Groupings of Elements in the Periodic Table Na+1

Group I A – THE ALKALI METALS 1. Flame test = yellow

2. KH2SbO4 or K2H2Sb2O7 = white ppt of NaH2SbO4
• The principal metals comprising this group are
or Na2H2Sb2O7
Lithium (li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K),
3. Zn(C2H2O3)2.3UO2(C2H3O2)2 = pale yellow ppt of
Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), and Francium (Fr)
NaC2H2O3. Zn(C2H2O3)2.3UO2(C2H3O2)2
PROPERTIES:
K+1
• comprise the most reactive of all the metallic
1. Flame test = violet
elements
2. Na3Co(NO2)6 = yellow ppt of K2 NaCo(NO2)6
• Activity increases with atomic number
3. H2C4H4O6 = white ppt of KHC4H4O6 which upon
• Hydroxides give alkaline solutions
the addition of NaOH, KNaC4H4O6 (Rochelle’s
• Alkalinity increases with atomic number
salt) is formed
• Degree of solvation decreases with increasing
atomic number
GROUP IB - THE COINAGE METALS
• Contain one valence electron outside a well-
shielded core – this accounts for the low
• The three members of the family, copper, silver
ionization potential and pronounced
and gold are designated as the “coinage metals”
electropositive character of the alkali metals.
because from early time they have been
• These metals are very good reducing agents
employed for ornamental and coinage
• Classified as very active metals – the reactivity
purposes.
increases w/ increasing atomic weight
• They resemble the alkali metals only with
• Generally with +1 oxidation state
respect to the single valence electron.
• Form white solid hydrides when heated in
hydrogen gas Comparison of group IA and Group IB Metals
• They react with water to form hydrogen gas and
the metallic hydroxide – the reason why alkali Alkali Metals
metals must be store under kerosene, coated
with paraffin, or protected in other ways a) Do not occur free in nature
b) Very active chemically displace all other
• Salts of the alkali metals are water soluble elements from their compounds. The chemical
• Alkali metals do not form complexes activity increases as the atomic weight
increases
c) Oxides and hydroxide are strongly basic
d) Alkali halides are soluble in water, and are not
• Identity tests for the ions:
hydrolyzed.
• Li+1
e) Univalent, forming but one series of compounds
• Flame test = carmine red or crimson red
f) Form simple cations, never occur in complex
• Na2HPO4 + NH3 = white ppt of Li3PO4 soluble in
anions, and do not form complex cations with
HCl and will not be reprecipitated upon the
ammonia
addition of NH3
g) All are rapidly oxidized in air
• H2SO4 = no ppt
 Coinage Metals
a) Occur free in nature and are easily recovered
from their compounds by reduction
b) Are low in the electromotive series and hence
are not very active chemically, they are
displaced by most other metals The chemical
activity decreases as the atomic weight
increases.
c) Oxides and hydroxides are freely basic (except
Ag20 which is an active basic oxide)
d) Silver, Copper (I) and Gold (I) halides, are nearly
insoluble in water, with the exception of the
silver halides they are readily hydrolyzed and
form numerous basic salts.
e) Copper (I) and Copper (II) each form of series of
compounds Silver (I), one series, and Gold (I) and
Gold (III) one series each.
f) All of them form complex anions
e.g. Cu(CN)2, Ag(CN)2
Au(CN)2 and complex cations with ammonia
e.g. Ag(NH3)2+, Cu(NH3)4+4, and Au(NH3)2+4.
g) Copper is slowly oxidized in air, but is rapidly
oxidized when finely divided and heated in
oxygen.
• The monocovalent cations of Group IB are the
smaller in size than those of the alkali metals
and that they have a higher ionization potential.
• Two different valence states exists, at least for
copper and gold and probably for silver.
• elements in the monovalent state – ion is
colorless & diamagnetic
• elements in the polyvalent state – ion is colored
& paramagnetic
• Copper & gold – there is definite tendency
toward disproportionation of the monovalent
ions to free element & to the higher oxid. state
(autooxidation)
Thus: 2Cu+  Cu+2 + Cu0
2Ag+  Ag+2 + Ag0
3Au+  Au+3 + 2Au0
• Salts of monovalent Cu & Au are unstable in a
medium that permits ionization
• These instabilities gave rise to the valence state
of 2 for Cu & 3 for Au
• Salts of monovalent Ag are stable
• Valence state of Ag is 1
Uses:
- Metals of this group is used in the prep’n of
alloys
(brass composed of Cu & Zn and bronze composed of Cu
& Sn)
• Identity tests for the ions:
Cu+2
1. K4Fe(CN)6 = reddish brown ppt of CuFe(CN)6
2. NH3 (x’ss) = Cu(NH3)4+2 blue solu’n.
Ag+1
1. HCl = white ppt of AgCl soluble in NH3 forming
Ag(NH3)2+ which reprecipitates back to AgCl upon the
addition of HNO3.
GROUP IIA – THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS
• The alkaline earth metals comprise Beryllium
(Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium
(Sr), Barium (Ba), and Radium (Ra).
PROPERTIES
- Elements are all bivalent losing their 2 valence
electron to form +2 oxid’n. state – are strong
reducing agents
- Chemical activities of metals increases as the
atomic radius increases – with greater
availability of the electron for bond formation
- Combine directly w/ O2, halogen, nitrogen &
sulfur
- Ca, Sr, & Ba react w/ cold water
- Mg react w/ steam
- Ba react w/ H2
- BeO is amphoteric; other oxides are basic
- Salts of these metals are not as soluble as the
alkali metals,
• Identity tests for the ions
Mg+2
1. Na2HPO4 + NH3 + NH4Cl = white crystalline
ppt of MgNH4PO4
2. NaOH = white ppt of Mg(OH)2
- Mg(OH)2 has the property of adsorbing colors
of dyes.
- w/ titan yellow – produce a red lake
- w/ p-nitrobenzene azo-resorcinol – blue lake
Ca+2
1. Flame test = brick red or dull red
2. K2C2O4 = white ppt of CaC2O4 insol in
CH3COOH
Sr+2
1. Flame test = crimson or carmine red
2. Na2HPO4 + NH3 + NH4Cl = white ppt of
Sr3(PO4)2 soluble in HCl but reprecipitates back
upon the addition of NH3
3. H2SO4 = white ppt of SrSO4
+2
Ba
1. Flame test = yellowish green
2. K2CrO4 = yellow ppt of BaCrO4 insol. in
CH3COOH
3. H2SO4 = white ppt of BaSO4 – insol. in all acids
GROUP IIBMETALS
The metals of Group IIB are Zinc (Zn), Cadmium
(Cd), and Mercury (Hg),
• PROPERTIES :
The core of these metals has an
additional 10 electrons which gives it a
“pseudo—inert gas” or 18—electrons utilize
both of the electrons in the outer shell for
bonding purposes.
These elements form the normal
divalent ions, but mercury, in addition, has the
unique property of having a monovalent ion
Hg2+2 and is considered as a result of two Hg+
ions sharing a pair of electrons.
• these elements have a filled set of d orbitals,
they differ from the other transition elements.
Hence, they are sometimes classified as
terminal elements rather than transition
elements.
• Zinc and Cadmium are soft metals and occur in
nature only in the combined state
• mercury exists as a liquid at room temperature
and occur as free and in combined form.
• Mercury was given the name “quicksilver”
because of its liquid character and its silver-
white appearance.
• When exposed to air, these metals form
adherent oxide or basic carbonate coating
which prevents further oxidation of the metal
hence zinc are used in alloys, alloys of mercury
are called amalgams
• Zinc and Cadmium are classified as base metals
while mercury is considered as a noble metal.
• These metals react with the halogens, nitric acid
and other common oxidizing agents.
• Their oxides and hydroxides are weak bases,
with base strength increasing going down the
group.
• Zinc hydroxide is amphoteric.
• The elements cadmium and zinc readily form
complexes. The common complexes are the
amomine, cyano.
• mercury shows a peculiarity in not entering into
complex formation with any degree of
readiness.
• Identity Tests for the Ions
Zn+2
• H2S = white ppt. of ZnS
• K4Fe(CN)6 = white ppt. of K2Zn3 [Fe(CN)6]2
• NH3 = white ppt. of Zn(OH)2 soluble in excess
of the reagent forming ZN(NH3)4
• NaOH = white ppt. Zn(OH)2 which is soluble in
excess of the reagent forming a colorless
solution of Na2ZnO2
Cd+2
• H2S = yellow ppt. of CdS, insoluble in Na2S
• K4Fe(CN)6 = white ppt. of Cd2Fe(CN)6
• NH3= white ppt. of Cd(NH3)4++
Hg2+2
• HCl= white ppt. of Hg2Cl2 which blackens upon
the addition of NH3 due to the formation of
metallic Hg
• KI= green ppt. of Hg2I2 soluble in excess of the
reagent forming K2HgI4 and metallic Hg
Hg+2
Identity Tests for the Ions :
• HCl= HgCl2, (soluble) difference from Hg2+2
• SnCl2= white ppt. of Hg2Cl2 which turns gray
due to metallic Hg
• KI=red ppt. of HgI2, soluble in excess of the
reagent forming K2HgI4
• H2S= black ppt. of HgS soluble in excess of the
reagent forming Na2HgS2
GROUP IIIA ELEMENTS
• This group of elements is composed of boron
(B), aluminum (Al), Gallium (Ga), indium (In),
and thallium (Il) of which the first two are the
most important to pharmacy.
• Only aluminum is the most common metal and
the third most common element in the earth’s
crust.
• Only oxygen and silicon are more abundant.
PROPERTIES :
 The first element in the group, boron, is non-
metal, but sometimes termed a metalloid as an
element possessing both metallic and
nonmetallic character.
 Group III elements exhibit ionic character.
 The metals of this group are readily oxidized
when heated in air, although they are stable at
ordinary temperature.
 The oxides are readily reduced back to the free
metal.
 The metals react readily with sulfur and
halogens.
 They all show oxidation states of +3.
 The hydroxides tend to show amphoteric
properties with the exceptions of the top and
bottom elements of the group.
 aluminum hydroxide is amphoteric.
BO3-3
 CH3OH + H2SO4  (CH3)3BO3
Burns with green bordered films
 Turmeric Paper = brownish red +alkali=
greenish black
Al+3
 NH3 = white gelatinous ppt. of Al(OH)3 +
aluminon = red lake
 Aluminon = sodium salt of aurintricarboxylic
acid
 Thenard’s Blue Test
 Co(NO3)2 + NH3  Co(Al0)2 blue ash
Ignite cobalt metaaluminate
 Al+3 + Co(No3)2 + NH4OH  Co(OH)2 +
Al(OH)3 Co(OH)2 + Al(OH)3 ignite Co(Al02)2
GROUP IIIB ELEMENTS – THE SCANDIUM
SUBGROUP
• This is a very long group of elements which
includes, and two large scandium, yttrium,
lanthanum, actinium groups of elements
known as lanthanides (rare earth elements),
(atomic. Nos. 90-103). The lanthanide series
and the Actinide series are called inner
transition elements.
• PROPERTIES :In general, the group IIIB elements
have an increasing metallic character as the
atomic number increases.
• These elements show +3 oxidation state but
some of them have +2 or +4 oxidation state. Of
particular interest to Pharmacy is carium, which
exhibits +3 (Cerous) and +4 (Ceric)
• The chemical properties of these elements lie
between that of aluminum and the alkaline
earth metals.
• The Lanthanide elements (La through Lr) occur
in mixtures which are hard to separate due to
similarity in chemical properties while the
actinide elements (Ac through Lr) beyond
uranium are prepared synthetically and only
exist as radioactive isotopes.
GROUPIVELEMENTS– THE CARBON FAMILY
• Elements of Group IV are Carbon ( C), Silicon
(Si), Germanium (Ge), Tin (Sn), and Lead (Pb).
• C and Si are non-metals
• Sn and Pb are metals
• Ge is a metalloid
PROPERTIES:The elements of this group exhibit
both +2 and +4 oxidation states.
*Carbon - the basic building unit of organic
compounds
- Occurs in inorganic compounds such as CO3 and
CO2
- Used as a reducing agent in the prep’n of many
metals.
- Inert at room temperature; at elevated temp
combines directly w/ O2 & the halogens & most
other nonmetals.
*Silica (SiO2) & metal silicates are widely
distributed in nature.
*Germanium occurs in minute quantities in metal
sulfides.
*Tin occurs as the oxide SnO2
*Pb occurs as the sulfide, PbS called galena
• Tin & Lead form common oxides (SnO2 and
PbO) are stable oxides; & are amphoteric.
• Tin (II) oxide & OH form stannite ion (Sn2O2)
• Lead (II) oxide & OH form plumbite ion (PbO2)
• +4 oxides (SnO2 and PbO2) form stannates
(SnO3-2) and plumbates (PbO3-2)
• Identity tests for the ions:
Carbon containing ions – CO3-2 and HCO3-2
1. Acids -CO2 effervescence (bubbling of gas
through the liquid)
2. Phenolphthalein– red or dark pink for CO3-2 -
colorless or light pink for HCO3-2
For CH3COO (or C2H3O2-, Ac- , Oac-)
1. Acids - CH3COOH (acetous odor)+ C2H5OH =
CH3COOC2H5 (fruity odor)
C2O4-2
1. CaCl2 - white ppt. of CaC2O4
a. HAc – ppt is insoluble
• Con’t. test for C2O4-2 Antimony (Sb)
Bismuth (Bi)
2. Tollen’s test

AgNO3 (ammoniacal) – Ag mirror on warming

3. Pyridine & acetic anhydride – emerald green

solun C6H5O7-3

1. CaCl2 – white ppt Ca3(C6H5O7)2 on boiling

a. HAc – ppt dissolves

2. Tollen’s test

AgNO3 (ammoniacal) – Ag mirror on warming

4. Pyridine & acetic anhydride – carmine red solun

Pb+2
1. K2CrO4 – yellow ppt of PbCrO4 soluble in NaOH
2. HCl – white ppt of PbCl2 soluble in hot water
Sn+2
1. H2S – yellow ppt of SnS2
Sn+4
1. H2S –brown ppt of SnS

GROUP IV B ELEMENTS –TITANIUM SUBGROUP

• Elements such as Titanium (Ti), Zirconium (Zr),
anf Hafnium (Hf) are transitional in character.
• Elements exhibit +2, +3 & +4 oxidation states
PROPERTIES
- Cpds contg the tetravalent form of these
elements do not exhibit color, while cpds contg
the lower valence (+3 & +2) are colored.
• Ti – the 10th most abundant element in the
earth’s crust.
• TiO2 – most impt compound – used as a white
pigment, being inert and has a good covering
power.
• Zr & Hf – very difficult to prepare in the pure
state due to their affinity for C, H, O, N.

GROUP VA – THE NITROGEN FAMILY

• Elements in the nitrogen family are:
Nitrogen (N)
Phosphorous (P)
Arsenic (As)