PEMP

AME2510

Introduction LS-DYNA

Session delivered by:

Mr.Suman M.L.J.

 M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru

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Session Topics
 Introduction to LS-Dyna
 Applications of LS-Dyna
 LS-Dyna analysis capabilities
 Features available in LS-Dyna
 Comparison of Implicit and Explicit Solution Techniques
 Element Library available in LS-Dyna
 Material Library available in LS-Dyna
 Types of Contact available in LS-Dyna
 Time Integration
 Output files
 Post processing

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Introduction
 LS-Dyna is advanced general purpose multi-physics simulation
software developed by Livermore Software Technology
Corporation [LSTC].
 LS-Dyna is a Non-linear Explicit Transient Dynamic FE code
 Originated from the 3-D FEA program DYNA-3D developed by
Dr.John.O.Hallquist at Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory, California in 1976.

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PURPOSE OF DEVELOPMENT

 It was developed to simulate the impact of Dial-a-yield nuclear

bomb for low altitude release with impact velocity of around
40 m/s.
 The early applications were primarily for the stress analysis of
structures subjected to a variety of impact loading.
 Defining a suitable mesh for handling contact was often very
difficult. The first version contained trusses, membranes, and a
choice of solid elements.

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CAPABILITIES
 LS-DYNA is not limited to any particular type of simulation.
 In a given simulation, any of LS-DYNA's many features can
be combined to model a wide variety of physical events.
 An example of a simulation that involves a unique
combination of features is the NASA JPL Mars Pathfinder
landing which simulated the space probe's use of airbags to aid
in its landing. Airbag analysis

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CAPABILITIES CONTINUED……
 Non-linear dynamics and quasi-static problems, especially
those involving Impact, contact and other highly discontinuous
events.
 It supports stress-displacement analysis as well as fully
coupled physics analyses, such as coupled temperature-
displacement and coupled fluid-structural analyses.
 For material flow modeling, LS-Dyna uses classic Eulerian
frame of reference in which the finite element mesh does not
distort; but remains fixed in space.
 LS-Dyna element library comprises of continuum, structural,
inertial, rigid, capacitance, connectors, cohesive, spring,
dashpot, and special purpose elements.
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 The Eulerian formulation in LS-Dyna allows the modeling of

not only liquids and gases but also structural material like steel

 Prescribed conditions in LS-Dyna include amplitude curves,

initial conditions, boundary conditions and loads.

 Kinematic constraints, contact modeling are unique

capabilities in LS-Dyna.

 Specialized capabilities for modeling airbags, seat belts and

sensors have tailored LS-Dyna for applications in the
automotive industry.

 Smoothed-particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is a computational

method used for simulating fluid flows.

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Fluid analysis
 Fluid analysis
 Eulerian capabilities
 ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian)
 Fluid-structure interactions
 FEM-rigid multi-body dynamics coupling (MADYMO)

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CAPABILITIES CONTINUED………
 Nonlinear dynamics
 Rigid body dynamics
 Quasi-static simulations
 Linear static
 Thermal analysis
 Underwater shock
 Failure analysis
 Crack propagation
 Real-time acoustics
 Ballistics
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AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS

a. Airbag deployment
b. Frontal analysis
c. Side impact analysis
d. Pedestrian safety

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• Crashworthiness Analysis

Frontal Crash Analysis

Side impact Analysis

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LS-DYNA's specialized Automotive

features:
1. Seatbelts
2. Slip rings
3. Pretensioners
4. Retractors
5. Sensors
6. Accelerometers
7. Airbags
8. Hybrid III dummy models

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Aerospace applications
a. Blade containment
b. Bird strike

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Metal forming and

manufacturing
applications
1) Metal cutting process
2) Metal forming process
3) Stamping
4) Deep drawing
5) Hydro forming
6) Rolling
7) Extrusion
8) Drilling
9) Machining
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OTHER APPLICATIONS
•Drop testing.
•Can and shipping containers.
•Biomedical .
•Seismic study
•Civil engineering applications

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ELEMENTS AVAILABLE IN DYNA

• Different solid elements
• 8-node thick shells
• Different 3- and 4-node shells
• Beams
• Welds
• Trusses and cables
• Nodal masses
• Lumped inertias
• Arbitrary Lagrangian/Eulerian
elements
• Eulerian elements
• Element Free Galerkin
formulations
• SPH elements
• Elements for 2D-analysis

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MATERIAL MODELS AVAILABLE IN

DYNA
1. Provide Constitutive equations for more than 120 material
models
2. Default parameters from best practices
3. Material Models 4. SECTIONS
• Elastic •Solids
• Elastic-Plastic •Shells
• Viscoelastic •Bars
• Rubber •thick shells
• Foams
• many more …
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MATERIAL LIBRARY AVAILABLE IN

LS-DYNA
Linear Elastic Models
•Isotropic (MAT1)
•Orthotropic (MAT2)
•Anisotropic (MAT2)
Nonlinear Elastic Models
•Blatz-Ko Rubber (MAT7)
•Mooney-Rivlin Rubber (MAT27)
•Viscoelastic (MAT6)

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Plasticity Models
•Bilinear Isotropic (MAT3)
•Temperature Dependent Bilinear Isotropic (MAT4)
•Bilinear Kinematic (MAT3)
•Plastic Kinematic (MAT3)
Plasticity Models
•Powerlaw Plasticity (MAT18)
•Rate Sensitive Powerlaw Plasticity (MAT64)
•Strain Rate Dependent Plasticity (MAT19)
•Piecewise Linear Plasticity (MAT24)

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Foam Models
•Low Density Foam (MAT57)
•Viscous Foam (MAT62)
•Mooney-Rivlin Rubber (MAT27)
•Viscoelastic (MAT6)
Spring Damper Models
•Linear Elastic Spring (MAT18)
•Linear Viscous Damper
•Nonlinear Elastic Spring
•Nonlinear Viscous Damper

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•Elasto-plastic spring
•General Nonlinear Spring
Composite Models
•Composite Damage (MAT22)
•Enhance Composite Damage(MAT54-55)
•Laminated composite Fabric (MAT58)
Others
•Rigid (MAT20)
•Cable (MAT71)

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LS-DYNA'S CONTACT
ALGORITHMS
•Flexible body contact
•Flexible body to rigid body contact
•Rigid body to rigid body contact
•Edge-to-edge contact
•Eroding contact
•Tied surfaces
•Rigid walls

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CONTACT TYPES
•Single surface
•Nodes to surface
•Surface to surface

CONTACT OPTIONS
•Normal
•Automatic
•Rigid
•Tied
•Tied with failure
•Eroding
•Edge
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TIME INTEGRATION
For nonlinear problem, only numerical solutions are
possible. LS-DYNA uses the explicit central difference method to
integrate the equation of motion
The semi-discrete equations of motion at time n is given as
Man = Pn- F n + Hn
Where, M is the diagonal mass matrix,
pn accounts for external and body force loads,
Fn is the stress divergence vector, and
Hn is the hourglass resistance.

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OUT PUT FILES

Various binary and ascii outputs available along with
customization options
Primary binary options include
d3plot: Binary file containing voluminous data at
selected time points
d3thdt: Binary file containing time history data for
selected nodes at a number of time points
Activated using the keyword
*DATABASE_BINARY_OPTION
Output to these files controlled using the keyword
*DATABASE_EXTENT_BINARY

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ASCII output activate using keyword *DATABASE_OPTION

Primary ascii options include
GLSTAT: global statistics
SLEOUT: sliding interface energy
MATSUM: material energies
SPCFORC: SPC reaction forces
JNTFORC: joint force file
RCFORCE: Resultant contact force

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POST-PROCESSING
Key variables
1. Contact Forces
2. Stresses
3. Deformation
4. Energy plots
5. Energy absorption
6. Acceleration and velocity
7. History Variables

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ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
Explicit Implicit
1. Ideal for Highly Dynamic 1. Ideal for Static type of
Events like Crash, explosion Events like Structural
analysis etc.. problems etc..
2. Conditionally stable when
stiffness matrix [K] is linear
i.e,{Q}=[k]{q} 2. Unconditionally stable
when stiffness matrix [K] is
Where,{Q} is nodal linear
forces,[k] is element
stiffness matrix,{q} is nodal 3. Requires inversion of
degree of freedom nonlinear stiffness matrix
[K]
3. Does not requires inversion
of nonlinear stiffness matrix
[K]
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4. Global stiffness matrix [K] is
not required i.e, {R}=[K]{r}
Where, {R} is nodal loads,[k] is
Global Stiffness matrix,{r} is
global degrees of freedom of the
structure
5. Explicit calculation leads to
simple equations for each
degree of freedom
6. Explicit analysis solves using
Central difference method
7. only stable if time step size is
smaller than critical time step
size
2
t  t crit 
 max
 M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru
PEMP
AME2510
4. Global stiffness matrix [K] is
required.
5. Implicit calculations lead to a
system of equations including
the complete model
6. Implicit Analysis solves
using forward difference
method
7. For linear problems,time step
can be arbitrarily large
(always stable)
For nonlinear problems, time step
size may become small due to
convergence difficulties
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FE MODELS FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

CONTACT INTERFACES
CONTACT ENTITIES
COMMON NODES
BOUNDARY COND.
SPRINGS/ DAMPERS
STONE WALLS SPOT WELDS JOINTS
JOINTS
SECTION MATERIAL
properties
PART II

PART I
geometry Topology

GROUND
RIGID BODY MERGE
TIME STEP

SIMUALATION TIME

INITIAL VELOCITIES OUTPUT

MODEL SETUP

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General Approach involved in solving LS-Dyna

•Create FE Model
GEOMETRY PROPERTIES
•Choose Material Model and Properties
•Assign Material and Property THICKNESS

4
•Assign
1 1 loads
3 and boundary condition
STIFFNESS,
2 DENSITY
•Specify control parameters
•Create “.k” input file ELEMENT TYPE

•Solve the .k file in LS-Dyna solver to get

“d3plot” output file
•Post process the d3plot file in LS-Dyna post
processor

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