Heritage Institute of Technology

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Machining and Machine Tools lab. (MECH 4112)

Expt. No. 5 Date of Expt.

Experiment: Measurement of cutting forces in straight turning at different feeds and

speeds.

Objective: To study the effect of feed, cutting speed and depth of cut on the cutting
forces.

Purpose of determining cutting forces

•Estimation of cutting power consumption, which also enables selection of the power
source(s) during design of the machine tools
•Evaluation of role of the various machining parameters on cutting forces.
•Study of behavior and machinability characterization of the work materials
•Condition monitoring of the cutting tools and machine tools

Methods for measurement of cutting forces

 Analytical method:
Using Merchant’s Circle Diagram
Experimental methods:
Directly measured by using tool force dynamometer(s)

Cutting force components (Turning)

•Pz = tangential component taken in the direction of Z axis

•Px = axial component taken in the direction of longitudinal feed or X axis
•Py = radial or transverse component taken along Y axis

Significance of Pz, Py and Px:

•Pz: called the main or major component as it is the largest in magnitude. It is also called
power component as it being acting along and being multiplied by Vc decides cutting
power (Pz.Vc) consumption.

•Py: may not be that large in magnitude but is responsible for causing dimensional
inaccuracy and vibration.

•Px: It, even if larger than Py, is least harmful and hence least significant.
 Figure 1: Force diagram

Dynamometer:
•Tool dynamometer senses cutting forces in different directions.
•Generally cutting force sensing devises which can be mounted directly on the particular
machines and conduct experiments.
•In lathe tool, dynamometer measures the cutting forces coming on the tool tip on the
lathe machine. The sensor is designed in such a way that it can be rigidly mounted on the
tool post and the cutting tool can be fixed to the sensor directly. This feature will help to
measure the forces accurately without loss of the force .
 Figure 2: Dynamometer
List of experimental devices used:

Observation table: (To be filled by students)

Test no. Factors Cutting forces

Depth of Feed Speed PX PY PZ
cut (mm) (mm/rev) (m/min)

Procedure: (To be filled by students):

Calculations (To be filled by students):

Conclusion (discuss error with reason):