A PHYSICS PROJECT

ON
LOGIC GATES

VATSALYA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

2019-20
CBSE AFFILIATION NO: 430087
Near Anand Chowkdi,
Dharmaj Road, Borsad
Dist: Anand-Gujarat(INDIA)
Pin-388540
STD: 12th (Science)
Name:-Patel Lucky S
Seat No:-

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project titled

LOGIC GATES
 Submitted by
Patel Lucky S
To
The Physics Department of the
Vatsalya International School, Borsad
Was carried out under the guidance and supervision of
Mr. Shray Gautam
During the academic year
2019-20

……………….. ………………. ………………

Internal Examiner Principal External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It would be my utmost pleasure to express my sincere thanks to

my Physics Teacher Mr. Shray Gautam in providing a helping
hand in this project .
His valuable guidance, support and supervision all through this
project are responsible for attaining its present form. His valuable
advice and suggestions for the corrections, modifications and
improvements did enhance the perfection in performing my job
well.
I am obliged to Mr. B. Jeya Sekar Our Principal for providing the
best of facilities and the environment to bring out our innovations
and spirit of inquiry through this venture.
Blessed by Swami Balswarupdasji, I express my deep sense of
gratitude to the School Management and the Managing Trustee
Swami Nirlepswarupdasji for providing well equipped
Laboratories and constant inspirational support during my
education in this institution.
I would also like to thank my parents as they encourage me to put
forward my project and whose blessings and wishes have gone a
long way in the completion of this arduous task. Last but not the
least, I would like to thank all My Friends and Batch mates,
without their prompt support my efforts would have been in vain.

-Patel Lucky
 CONTENT

⮚ Introduction
⮚ Experiment
⮚ Aim
⮚ Apparatus
⮚ Theory
⮚ Procedure
⮚ Circuits Prepared
⮚ Observations
⮚ Result
⮚ Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

Logic Gates:

A gate is a digital circuit that follows curtain logical relationship between

the input and output voltages.Therefore, they are generally known as logic
gates —Logic gates because they control the flow of information.The five
common logic gates used are NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR. Each logic
gate is indicated by a symbol and its function is defined by a truth table that
shows all the possible input logic level combinations with their respective
output logic levels.Truth tables help understand the behavior of logic gates.

(i) OR Gate

An OR gate has two or more inputs with one output. The output Y is 1 when
either input A or input B or both are 1s, that is, if any of the input is high, the
output is high.

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
 (ii) AND Gate

An AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. The output Y of AND
gate is 1 ,only when input A and input B are both 1. It kind of looks for the
minimum of the two signals.

A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
Some Basic Logic Gates and Their Truth Tables
 Experiment

AIM
To design and simulate basic logic gates and to design an appropriate logic
gate combination for a given truth table.

APPARATUS
⮚ A project board

⮚ Two N4007 diodes

⮚ Two LED

⮚ A 9v battery with a connector

⮚ Two BPJ-BC547 transistors

⮚ Two 100, three 560 resistors

⮚ Connecting wires

THEORY
The three basic logic gates and their combinations are the building block of
the digital circuit.

1. OR gate

A OR B=A+B
The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or
more of its inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: -

2. AND Gate
A AND B=A.B
The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives high output only if all inputs
are high

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :
 PROCEDURE

❖ Design of basic logic gates.

● DESIGN OF AND GATE

COMPONENTS: Two p-n junction diode, A LED, A 100 resistors
CONSTRUCTION: An AND gate can be realized by connecting the diodes
as shown in the figure. A resistance of 100 is connected in series with the
LED to prevent its malfunction.

PROJECT BOARD CIRCUIT:

 ● DESIGN OF OR GATE
COMPONENTS: Two p-n junction diode, A LED, A100 resistors
CONSTRUCTION: An OR gate can be realized by connecting the diodes
as shown in the figure. Here also there is a need for a 100 resistor in series
with LED.

PROJECT BOARD CIRCUIT:

Prepared Circuit:-

OBSERVATIONS
1. Stimulation of AND gate
The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the working of
electrical circuit:
a) If both switches are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will not glow, hence Y=0.
b) If Switch one switch is open and the other is closed (A=1, B=0 or A=0,
B=1) then LED will not glow, hence Y=0.
c) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED will glow,Hence Y=1.

2. Stimulation of OR gate
The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the working of
electrical circuit:
a) If both switches are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will not glow, hence Y=0.
b) If Switch one switch is open and the other is closed (A=1, B=0 or A=0,
B=1) then LED will glow, hence Y=0.
c) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED will glow, Hence Y=1.
 Result:

Basic logic gates were designed and simulated and logic circuit
was prepared for the given truth table.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:-

▪ Wikipedia
▪ Electronic devices and circuits by J B Gupta
▪ Conceptual physics by G C Agarwal
▪ Encarta