7. Available from :URL:
television advertisements for foods on food consumption http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
in children. Appetite (2004) 42:221–5. Available from [24] Beyerlein A, Toschke AM, von Kries R. Risk factors for
:URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ childhood overweight: shift of the mean body mass index
and shift of the upper percentiles: results from a cross- Nutr. 2009 Sep;59(3):253-9. Available from :URL:
sectional study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010 Jan 19. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
Available from :URL: [38] Long JD, Armstrong ML, Amos E, Shriver B, Roman-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Shriver C, Feng D, et al., Pilot using World Wide Web to
[25] Taha AZ. Self-reported knowledge and pattern of prevent diabetes in adolescents. Clin Nurs Res. 2006
physical activity among school students in Al Khobar, Feb;15(1):67-79. Available from :URL:
Saudi Arabia. East Mediterr Health J. 2008 Mar- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
Apr;14(2):344-55. Available from :URL: [39] Edwards B. Childhood obesity: a school-based approach
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ to increase nutritional knowledge and activity levels.
[26] Booth ML, Wilkenfeld RL, Pagnini DL, Booth SL, King Nurs Clin North Am. 2005 Dec;40(4):661-9. Available
LA. Perceptions of adolescents on overweight and from :URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
obesity: the weight of opinion study. J Paediatr Child [40] Sherman JB, Alexander MA, Gomez D, Kim M, Marole
Health. 2008 May;44(5):248-52. Available from :URL: P. Intervention program for obese school children. J
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Community Health Nurs. 1992;9(3):183-90. Available
[27] Jedrzejewska B, Kalinowski P, Stachowicz A. from :URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
Knowledge of healthy behaviours among teenagers [41] Kelly KP, Kirschenbaum DS. Immersion treatment of
attending selected schools of the Lublin region, Ann childhood and adolescent obesity: the first review of a
Acad Med Stetin. 2005;51 Suppl 1:65-9. Available from promising intervention. Obes Rev. 2010 Jan 12.
:URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Available from :URL:
[28] Klohe-Lehman DM, Freeland-Graves J, Anderson ER, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
McDowell T, Clarke KK,Hanss-Nuss H et al., Nutrition [42] Ford AL, Bergh C, Södersten P, Sabin MA, Hollinghurst
knowledge is associated with greater weight loss in obese S, Hunt LP, Shield JP. Treatment of childhood obesity by
and overweight low-income mothers. J Am Diet Assoc. retraining eating behaviour: randomised controlled trial.
2006 Jan;106(1):65-75. Available from :URL: BMJ. 2009 Jan 5;340:b5388. Available from :URL:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
[29] Gordon-Larsen P. Obesity-related knowledge, attitudes, [43] Gonzalez-Suarez C, Worley A, Grimmer-Somers K,
and behaviors in obese and non-obese urban Philadelphia Dones V. School-based interventions on childhood
female adolescents. Obes Res. 2001 Feb;9(2):112-8. obesity: a meta-analysis. Am J Prev Med. 2009
Available from :URL: Nov;37(5):418-27. Available from :URL:
[30] Kapil U, Bhasin S, Manocha S. Knowledge amongst [44] Singhal N, Misra A, Shah P, Gulati S. Effects of
adolescent girls about nutritive value of foods and diet controlled school-based multi-component model of
during diseases, pregnancy and lactation. Indian Pediatr. nutrition and lifestyle interventions on behavior
1991 Oct;28(10):1135-9. Available from :URL: modification, anthropometry and metabolic risk profile
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ of urban Asian Indian adolescents in North India. Eur J
[31] Collins CE, Watson J, Burrows T. Measuring dietary Clin Nutr. 2010 Jan 20. Available from :URL:
intake in children and adolescents in the context of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
overweight and obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009 Nov 24. [45] Melnyk BM, Jacobson D, Kelly S, O'Haver J, Small L,
Available from :URL: Mays MZ. Improving the mental health, healthy lifestyle
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ choices, and physical health of Hispanic adolescents: a
[32] West F, Sanders MR. The Lifestyle Behaviour Checklist: randomized controlled pilot study. J Sch Health. 2009
a measure of weight-related problem behaviour in obese Dec;79(12):575-84. Available from :URL:
children. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2009;4(4):266-73. Available http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
from :URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ [46] Schetzina KE, Dalton WT 3rd, Lowe EF, Azzazy N,
[33] Triches RM, Giugliani ER. Obesity, eating habits and Vonwerssowetz KM, Givens C, ET AL., Developing a
nutritional knowledge among school children ,Rev Saude coordinated school health approach to child obesity
Publica. 2005 Aug;39(4):541-7. Available from :URL: prevention in rural Appalachia: results of focus groups
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ with teachers, parents, and students. Rural Remote
[34] Huang TT, McCrory MA. Dairy intake, obesity, and Health. 2009 Oct-Dec;9(4):1157. Available from :URL:
metabolic health in children and adolescents:knowledge http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
and gaps. Nutr Rev. 2005 Mar;63(3):71-80. Available [47] Banchonhattakit P, Tanasugarn C, Pradipasen M, Miner
from :URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ KR, Nityasuddhi D. Effectiveness of school network for
[35] Maynard MJ, Baker G, Rawlins E, Anderson A, Harding childhood obesity prevention (SNOCOP) in primary
S. Developing obesity prevention interventions among schools of Saraburi Province, Thailand. Southeast Asian
minority ethnic children in schools and places of J Trop Med Public Health. 2009 Jul;40(4):816-34.
worship: The DEAL (DiEt and Active Living) study. Available from :URL:
BMC Public Health. 2009 Dec 21;9:480. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
:URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ [48] Abood DA, Black DR, Coster DC. Evaluation of a
[36] Jago R, Ness A, Emmett P, Mattocks C, Jones L, school-based teen obesity prevention minimal
Riddoch C. Obesogenic diet and physical activity: intervention. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2008 May-
independent or associated behaviours in adolescents? Jun;40(3):168-74. Available from :URL:
Public Health Nutr. 2009 Dec 3:1-9. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/
:URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ [49] Huang SH, Weng KP, Hsieh KS, Ou SF, Lin CC, Chien
[37] Pérez-Morales ME, Bacardí-Gascón M, Jiménez-Cruz A, KJ, Liu PY, Ho TY. Effects of a classroom-based
Armendáriz-Anguiano A. Randomized controlled school weight-control intervention on cardiovascular disease in
based interventions to prevent childhood obesity: elementary-school obese children. Acta Paediatr Taiwan.
systematic review from 2006 to 2009, Arch Latinoam
2007 Jul-Aug;48(4):201-6. Available from :URL: socio-demographic determinants of childhood obesity.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/ Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004 Nov;28 Suppl
[50] Danielzik S, Pust S, Müller MJ. School-based 3:S16-20. Available from :URL:
interventions to prevent overweight and obesity in http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
prepubertal children: process and 4-years outcome [60] Koziel S, Kolodziej H, Ulijaszek SJ. Parental education,
evaluation of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS). body mass index and prevalence of obesity among 14-
Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2007 Apr;96(454):19-25. Available year-old boys between 1987 and 1997 in Wrocław,
from :URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Poland. Eur J Epidemiol. 2000;16(12):1163-7. Available
[51] Spiegel SA, Foulk D. Reducing overweight through a from :URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
multidisciplinary school-based intervention. Obesity [61] Lindquist CH, Reynolds KD, Goran MI. Sociocultural
(Silver Spring). 2006 Jan;14(1):88-96. Available from determinants of physical activity among children. Prev
:URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Med. 1999 Oct;29(4):305-12. Available from :URL:
[52] Yin TJ, Wu FL, Liu YL, Yu S. Effects of a weight-loss http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
program for obese children: a "mix of attributes" [62] Kapil U, Bhasin S, Manocha S. Knowledge amongst
approach. J Nurs Res. 2005 Mar;13(1):21-30. Available adolescent girls about nutritive value of foods and diet
from :URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ during diseases, pregnancy and lactation. Indian Pediatr.
[53] Müller MJ, Danielzik S, Pust S. School- and family- 1991 Oct;28(10):1135-9. Available from :URL:
based interventions to prevent overweight in children. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
Proc Nutr Soc. 2005 May;64(2):249-54. Available from [63] Sahota P, Rudolf MC, Dixey R, Hill AJ, Barth JH, Cade
:URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ J. Evaluation of implementation and effect of primary
[54] Simon C, Wagner A, DiVita C, Rauscher E, Klein-Platat school based intervention to reduce risk factors for
C, Arveiler D, ET AL. Intervention centred on obesity. BMJ. 2001 Nov 3;323(7320):1027-9. Available
adolescents' physical activity and sedentary behavior from :URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
(ICAPS): concept and 6-month results. Int J Obes Relat [64] Chang FT, Hu SH, Wang RS. The effectiveness of
Metab Disord. 2004 Nov;28 Suppl 3:S96-S103. dietary instruction in obese school children of southern
Available from :URL: Taiwan. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 1998 Sep;14(9):528-35.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Available from :URL:
[55] Warren JM, Henry CJ, Lightowler HJ, Bradshaw SM, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
Perwaiz S. Evaluation of a pilot school programme [65] O'Neil ME, Shewokis PA, Falkenstein KK, Delago CW,
aimed at the prevention of obesity in children. Health Smith SA, A Vaughn N, et al Psychosocial Factors and
Promot Int. 2003 Dec;18(4):287-96. Available from Health Perceptions in Parents and Children Who Are
:URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Overweight or Obese. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010 Jan
[56] Sahota P, Rudolf MC, Dixey R, Hill AJ, Barth JH, Cade 7. Available from :URL:
J. Randomised controlled trial of primary school based http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
intervention to reduce risk factors for obesity. BMJ. 2001 [66] Garipagaoglu M, Budak N, Süt N, Akdikmen O, Oner N,
Nov 3;323(7320):1029-32. Available from :URL: Bundak R. Obesity risk factors in Turkish children. . J
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pediatr Nurs. 2009 Aug;24(4):332-7. Available from
[57] Sahota P, Rudolf MC, Dixey R, Hill AJ, Barth JH, Cade :URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
J. Evaluation of implementation and effect of primary [67] Magnusson MB, Hulthén L, Kjellgren KI. Obesity,
school based intervention to reduce risk factors for dietary pattern and physical activity among children in a
obesity. BMJ. 2001 Nov 3;323(7320):1027-9. Available suburb with a high proportion of immigrants. J Hum Nutr
from :URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Diet. 2005 Jun;18(3):187-94. Available from :URL:
[58] Chang FT, Hu SH, Wang RS. The effectiveness of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/
dietary instruction in obese school children of southern [68] Alexander MA, Sherman JB. Factors associated with
Taiwan. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 1998 Sep;14(9):528-35. obesity in school children. J Sch Nurs. 1991 Dec;7(4):6-
Available from :URL: 10. Available from :URL:
[59] Moreno LA, Tomás C, González-Gross M, Bueno G,
Pérez-González JM, Bueno M. Micro-environmental and
“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE STAFF NURSES

REGARDING CARE OF UNCONSCIOUS PATIENTS IN A SELECTED
HOSPITAL, MANGLORE”
Author: Mrs. B.Y.Patil (PhD Nursing Student)
JJT University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India
ABSTRACT
A study to assess the knowledge of staff nurses regarding care of • Population – The target population was all registered nurse
unconscious patients who are working in a selected hospital midwives working as staff nurses in the selected hospital.
Mangalore. The samples consisted of 80 registered staff nurses,
selected by purposive sampling. The result revealed area wise • Sample- Registered nurse midwives working as staff nurses
analysis of staff nurses knowledge regarding care of unconscious in a selected hospital, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria.
patients shows the highest means of knowledge score was 5.32
which is around 59.16%of the total score for area on ‘care of skin’. • Sample size- Eighty staff nurses who are available during the
The mean score for the area ‘fluid and electrolyte management’ period of data collection
was 3.41 which is around 68.25% of the total score of that area.
The lowest mean score was .52 which is around 17.5 of total score • Sampling technique- Purposive sampling technique has been
of the area of ‘unconscious conditions’. used to select the sample for the study.
KEYWORDS: Staff nurses, unconscious, patients were
operationally defined for the purpose of the study. • Variables- Independent variables are training experience, in-
Introduction:- service education and exposure to caring of unconscious
The patient’s state of consciousness is defined by both the behavior patients may have some influential relationship in the existing
and the pattern of brain activity recorded by an knowledge of nurses in the care of unconscious patients.
electroencephalogram (EEG). In the deepest state of
unconsciousness, the patient does not response to painful stimuli, Dependent variables are knowledge of nurses in the care of
corneal and pupillary reflexes are absent. The patient cannot unconscious patient.
swallow or cough and is incontinent of urine and feces. The ECG
pattern demonstrates decreased or absent neural activity. This • Method of data collection:-
patient is in a coma. Development and description of the tool-
Nursing the unconscious patient can be a challenging experience. Part A- Demographic data consisted of -items which included
Unconscious patients have no control over themselves or their age, gender, professional qualification, exposure to different
environment and thus are highly dependent on the nurse. The skills departments, experience in the field of nursing and the
required to care for unconscious patients are not specific to critical experience of attended in-service education programs.
care and as unconscious patients are nursed in a variety of clinical
settings. Nursing such patients can be a source of anxiety for Part B- structured knowledge questionnaire were used for the
nurses. However, with a good knowledge base to initiate the data collection
assessment, planning and implementation of quality care, nursing
patients who are unconscious can prove highly rewarding, and the Data collection Procedure:-
skills acquired can promote confidence in the care of all patients. Prior to the data collection, the investigator obtained formal
Objective:- permission from the concerned authority to conduct study.
1. To assess the knowledge of the staff nurses regarding care of The investigator introduced her self to the subjects and established
the unconscious patients. a good rapport with them and explained the purpose of the study
2. To identify the relationship of the knowledge on the care of and its usefulness. The participants were assured about the
the unconscious patients with demographic variables. confidentiality of their responses. An informed consent obtained
Assumption:- from the subjects indicated their willingness to participate in the
1. Nurses with higher professional qualification will have better study.
knowledge about care of unconsciousness. Result:-
2. Nurses with more experience will have better knowledge Area wise analysis of staff nurses knowledge regarding care of
about care of unconscious patients. unconscious patients shows the highest means of knowledge score
3. Nurse’s exposure to different educational programmes (in- was 5.32 which is around 59.16%of the total score for area on ‘care
service education) will improve their knowledge about care of of skin’. The mean score for the area ‘fluid and electrolyte
unconscious patients. management’ was 3.41 which is around 68.25% of the total score
4. Nurses constantly working with unconscious patients will of that area. The lowest mean score was .52 which is around 17.5
have better knowledge about care of these patients. of total score of the area of ‘unconscious condition’.
Methodology:- Nursing implications:-
• Research approach - Exploratory approach was used for this A) Nursing education:
study • The finding will help the nursing faculty to give more
importance for planning and organizing the teaching
• Research design- Non experimental descriptive research programme to improve the knowledge regarding
design communicable disease or any other diseases to the student
• STP on “tuberculosis treatment” can be used on newly
• Setting of the study – This study was carried out in a hospital recruited nursing staff to care for patient with TB and provide
situated in the city of Mangalore with bed strength of 750. appropriate nursing intervention
This is a general as well as specialty hospital.
• Nursing education should focus attention in teaching the to identify the problems faced by the clients and to give appropriate
student regarding care of TB patient. An effective education care to resolve them.
or guidance to most disease to other.
• In-service and continuing educational programmes for nurses Bibliography:-
regarding care of unconscious clients and prevention of 1. Geraghty M (2005) Nursing the unconscious patient. Nursing
complications/mortality rate. Standard 20, 1, 54-64.
2. Lewis, Collier, Medical Surgical Nursing, 4th edition pp-1684
B) Nursing practice 3. Miller Margaret, 1981” Emergency management of the
• The aim of nursing service is service to the patient. Disease unconscious patient” Nursing clinics of North America,
hampers the quality of life of the patient. Nurse can act as 16(1):59-71
counselor and help the patients uplift their physical and 4. Myco Freda, F.A. Mc Gilloway, 1980 “ Care of the
mental health, and understand their need and concern unconscious patient: a complementaory perspective” , journal
• The nurse has a key role in health care delivery system mainly of advance Nursing, (5):273-283
in primary prevention includes health promotions. One of the 5. Polit, Denise F., Bernadette P, hungler, Nursing research
methods of health promotion is by health education. In the principles and methods, Philadelphia:J,B, Lippincott
clinical area as well as in the community area nurse will have Company, 1995, 97p
direct contact with patient and the family this opportunity 6. Sudddarth Brunner, Text Book of medical surgical nursing,
should be used by health personnel who are responsible for philadelphia: J.P. Lippincot Company, 1991, 575-578 pp.
them, therefore providing health education to patients and
family care givers
• Every patient is enlisted to have information about his or her
own care during the course of same. Thus meticulous
planning of nursing care and educational programme with
specific objective towards importing knowledge on disease
condition prevention promotion and rehabilitation are the
paramount responsibility of nursing fraternity
C) Nursing administration:
• Nursing administrator may use the finding of this study to
improve the quality of patient care the nursing personnel
working in general and TB specialty hospital should be
given in service education and continuing education
regarding communicable diseases especially highly infectious
TB disease. This would enable them to build their confidence
and provide appropriate care to the patient
• Appropriate teaching learning material s need to be prepared
and make them available for nurses in ward to increase the
knowledge and quality care, to control complication.
• With technological advances and ever growing need of
upgrading the knowledge of nurses, the administrator should
provide continuing educational opportunities to nurse and
student nurse.
D) Nursing research:-
• Nursing research focusing on lived in experiences of a patient
with the TB is limit and nurse can conduct small project in
dots centers, or communities to enhance or further strengthen
the finding the present study. A researcher could also be
conduct health personnel involved directly in dots programme
in order to assess their views on factor enhancing quality of
life of dots patients.
• The finding of the study can be utilized for conducting
research using large scale sample
• The research can be utilized for conducting research on
different specialization department of the hospital setting.
• Nursing research is essential aspect of nursing as it uplift for
the profession, develop new nursing norms, and enhancing
nursing knowledge.
Conclusion:-
Nursing education aims at an all-around development of nurses and
not merely imparting knowledge to them.
As the world is progressing, the demand for cost effective nursing
care is also increasing day by day. Nurses are responsible for
clinical judgment (nursing diagnosis) based on individuals
responses to actual or potential health problems. It is nurse’s duty
A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACUPRESSURE IN

REDUCING MENSTRUAL PAIN AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS
WITH PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA STUDYING IN SELECTED
Schools At Bengaluru Karnataka, India
Karthika.S, Lecturer, NIMS Nursing college, Jaipur, Rajasthan.
characterized by spasmodic or colicky pain and is worse on I, II, III

days of menses. It usually occurs in girls and young females and
ABSTRACT tends to decrease with increasing age. Studies have shown that the
daily routines of the adolescent girls were affected due to
Dysmenorrhea among adolescent girls may be managed using prolonged bed rest, missed school activities, disturbed sleep and
acupressure which is a non-invasive, cost-free, and timely way to decreased appetite, not able to attend classes, and some remained
manage their own discomfort. the aim of this study is to assess the abstained from work. Thus emphasizing a need for designing
effectiveness of acupressure in reducing menstrual pain among menstrual health program for adolescent girls. A variety of non-
adolescent girls with primary dysmenorrhea studying in selected pharmaceutical measures have been tried for reducing the pain
schools at bengaluru. a quasi experimental approach with pre and during menstruation such as relaxation therapy, breathing
posttest control group time series was used in this study. sixty techniques, touch and massage, music therapy, application of heat
adolescent girls during menstruation were conveniently selected and cold, acupressure and acupuncture etc. Many studies have also
and 30 in experimental group and 30 in control group. the data was proved that acupressure helps in reducing the primary
collected using visual analogue pain scale for pain perception, dysmenorrhea. Acupressure techniques are one of the popular
questionnaire and rating scale for menstrual discomforts. data was ancient alternative and complementary therapies. During school
analysed using chi-square, and t-test. the adolescent girl’s mean health programme in Kadugudi community area, the investigator
age was 15yrs in control group and experimental group was 14yrs, observed that most of the girls were absent due to painful
both the groups 18(60.1%) had attained menarche at 13 years and menstruation or primary dysmenorrhea. Based on the above
above age, and majority of them were mildly malnourished. both information, the researcher is motivated to act on and implement
the groups showed mild degree of menstrual discomfort and mild the pain relief measures for adolescent girls and empower them to
degree of pain in the pain scale 0-4. the mean pre-test pain score of manage dysmenorrhea. Hence the study is intended to assess the
experimental group was 5.23 and for control group 5.9. significant effectiveness of acupressure on menstrual pain perception among
differences in control and experimental group observed before adolescent girls in selected schools.
intervention showed t=2.339 (p<0.01) and after 2hrs of
intervention t=13.695 (p<0.01). the study reveals that the Objectives
acupressure on the sp6 meridian can be an effective non-invasive
intervention for alleviating primary dysmenorrhea among 1. Assess the menstrual discomforts among adolescent girls with
adolescent girls for at least 2 hours. the result supported that primary dysmenorrhea before application of acupressure in
acupressure application is a very suitable and practicable therapy of experimental and control group.
non-pharmacological measure of reduction in pain perception
during menstruation for at least 2 hours. the findings suggested that 2. Assess the level of menstrual pain perception among adolescent
acupressure at san yin jiao can be an effective, cost-free girls with primary dysmenorrhea before application of acupressure
intervention for reducing pain and anxiety during dysmenorrhoea, in experimental and control group.
and recommend its use for self-care of primary dysmenorrhoea.
3. Compare the pre-test and post-test level of menstrual pain
keywords: san yin jiao (sp6), primary dysmenorrhoea, anxiety, perception among adolescent in experimental and control group.
acupressure, menstrual pain, nursing
4. Determine the effectiveness of acupressure on menstrual pain
INTRODUCTION perception among adolescent in experimental and control group.
The world is home to 1.2 billion individuals aged 10-19 years 5. Associate the level of menstrual pain perception with selected
generally known as the phase of Adolescence. Adolescence is a demographic variable in experimental and control group.
phase during which major physical and psychological changes take
Hypothesis
place in children, along with changes in their social perceptions
and expectations. Adolescence [10-19 years] is a period of growth
H1: There will be reduction in the pain perception among
which involves a stage of developmental transition and a bridge
adolescent girls who will be receiving acupressure.
between childhood and adulthood. Nearly 10-20% of world
population comprises of adolescents. 2Women who fall in the
reproductive age group especially adolescent girls are neglected in
reality. Nearly half of the adolescent girls are unaware of the H02: There will be no significant difference between the post-test
phenomena of menstruation prior to its onset and are therefore scores and demographic variables.
scarred at the time of its onset. They also don‟t disclose their
problems related to menstruation to anyone. The prevalence of Operational definitions
dysmenorrhea is very high and at least 50% of the women
experience this problem throughout their reproductive years.
Painful menstruation also called as primary dysmenorrhea is
EFFECTIVENESS: It refers to the desired reduction in menstrual prepared instrument along with the objectives, blue print and
pain perception of adolescent girls after receiving acupressure. criteria evaluation was submitted to eight experts comprising 2
doctors, 6 nurse educators in the field of community for
establishing the content validity.
ACUPRESSURE: Gentle pressure in the San Yin Jiao point sp6 The reliability of the tool is computed by using split half technique
situated in the midpoint four fingers above the tip of medial with raw score method spearman brown prophecy formula. The
malleolus bone for 15 – 20 minutes during 48 – 78 hours of reliability of menstrual problem questionnaire was found to be 0.98
menstruation that reduces the menstrual pain perception. and menstrual characteristics questionnaire was found to be 0.97.
Data collection Procedure
MENSTRUAL PAIN: It refers to subjective experience of The main study was done from November 1st 2011 to December
perceived pain by adolescent girls during menstruation of 48 – 72 15th 2011. A formal Prior permission was obtained from the
hrs as measured by visual pain scale. Medical Officer, Kadugudi PHC Bengaluru and also from head
mistress of SEA State Board School, K.R.Puram and head master
of the Government High School, Kadugudi.
ADOLESCENT GIRLS: Girls studying in 9th std in the selected A total of 60 adolescent girls were selected through survey method
schools between the age of 13 – 15 years and those who attained and non-probability convenient sampling technique. The
menarche. investigator established rapport with the girls and interviewed them
privately. As a pre-test, pain intensity was assessed before applying
PRIMARY DYSMENORRHEA: Painful menses in girls with acupressure for both control and experimental group with visual
normal pelvic anatomy usually begins during adolescence pain scale. Menstrual discomfort rating scale was administered and
characterized by crampy pelvic pain at the onset of menses lasting was filled by themselves. In experimental group, gentle pressure
one to three days. was applied with the tip of the finger on the SP6 point of the leg for
a minute continuously. The same procedure was repeated for
another leg. Alternatively the pressure was applied in both SP6
point of the leg for about 20 minutes and assessed the pain
Research Methodology perception immediately after acupressure, after half an hour, 1
hour, 1 and half hour and 2 hours.. For the control group without
An evaluative research approach has been adopted in this study. A
applying acupressure pain perception was assessed. It last for 40
quasi experimental design with pre and posttest control group
minutes for each sample. An average of 2 adolescent girls were
time series was used in this study. Sixty adolescent girls during given intervention and the data was collected every day from
menstruation were conveniently selected and the data was collected November 1st 2011 to December 15th 2011. For control group
using visual analogue pain scale for pain perception, questionnaire
acupressure technique was taught and an opinion questionaire was
and rating scale for menstrual discomforts. Data was analysed
collected. It was found to be satisfactory.
using chi-square, and t-test. Acupressure at SP6 point was the
independent variable and Pain perception during menstruation was
the dependent variable.
1) Demographic Description of Subjects:
It is seen that among 60 subjects, regarding the age, most of the

The tool consists of 4 sections: subjects in control group are 15yrs 12(40%) and experimental
group 14 (46.6%) are 14yrs.
Section I – demographic profile which consists variables such as
age, standard of study, religion, type of family, food habits, Regarding the religion of the subjects, 22(73.3%) in control group
family‟s monthly income, mother‟s educational status, age at and 27(90%) in experimental group were Hindus.
menarche, day of menstruation, date of last menstrual period.
In respect of type of family, 24(80%) subjects in control group and
27(90%) subjects were from nuclear family.
Section II: Menstrual discomfort rating scale which measures the With regard to age at menarche, 18(60.1%) in control group and 18
physical, behavioural, social and psychological responses to (60.1%) in experimental group attained menarche at 13 years and
menstruation was used which consists of 20 items. above.
Regarding their Body Mass Index, 21(70%) of control and

22(73.3%) experimental group subjects were up to 21.4.
Section III: standardized visual analogue pain scale which consists
of date and time of the procedure Regarding education of the mothers 12(40%) in control group and
14(46.6%) in experimental group subjects‟ mother were qualified
Section IV: acupressure opinion questionaire. with no formal education.
Pre-testing of the tool and the intervention was done to check for
the clarity, feasibility and practicability of the items. It was
administered to 3 subjects. The pain score were similar to those of 1) The first objective of the study is to assess the menstrual
the population under study. No modification of the standardized discomforts among adolescent girls with primary
pain scale was done. Few demographic variables such as whether
the students are from government or private school was added. The
dysmenorrhea before application of acupressure in control and pain perception among subjects during menstruation for at least 2
experimental group: hours.
4) The fourth objective of the study is to determine the

effectiveness of acupressure on menstrual pain perception
The menstrual discomforts of the adolescent girls were measured among adolescent in experimental and control group.
with menstrual discomfort rating scale. The investigator found that
out of the 60 subjects, in control group 1(3.33%) had severe The mean score of pre-test pain perception of the control group
discomfort, 14(46.6%) moderate discomfort and 15(50%) had not was 5.9 and the experimental group was 5.2. The “t‟ value between
severe discomfort .In experimental group, 2(6.6%) had severe these group were t = 1.033, p < 0.01.
discomfort, 10(3.33%) had moderate discomfort and 18(60%) had
not severe discomfort. It shows that both experimental and control The findings revealed that there was no significant difference in the
group subjects mostly had suffered with moderate level menstrual pain perception between experimental and control group before
problem. The mean score on menstrual discomfort of control group Acupressure application. The mean score of posttest pain
was 10.16 and experimental group was 9.53. It shows that control perception immediately after acupressure, after half an hour, after 1
and experimental group had suffered with discomforts of hour, after 1 and half hour and 2 hour of the control group was
menstruation equally. 5.7333, 5.2667, 5.1333, 5.0333, 5.0333 and the experimental group
was 3.3000, 2.5333, 2.1000, 1.5667, and 1.4000. The “t” value
between these group were t =1.033, 2.797, 4.306, 4.504, 4.504. p <
0.01.
The findings revealed that the experimental group had less pain
2) The second objective of the study is to assess the level of perception with Acupressure application than the control group.
menstrual pain perception among adolescent girls with
primary dysmenorrhea before application of acupressure in 5) The fifth objective of the study is to associate the level of
control and experimental group. menstrual pain perception with selected demographic variable
in experimental and control group.
The level of menstrual pain perception among adolescent girls
before application of acupressure in control and experimental The chi- square test was used to identify the association between
group was assessed with visual analogue pain scale. It was found demographic variables and menstrual pain perception. It describes
that in control group, 12(40%) had the menstrual pain perception that there is no association between the age, religion, type of
ranges between dreadful to horrible pain (0 – 4) and 11(36.6%) family, monthly income, food habits, age at menarche, body mass
were between no pain to uncomfortable pain (5-7) and 7(23.3%) index, food habits and mother‟s education status with pain
were perceived horrible to annoying pain (8 and above) in visual perception of the subjects in control and experimental group. mfort
analogue pain scale. In experimental group, 16(53.3%) had the during menstruation in order to assure the best possible outcome.
menstrual pain perception between dreadful to horrible pain (0– 4),
8(26.6%) had between no pain to uncomfortable pain (5-7) and CONCLUSION
6(20%) were perceived horrible to annoying pain( 8 and above) .It
revealed that in control and experimental group most of them had The study highlights that the pre-test pain perception among
mild level of pain. control and experimental group and the computed value of „t‟
1.033 is less than the table value (2.326) at df (59) which is
statistically not significant. This establishes the homogeneity
between the two groups with respect to the pain perception. The
3) The third objective of the study is to compare the pre-test post-test pain perception among experimental and control group
and post-test level of menstrual pain perception among and the computed value of „t‟ value after half an hour, 1 hour, 1
adolescent girls in experimental and control group: For the and half an hour and 2 hour is 1.033, 2.797,4.306, 4.504, 4.504 is
control group without applying acupressure pain perception was more than the table value (2.326) at df (58) which is statistically
assessed and it remains the same up to 2hrs. According to the post- significant at 0.01 level. This establishes the acupressure
test score, 12(40%) had mild pain, 11(36.6%) had the ranges application Sp6 point is effective in reducing pain perception
between moderate pain (5-7) and 7(23.3%) were severe pain (8 and among the experimental group than the control group for at least 2
above) in control group. In experimental group, gentle pressure hours. Most of the adolescent girls suffer from mild to moderate
was applied alternatively in both SP6 point of the leg for about 20 dysmenorrhea and discomforts during menstruation.
minutes and assessed the pain perception.16(53.3%) had mild pain,
8(26.6%) had perceived moderate pain (5-7), and only 6(20%) had Acupressure is an effective, simple, non-pharmacological measure
severe pain (8 and above) after applying acupressure. In control to reduce dysmenorrhea. Dysmenorrhea affects the regular classes,
group, the mean score of pre-test pain perception is 5.9 and mean studies and daily activities of the subjects. The study can create
score of post-test pain perception after half an hour, 1 hour, 1 and awareness regarding menstrual pain management among
half hour and 2 hour is 5.9, 5.7, 5.2, 5.1, 5.0 and the computed adolescent girls, school teachers and parents. Acupressure is an
value of „t‟ is 1.4,2.3,2.0,2.1 is less than the table value (2.462) at effective and safe form of therapy for adolescents with primary
df (29) which is statistically not significant at 0.01 level. In dysmenorrhea. Single point Acupressure at San Yin Jiao (SP6) is
experimental the mean score of pre-test pain perception is 5.23 and cost-free and easy to learn. It can be integrated into clinical practice
post-test pain perception immediately after acupressure, after half and health education in order to enhance the quality of life for
an hour, after 1 hour, after 1 and half hour and 2 hour is 3.3, 2.5, adolescents with primary dysmenorrhea.
2.1, 1.5, 1.4 and the computed value of „t‟ is 7.7, 10.25, 13.7,13.6,
13.69 which is more that the table value (2.462) at df (29) which is REFERENCES
statistically significant at 0.01 level. This data shows that
application of Acupressure over Sp6 point is effective to reduce the 1. United Nations Population Division. State of the world
population 2005: the promise of equality: gender equity,
reproductive health and the Millennium Development Goals. New

York: UNFPA. Available from:
www.unfpa.org/swp/2005/pdf/en_swp05.pdf
2. Bennet, V.R., & Brown, L.K. (2003). Myles Text Book for
Midwives. Philadelphia: ELBS Churchill Livingstone.
3. http://www.ijms.in/articles/2/2/adolescent-health-new-hopes-
new-understanding.html
4. National Family Health Survey, Report of the Working Group

on adolescents for the Tenth Five Year Plan, GOI, Planning
Commission, June 2001.Retrieved from www.nfhsindia.org
5.Chen HM, Chen CH. Effects of acupressure on menstrual distress

in adolescent girls: a comparison between Hegu-Sanyinjiao
matched points and Hegu, Zusanli single point. Journal of clinical
nursing. 2010 Apr; 19(7-8):998-1007.
6. Wong CL, Lai KY, Tse HM. Effects of SP6 acupressure on pain
and menstrual distress in young women with dysmenorrhea.
Complementary therapy in clinical practice. 2010 May; 16(2):64-9
7. Taylor.D., Miaskowski.C, Kohn.J.(2002). A randomized clinical

trial of the effectiveness of an acupressure device (Relief brief) for
managing symptoms of dysmenorrhea. Journal of alternative and
complementary medicine,8(3),357-70.
8. Jun EM, Chang S, Kang DH, Kim S. Effects of acupressure on

dysmenorrhea and skin temperature changes in college students: a
non-randomized controlled trial. International journal for nursing
students. 2007 Aug; 44[6]: 973-81
9. Unsal et.al, Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its effect on quality

of life among a group of female university students. Ups journal of
medical science. 2010 May;115 (2):138-45
Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding

Complications Of Elderly Pregnancy Among Married women at Bidadi PHC
Area,Ramanagar District
Author: Sheeba Thaya Anandi. S
Lecturer, Brite College of Nursing, Bangalore
ABSTRACT
• To assess the existing knowledge regarding complications of
A growing number of women are getting pregnant above 35 years elderly pregnancy among married women.
nowadays. Complications that arises due to elderly pregnancy is • To evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching programme
also not lesser compared to the women getting pregnant below 35 regarding complications of elderly pregnancy among married
years of age. Risk of complications can be reduced and controlled women.
provided mothers have thorough knowledge of this condition. This • To find the association between post test knowledge scores with
study attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of structured teaching selected demographic variables.
programme on knowledge regarding complications of elderly HYPOTHESIS
pregnancy among married women at Bidadi PHC area, Ramanagar
district. The study involved single group pre-test and post test H1: There will be significant difference between pre and post test
without a control group using pre experimental design, with knowledge scores of married women regarding complications of
purposive sampling technique. 50 married women were elderly pregnancy.
interviewed by using structured interview schedule. The overall
findings of the study clearly showed that the STP was significantly H2: There will be significant association between post test
effective in improving the knowledge of married women regarding knowledge scores and demographic variables.
complications of elderly pregnancy. The results revealed that
teaching programme enable and empower married women with
adequate knowledge, which in turn contribute to prevent and OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
manage the complications of elderly pregnancy.
Complications: Refers to Toxemia of pregnancy, abortion,
In developing countries, every time a woman becomes pregnant, gestational diabetes, risk of chromosomal abnormalities, late
her risk of dying is 200 times higher than the risk run by a women pregnancy abnormalities, caesarean section, preterm delivery,
in the developed country. About 15% of pregnant women perinatal mortality, failing lactation and postpartum haemorrhage.
experience complications that need to be timely detected and
appropriately managed. All complications can be avoided with Elderly pregnancy: Refers to a woman older than 35 years
good antenatal care and with sound education of mothers. With getting pregnant.
more women conceiving their first child after 30-postponing it
either because of career pressures or not finding the perfect man, Structured teaching programme: Refers to the systematically
the normal can become traumatic. Late blooming is becoming a organized teaching plan on complications of elderly pregnancy.
nationwide trend. Geeta, consultant, foetal medicine at Fernandez
Hospital in Hyderabad, says that in the last five years, the number Married women: Women who are married and in the reproductive
of women over 30 years coming for their first conception has age i.e from 18-45 years irrespective of parity.
increased 248 in 2001 to 641 in 2006.The trends of childbearing
have changed in the past few decades with late pregnancy The conceptual model selected for this study was based on
becoming an increasing phenomenon nowadays. Whether the Daniel.L.Stufflebeam’s context, input, process and product
reason is a late marriage, sterility, or career development, more and evaluation model (CIPP).
more women are crossing the age of 35 or even 40 before thinking
of getting pregnant. The risk of miscarriage increases after 35, as METHODOLOGY
well as the one of developing health complications such as high
blood pressure and diabetes. According to statistics the threat of
In this study an experimental approach was used. The research
pathologic position of fetus or abruption of placenta increases and
design selected for the study was Pre-experimental, single group
necessary surgical interventions can highly affect both mother and
pre- test and post test design with 50 samples. Target population
baby. One of the highest risks is that of giving birth to a baby with
for the present study was married women at Bidadi PHC area,
genetic disorders such as Down syndrome as for an over 35 year
Ramanagar district, Karnataka.
old the risk is 9 times higher. Studies have also revealed that
delayed pregnancy can also have ectopic pregnancy. Delayed
pregnancy may also cause complication during pregnancy and The sampling technique selected for the study was purposive
health risks in the child. Older the women, higher the risk and sampling technique which is a non-probability sampling method.
abnormalities in the child leading to Down’s syndrome, premature
baby, low birth weight baby. Independent variable was Structured Teaching Programme.
Dependent variable was Knowledge of Married women on
OBJECTIVES complications of elderly pregnancy. Tool used for the study was
structured interview schedule that consisted of two parts.
Objectives of the study were:
Part I: Consists of Questions on Demographic Data like age, I General 58 26 86 16 28.7 25.2 8.05
religion ,educational status, occupation, age at marriage, , type of Informatio .0 .8 .7 .5 *
Family, family income, and source of information. n
Part II: Knowledge items regarding complications of elderly
pregnancy.
Validity of the instruments was established. Reliability of the tool II Complicat 43 15 76 12 32.8 13.4 17.3
was established by using split half technique which measures the ions .2 .9 .0 .1 1*
coefficient of internal consistency. The reliability of the split half during
test was marked by using Spearman Brown’s prophecy formula. Elderly
Pregnancy
II Complicat 35 19 78 15 43.3 20.5 14.9

Data collection procedure I ions .3 .2 .7 .4 4*
during
Data was collected by administering structured interview Labour &
schedule, followed by structured teaching programme. The study Postpartu
was conducted according to the convenience of married women. m period
Structured teaching programme was planned following pre test.
Structured teaching programme was given to married women I Preventio 47 19 83 11 36.0 19.3 13.1
divided in groups on 3 different days according to the availability V n& .1 .8 .1 .5 9*
and convenience of married women. Post test was conducted Managem
following Structured teaching programme after 7 days. ent of
Elderly
Results Pregnancy
Majority 42% of respondents are in the Age between 23-25 years, Complicat
30% in the Age between 20-22 years and 28% in the Age between ions
26-30 years.
Overall 44 12 79 7. 35.5 10.5 23.9
Majority 30% of the respondents had High school level education, knowledg .3 .0 .7 1 1*
20% middle school level of education, 14% Primary school e
education and Graduation and above each, 12% were not literates
and remaining 10% had PUC level of education.
Majority 76% of the respondents were housewives, followed by * Significant at 5% level,

10% working in government, 8% as agriculturist, and were private t (0.05,49 df) = 1.96
employee.
Table 1 depicts that post test mean knowledge score was found to
Majority 42% of the respondents were married in the age between be higher (79.1% and SD of 7.1) when compared with pre test
20-22 yrs, followed by 36% between 18-19 yrs and 22% in the age mean knowledge score value (44.3% and SD of 12.0). The
group between 23-26 years. statistical paired ‘t’ test implies that the difference in the pre test
and post test knowledge score found statistically significant at 5 %
Majority 64% of respondents were not aware and remaining 36% level (p<0.05). The mean knowledge enhancement score was
were aware about complications of elderly pregnancy. 35.5% with a paired‘t’ value of 23.91. The enhancement mean
knowledge score found to be higher in the aspect of complications
Table -1 :Difference between Pre test and Post test knowledge during labour & postpartum period (43.3%) followed by prevention
score and ‘t’ value. N= 50 & management of elderly pregnancy complications (36.0%),
complications during elderly pregnancy (32.8%), and general
information (28.7%). There exists a statistical significance in the
enhancement of knowledge scores indicating the effectiveness of
N Knowledg Respondents Knowledge (%) Pair structured teaching programme.
o. e Aspects ed
Pre test Post test Enhancement ‘t’ Table-2: Association of post test knowledge scores with
demographic variables which are significant
Test
N=50
M S Mea SD
ea D n Demogra Cate Sa Respondents χ 2 value
n M S phic . m Knowledge
ea D Variables p.
n Moderat Adequate
e
N % N %
Age 20- 15 10 66 05 33.3 χ 2 =14.29* moderate knowledge. Among respondents of Hindu religion,
Group 22 .7 83.3% had adequate knowledge and 16.7% had moderate
(years) df =2 knowledge with X2 value of 3.91.
23- 21 04 19 17 80.9
25 .1 P= < 0.05 In Type of family, majority of respondents belong to
nuclear family, in that 87% had adequate knowledge followed by
26- 14 01 7. 13 92.9 13% had moderate knowledge. Among respondents of joint family,
30 1 68.4% had adequate knowledge and 31.6% had moderate
knowledge. Among respondents of extended family, 25% had
Religion Hin 24 04 16 20 83.3 χ 2 =3.91* adequate knowledge and 75% had moderate knowledge with X2
du .7 value of 10.89.
df =1
Mus 26 11 42 15 57.7 In Family monthly income, the respondents with family
lim .3 P= < 0.05 income between Rs 2,001-4,000, 46.7% had adequate knowledge
followed by 53.3% had moderate knowledge. Among the
Type of Nucl 23 03 13 20 87.0 χ 2 =10.89* respondents with income between Rs 4,001-8,000, majority 75%
Family ear .0 had adequate knowledge followed by 25% had moderate
df =2 knowledge. Among the respondents with family income above Rs
Joint 19 06 31 13 68.4 8000 , 90.9% had adequate knowledge with X2 value of 6.47.
.6 P= < 0.05
In Awareness about elderly pregnancy and its complications,
Exte 08 06 75 02 25.0 majority respondents who knew about 88.9% had adequate
nded .0 knowledge followed by 11.1% had moderate knowledge with X2
value of 4.78.
Family Rs.2 15 08 53 07 46.7 χ 2 =16.47*
Income/m ,001 .3 CONCLUSION
onth - df =2
4,00 The following conclusions were drawn on the basis of the findings
0 P= < 0.05 of the study:
Rs.4 24 06 25 18 75.0 1. Knowledge of married women were inadequate before

,001 .0 administration of Structured Teaching Programme.
-
8,00 2. The Structured Teaching Programme was effective in
0 increasing the knowledge and of married women in all the aspects
in post test.
Rs.8 11 01 9. 10 90.9
,001 1 3. There was no significant impact between the gain in
& knowledge scores with selected demographic variables except in
abov age, religion, type of family and income of family.
e
The study paved the path to gain the knowledge and information
Awarenes Yes 18 02 11 16 88.9 χ 2 =4.78*
among married women regarding complications of elderly
s about .1
Elderly df =1 pregnancy.
Pregnanc No 32 13 40 19 59.4
P= < 0.05 The study findings reveal that, in pre test knowledge, 74% had
y & its .6
inadequate knowledge and remaining 26% had moderate
Complica
knowledge. In post test knowledge, 30% had moderate knowledge
tions
and remaining 70% had adequate knowledge. This shows the
effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge
regarding complications of elderly pregnancy.
χ 2 - Chi square *
REFERENCES
Significant at 5% Level
1. Gupta S.D, Anoop Kumar. Causes of Maternal mortality in
Table 2 indicates the association between post test
Rajasthan: A Community Based Study, Apr 2005
knowledge with demographic variables which are significant.
2. Rao KS. Community health nursing. 4th ed. 2004. B.I.
Majority of the respondents in the Age between 20-22
Publications.Chennai. p.449,492
years 66.7% had moderate knowledge followed by 33.3% had
adequate knowledge. In the age between 23-25 years majority of
3. Late Bloomers. {Serial online} 2010: {cited 2010 Nov 17th };
them 80.9% had adequate knowledge followed by 19.1% had
Available from: URL
moderate knowledge. In the age between 26-30 years, majority
:http://www.ivfclinicindia.com/press_release
92.9% had adequate knowledge and 41.7% had moderate
knowledge with X2 value of 14.29. 4. Pros and Cons of Late Pregnancy. {Serial online} 2010: {cited
2010 Nov 17th }; Available from: URL :http://www.pregnancy-
In Religion, majority of the respondents were Muslims,
period.com
in that 57.7% had adequate knowledge followed by 42.3% had
5. Most important about pregnancy after 35 years.{Serial online}

2010: {cited 2010 Nov 17th }; Available from: URL
:http://www.pregnancy-1st-guide.com
6. Delayed pregnancy. {Serial online} 2009 Jan: {cited 2010 Nov 17th
}; Available from: URL : http.www.seasonsindia.com
7. Polit DF, Hungler BP. Nursing research, principles and methods.

6thed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Company; 2005. p. 117-125.
8. Mikulandra F, Perisa M, Merlak I, Stojnic E, Balic J. Pregnancy

and delivery in women aged 35 years and over. Zentralbl Gynakol.
1993;115(4):171-6.
9. Cnattingius S, Forman MR, Berendes HW, Isotalo L. Delayed
childbearing and risk of adverse perinatal outcome. A population-
based study. JAMA. 1992 Aug 19;268(7):886-90.
A study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding

knowledge of mental illness among adolescents
Dept.of Mental Health Nursing, Barkatullah University
Author: Marudhar
ABSTRACT In this study a quasi-experimental (one group pre-test,

post-test design was used to observe the effectiveness of planed
The role of nurse continues to expand and grow. Care of the patient teaching programme on the knowledge regarding mental illness
will require that nurse learn more, know more. Nursing play an among the adolescent. In this study PTP on knowledge of mental
important role in the total health team approach to the patient care. illness was the independent variable. Dependent variable is the
Effective communication is play a major role in prevention of response, behaviour or outcome that predicts or explains in
disease and promotion of health. research.
As per 2001 census children constitute 66% of total population and The study was done in Vidhya Sagar higher secondary school
they are the vulnerable group of the society1. Bhanpur, Bhopal on the adolescent population study in 11th & 12th.
The preliminary findings of a W.H.O-supported multicentre study
TOOL—
on mental health in India indicate that about 10% of the population
in India has mental health problems, according to a recent report by The tool termed as structured questionnaire was
The Lancet. (Chatterjee P, 2009). developed to assess the knowledge of adolescent regarding mental
illness. It divided in two sections-
Kishore Jugal, (2007) conducted a study on “Beliefs and attitudes
towards mental health among medical professionals in Delhi”. The 1. Socio-demographic data.
study revealed that only 60% of the respondents considered mental
illness to be a disease. Nearly 80% of the respondents considered 2. Questionnaire regarding the knowledge of mental illness.
psychiatry to be a difficult discipline. Despite this, it was seen that Expert gave content validity of the tool and it found to be reliable
72% found psychiatry to be a stimulating subject. The most (Re = .8413) by split half method during the pilot study. PTP was
heartening change observed was that now only 4% believed that prepared and found to be reliable.
psychiatrists do nothing and know nothing. However, it was also
encouraging to note that 41% wanted to take up psychiatry2 The data collection period and PTP was 18/7/11 to 23/7/11. The
investigator collected the data from 60 adolescent. The data was
KEY WORD- analyzed in the term of objective of the study using descriptive and
inferential statistic
Assess, Knowledge, Effectiveness, Planned Teaching
Programme, Adolescent, Mental Illness, and School. RESULT-
Objective – In the pre test out of 60 subjects, 1 had poor knowledge, 49
1. To assess the knowledge regarding mental illness among subjects had average knowledge and 18 subjects had good
adolescent before the planned teaching programme by structured knowledge on mental illness. In the post test there were no subjects
questionnaire. with poor knowledge, majority of subjects i.e. 51 had good
knowledge and only 9 had average knowledge.
2. To implement the planned teaching programme regarding mental
illness among the adolescent. The mean post test knowledge score was 23.77 which is higher
than the mean pre-test score 17.95. These scores denote that the
3. To assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme P.T.P. was effective. This states that the research Hₒ1 null
among adolescent. hypothesis was rejected; alternative hypothesis was accepted by the
researcher. The significant difference between the two tests were
4. To find out the association between pre-test knowledge on tested by using paired‘t’ test the level of significance was set at
Mental illness and selected demographic variables. 0.05 percent level. The computed ‘t’value 17.5473 and ‘p’ value
Hypothesis – .0001 (P<0.05 percent) indicated that there was a significant
difference between pre- test and post - test knowledge score. Thus
(1) Hₒ1 - There will be no significant difference between pre and it is clearly says that the P.T.P. was effective in increasing the
post-test knowledge scores of the adolescent regarding mental knowledge of subjects.
health and mental illness.
The finding reveals that all the demographic variable have the
(2) Hₒ2- There will be no significant relationship between pre test significant relationship with the knowledge score. This states that
score and selected demographic variable. the research Hₒ2 was rejected and alternative hypothesis accepted
by the researcher.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMWORK –
The conceptual framework of this study is based on
general system theory. General system theory was discovered by
Ludwigvon bertalanffy during the late 1930’s.
METHODOLOGY-
12. Vellingiri r. A survey on Mental health practice in private

primary care In rural India: a survey of practitioners,
www.Pubmedsearch. ,World Psychiatry , v.8(2)Jun 2009
13. Shyangwa P M et al. A research on knowledge and attitude
about mental illness among nursing staff, Journal of Nepal
Medical Association 2003; 42: 27-31
14. Kumari Shantna et al. A study on An experience of
community mental health program in rural areas of
Jharkhand,. Industrial psychiatry journal, Year : 2009,
Volume : 18 , Issue : 1
15. Mishra BP et al. A study was Knowledge and practices of
general practitioners regarding psychiatric problems,
Industrial psychiatry journal, Year : 2009, Volume : 18 ,
Issue : 1
Figure 13-Difference between pre-test and post-test score
16. Gordon Phyllis A. et al. A study to assess attitudes regarding
CONCLUSION- interpersonal associations with persons with mental illness
The present study concluded that the level of knowledge and mental retardation, Journal of Rehabilitation, Jan-March,
of adolescent was inadequate and the PTP is very much helpful to 2004
promote the level of knowledge among the adolescent. The PTP 17. Lauber Christoph et al. A study on Mental health literacy in
was very effective to improve the knowledge of the adolescent an educational elite – an online survey among university
BIBLIOGRAPHY students, www.biomedcentral.com
18. Singh Sonal et al. a systematic review on Prevalence of
mental disorders and torture among Tibetan refugees,
1. Govt. Of india 2001 census.j.comandis 1995;june ;27(2) http://www.biomedcentral.com2005
2. Kishor jugal a study on Beliefs and attitudes towards mental
health among medical professionals in Delhi Indian journal
of community medicine, Year : 2007, Volume : 32 , Issue : 3
3. Anthikad Jacob psychology for graduate nurses 3rd edition
New Delhi; Jaypee Brother Publication (P) LTD 2007.Page
119
4. Towasend C. Marry Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing
Concept of Care in Evidence Based Practice, fifth edition,
F.A.Devis publication2009 page 37
5. Towasend C. Marry Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing
Concept of Care in Evidence Based Practice, fifth edition,
F.A.Devis publication2009 page 37
6. Potter and perry. Fundamental of nursing concept process in
practice, 3rd edition mosby publication 1993
7. Rajan D. Vimla. A study to assess the knowledge, attitude
and practices of family members of clients with mental
illness, Nursing Journal of India, Oct 2003
8. Chaudhury K Pranit et al. A study was conducted on
“Disability associated with mental disorders, Indian journal
of psychiatry, Year : 2006, Volume : 48, Issue : 2
9. Kumar S Ganesh et al. A study on Prevalence and pattern of
mental disability using Indian disability evaluation
assessment scale in a rural community of Karnataka, Indian
journal of psychiatry, Year : 2008 ,Volume : 50, Issue : 1
10. Bhargavi Davar V. A article From Mental Illness to
Disability Choices for Women Users/ Survivors of
Psychiatry in Self and Identity Constructions, Indian Journal
of Gender Studies May 2008 vol. 15 no. 2 261-290
11. Mukherjee Radhika et al. A study on Beliefs and attitudes
towards mental health among medical professionals in Delhi,
Indian journal of community medicine, Year : 2007, Volume
: 32 , Issue : 3
Study on the anti histaminic activity of Achyranthes aspera L. and Tephrosia L. on

experimental rats.
Author(s): Mahesh Kumar Ningwal
Dept. of Zoology, S.S.L. Jain P.G. College, Vidisha (M.P.) INDIA
ABSTRACT Gupta et. al., (1968) have proposed the development of anti-
allergic and anti-histaminic activity in relation to histamine
This presence of histamine which causes burning, sensation, releasing effects of a plant saponin from Clerodendron serratum on
redness and inflammation of tissue during allergic response. disruption of the mesenteric mast cells of rats. Rats were sensitized
However when histamine is released, it triggers a series of by injecting subcutaneously 0.5 ml. of horse serum along with 0.5
dramatic actions. The blood vessels become larger and the speed of ml. of triple antigen containing 20000 million of Bordetella
the blood flowing through them slow. These changes in size, pertussis organisms.
volume of cells and blood vessels allow fluid to leak through cell Torres et al., (2000) have noted the relaxant effect of a plant extract
walls. This fluid causes swelling of the surroundings tissues. The on vascular smooth muscles of the rat.
inflamed tissue become irritated and swollen. Histamine also cause Vadnere et al., (2007) also have reported that Cleroderdrom
smooth muscles to contract. phlomidis possess anti-histaminic, mast cell stabilizing and
decresead capillary permeability effect and hence possess potential
Asthma is covered by over secretion of histamine from the mast role in the treatment asthma.
cells. There are number of histamine blockers which may inhibit
the release of histamine. The plant products in the form of NOTE WORTHY CONTRIBUTION IN THE FIELD OF
secondary metabolites particularly 'saponins' when given to the PROPOSED WORK
experimental animals inhibit histamine by suppressing the H1 and Saxena (2003) have presented a paper in the WOCMAP
H2 receptors. Therefore the problem will provide in-vivo III, at Chiang Mai University and reported the smooth muscle
mechanism of histamine blockers and will help us to understand relazant activity of alcoholic extract of Achyranthus aspera against
the histological details of the mechanism. isolated tracheal muscles of albino rats.
Kumar et al., (2010) reported that methanolic extract of
KEYWORDS: Hostaminic activity, Achyranthes aspera L., stem barks of Ailanthus excelsa possess anti histamatic activity by
Tephrosia L. employing in vivo and in vitro screening models in Guinea pigs.
Mitra et al., (1999) have evaluated anti- asthamatic anti
INTRODUCTION anaphylatic activity of herbal formulation for 10 and 14 days, in
guinea pits and rats respectively, offered marked protection against
Histamine is present an all animals and vegetables tissues. It is a anaphylatic shock- induced bronchospasm.
chemical which is secreted by mast cells after they get activated do Pundit et al.,(2008) evaluated that the ethanolic extract of
to offending allergens. This presence of histamine which causes Curculigo orchiodes for anti asthmatic activity by using isolated
burning, sensation, redness and inflammation of tissue during goat tracheal chain preparation and isolated guinea pig ileum
allergic response. However when histamine is released, it triggers a preparation. This study confirmed that ethanolic extract of
series of dramatic actions. The blood vessels become larger and Curculigo orchiodes is effective against histamine- induced
the speed of the blood flowing through them slow. These changes concentration and the extract exhibits maximum relaxant effect in
in size, volume of cells and blood vessels allow fluid to leak asthma.
through cell walls. This fluid causes swelling of the surroundings
tissues. The inflamed tissue become irritated and swollen. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY DURING THE TENURE OF
Histamine also cause smooth muscles to contract. The effect of THE RESEARCH WORK
histamine on these muscles can provoke an asthma attack or induce The proposed study will follow the following methods:
pain stomach (Gupta, 2000) 1. Collection and preparation of plant material:
There are categories of medicine that competes with histamine The selected plant will be collected from the study are in polythene
released after allergic response to nullify its destructive effects on bags and washed at room temperature by 1% potassium
the tissue. Doctors have been traditionally been taught to avoid permanganate solution. Dried it into shade at room temperature and
using antihistamines in patients with asthma because of the the weight of the fresh material and dried under shade both will be
potential of antihistamines to dry up the secretions in the lungs and noted to know the loss in weight. The plant material will be
worsen asthma some patients with mild asthma actually stop crushed into powder and used for the extraction.
wheezing when they take an antihistamine. People who experience
increased coughing and wheezing after taking antihistamines 2. Extraction, Isolation and Purification method:
should avoid their use.
The powdered plant material after proper authentication of the
Looking to the importance of histamine in bronchial asthma, it was plant from some research institute such as VSI Pune will be carried
proposed to undertake the problem with following main and out in order of increasing order of polarity. The extraction will be
objectives viz. done either in the soxhelt or as prescribed by Harborn (1984). The
crude material will be preserved in refrigerator till it is used
1. To isolate anti-histaminic active principles from two important further. Purification of the compound will be done by
plants viz. Achyranthues aspera L. and Teprosial purpuria L. chromatographic technique such as Column, TLC and if required
2. To perform histopathological details of the secretory activity of the by HPLC.
mast cells in areolar connective tissue.
3. Characterization and structural elucidation method:
BRIEF REVIEW OF WORK ALREADY DONE IN THE
FIELD
The purified plant material will be sent to the SAIF CDRI OR IIT Gupta KS (2000). A concise book of allergy, I know what cause
Madras for the following analysis viz. IR, UR, CNMR, NHMR and me allergy and how to manage it. Pushtak Mahal Publication. 42-
Mass spectrum. 45.
On the basis of spectrum obtained, the structure of the Gupta SS and Tripathi RM (1973), Effect of chronic treatment of
active anti-diabetic principles will be worked out and Chemical the saponin of Clerodendron serratum on disruption of the
formula, Molecular weight and IUPAC name of the compound will mesenteric mast cells of rats. Aspect Allergey Innunol. 4: 177-188
be determined.
Gupta SS, Paresh RM and Ram AK (1968), Development of anti-
4. EXPERIMENTAL BIOASSAVY allergic and antihistaminic activity in relation to histamine
releasing effects of a plant saponin from Clerodendron serratum.
These antihistaminic active compounds will be tested in the Aspect Allergy and Applied Immunology. 2: 133-142
laboratory in experimental rats. All rats will be sensitized by
injecting subcutaneously 0.5 ml. of horse serum along with 0.5 ml Harborne JB (1984) Phytochemical methods. A guide of modern
of triple antigen containing 20.000 million Bordetella Pertussis techniques of plant analysis second edition. Chapman & hall,
organisms (Gupta et al., 1973). These sensitized rats will be London. New Yorl. 282
divided into five groups. Group 1 will receive water and served as
control. The rats of II, III and IV will be orally administered with Kumar D, Bhujpal, Deoda RS and Mudgade SC (2010). In-vivo
herbal formulation of different doses for the same duration. The and in-vitro anti-asthmatic studies of Ailanthus excels roxb. on
rats of group V will be given 10 mg/kg of perdnisolone (reference Gunea pigs. J. Sci. Res. 2(1): 196-202
drug) orally for 4 days. Following active anaphylaxis that rats will
be scarified and the blood will be collected by decapitation and the Mitra SK, Gopumadhavan S, Vankatranganna MV (1999). Anti-
serum will be separated aseptically. Preparation of blocks and asthamatic and anti-anaphylatic effect of E-721B, An herbal
section cutting followed by mast cell staining will be carried out formulation. Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 31:133-137.
during the tenure of the research work.
Pandit P, Singh A, Bafna AR, Patil MJ (2008). Evaluation of
STATICAL ANALYSIS antiasthmatic activity of anti inflammatory action of Murraya
koenigii, J.Current Pharmaceutical Reseach. 2(1): 21-25
The results will be expressed as mean +_ SEM and analyzed
statically using student t-test to find out the level of significance. Saxena RC (2003). Anti-histaminic activity of the sapnin isolaed
from Achyranthus aspera L. paper presented in 3rd Word congress
EXPECTED OUTCOME OF THE PROPOSED WORK on medical and Aromatic plant (WOCMAP), from 3-7 Feb. Chiang
Mai University, Thailand. 137.
Asthma is covered by over secretion of histamine from the mast
cells. There are number of histamine blockers which may inhibit Torres Brandeo, maria Luce, Maria Thereza Gamberini, Nidi F
the release of histamine. The plant products in the form of (2000). Diterpene from Bacchar is trimeri with a relaxant effect on
secondary metabolites particularly 'saponins' when given to the rat vascular smooth muscle. Phytochemistry, 55:617-619.
experimental animals inhibit histamine by suppressing the H1 and
H2 receptors. Therefore the problem will provide in-vivo Vadnere GP, Somani RS and Abhay K (2007). Studies on anti
mechanism of histamine blockers and will help us to understand asthmatic activity of aqueous extract of Clerodendron phlomidis.
the histological details of the mechanism. Pharmacology online 1: 487-494.
BIBLOGRAPHY IN STANDARD FORMAT
LICHEN BIODETERIORATION STUDIES ON MONUMENTS OF GWALIOR

DIVISION, MADHYA PRADESH
Dept. of Botany, Govt. MVM College, Bhopal
Author: Vindhyeshwari Uppadhayay (M.Sc.)

ABSTRACT: aesthetic appeal to the viewers and it is also forms a protective
cover against external weathering agents. The lichens cover
Lichens are hardy plants; they grow and thrive under provides a protective plastering over the substrata. Biodeterioration
conditions which other plants find unfav ourable for their survival. of rock surface by lichens in the form of boring and etching has
Their slow rate of metabolism results in their sluggish growth. The been described by many workers (Ascaso et al., 1976, 1982;
phenomenon reduces their water and nutritional needs to the Bachmann, 1980; Beeh-Anderson and Christensen, 1983; Damn et
minimum and as a consequence lichens are able to withstand xeric al., 1982, 1983: Jackson and Keller. 1970a; Jones and Wilson,
conditions for prolonged periods. They can also tolerate extreme 1985; Jones et al., 1981; Keller and Frederickson, 1957; Paine et
range of temperature. Bare and exposed monuments and building al., 1933; Sabbioni and Monte del, 1987; Saiz-Jimenez, 1981)
surfaces therefore provide ideal, competition free situations for
lichen invasion and establishment as pioneers of the bio- Damage caused to monuments by lichens is a well
succession. documented phenomenon. Though a large number of information
regarding lichens of different phytogeographical regions of India
Biodeterioration of monumental stone cannot be considered are available, however few biodeterioration studies of lichens on
as an isolated phenomenon. It generally occurs with other physical, monuments of few states of the country are available. So far little
chemical or physiochemical process; lichen creates all above steps is known about the lichen flora of Indian monuments. Thus there
regarding deterioration of monuments. Biophysical stone is a tremendous scope to carry out such studies in Indian context.
degradation by lichens results primarily from the penetration of the
attachment devices of the pores, preexisting cracks and fissures in A BRIEF REVIEW OF THE WORK ALREADY DONE IN
the stone. These cracks and fissures may subsequently widen due THE FIELD:
to an increase in the mass of the thallus during growth.
The studies of lichens on monuments in India are recently
KEYWORDS: Lichen, Biodeterioration, bioideterioration of initiated. It was Gayathri (1980), who for the first time described
monumental stone. the effects of lichens on granite statues in India. The lichen flora
of Lucknow with special reference to its historical monuments was
INTRODUCTION: studied by Singh and Upreti, (1991). A total of eleven species
belonging to five genera of lichens were enumerated. Bajpai et al.
Madhya Pradesh is one of the culturally rich states of India, (1992) suggested a technique for investigating the effect of
bestowed with three world heritage zones and more than 600 biocides on lichens. The technique is based on the measurement of
ancient monuments, of which, 50 are protected. Gwalior a major the total number of ultra weak photons emitted by living systems
city of the state of Madhya Pradesh occupies a strategic location in in the visible range. Chatteijee et al. (1995) enumerated 18 genera
the Gird region of India The city and its fortress have served as the and 40 species of lichens from some Indian monuments in
center of several of historic northern Indian kingdoms. Gwalior is Karnataka and Orissa. An exhaustive collection for lichens
the administrative headquarters of Gwalior district and Gwalior growing on different Indian monuments of Karnataka and Orissa
division. It includes the districts of Ashoknagar, Datia, Guna, was undertaken and 40 species belonging to 18 genera and 14
Gwalior and Shivpuri. families were enumerated, Singh et al. (1999). Saxena et al. (2004)
provided a detail account of lichens growing on different artifacts
Lichens are hardy plants; they grow and thrive under in the Indian subcontinent. Some interesting distributional and
conditions which other plants find unfav ourable for their survival. ecological patterns of lichens growing on historical monuments
Their slow rate of metabolism results in their sluggish growth. The and building were also provided. A>nb (2005) surveyed the lichen
phenomenon reduces their water and nutritional needs to the flora of some major historical monuments and buildings of Agra.
minimum and as a consequence lichens are able to withstand xeric Allahabad. Faizabad. Kanpur. Lucknow and Varanasi district of
conditions for prolonged periods. They can also tolerate extreme Uttar Pradesh and reported above 14 species belonging to 6 genera
range of temperature. Bare and exposed monuments and building and 6 families.
surfaces therefore provide ideal, competition free situations for
lichen invasion and establishment as pioneers of the bio- NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF
succession. PROPOSED WORK:
Biodeterioration of monumental stone cannot be considered Jain (2001) listed species of algae and lichens found
as an isolated phenomenon. It generally occurs with other physical, growing on Gwalior fort in Madhya Pradesh. Upreti (2002)
chemical or physiochemical process; lichen creates all above steps studied the lichen flora of Khajuraho group of temples and rocks
regarding deterioration of monuments. Biophysical stone of nearby areas and listed the occurrence of 10 taxa of lichens.
degradation by lichens results primarily from the penetration of the Upreti et al. (2004) studied the lichen activity over rock shelters of
attachment devices of the pores, preexisting cracks and fissures in Bhimbetka World heritage zone, Madhya Pradesh. A total of 14
the stone. These cracks and fissures may subsequently widen due species of lichens growing over rocks in different localities of the
to an increase in the mass of the thallus during growth. area were listed together with their thallus character and chemical
products. Bajpai (2008) provided a detailed account of lichen
The growth of lichens on monuments and buildings is growing on monuments and rocks representing seven districts of
variously interpreted. Some lay greater emphasis to the protective the state of Madhya Pradesh (Anooppur, Dhar, Dindori,
role of lichens while others consider them as harmful agents. The Hoshangabad, Jabalpur, Raisen and Tikamgarh) and reported the
multi-coloured mosaic of lichens on monuments surface has an occurrence of a total 95 species belonging to 34 genera and 17
families of lichens, studied by Bajpai (2008). Bajpai et al. (2008) 1. Morphological studies: The morphological
studied the lichens growing over some monuments of Dhar and investigations are based on type and colour of thallus. shape, size
Mandav area of Madhya Pradesh and estimated the Arsenic and position of apothecia nature of upper surface, presence or
accumulation in lichen of Madav monuments of Dhar district. absence of vegetative organs.
Bajpai et al (2010) also studied the Calcium and Magnesium
accumulation in lichens growing over monuments of Central 2. Anatomical studies: The anatomical details are based on
India. the thin sections of thallus through apothecia. 10-15 pm thick. The
type, colour, thickness of exciple, hvinenium. asci. ascospores and
The Gwalior division is a home to a number of forts, paraphyses are used lor segregation of different genera and
castles, temples and historical and religious monuments. Most of species.
the monuments are constructed either with coarse granite,
sandstone, brick and cement / lime plaster, which provide an 3. Chemical studies: The chemical investigations of the
excellent substratum for a large number of lichens to colonize thallus and apothecia will be carried out by performing colour lest
together with other group of plants. The enumeration of lichens on and Thin I ayer Chromatography
the monuments together with the mode of action (i.e. aggressive,
less aggressive, more aggressive, and indicator species), metal A. Colour tests: The following reagents are used in
accumulation pattern will be useful parameters for the performing the colour test on lichen thnlli and apothecia, both
conservation of the monuments. The available information will on cortex and medulla.
provide a practical advice on the detection measurements and
control of lichens growth on a wide range of cultural heritage in • 5% Potassium hydroxide (K): An aqueous solution of
the Gwalior division. potussium hydroxide is used. It is produced by dissolving 70
gm of potassium hydroxide in 200 ml of distilled water.
1. Objectives:
| Aqueous solution of Calcium hypochlorite (C): 1:2 of
• Survey, collection and identification of lichens from different calcium hypochlorite and water
monuments of Gwalior division.
are mixed.
• To identify the lichens causing damage to the monuments
physically and chemically and measure the extent of damage • Para-phenvlenediaminc (Pd): I gm Pd and 10 gm
caused. sodium sulphite along with 0.5 ml detergent is dissolved in
100 ml of distilled water.
• To study the lichen diversity and distribution on different
monuments adopting ecological parameters. B. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC): The lichen
substances are identified with the help of thin layer
• Identify lichen species in specific focal areas and provide chromatography, using acetone extracts of thallus of
information about rare, common, abundant species over apothecia, plotted on precoaled Silica gel aluminium plates.
monuments. The standard solvent system T.D.A. (Toulcne: 1, 4-dioxane:
Acetic acid, 180:60:8) and H.E.F. (Hexane: diethylether:
• To prov ide detail account of the control measures and formic acid, 130:100:20) are utilized for separation of lichen
recommendation for conservation of the monuments of the substances, following the techniques of Culberson (1972) and
division. Walker & James (1980).
2. Proposed Methodology during the research work: 4. Ecological studies: A number of parameters use for the
ecological studies of lichens, are broadly classified into
SURVEY AND COLLECTION following ways:
The approach for carrying lichenological studies with 1. Frequency: It is the number of sampling units (as %) in
reference to monuments involves slightly different sample which a particular species occur.
collection method to avoid any damage to the monuments; the
majority of monuments in the region are protected by No. of sampling unit in which the species occurred
Archaeological Survey of India (AST.). Sometimes it is not
possible to collect the lichen samples, which are firmly, adhere, Frequency= ___ X 100
on the monuments surface. In such condition, the samples are
collected from nearby rocks or abandoned building walls. Total no. of sampling units
Sometimes the lichens growing on monuments are identified
through good photographs of the lichen tax a. 2. Density: It represents the numerical strength of a
species in the community. The number of individual of the
The lichen specimens were collected with the help of species in any unit area is its density.
chisel and hammer along with their ecological notes. The loosely
attached lichens growing on rock can be easily removed from the Total no. of individual of the species in all sampling units
substratum with the help of a chisel taking care of the fixing
organs (rhizines, holdfast) remain attached to the thallus as much Density= ___ X 100
as possible. Squamulose and crustose saxicolous forms were
collected with the substratum by breaking the rock with the help Total no. of sampling units
of chisel and hammer.
3. Abundance: This is number of individuals of any species per
2.1. Different lichenological techniques involved in sampling unit of occurrence.
performing the study are as following:
Total no. of individual of the species in
all sampling units Abundance=
No. of sampling units in which species occurred from Gwalior and Guna area.
b. Identification of lichens.
DETERMINATION OF POROSITY OF ROCKS c. Ecological studies.
d. To list biodeterioration species and extred
Porosity of rock samples from different monumental of damage by the species,
rocks were determined by the water holding capacity method. llnd year:-
The water holding capacity is directly proportional to the
porosity of rock and it is influence the growth of lichens on
(a) Survey and collection of lichens from monuments from Shivpuri,
Ashoknagar and Datia.
monuments. The known volume (1 -3 gm) of monumental rock
a. Identification of lichens.
samples are taken in glass bowl. This bowl already contains
b. Ecological studies.
distilled water 100 cc volume. These rock saturated by capillary
c. To list biodeterioration species and extred of
action of water at room temperature for 24 hours, till a thin film
damage by the species,
of water on the top surface of the rock was consequently seen.
lllrd year:-
These saturated samples were weight and dried in an oven at
a. To study the deterioration effect on monuments by
105 C for 25 hours, till constant weight was established. Then
common species.
the rock samples are removed and weight, water holding
b. To prepare distribution data of lichens on different
capacity was calculated as:
monuments.
WWet-WDry c. To compile information on ecological studies.
d. To prepare illustrated account of lichens of
--------------- X100 Gwalior region.
8. EXPECTED OUTCOME OF THE PROPOSED
WDry WORK:
Whereas: Wwet = weight of saturated rock WDry = weight of rock 1. The proposed work will enable to U& ide a complete account ol
lichens from the monuments present in Gwalioi division
2 The present number of lichen species, their distribution

HEAVY METALS ESTIMATION pattern on different monuments will be used in conducting future
biomonitoring studies in the area.
Known weight of dried lichen thallus and rock
substratum separately grinded were taken in 50 ml of conical 3 An account of the aggressive and less aggressive
(Task and then added concentrated HN03 3.0 ml and kept ovei biodeteriorant lichen species will be available after conduction
night after digestion with HN03. 1.0 ml of Perchloric acid ecological studies.
(HCI04) was added. It was heated on a hot plate until complete
digestion. The residue was dissolved in double distilled water
and final volume was made 50.6 ml in measuring flask. Now the
4. The knowledge of biodeteriorant capacity of individual
lichen species will help the conservators of monuments in adaption
dissolved material was filtered with Whatman filter paper no.
of proper strategies regarding the conservation of the monuments.
40, Total metals were analyzed with the help of atomic
absorption spectrophotometer (Model GBC Avavta E AAS) at
their respective wavelength and the amount of metals was 5. The available information on the lichens of the area will
calculated by following formula create awareness of the status of lichen diversity for the naturalists,
tourists, local people, forest officials and amateur lichenologists.
Metal concentration (Ug/g DW) =X = x V
6. The floristic account available from the monuments not
W only helps in conducting ecological studies but is also useful in
improving our knowledge of the lichen biodiversity of the area.
Whereas:
X reading in ppm on AAS;

V final volume (ml.); 9. BIBLOGRAPHY IN STANDARD FORMAT:
W dry weight of dried material (gm.)
BIONCCUMULUTION FACTORS (BAFS) The Ascaso, C., Galvan, J. and Ortega, C. (1976). The pedogenic action
classification ol the analytical lcsults depends on the grid of of Parmelia consepersa,
metal contamination defined by Virad et al. (2004).
Moreover, the bioaccumulation factor in lichens was Rhizocarpon geographicum Sc Umbilicaria pustulata.
calculated using the formula: Lichenologist 8: 151-171.
BAFs- Ci Cs
Ascaso, C., Galvan, J. and Rodriguez, P. (1982). The weathering of
Where as Ci is the concentration of the metal in calcareous rocks by lichens. Pedobiologist, 24: 219-229.
lichen lhallus and C* is the concentration of the metal in the
substratum. Ayub, A. (2005). Lichen flora of some major historical monuments
Rock surface incrustation & buildings of Uttar Pradesh. Ph.D. Thesis, Dr. R.M.L. Avadh
I ho surface incrustation was observed with the University, Faizabad.
help ol hoc hand section ol hchcm/cd rock. Cutting of rock with
the help ol water and diamond kmle and observed under I eua Bnchmann, E. (1980). Die Beziehungen der Kalkf;echten Zu ihrem
\1t ?00(). C ompound microscope. Substrat. Her Dtsch. Bot. Gen. 8: 141-145.
3. Work Plan:
1st Year:-
a. Servey and collection of lichens from monuments
Bajpai, P.K., Bajpai, R.P. and Sinha, G.P. (1992). A fast technique Keller, N.D. and Frederickson, A.F. (1957). Role of plants &
for investigating the effect ol biocides on lichens, full. Biodet. colloidal acids in the mechanism of weathering. Amm. J. ofSci.
Bun/eg. 30: 1-8. 250: 594-608.
Bajpai, R. (2008). Studies on Lichens of Some Monuments of Paine, S. G., Linggood, F. V., Shimmer, F. and Throupp, T.C.
Madhya Pradesh with Reference to Biodeterioration and (1933). The relationship of microorganism to the decay of stone.
Biomonitoring. Ph.D. thesis submitted in Babasaheb Bhimrao Philosophical. Transactions of the Royal Society. London 8:97-
Ambedkar University, Lucknow. 127.
Bajpai, R., Dwivedi, S.K. and Upreti, D.K. (2008). Observation on Sabbioni, C. and Monte, del M. (1987). A study of patina called
lichens growing over some monuments of Dhar and Mandav area “Scialbatura” on imperial Roman Marbles. Stud, in Cons.. 32: 114-
of Madhya Pradesh, India. Flora and Fauna 14(2): 253- 258. 121. #
Bajpai, R., Upreti, D.K. and Dwivedi, S.K. (2009). Arsenic Saiz- Jimenez, C. (1981). Weathering of building material of the
accumulation in lichens of Mandav monuments, Dhar district, Giralda (Seville, Spain) by Lichens, In: Proceedings of the 6th
Madhya Pradesh, India. Environ Monit Assess 159: 437-442. Trinnial Meeting ICOM Committee for Conservation (Ottawa 4
October 1981. Ottawa).
Bajpai, R., Upreti, D.K. and Dwivedi, S.K. (2010). Calcium abd
Magnesium accumulation in lichens growing over monuments of Saxena, S., Upreti, D.K., Singh, A. and Singh, K.P. (2004).
central India. Indian Journal of Environmental Sciences 14(1): 1-6 Observation on lichens growing on artifacts in the Indian
subcontinents. In: Clair, St. L., Seaward, M., (Eds.)
Beeh- Anderson, J. and Christensen, P. (1983). Studies on lichen Biodeterioration of stone surface Kluwer Academic Publishers,
growth & deterioration of rock & building materials using optical Netherland. pp. 181-193.
methods. In: Oxeley, T.A. & Barry, S. (Eds.) Biodeterioration 5
Wiley, Chichester pp. 568-572. Singh, A. and Upreti, D.K. (1991). Lichen flora of Lucknow with
special reference to its historical monuments. In: Agarwal, O.P. &
Chatterjee, S., Singh, A. and Sinha, G.P. (1995). Lichens on some Dhawan. S., (Eds.) Biodetcrionition of cultural property. Mac
monuments in Karnataka Millan, India. New Delhi, pp. 219-231.
and Orrissa, India. Geophytology 25: 81-88. Singh, A., Chatterjec, S. and Sinlia, ( j j f l (1999). Lichens ofindian
monuments. In: Mukerjee, K.G., Chamola, B.P.. Upreti, D.K. and
Danin, A., Gerson, R., Marton, K. and Garty, J. (1982). Pattern of Upadhvaya, R.K. (Eds.) Biology of lichcnc Aravali. Book
lime stone & dolomite weathering by lichens & blue green algae & International. New Delhi, pp. 115-151
their palaeoclimatic significance. Palaeogeography,
Upreti. D.K. (2002) Lichens of Khajuraho temple & nearby area
Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 37: 221-233. Mahoba & Chattarpur district in: Shrivastava. R.B.. Malhur.
G.N.. Agarwal. O.P. (Ed.) Proceedings of National Seminar on
Danin, A., Gerson, R. and Garty, J. (1983). Weathering pattern of l^gjetenoration of material- 2. DMSRDE. Kanpur pp. 123-127.
hard lime stone & dolomite by endoiithic lichens & cyanobacteria:
supporting evidence for eolian contribution to Terra Rossa soil Soil Upreti, D.K., Nayaka, S., Joshi, Y. (2004). Lichen activity over
Sci. 136: 231-217. rock shelter of Bhimbetka Heritage zone. Madhya Pradesh. Rock
Art research: Changing Paradigms. The 10* Congress of the
Gavathri, P. (1980). Effect of lichens on granite staatues. Birla International Fedration of Rock Art Organization (IFRAO) &
Archaeological Cultural Research Institute, Research Bulletin 2: federation of Rock Art (28* Nov.-2nd Dec. 2004) Rock Art
41-52.Jackson, T.A. and Keller, W.D. (1970). A comparative study Society oflndia. pp. 30-31.
of the role of lichens & the inorganic process in the chemical
weathering of recent Hawaiian lava flow. Ameri J. ofSci. 269: 446- Mrad, B., Plhan, F., Promeyrat, S. and Pihan, C.J. (2004).
466. Integrated assessment of heavy OTetal (Pb. Zn. Cd) highly
pollution: bioaccumulation in soil, Germaine & land snail.
Jain. A.K. (2001). Biodeterioration of rock cut images at Gwalior
fort. In: Agarwal, O.P., Dhawan, S. and Pathak, N. (Ed.). Studies in Cht-mosphere 55: 1349-1359.
biodeterioration of material, ICC1 & ICBCP, Lucknow pp. 59-68.
Walker, F.J. and James, P.W. (1980). A revised guide to the micro
Jones, D. and Wilson, M.J. (1985). Chemical activity of lichens on chemical techniques for the
mineral surface. A review. bit Biodet. Bull. 21: 99-104.
identification oflichen of products. Bull. Briti. Lich. Soc. 46: 13-29.
STUDIES ON PROPAGATION AND SOME DEVICE APPLICATIONS OF

SURFACE PLASMA WAVES (SPWS)
Deptt. Of Physics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal
Author: Santosh Chauhan
ABSTRACT due to its wide ranging applications from sensors, ablation and
processing of materials, terahertz radiation generation and
The interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter is an electron acceleration to nonlinear and integrated optics [1-10].
important area of research from past several decades. Surface These applications rely on the unique characteristics of surface
plasmon or Surface Plasma Wave (SPW) is a guided plasma wave (SPW), which is a guided electromagnetic mode,
electromagnetic mode that propagates along the interface propagating along the interface between a metal and a dielectric,
between a conductor and a dielectric. One may use the attenuated while its amplitude falls off rapidly with distance away from the
total reflection (ATR) geometry in which a metal film is interface in either medium. At optical frequencies a SPW can be
deposited over on a glass prism to excite a SPW . The laser is excited by a laser via linear mode conversion over a surface
launched through the glass onto the glass-metal interface with a ripple or on a thin metal film deposited on a glass prism, called
wave number, whose component along the surface matches the attenuated total reflection (ATR) configuration. As the incoming
wave number of the SPW at the metal-free space boundary. laser power is squeezed into a layer of less than a wavelength
Plasma processing of materials is one of the major tools in micro thick, SPW at the dielectric - metal interface acquires much
electronics industry. The unique property of plasma to modify larger amplitude than the laser and cause order of magnitude
the surface is exploited in plasma- aided manufacturing processes larger material ablation yields and nonlinear effects. Terahertz
viz. ion implantation, sputtering, etching etc. Microwave created (THz) radiation generation via optical rectification of SPW is
plasmas have advantages of no contamination & surface damages primarily attractive due to this property. Gaberit at al. [11] and
to substrates and less power requirements as compared to a rf Zhao et al.[ 12] have developed an elegant formalism of optical
power system. Due to small penetration depth of microwaves, rectification of SPW. Bakunov et al.[13] have come up with a
creation of large volume homogenous plasma is difficult. In past scheme of THz SPW generation employing a fs laser pulse over
few years, efforts have been made to create large-volume a structured metal surface invoking Cerenkov effect.
microwave created plasmas employing slow -wave structures
where the surface plasma wave (SPW) couples with the slow Palomba and Novotny [14] have observed nonlinear excitation of
wave of the conductor - dielectric structure to give a slow surface SPW on a planar gold film by opticalfour wave mixing. Noginov
plasma wave. This slow surface plasma wave can sustain a large et al. [15] have reported stimulated emission of surface plasmons
volume plasma for material processing. over silver films deposited on the glass prism. Liu et al. . [16]
have demonstrated the threshold, gain, spectral line narrowing
INTRODUCTION and feedback of a surface p l a s m o n laser in the visible range. Liu et
al.[ 17] have put forth t h e c o n c e p t of a surface plasmon laser that
The SPW may have an important application in the employs a forward biased p-n junction in the neighborhood of a
generation of coherent radiation at infrared wavelengths. Their metal surface. The stimulated electron - hole recombination in
phase velocity is slower than the velocity of light in vacuum, the junction gives rise to the excitation of SPW. Bilokh et al.
hence they can be excited by a relativistic electron beam using ( I I ) have developed an efficient technique of surface plasmon
Cerenkov interaction, as in traveling wave tube or a Smith- excitation over a dense plasma using a metal grating. A
Purcell metal grating device. The SPW produce coherent microwave, launched from a waveguide horn, is impinged
radiation when it passes over a surface ripple. In recent years normally on a vacuum - plasma interface In the absence of
SPW’s at infrared and optical frequencies have attracted wide grating 95% microwave power is reflected back. However, when
attention due to their role in laser ablation. The yield of-laser a thin metal grating of suitable wave number is placed parallel to
ablation* of metallic targets, e.g. Au, Ag, Al, can be enhanced by the vacuum - plasma interface a t some distance, the microwave
more than an order of magnitude when the laser couples through reflectivity fails down to 5% and a SPW on the plasma surface is
a surface ripple that accounts for the wave number mismatch excited Liu et al (19) have developed a theoretical formalism of
between the laser and the SPW. this mode conversion process (hat explains the experimental
results. W« et al (30) have studied the plasma resonance in a
A SPW can also be employed to produce stimulated emission by surface wave sustained plasma They have successfully generated
electron - hole. surface wave discharges by a microwaves planar vane type slow
wave structure. Jam and Parashar (21) have developed theory for
Recombination in a forward biased p-n junction. The coupling of noMica of SPW over a corrugated slow wave structure Liu and
SPW to nano particles in a solar cell can enhance the light Tnpuhi (22) have studied diffraction ten trolled excitation of
absorption thereby increasing the photocurrent and efficiency. SPW by a finite spot size laser ■ the ATR configuration
Recently it has been experimentally observed that SPW can be Smohamnov at al [23] have developed an experimental technique
focused using Fresnel zone plate which in turn can be utilized to to study surface Plasmon scattering by individual surface defects.
trap nano particles.
NOTEWORTHY CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF
PROPOSED WORK
A BRIEF REVIEW OF WORK ALREADY DONE IN THE Recently, Romberg et al. (24) have reported the beat
FIELD wave excitation of SPW via nonlinear mixing of two loo beams
over a planar gold film Yang et al [251 have studied cross
There is fast growing activity in the field of surface plasmonics conversion between surface plasma wave and quasi cylindrical
and metamaterials waves. Lee and Mok [26] have examined S P W resonance for a
periodic semi - infinite structure with metal - dielectric unit conversion into a surface plasma wave in a metal coated optical
cells in slab geometry, for the frequencies close to but smaller fiber. Singh and Tripathi [45] have studied laser heatwave
than the metal’s plasma frequency Lock year, Hibbins and excitation of SPW and material ablation. Singh et al. [46] have
Sambles [27] have studied SPW over a thin metamaterial proposed a simple method for probing SPWs in the far field
surface at microwave frequencies. Talebi and Shahabadi [28] region by shining a laser on the free space interface. Pathak,
have investigated a periodically corrugated perfectly Dhaiya and Tripathi [47] have recently employed the free
conducting coaxial waveguide for the propagation of a SPW electron laser concept in a ripple density plasma for THz
using mode matching technique radiation generation. Liu et al. [48] have studied laser mode
conversion into a surface plasma wave in a metal coated optical
Over the past decade, a variety of low loss SPW fiber with metallic nanoparticles. Kumar and Tripathi [49] have
components based on thin metal strips are demonstrated studied absorption of surface plasma wave by particles absorbed
including Bragg gratings, couplers, interferometer and on metal surface. Kumar, Singh and Tripathi [50] have studied
modulators. These structures can be designed and fabricated surface enhanced Raman scattering of a surface plasma wave
with a high degree of accuracy and may find useful applications propagating along a metal surface, embedded with regularly
as optical sensors or modulators. Degiron and Smith [29] have arranged nanoparticles. Sharma and Gupta [51] have designed a
numerically investigated Plasmonic waveguides made of a thin fiber optic surface plasmon resonance sensor based on silver-
metal stripe surrounded on one or both sides by a nonlinear gold alloy nanoparticle film.
medium for self - focusing and self - defocusing Kerr type
nonlinearity. Mishchenko, Shytov and Silvestrov [30] have
investigated hydrodynamic SPW in spatially inhomogeneous
grapheme p-n junctions. Maslov and Myawaki [31] have PROPOSED METHODOLOGY DURING THE TENURE
formulated confinement factors and optical gain in sub- OF THE RESEARCH WORK
wavelength plasmonic resonators. Area, Clark and Somekh [32]
have studied and designed SPW resonators using finite element The analytical study would involve the solution of
method. Then they fabricated the devices using fluid equations in conjunction with Maxwell’s equations to
photolithography and experimentally verified the operation of study various physical processes. To examine the effect of
the resonators, by observing the interference patterns of the focusing on optical resonator design we will employ paraxial
specular and retro-reflection in the far-field: Wu et al. [33] used ray approximation. Numerical codes will be written to study the
two parallel nano-slits in a silver film to form a SPW Mach - SPW mode structure at diffuse plasma boundary and nonlinear /
Zehnder interferometer, based on the interference of two SPWs nonlocal effects. The analytical theory will be employed to
propagating along the two surfaces of the silver film. Novitsky understand the experimental results from leading groups in the
[34] have studied the transmission of an incident SPW to a pure country and abroad.
SPW at another interface with proposed applications as a beam
splitter and polarization filter for SPWs. Fedyanin et al. [35]
have calculated the conditions of existence of SPWs with
negative and zero group velocities propagating in a thin metal EXPECTED OUTCOME OF THE PROPOSED WORK
film bounded by dielectric media with different refractive
indices. SPW based sensors and THz radiation sources are very
promising applications of SPWs. Efforts are being made to
Optical rectification is widely used to rectify develop reliable and cost effective sensors in the field of bio
ultrashort (ps or fs) laser pulses from the visible (800nm) to the photonics. The present proposal will address the nonlinear
THz range. Coherent optical rectification is a straight forward effects of SPWs that are important and will develop theoretical
second order nonlinear optical process in which the visible understanding for some of the processes recently observed in
fields mix through the second order susceptibility tensor to the experiments. The work on focusing, THz radiation
produce a THz field. Schneider [36] have developed a theory generation and nonlinear mixing of SPWs, SPW resonator will
for THz wave generated through optical rectification in a slab help in realization of some SPW devices. We will examine the
of a nonlinear optical material taking into effect THz following effects:
dispersion, absorption of both optical and Thz waves and
multiple reflections. Welsh and Wynne [37] have a) Design and analysis of a surface plasmon resonator..
experimentally generated THz radiation pulses on metallic
nanostructures. They have predicted that the source of this THz b) Excitation of THz eigen mode of a surface plasmon
generation is the SPW assisted multiphoton ionization and resonator by beating laser driven surface plasma waves.
ponderomotive acceleration in the evanescent field of the SPW.
c) Surface plasmon eigen modes over a diffuse plasma
Ruan et al. [38] have investigated a metallic slot waveguide
boundary and their excitation by a microwave /
with a dielectric strip embedded within to enhance optics - to -
millimeter wave using a thin metal grating.
THz conversion efficiency using the difference frequency
generation process. d) Mode coupling of a surface plasma wave to radiation
mode using metal grating, optical fiber and coaxial
Parashar et al.[39] have studied laser excitation of SPW over a
cable.
dense plasma. Kumar and Tripathi [40] have studied parametric
excitation of SPW by an ultrashort laser pulse in an overdense
Bibliography
plasma. Jain and Parashar [41] have studied the coupling
between SPW and slow waves supported by an anisotropic 1) W.L.Bams, J. Opt.A: Pure Appl. Opt. 11, 14002 (2009).
conductor. Liu and Tripathi [42] have investigated excitation of 2) N.G.Khlebtsov, Quant. Electron. 38, 504 (2008).
SPW over metallic and rippled surface by laser and electron 3) J.B.Pendry, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966 (2000).
beams. Singh et al. [43] have developed a formalism for
nonlinear absorption of SPW and emission of electrons from
metallic targets. Liu et al. [44] have studies laser mode
4) D.Y.Lei, A.Aubry, Y.Luo, S.A.maier, and J.B.pendry, 38) Z.Ruau, .G.Veronis, K.L.Vodopyanov,
ACS NANO 5, 597 (2011). M.M.Fejer and S.Fan, Optics Express 17, 13502
5) Z.Chen, M.Liu, L.Tang, P.Hu and X.Hu, J'. Appl. Phys. (2009).
106, 39) J.Parashar, H.D.Pandey and V.K.Tripathi,
013314 (2009).
J.Plasmct
6) J.Liu, H.Zhao, Y.Zhang, and S.Liu, Appl. Phys. B 98, Phys. 59, 97 (1998).
797 (2010). 40) N.Kumar and V.KTripathi, Phys. Plasmas 14, 103108
7) A.Tuniz, B.T.Kuhlmey, R.Lwin, A.Wang, J.Anthony, (2007).
R.Leonhardt and S.C.Fleming, Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 41) A.P.Jain and J.Parashar, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 31,
191191 (2010). 1325 (2003).
8) M.Maragkou, A.J.D.Grundy, T.Ostantricky, and 42) C.S.Liu and V.KTripathi, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 28,
P.G.Lagoudakis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 111110(2010). 353 (2000).
9) P.Kumar and V.K.Tripathi, J. Appl. Phys. 106, 013312 43) D.B.Singh, G.Kumar and V.K.Tripathi, Phys. Plasmas
(2009). 1 4 , 102108 (2007).
10) M.Kumar, L.Bhasin and V.K.Tripathi, Phys. Scr. 81, 44) C.S.Liu, G.Kumar and V.K.Tripathi, J.Appl. Phys. 100,
045504 (2010). 013304 (2006).
11) G.Gaberit, D.Armand, J.Coutaz, M.Nazarov and 45) D.B.Singh and V,K,Tripathi, Phys. Plasmas 14,
A.Shkurinov, Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 231108 (2009). 103115 (2007).
12) L.Bhasin and V.K.Tripathi, Phys. Plasmas 16, 103105 46) D.B.Singh, G.Kumar and V.K.Tripathi , J.Appl. Phys.
(2009). 101, 043306 (2007).
13) M.I.Bakunov, M.V.Tsarev and M.llangyo, Optic 47) V.B.Pathak, D.Dhaiya and V.K.Tripathi, J.Appl Phys.
Express 17, 9323 (2009), 105, 013315 (2009).
14) S.Palomba and L.Novotny, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 48) C.S.Liu, G.Kumar and V.K.Tripathi,J Appl. Phys. 100,
056802 (2008], 013304 (2006)
15) M.A.Noginov, G.Zhu, M.Mayy, B.A.Ritzo, 49) G.Kumar and V.K.Tripathi, Appl. Phys. Lett.91,
N.Noginova and V,A.Podolskiy, P h y s . Rev. Lett. 161503 (2007).
101, 226806 (2008), 50) G.Kumar, D.B.Singh and V.K.Tripathi, J.Phys. D
16) R.Li, A.Banerjee and H.Grcbel, Opt. Express 17, 1622 Appl. Phys. 39, 4436 (2006)
(2009). 51) A.K.Sharma and B.D.Gupta, Nanotechnology 17, 124
17) P.Kumar, V.K.Tripathi and C.S.Liu, J. Appl. Phys. (2006)
104, 033306 (2008).
18) Y.P.Bilokh, J.Felsteiner, and Z.Y.,Slutzker, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 95,165003 (2005).
19) C.S.Liu, V.KTripathi and R.Annou, Phys. Plasmas 15,
062103 (2008),
20) T.J.Wu, W.J.Guan, C.M.Tsai, W.Y.Yeh and C.S.Kou,
Phys. Plasmas 8, 3195 (2001).
21) A.P.Jain and J.Parashar, Pramana 65, 311 92005).
22) C.S.Liu and V.K.Tripathi, IEEE J. Quant. Electron. 34,
1503 (1998).
23) l.I.Smolyaninov, D.L.mazzoni, J.Mait, and C.C.Davis,
Phys. Rev. B 56, 1601(1997).
24) N.Rotenberg, M.Betz and H.M. vam Driel, Phys. Rev.
Lett. 105, 017402 (2010).
25) X.Y.Yang, H.T.Liu and P.Lalanne, Phys. Rev. Utt. 102,
153903 (2009).
26) H.Lee and J.Mok, J. Opt. Soc. Am B 26, 450 (2009).
27) M.J.Lockyear, A.P.Hibbins and J.R.Sambles, Phys.
Rev. Lett. 102, 073901 (2009).
28) N.Talebi and M.Sahabadi, J. Phys D Appl. Phys. 43,
135302 (2010).
29) A.Degiron and D.R.Smith, Phys. Rev. A 82, 033812
(2010).
30) E.G.Mishchenko, A.V.Shytov and
P.G.Silverstrov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 156806
(2010).
31) A.V.Maslov and m.Miyawaki, J.Appl. Phys. 108,
083105 (2010).
32) A.Arca, M.Clark and M.Somekh, J.Appl. Phys. 108,
103109 (2010).
33) X.Wu, J.Zhang, Z.Li, Y.Liu and Q.Gong, Chin. Phys.
Lett. 20, 057302 (2009).
34) A.V.Novitsky, J. Opt. 12, 115705 (2010).
35) D.Y.Fedyanin, A.V.Arsenin, V.G.Leiman and
A.D.Gladun, Quant. Electron. 39, 745 (2009).
36) H.Schneider, Phys. Rev. A 82, 033825 (2010).
37) G.H. Welsh and K. Wynne, Optics Express 17, 2470
(2009).

International Journal of Research and Engineering Volume1 Issue1

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

International Journal of Research and Engineering Volume1 Issue1

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

International Journal of Research and Engineering Issue 1, Volume 1

International Journal of Research

Volume 01, Issue 02

A Study To Assess The Effectiveness Of Acupressure In Reducing Menstrual

Author (s) : Ms. Karthika.S

A study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding

Lichen Biodeterioration Studies On Monuments Of Gwalior Division,

Studies On Propagation And Some Device Applications Of Surface

Editorial Board Members

Editorial Board Members

1. Dr. Mohammad Hassan Khan

3. Dr. Alok Mishra

5. Dr.(Mrs.) Taruna Jain

6. Dr. M.K.Shrivastava, Professor

7. Dr. Anil Prakseh

8. Dr. Kiran Singh

9. Dr. Rakesh Jain

International Journal of Research and Engineering is indexed by:

© All rights reserved.

A Study To Evaluate The Effectiveness Of Planned Teaching Programme On

study. Explicit description of objectives is essential to come out

Research methodology is a systematic way of conducting a

According to Poilt & Hungler (1995) the classical approach for

Figure 3: Steps Of Convenient Sampling

Development Of Tool CONTENT VALIDITY

Objectives administration of planned teaching programme. Post test was

To develop and evaluate the effectiveness of planned 2. Nursing Education:

2007 Jul-Aug;48(4):201-6. Available from :URL: socio-demographic determinants of childhood obesity.

“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE STAFF NURSES

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ACUPRESSURE IN

characterized by spasmodic or colicky pain and is worse on I, II, III

Data collection Procedure

It is seen that among 60 subjects, regarding the age, most of the

Regarding their Body Mass Index, 21(70%) of control and

4) The fourth objective of the study is to determine the

reproductive health and the Millennium Development Goals. New

4. National Family Health Survey, Report of the Working Group

5.Chen HM, Chen CH. Effects of acupressure on menstrual distress

7. Taylor.D., Miaskowski.C, Kohn.J.(2002). A randomized clinical

8. Jun EM, Chang S, Kang DH, Kim S. Effects of acupressure on

9. Unsal et.al, Prevalence of dysmenorrhea and its effect on quality

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding

II Complicat 35 19 78 15 43.3 20.5 14.9

Majority 76% of the respondents were housewives, followed by * Significant at 5% level,

Rs.4 24 06 25 18 75.0 1. Knowledge of married women were inadequate before

5. Most important about pregnancy after 35 years.{Serial online}

7. Polit DF, Hungler BP. Nursing research, principles and methods.

8. Mikulandra F, Perisa M, Merlak I, Stojnic E, Balic J. Pregnancy

A study to assess the effectiveness of planned teaching programme regarding

ABSTRACT In this study a quasi-experimental (one group pre-test,

12. Vellingiri r. A survey on Mental health practice in private

Study on the anti histaminic activity of Achyranthes aspera L. and Tephrosia L. on

BIBLOGRAPHY IN STANDARD FORMAT

LICHEN BIODETERIORATION STUDIES ON MONUMENTS OF GWALIOR

Author: Vindhyeshwari Uppadhayay (M.Sc.)

2 The present number of lichen species, their distribution

X reading in ppm on AAS;

STUDIES ON PROPAGATION AND SOME DEVICE APPLICATIONS OF

S-ar putea să vă placă și