DPT Yes Tapos Na

POLYTECHNICUNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
DIVERSIFIED POWER TRANSCEIVER
A Project Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Brgy. Sto. Nino, Paranaque City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
By
Calandingan, Beverly D.
Fajarillo, Steven Jake G.
Quintao, Eva Ruth A.
Villamayor, Yuffie O.
March 2019
CERTIFICATION
This thesis, DIVERSIFIED POWER TRANSCEIVER prepared and submitted

by BEVERLY D. CALANDINGAN, STEVEN JAKE G. FAJARILLO, EVA RUTH A.
QUINTAO and YUFFIE O. VILLAMAYOR in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree, BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING has
been examined and recommended for Publication.
Evaluation Committee
Prof. CATHERINE R. LLAVE

Research Coordinator
NAME NAME
Member Member
____________________________________________
APPROVAL
Approved by the Panel on Oral Examination on October 1, 2019 with the
grade of _____.
Engr. REY M. ORONOS, Jr.
Chair
NAME NAME
Member Member
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of

Science in Computer Engineering.
Prof. AARON VITO M. BAYGAN

Director
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to God Almighty, for His blessings and grant of
wisdom, strength and health throughout the study and enabling the researchers to
complete their work successfully.
This work is also dedicated to the researcher’s parents, who serve as their
inspiration and source of strength, and to their friends for the unwavering support
and help.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to thank all the people who contributed in some
way to the work described in this thesis.
First and foremost, to the Design Project adviser, Doctor Arvin De La Cruz,
for the guidance, patience and support he gave them through this study.
To the Campus Director, Director Aaron V. Baygan, for the opportunity he
gave to carry out the research work through the esteemed institution.
To the Academic Head, Professor Catherine Llave, for the kind cooperation
extended to them throughout this study.
To the Co-Adviser, Professor Rey M. Oronos Jr., for the valuable time he
spent in giving them suggestions and moral support that made this study a
progressive one.
Extending the appreciation to Engineer Gilbert R. Gonzales, for the
continuous support, guidance and diligently giving them valuable inputs and
suggestions all throughout this study.
They also like to thank the respondents of Polytechnic University of the
Philippines – Parañaque Campus, and professional experts of MicroSourcing
Philippines Inc., who made a great contribution and tirelessly giving them
encouragement and credible ideas in the completion of this study.
Furthermore, expressing their sincere appreciation to Villamayor’s Family,
for the assistance and necessities they have provided during their overnight works
to complete the papers and prototype.

Lastly, the deepest gratitude to their families, for the constant support and
unconditional love throughout the time of this research. Their prayers and
encouragement keep them strong and motivated to reach what they aimed for.
CERTIFICATION OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis,
DIVERSIFIED POWER TRANSCEIVERfor the degree, BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines –
Parañaque Campus embodies the result of original and scholarly work carried out
by the undersigned. This thesis does not contain words or ideas taken from
published sources or written works that have been accepted as basis for the award
of a degree from any other higher education institution, except where proper
referencing and acknowledgement were made.
Beverly D. Calandingan Steven Jake G. Fajarillo
Researcher Researcher
Eva Ruth A. Quintao Yuffie O. Villamayor
Researcher Researcher
_________________________________
Date Signed
ABSTRACT
Title: Diversified Power Transceiver
Researcher: Bevery D. Calandingan
Steven Jake G. Fajarillo
Eva Ruth A. Quintao
Yuffie O. VIllamayor
Degree: Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering
Institution: Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Parañaque

Campus
Year: 2020
Adviser: Dr. Arvin De La Cruz
The demand for smartphones are constantly increasing nowadays, and
power bank in a pocket is a must have one. This thesis aimed to create a power
bank that holds three different ways to acquire power and two different ways to
transmit power, which is why it is entitled Diversified Power Transceiver. In this
device, the sunlight is converted into power, convenience outlet charging and
another mobile phone can supply power are implemented in the device. The two
mediums for transmitting power implemented in this device is a Qi standard
wireless charging and the widely used norm of charging, using USB cables. The
device has a capacity of 8800mAh and a microcontroller programmed for switching
and displaying data in the Organic LED. The device went through testing and
evaluation of professionals and smartphone users. Upon testing, the device has a
voltage of 5 and a current with a maximum output of 2 amperes. Upon evaluation,

it is revealed the device functions well with multiple inputs and outputs, yet not
compact enough due to its build. In conclusion, the Diversified Power Transceiver
was able to achieve the desired output initially given by the proponents.
Keywords: Arduino, power bank, solar, wireless charging, OTG-USB, mobile
charging
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Certification and Approval Sheet ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Certification of Originality v
Abstract vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Figures viii
List of Tables ix
Chapter 1Problem and its Background

Introduction 1
Theoretical Framework 2
Conceptual Framework 4
Statement of the Problem 6
Scope and Limitation 7
Significance of the Study 8
Definition of Terms 9
Chapter 2Review of Related Literature

A Power-Managed Method for Mobile Devices 11
Solar Powered Mobile Power Bank Systems 14
Wireless Charging Gets Faster Thanks to Qi Power 15
Design and Testing of Wireless Phone Charger 16
An NFC on Two-Coil WPT Link 17
Reconfigurable System for WPT 18
A Brief History of Power Bank 19
Development of Banana Fiber Decorticator and Wringer 21
Development of a Wireless Power Transfer System 22
Application to Renewable Energy Systems 23
Development of Solar Photovoltaic Battery Charger 25
Wireless Power Transmission 26
Wireless Charging Technologies 27
HATCI and Mojo Mobility develop wireless charging system 28
What is Wireless Charging 29
Influence of Mobile Phones on an Indigenous Community 30
How Sustainable Are Solar Power Aid Projects? 31
Enhanced energy conversion performance of photovoltaic panels 32

Design of Solar Powered Wireless Charger for Smartphones 33
Implementation of Wireless Charger for Mobile Phone 35
Wireless Charging System using Inductive Power Transfer 36
Wireless Solar Mobile Phone Charger 38
Boosting Solar Energy Growth in the Philippines 38
Studies on Portable Power Banks for Recharging Gadgets 39
Design and Development of Portable Power Charger 40
Synthesis 41
Chapter 3Methodology
Methods of Research 42
Data Gathering Procedures 42
Sample Size and Sampling Technique 43
Locale of the Study 44
Description of Respondents 44
Research Instrument 44
Statistical Treatment of Data 44
Block Diagram 45
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion
Chapter 5 Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations

Summary of Findings 75
Conclusion 76
Recommendations 77
References 79
Appendices
Appendix A: Gantt Chart 83
Appendix B: Block Diagram and Schematic Diagram 85
Appendix C: Proposed Design and Actual Photos 87
Appendix D: Project Quotation 92
Appendix E: Survey Questionnaire 94
Appendix F: Posthoc Test 96
Appendix G: Source Code 98
Appendix G: Author’s Profile 101
LIST OF FIGURES
Number Title Page
1 Research Paradigm of the Study 5

2 Block Diagram 45
3 Stages of Development 49
4 Diversified Power Transceiver Architecture 50
5 Proposed Design (3D) 51
LIST OF TABLE
Number Title Page
1 Evaluation – Functional Suitability 53

2 Evaluation – Usability 55
3 Evaluation – Performance Efficiency 57
4 Evaluation – Portability 59
5 Evaluation – Compatibility 61
6 Evaluation - Overall Weighted Mean 63
Results and Computations of the ANOVA for the three
7 66
groups
Charging Diversified Power Transceiver using Solar Cell
8 69
(Input)
Charging Diversified Power Transceiver with Convenience
9 70
Outlet Charging (Input)
USB-OTG Charging of the Diversified Power Transceiver
10 71
(Input)
11 Diversified Power Transceiver Wired Charging (Output) 72
12 Diversified Power Transceiver Wireless Charging (Output) 73
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS
Introduction
The world now is filled with advancement in technology. We will live in a more
futuristic world since new inventions are created every second and new
technologies are made to help people to be efficient. Looking at our world, thinking
what more we can create to help this world solve its problems.
Currently, the most common technology being used by people are
smartphones. It is used for communication, entertainment, navigation, and other
personal things. You can do almost everything with your phone and almost every
person in the world has one. A smartphone is like a small computer that you can
bring anywhere because of its compact size and rechargeable battery.
A phone's battery life can last a whole day, but it depends on the power
usage. There are two ways to charge a phone, wireless charging and using a USB
cable. Most phones are charged through USB cables connected to an outlet or
power banks. As of now, newly released phones are capable of wireless charging.
The researchers came up with a device that consists of different ways to
charge a phone. First, through a power outlet,this is the most typical way to
transmit electricity to a device. Second, through solar cells, to use sunlight as the
source of power. Lastly, through a phone. The researchers will use an OTG cable
to draw power from a phone to charge another phone incase both previous options
are not available.

This study is made to research on other ways to charge a phone using the
latest technologies and innovate a power bank that combines these three options.
Also, since wireless charging is widely used in the current era, the project will
involve wireless chargingas well.
Phones have become a necessary part of human life because it can be used
generally as a mode of communication to people who are away from each other.
But a smartphone can cause discontentment and irritation if the battery is all used
up. People who are away from home will go to places that have charging stations if
their phone battery is about to drain or dead.
Portable chargers are a trend nowadays and they're called power banks. A
power bank consists of a battery with a special case that can transmit power to any
device. This invention was discovered when a student presented the first power
bank consisting of a few AA batteries and control circuit in 2001 at a Las Vegas
International Consumer Electronics Show. In the years later, power banks were
researched on and greatly improved.
In 2007, Apple launched the iPhone, but this phone has the same downside
as other smartphones, and that is low battery life. Thus, battery cases were
invented. Apparently, different type of chargers started to come out because of
smartphones.
Theoretical Framework
Inductive Coupling Approach
The transfer of electric energy from a power source to an electric load without
a direct physical connection between them, usually via electromagnetic field is

defined as Wireless Power Transfer Technology (WPTT). In 1890’s, a wireless
power transfer (WPT) system was demonstrated by Nikola Tesla using his
demonstration on resonant transformers called Tesla coils. Power transfer of
inductive coupling happens by creating an alternating magnetic field on the
transmitter coil, that magnetic flux is then converted into an electrical current in the
receiver coil. The generated electrical current depends on the amount of flux
generated by the transmitter coil, and how much of a percentage the receiver coil
is able to capture. The distance, size, and positioning of the receiver coil relative to
the transmitter coil decides the “coupling factor” of the two coils. This process of
transporting an electrical current between two objects can be achieved through the
use of coils to induce an electromagnetic field. The transfer of energy from the
charger to mobile is accomplished by mutual induction, governed by the Faradays
law of Induction.
Theory of Solar Cells
The theory of solar cells explains the physical processes by which photons
are converted into electrical current when striking a suitable semiconductor device.
Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting
materials, such as silicon. Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from
their atoms, allowing them to flow through the material to produce electricity. Due
to the special composition of solar cells, the electrons are only allowed to move in
a single direction. An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable
amount of direct current (DC) electricity. The processes taking place are: Photo
generation of charge carriers, Charge carrier separation which involves the drift of
carriers and their separation

Conceptual Framework
This framework shows the overall outline of the study. It can be expressed by
using the input-process-output diagram (IPO). IPO shows the materials needed
and used in the research, the details of the stages the proponents will manage the
research, and the output of the both combined. The proponents used IPO for it is
easier to understand. It simply shows the requirements the researchers need along
with what process they will take and the output it will have.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Knowledge: System
 Basic C Development Life
Programming Cycle - Prototyping
 Basic Circuit
and Electronic System Analysis:
Design  RequirementAn
 Blender alysis
 RequirementDef
Hardware: inition
 Wireless
Charging System Design: Diversified Power
Module  Conceptual Transceiver
 Female USB Design
Port  Block Diagram
 Schematic
 Micro USB
Diagram
Port
 Solar Cells
System
 Li-ion Battery Development:
 Master Micro  Prototype
USB Cable Development
 Arduino Nano
Testing and
Software: Implementation
 Arduino IDE Deployment
FEEDBACK
Figure 1: Research Paradigm of the Study
Figure 1 shows that the researchers should have basic knowledge in C
programming and circuit and electronic design in creating the said device. The
main materials needed and used in this research are the microcontroller, wireless
charging module, Lithium-ion battery, master micro USB cable or OTG cable, male
and female USB ports, and solar cells. Solar cell and the USB-OTG cable is used
to supply power to the li-ion battery. The wireless charging module is used to
charge a phone from either the battery or OTG cable for wireless charging. Arduino
IDE is used to program the microcontroller to operate and control the device.
The researchers will be using System Development Life Cycle's Prototyping
method where the phases are planning, system analysis, system design, system
development, testing and implementation. The planning phase involves the
statement of problems and solution to these problems and the estimated budget to
be used for the research. In system analysis, the gathering of data is done in this
phase and thus used to improve the device. Conceptual design, block diagram and
the schematic diagram provides the flow, wirings and actual design of the device.
At the development stage, the prototype is created, then tested and implemented.
Therefore, by following these phases and items, the outcome is the Diversified
Power Transceiver. The flow is then repeated until the needs are met and
implemented.
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this research is to develop a power bank that provides
different charging methods. Thus, this research aims to answer the following
questions.
1. What is the current status of mobile chargers in terms of:
1.1 speed and accuracy of acquiring power from
1.1.1 solar cells,
1.1.2 outlet charging, and
1.1.3 OTG compatible smartphone?

1.2 speed and accuracy of the transmission of power through
1.2.1 wired charging and,
1.2.2 wireless charging module?
2. What are the stages in the development of the Diversified Power Transceiver
using the System Development Life Cycle – Prototyping Method?
3. What is the evaluation of Computer Engineering, Information Technology
students and IT Engineers in using Diversified Power Transceiver based on
ISO 25010 and their difference in terms of:
3.1 functional suitability,
3.2 usability,
3.3 performance efficiency,
3.4 portability, and
3.5 sustainability?
4. Is there a difference between the evaluation of the respondents?
5. How effective is Diversified Power Transceiver based on the terms mentioned
in problem 1?
6. What is the difference between Diversified Power Transceiver and the
existing power banks?
Scope and Limitation
The study is conducted in Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Paranaque Campus from November 2018 to October 2019 where Computer
Engineering students, Information Technology students, and IT Engineers are the
respondents.
Diversified Power Transceiver is an innovation of a powerbank with multiple
features. The device will only have 3 options of power acquisition and 2 options of
power transmission. It will include inputs from the sun’s rays, from another mobile
device and from an outlet and the outputs of both wireless and wired.
The device aims to work with the standard rate of charging using the said
features, not vying the fast-charging features of power banks. The wireless
charging will only work for qi compatible smartphones and will not be available for
reverse charging.
Significance of the Study
The study "Diversified Power Transceiver" is beneficial to the following:
College Students. These students are Computer Engineering and
Information Technology students of Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Paranaque Campus. At school, students are not allowed to charge their mobile
phones using the school’s power outlet therefore this device will be beneficial to
them because it will prolong their phone’s battery life in situations they need them
by using the device as a source of power.
Faculty. These are people who work at Polytechnic University of the
Philippines Paranaque Campus. This device will lower the percentage of faculty
members in confiscating a student’s outlet charger. They can also use this device
for their mobile phones as an extra source of power.
Travelers. The study can be of help to these people when they travel into
various areas where no electricity is provided. Their mobile phones can be charged
through the device innovated in this research.

Proponents. The study will help the researchers know more, search more,
and think more as the study progresses, therefore gives them the opportunity to
expand their knowledge in the degree they're taking.
Future Researchers. This study may be a steppingstone to future
researchers in order to advance in their research as well. They can use it to
broaden their knowledge about their research.
Definition of Terms
Arduino Nano. A mini microcontroller that takes in 5v in order to operate. It is used
for switching and operating the OLED of the Diversified Power Transceiver.
Compatibility.Degree to which a product, system or component can exchange
information with other products, systems or components, and/or perform its
required functions, while sharing the same hardware or software environment.
Diversified. Different.
Diversified Power. Different power can bereceived. For example, photons
converted to electric power.
Diversified Transceiver. Different ways of receiving and transmitting of power.
Functional Suitability. The degree to which a product or system provides
functions that meet stated and implied needs when used under specified
conditions.
Inductive Coupling. The coupling between two electric circuits through
inductances linked by a common changing magnetic field.
ISO 25010.Used as a basis for the quality of the device.
Li-ion battery. A battery commonly used in power banks.

Light Dependent Resistor (LDR). A component that is used to measure the
luminance of light.
Luminance. The intensity of light.
Micro-USB cable. A device that connects a smartphone to a computer, can be
used as a charger.
Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED). A small device used to display the current
status of the Diversified Power Transceiver.
On-the-Go (OTG) Cable. A device used to connect a flash drive or other
peripherals.
Performance Efficiency. The performance relative to the amount of resources
used under stated conditions.
Photovoltaic Cells. Commonly known as solar cells. A small part of a solar panel.
Converts photons taken from the sun into electricity.
Portability.Degree of effectiveness and efficiency with which a system, product or
component can be transferred from one hardware, software or other operational or
usage environment to another.
Power.Energy generated through the conversion of other forms of energy.
Power Banks. A device that stores electricity. Used to charge mobile devices.
Power Transceiver.Can transmit and receive power.
Qi(standard). Widely used standard for wireless charging. It is the wireless power
transfer using inductive charging over distances up to 4cm.
Usability.Degree to which a product or system can be used by specified users to
achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified
context of use.
Transceiver. A device that can both transmit and receive power.

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
The second chapter of this paper was derived based from the concepts and
theories that the proponents acquired through the research in both technical and
non-technical aspects of this project. This would serve as a foundation of the
proposed study for it will guide the proponents in pursuing their research venture.
A Power-Managed Method for Mobile Devices
A research by Chang et al (2013) introduced a mobile power bank
constructed on an Android-based power control system, and the configuration. The
core of this system is a controllable electrical current for a mobile phone-based
Android system. By incorporating app monitoring software, this study developed a
multi-functional battery charge control system with a combined external
mechanism or device design. This provides various functions in addition to phone
charging that satisfy the daily needs of female users. This system is portable and
can be installed on Android-based mobile phones and tablet computers. In this
study, Android application software developed in JAVA connects and
communicates with external ports through a USB OTG interface. In addition, USB
OTG devices can be classified as either hosts or slaves. The Android system
supports communication between USB hosts and external USB hardware as well
as USB host functions. For program compilation, the following software must be
installed: Android SDK, USB Host Shield 2.0 Library, and ADK Release (Android
Accessory Library). After compilation, the programs are executed and operated on
mobile phones to drive the power consumption system of mobile power banks. A
mobile power bank is defined as a portable charging system that stores or collects
and supplies power. The output voltages of mobile power banks are 5 ± 0.5 V,
providing sufficient power to mobile phones, PDAs, and other digital devices at any
time and place. In the current market, mobile power banks possess modules with
more than the basic charging and discharging functions, including (1) illumination
functions, such as a power bank with a light-emitting diode (LED) (US 8,339,049) ;
(2) solar charging functions, which recharge the device through a solar panel
during usage (US 8,324,857) and (3) power indication, where the remaining power
is shown using a light or monitor.
Considering the design trends for mobile power banks available on the
market, these power banks should be designed to be lightweight, portable, and
integrated with extra functionalities. Lithium battery cells are widely employed in
mobile power banks and are commonly used in digital devices because of their
relatively small size, large capacity, and affordable cost. However, the voltage for
lithium batteries ranges between 3.7 and 4.3 V, declining when power is
consumed. Therefore, boost devices must be employed to increase the voltage to
5V to charge digital products. Traditional lithium-ion battery chargers provide power
first using a constant current, followed by a constant voltage. After a lithium battery
is fully discharged, it can only be recharged with a relatively smaller current.
Consequently, the battery voltage must be first determined. If the voltage is
insufficient, a smaller current must be used for charging. A normal current can only
be used when the voltage has increased to a specific level. When a constant
current is used for charging, the battery voltage increases over time until it reaches
4.2 V. At this point, the charger switches to the constant voltage mode to continue
charging because voltages higher than 4.2 V damage the battery. At this point, the
current decreases gradually and slowly, and the charging stops when the current
falls below the pre-specified value. Because of their limited capacity, the chargers
used for portable systems typically adopt a battery-charging integrated circuit (IC)
design, and their small size and low prices also typically promoted as their selling
point. Furthermore, chargers for large-capacity batteries must consider additional
factors, such as whether batteries are connected in a series or in parallel, battery
tests, high-current charging converters and rapid charging methods. Mobile power
banks can be used for recharging hundreds of times; therefore, a charging
interface is required.
Generally, USB ports are used for battery charging, and USB 2.0 battery
charging specifications are adopted for this process. In June 1999, the USB
Implementers Forum (USB-IF) published the USB on-the-go (OTG) specifications,
representing an interface that offers similar advantages as the point-to-point
functionality of 1394 FireWire. Under the USB OTG specifications, when two OTG
devices are connected, either OTG device can act as the host, while the other acts
as the device side or end. The previous standard connector size was too large for
correct use; thus, new connectors should be designed and smaller current
amounts are required. In this way, besides supplying power through an OTG
device, external devices supplied by mobile power banks are also provided for.
The USB 1.x and 2.0 specifications provide a 5V supply on a single wire from
which connected USB devices draw power. These specifications offer a voltage of
not more than 5.25 and not less than 4.75 (5 V ± 5%) between the positive and
negative bus power lines.
Solar Powered Mobile Power Bank Systems
According to Agarwal(2016), solar panels are the most critical and final part in
designing solar panels. The generation of power in a solar panel is measured in
Watts (e.g. the power generation of part number STP010 in a solar cell is 10W).
Theoretically, the energy that can be supplied to a battery can be calculated by
multiplying the power generation rating of the solar panel (measured in Watts) to
the number of hours the panel is exposed to sunshine. A photovoltaic module can
be defined as an assembly of 6x10 solar cells connected and packaged together.
The solar array of a photovoltaic system which is generally comprised of these
photovoltaic cells generates solar electricity and is used in domestic applications.
Under standard test conditions, the DC output power of each module ranges
between 100 to 365 watts. If the rated output of a solar panel remains the same,
the efficiency is determined by the area of the module.i.e. A 16% efficient 230 W
solar module will consume half the area as that of a 8% efficient 230W module.
Only a few solar panels exceed an efficiency of over 19%. Most installations
contain multiple modules as a single solar module generates only a limited amount
of power. Some of the typical examples of photovoltaic systems are an array of
solar modules, a solar inverter, a battery, a solar tracker and interconnection
wiring.
The photovoltaic panels present in solar-charged power banks can trickle-
charge the internal battery of the system when placed in direct sunlight. Depending
on the capacity of the power bank and its current level of charge, it can take quite a
while to fill up. For example, the time taken by a smartphone to charge completely
is same as the time taken to charge a 1500mAh power bank completely. For larger
banks, this charging time can be doubled, tripled or quadrupled. Most Power Banks
use LED indicators to show whether these power banks are at capacity and a
safety cut-off valve to avoid overheating and overcharging.
Wireless Charging Gets Faster Thanks to New Qi Power Specifications
Another article made by Sacco (2015), the Wireless Power Consortium
(WPC) this announced the latest version of its Qi (pronounced "chee") wireless
charging specification, which provides three times the amount of power as the
majority of in-market Qi charging products. For example, Samsung's Adaptive Fast
Charging cords are some of the faster mobile phone power options available, and
they provide 15w, the same amount of energy as the new Qi spec, according to
John Perzow, WPC's vice president of market development. Mobile devices need
to be built to support the specifications, and most existing phones with wireless
charging, including the two Galaxy S6 phones, will not be able to charge at the full
15w without some sort of adapter. The Galaxy S6 phones support the 5w Qi
standard — in addition to the current PMA standard — and therefore will be able to
charge at only 5w even if you use a 15w charger. However, the new specification is
backwards compatible, according to Perzow, which means new chargers should
still be able to power older devices that support Qi. WPC's Qi is one of three
leading wireless charging standards vying for the top spot in the world of wireless
power. The Power Management Alliance and Rezence are also contenders, but
WPC says its 15w spec is "a first in wireless charging." Notable companies that
back WPC include Belkin, HTC, IKEA, LG, Microsoft, Motorola, Nokia, Panasonic,
Samsung, Sony, Texas Instruments and Verizon Wireless.
Undergraduate Application Based Research: Design and Testing of Wireless
Phone Charger
Based from Crosby and Deppong (2013), wireless electricity is an emerging
technology and, thus, there exists much room for innovation. There are several
consumer electronic devices that can be charged without using an electrical wire.
Wireless power adapters are now commercially available for smart phones, iPods,
and other similar low-powered devices. The underlying engineering concept for the
wireless power adapter is similar to electric toothbrush chargers, in that they use
the principle of magnetic induction to transfer power from the base to the brush
handle (functioning device).
However, the latest wireless chargers are more sophisticated and more
powerful through the utilization of magnetic resonance that enhances power
transmission speed and efficiency. There are two fundamental types of wireless
electricity transmissions. The first method uses magnetic induction technology and
requires some kind of charging pad on which to place devices. These pads
facilitate the charging of multiple devices such as smart phones, cameras, and
iPods, simultaneously. The second method uses wireless antennae to transmit
power through the air, requiring no charging pads. This method is quite promising
but is not without its drawbacks; some researchers are concerned about the
potential health hazard this poses through prolonged exposure to emitted
electromagnetic waves. This current research project focused on the former
method that utilizes a charging pad.
An NFC on Two-Coil WPT Link for Implantable Biomedical Sensors under
Ultra-Weak Coupling
In line with this, an article made by Gong et al. (2017),the inductive link is
widely used in implantable biomedical sensor systems to achieve near-field
communication (NFC) and wireless power transfer (WPT). However, it is tough to
achieve reliable NFC on an inductive WPT link when the coupling coefficient is
ultra-low (0.01 typically), since the NFC signal (especially for the uplink from the in-
body part to the out-body part) could be too weak to be detected. Traditional load
shift keying (LSK) requires strong coupling to pass the load modulation information
to the power source. Instead of using LSK, a dual-carrier NFC scheme is used for
the weak-coupled inductive link; using binary phase shift keying (BPSK)
modulation, its downlink data are modulated on the power carrier (2 MHz), while its
uplink data are modulated on another carrier (125 kHz). The two carriers are
transferred through the same coil pair. In addition, to minimize the power transfer
efficiency decrease caused by adding NFC, the inductive link circuit parameters
are optimized and approach the receiver sensitivity limit. In the prototype
experiments, even though the coupling coefficient is as low as 0.008, the in-body
transmitter costs only 0.61 mW power carrying 10 kbps of data and achieves a 1 ×
10−7-bit error rate under the strong interference of WPT. This dual-carrier NFC
scheme could be useful for small-sized implantable biomedical sensor
applications.The proposed NFC uses two carriers through the same coil pair. One
carrier is the power carrier for the power and downlink data transmission, while the
other is the uplink carrier for the uplink data transmission. BPSK modulation is
used in the downlink to minimize the amplitude ripple of the power carrier. BPSK is
also utilized in the uplink to be able to demodulate the weak signal under strong
interference.
In the inductive link circuit, dedicated passive components are introduced
and optimized to minimize the power transfer efficiency (PTE) decrease caused by
adding the data links. For the uplink, we firstly explore the constraint of avoiding
the out-body receiver from being saturated by the power carrier and the limit of
uplink receiver sensitivity. Then, we optimize the circuit parameters to get the
maximal PTE and at the same time keep the received uplink signal power to be
sufficient for reliable demodulation. For the downlink, a shaping filter is introduced
in the downlink modulator to reduce the impact of BPSK modulation on the WPT
power amplifier (Class E PA). Finally, a prototype was implemented. Our proposed
NFC overcomes the strong interference from the power carrier and achieves
reliable communication under ultra-weak coupling. At the same time, our NFC
causes less PTE loss and negligible amplitude ripple on the WPT power carrier,
compared with the traditional NFC using LSK.
Reconfigurable System for Wireless Power Transfer and Near Field
Communications
A study based from Cairo et al. (2017), some previous works like the NFC
transmitter coil placement to minimize degradation of A4WP wireless power
transfer efficiency, have already studied the coexistence between NFC and WPT,
where the interference between the NFC transmitter coil and the WPT coils is
analyzed. Although involving different frequencies, NFC frequency (13.56 MHz)
coincides with the second harmonic of WPT (6.78 MHz). Hence, compatibility
issues may arise. The coexistence of both wireless systems is analyzed in terms of
induced voltage by the NFC tag, in the presence of WPT system. In near-field, the
mutual inductance at high frequency of both antenna coils acts as a roughly
magnetically coupled transformer, where energy is magnetically induced and
propagated from the primary to the secondary coil. Therefore, unlike far-field
antennas, which are characterized by gain, directivity, and radiation pattern, the
coil antennas in near-field are best characterized by the coupling coefficient,
between the reader and the tag coils, by the H-field at the receiving tag coil, by the
inductance, of the coils, and by the unloaded quality factor, of the antenna.
An inductive link consists of two weakly coupled resonant circuits, where coil
coupling conditions can be very weak due to possible misalignment, large coil
separation, or a very small pick-up coil diameter. A way to transfer power in near-
field NFC is to add a parallel capacitor to create a resonance. In the case of very
short distances, high power transfer efficiency can be achieved (on the order of
90% for very short lengths, i.e., 1-3 cm). However, the efficiency of such
techniques drops drastically for higher distances, decaying at a ratio of 1/r6, r being
the link distance.

A Brief History of Power Bank — What Has It Replaced and What Has Failed
to Replace It
According to Angela (2016), power bank has also evolved over time. In the
past ten or more years, power bank developed from a simple combination of a
control circuit and a few AA batteries to more complex ones with multiple functions
such as LED flashlight and Wi-Fi. This passage takes a quick look at where power
bank has been over the years and what the future is for it. Most cellphone batteries
at that time are nickle-cadmuim rechargeable battery whose memory effect largely
shortens the battery life. The breakthrough lies in the birth of 18650 cells which
overcame the problem of memory effect and therefore largely improved the battery
life. Later, the application of Li polymer battery brings a longer life, higher charging
efficiency, higher conversional rate and green friendly power bank. The embryonic
and development stage of power bank was 2001-2009. It was first invented in 2011
Las Vegas International Consumer Electronic Show. As some professional teams
started to research and develop the core technology of power bank it gained its
precise definition: the framework of a power bank consists of mostly complete
managing circuit, a chip and a battery. The polymer battery technology made a
breakthrough of power bank in around 2006-2009 and gave birth to some of the
standard concept of power bank, such as capacity, conversion rate and
compatibility, enabling customers to make a comparison and choice among
different power banks.
Generally speaking, with strong involvement of suppliers, the control
technology, application of batteries as well as the port accessories, every part of
the whole power bank industry chain gained its manufacturer, making the
lukewarm market hot. As the number of different kinds of digital devices people
have grows, their thirst for power grows, and therefore the market of power bank is
largely expanding. People who use smart phones are the backbone of power bank
consumption. People have greater needs for charging service in airports, hotels
and other leisure facilities. Besides, with its function and special design, power
bank also becomes a hot choice as gifts. In short, the power bank market is rapidly
expanding nowadays. To meet various needs of different customers and to win a
larger market, power bank manufacturers start to offer more features and
functions for their product, they are gradually equipped with other functions such as
USB or emergency flashlight or even Wi-Fi. What’s more, to improve the
conversion rate and charging efficiency, some of the power banks have two or
more ports and apply smart technology, which can automatically identify the input
of connected devices and charge them accordingly at full speed. To avoid less
mess and hassle, some of the power banks are designed with a built in cable.
Thus, you will not need to bring an extra cable with you.
Design and Development of Banana Fiber Decorticator and Wringer
Another study made by Tenerife et al. (2019) that aims to develop a machine
that can extract fiber in a pseudo-stem which can be used in handicrafts, ropes,
clothing and other products. A prototype was designed, developed and was tested
for banana trunk fiber extraction.The prototype uses the concept of auto feed
system. It consists of keypad, LCD display, rollers, containers, emergency stop and
conveyor. Keypad was the component used to control the whole system. The
numbers in the keypad corresponds to the following tasks: (1) Automatic, (2)
Manual, (3) Motor (On), (4) Motor (Off), (5) Conveyor (On), (6) Conveyor (Off).
Banana pseudo stem is fed into the prototype. The roller, serves as decorticator
and wringer at the same time, was used in stripping the medium. It undergoes
adjustments depending on the size of the medium to be fed. The decorticated
banana pseudo stem will then fell onto the conveyor. Excess water of decorticated
banana pseudo stem that falls in the water container is monitored by a water level
sensor. The conveyor brings the decorticated pseudo stem into the output
container. All components are connected to a micro-controller unit. The Liquid
Crystal Display (LCD) is used for the monitoring the current stage of the process.
The machine is controlled by a microcontroller Arduino Nano. It has an
option whether automatic or manual (user operated). Once a banana stem is
placed into the machine and the photo resistor (LDR) sensed it his will turn on the
whole machine. The decorticator and wringer are powered by an AC motor to
extract the banana fiber. The extracted fiber will go onto a conveyor belt and
transferred on a bucket. The extracted water from the stem goes in a container
monitored by a sensor. Warning and status of the system is displayed on the LCD.
An emergency stop button is included to turn off the whole system once needed.
The banana fiber extracted will be dried under the sun.
Development of a Wireless Power Transfer System using Resonant Inductive
Coupling
A study made by Matthews et al. (2016), electric power can be transferred
from one point to another without the use of connecting cables through magnetic
inductive coupling, electromagnetic radiation, or resonant inductive coupling.

Magnetic inductive coupling employed in transformers limits the range of
transmission since the primary coil and the secondary coils are required to be
within close proximity due to the axial and angular misalignment between coils.
Although wireless power transfer through electromagnetic radiation can potentially
cover longer distance, the approach is difficult to implement and dangerous for
objects that come in contact with the electromagnetic waves. Furthermore, the
omnidirectional properties reduce the efficiency of the system. However, the tuning
of the coils to the same frequency in resonant inductive coupling can improve the
range at which power can be transferred efficiently with low complexity and no
harmful effect. The power capability of the system can be further improved by the
concurrent use of both inductive and resonant couplings to reduce the leakage
inductance in the power flow path.
Coupled-mode theory (CMT) and reflected load theory (RLT) gives the
detailed analysis of the operation principles of resonant coupled wireless power
transfer. Wireless power transmission offers a more suitable, greener alternative to
conventional plug-in charging because it has the capability to recharge all
electricity dependent devices within an average–sized room using a single source
of power. This technology becomes relevant in electric vehicles and wireless
sensors where it is practically impossible to run cables due to critical environmental
conditions. Interestingly, this contactless means of powering electric devices is not
only convenient and safe, but also raises their mobility and reliability with low
expense as it minimizes the use of plastic and copper for wires.

A Review on Battery Charging and Discharging Control Strategies:
Application to Renewable Energy Systems
A study made by Vaibhav et al. (2017), energy storage has become a
fundamental component in renewable energy systems, especially those including
batteries. However, in charging and discharging processes, some of theparameters
are not controlled by the battery’s user. That uncontrolled working leads to aging of
the batteries and a reduction of their life cycle. Therefore, it causes an early
replacement. Development of control methods seeks battery protection and a
longer life expectancy, thus the constant-current–constant-voltage method is
mostly used. However, several studies show that charging time can be reduced by
using fuzzy logic control or model predictive control. Storage technologies are
classified according to the time needed to store energy in the applications; such
categories are instantaneous (less than a few seconds), short-term (less than a
few minutes), mid-term (less than a few hours), and long-term (days). Moreover, of
the battery energy storage systems (BESS), there are different types of energy
storage technologies: pumped hydro energy storage (PHES), compressedair
energy storage (CAES), flywheel energy storage (FES), the hydrogen-based
energy storagesystem (HES), flow battery energy storage (FBES),
superconducting magnetic energy storage (SME), and supercapacitor energy
storage (SES). However, because of its localization flexibility, efficiency, scalability,
and other appealing features [15], the BESS is the preferred technology.
At present, there are numerous commercial batteries used in renewable
energy systems (RES), such as lead-acid, lithium ion (Li-Ion), nickel cadmium (Ni–
Cd), and sodium sulfur (Na–S) batteries, among others. Due to the high economic
cost generated by the replacement of a BESS, a charge control method and
control strategy is required to protect the battery from overcharging and
overdischarging. The charge control method’s efficiency will depend on the amount
of current used for the charging process, the level of the oscillations in the charging
current, the charging voltage levels, the charging time, and the fluctuations in the
temperature during the charging. Moreover, there are battery parameters that due
to their complexity cannot be obtained by using conventional control methods. New
research trends in energy storage include Li-ion batteries, especially those of
lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batteries. This technology has greater
advantages in energy density, voltage, useful life, and speed in loading and
unloading compared to lead-acid technology. However, nowadays, most renewable
facilities include lead-acid batteries and they demand new control methods to
improve the useful life of the system.
Development of Solar Photovoltaic Battery Charger with Buck Converter
Energy storage equipment is a commonly used form of power electronic
products. However, the conventionally adopted solar battery chargers produce
power losses that incur power dissipation during charging. Therefore, the charging
method is especially important. Various charging approaches engender various
charging efficiencies and also indirectly influence the life of a battery charger. Older
solar battery chargers (for RVs and boats) were primarily developed to recharge
gel cell and lead acid batteries. However, since the emergence of these flexible
and foldable solar arrays, there has become a need to develop solar battery
chargers for more portable batteries, such as Li-ion batteries. As output voltage of
photovoltaic arrays varies with the sunshine, therefore the use of solar battery
charger with voltage controlled buck converter is very important. As a basic
topology of the DC–DC converter, the Buck converter, whose characteristics are
very different from the Boost converter since it serves to convert a direct-current
(DC) input voltage to a lower DC output voltage, has been widely used in
engineering applications, such as computer engineering and aerospace
engineering.
This study presents the design configuration with the least components to
realize highly efficient solar energy battery charger with PWM based voltage
controlled buck converter. PWM power converter is designed to use the power
MOSFET as a switching switch and be operated in a switching on and switching off
model to control the power MOSFET duty cycle to achieve the buck/boost
topology. PWM power converters enhance the low efficiency shortcoming of the
conventionally adopted linear power converter with increasing converter switching
frequency. In proposed method, a change in solar energy input is considered and
control loop of converter is then designed in a way that output is constant.
Wireless Power Transmission Outlet Using Tesla Coil
An article made by Angeles et al. (2016) stated wireless power has been lab
experiment for Intel for a few years now, Companies such as Qi, Pma and some
few to produce and get it on the market, but there is a problem the power
transmission is only up to a few feet away. Energous is a startup engine which
shows the wireless power transmission at the users’ electronics shows that could
be a big changer, because a wireless power system called WattIp claimed by

Energous, that up to 20 feet away it can power up an electronic device. Wireless
power is a technology which will power some electronic devices such as laptop or
any home appliance via transmitting energy wirelessly through the air.
Usage of power these days is demanding because we are in the electronic
age were everything is digital. The demand of power of some electronic device is
high due to the usage of it or its function. So, to keep the demand of the power the
wireless power outlet is a very good way to keep the electronic device run while not
worrying about having the battery. The device provides wireless capability and
advantage for portable device users to a new power supply system wherein they
can have the power supply without any direct contact to the device or equipment.
Wireless Charging Technologies: Fundamentals, Standards, and Network
Applications
Another study by Xiao et al. (2015) stated that wireless charging, also known
as wireless power transfer, is the technology that enables a power source to
transmit electromagnetic energy to an electrical load across an air gap, without
interconnecting cords. This technology is attracting a wide range of applications,
from low-power toothbrush to high-power electric vehicles because of its
convenience and better user experience. Nowadays, wireless charging is rapidly
evolving from theories toward standard features on commercial products,
especially mobile phones and portable smart devices. In 2014, many leading
smartphone manufacturers, such as Samsung, Apple and Huawei, began to
release new-generation devices featured with built-in wireless charging capability.
Compared to traditional charging with cord, wireless charging introduces many
benefits as follows. Firstly, it improves user-friendliness as the hassle from

connecting cables is removed. Different brands and different models of devices
can also use the same charger. Secondly, it renders the design and fabrication of
much smaller devices without the attachment of batteries. Thirdly, it provides better
product durability (e.g., waterproof and dustproof) for contact-free devices.
Fourthly, it enhances flexibility, especially for the devices for which replacing their
batteries or connecting cables for charging is costly, hazardous, or infeasible (e.g.,
body implanted sensors). Fifthly, wireless charging can provide power requested
by charging devices in an on-demand fashion and thus are more flexible and
energy-efficient.
Nevertheless, normally wireless charging incurs higher implementation cost
compared to wired charging. First, a wireless charger needs to be installed as a
replacement of traditional charging cord. Second, a mobile device requires
implantation of a wireless power receiver. Moreover, as wireless chargers often
produce more heat than that of wired chargers, additional cost on crafting material
may be incurred. The development of wireless charging technologies is advancing
toward two major directions, i.e., radiative wireless charging (or radio frequency
(RF) based wireless charging) and non-radiative wireless charging (or coupling-
based wireless charging). Radiative wireless charging adopts electromagnetic
waves, typically RF waves or microwaves, as a medium to deliver energy in a form
of radiation. The energy is transferred based on the electric field of an
electromagnetic wave, which is radiative. Alternatively, nonradiative wireless
charging is based on the coupling of the magnetic-field between two coils within
the distance of the coils’ dimension for energy transmission. As the magnetic field
of an electromagnetic wave attenuates much faster than the electric field, the
power transfer distance is largely limited. Due to safety implementation, non-
radiative wireless charging has been widely used in our daily appliances.
HATCI and Mojo Mobility develop wireless charging system for EVs
An article published by Tadeo (2018) stated charging electric vehicles without
the use of power cords is possible after a fast-charging wireless power transfer
system has successfully been tested for a test feet of Kia Soul electric vehicles.
Developed by Hyundai-Kia America Technical Center, Inc. (HATCI) and Mojo
Mobility, Inc., a wireless technology company, the three-year project was dedicated
to developing a compact wireless charging system that was capable of
transferring more than 10 kW to the vehicle for fast charging while targeting an 85
percent grid-to-vehicle efficiency. The project involved five Kia Soul EVs tested in
real-world applications for durability, safety and performance. The system works by
using an electromagnetic field to transfer energy between two coils–a transmitter
on the ground and a receiver on the bottom of the vehicle. The driver parks the car
above the transmitter to begin charging and then energy is sent through
an inductive coupling to an electrical device which uses that energy to charge the
electric vehicles’ battery. The system is supposedly so efficient that it will allow
some misalignment between the transmitter and the receiver, making it easier and
more convenient for owner’s day-to-day use.
What is Wireless Charging and Do I Need It?

In an article made by Gibbs (2017), Apple’s iPhone 8 and iPhone X come
with wireless charging, so there’s no need to reach for a cable any more. How
does it work, what supports it and is it any faster? Wireless charging means, as the
name suggests, you no longer need to plug a cable into your smartphone to charge
it. Simply placing it face up on a special mat or tabletop is enough to start charging
up your smartphone’s battery, be it the iPhone X, iPhone 8, Samsung Galaxy S8 or
any number of different smartphones that support wireless charging. There are a
couple of competing standards in the wireless charging industry designed for
portable gadgets such as smartphones. Most smartphones support both the
Wireless Power Consortium’s Qi and the PMA or AirFuel Alliance standards,
meaning that they will work on most available chargers. Qi is rapidly becoming the
most popular wireless charging standard, and the one used by Apple for its new
iPhone 8 and iPhone X.
Wireless charging works by transferring energy from the charger to a receiver
in the back of the phone via electromagnetic induction. The charger uses an
induction coil to create an alternating electromagnetic field, which the receiver coil
in the phone converts back into electricity to be fed into the battery. They typically
have to be in close proximity to each other and correctly aligned over the top of
each other, although a set orientation is normally not necessary. Rechargeable
toothbrushes and other bathroom accessories have used inductive charging since
the 1990s.
Influence of Mobile Phones on an Indigenous Community in Bamban, Tarlac,
Philippines
A research by Evangelista et al. (2015) stated that one of the main mediums
of communication in the society today is the mobile phone. It has conquered all
fields including news, radio and television. It has also conquered the Aetas, an
indigenous group in the Philippines. This study determined the perceived influence
of mobile phones on the culture of Aetas in Bamban, Tarlac. It used the
quantitative method of research. The researchers administered the survey
questionnaire among 80 randomly selected Aetas in Bamban, Tarlac. Data
gathered were analyzed using frequency, percentage and weighted mean.
Analysis of Variance and T-test were used to determine the significant difference in
the influence when grouped by demographic profile of the respondents. Based on
the results, most of the respondents use mobile phones and most of them were
male. Majority of the respondents use their mobile phones every day and the
primary function of mobile phones to them is for texting and calling. Results also
revealed that mobile phones influence the respondents ‘habits, relation to work,
family coordination and family safety.
The study concludes that there is significant difference between the
perception of the respondents and their demographic profile. According to Mona
(2008), cell phones did not become as common or popular until the 1990s, but they
have been a work in progress for decades. Now, in addition to making calls and
sending text messages, one can take pictures, listen to music, go online, send
files, browse the Internet and use different kinds of applications. One can find out
who owns a phone number, look numbers up, and communicate more freely with
others. The cell phone has been one of the most important innovations of the past
century and will undoubtedly continue to change the way that people communicate
with each other in numerous ways. According to Jones (2012) stated that when
one sees people with their cell phones walking down the street or sitting at a
restaurant, they are typically not making a phone call or just sending messages.
Mobile phones have become a multifunctional device. Extra features included a
clock, calculator, calendar, alarm features, basic games, camera, and Internet LPU
Laguna Journal of Arts and Sciences Communication Research Vol. 2 No.1
September 2015 Research and Statistics Center LPU Laguna 253 browsing and
almost unlimited variety of applications if one is using apple or android devices.
How Sustainable are Solar Power Aid Projects in the Philippines?
Ranada (2014) stated that since Typhoon Glenda (international name
Rammasun) damaged the school’s electrical lines in July, the students of the
country’s only public arts high school have had to do their homework by flashlight.
The 780-watt solar panels placed on the roof of each dormitory now power light
bulbs in 26 rooms. The students also now have solar-powered electric fans and
cellular phone chargers. For Frederick Epistola of Solar Pilipinas, it’s just another
day of bringing light to an energy-strapped community. Through his advocacy Solar
Power Initiative or SPIN Project, his group has installed solar panels for the
Mangyans in Mindoro Oriental and communities in Leyte and Eastern Samar
devastated by Super Typhoon Yolanda. But his group is just one of the numerous
solar power aid-givers in the Philippines. Especially since Typhoon Yolanda, solar
power advocates and international aid agencies have come in droves to supply the
energy gap following the massive destruction of power lines. Their solar power aid
projects have supplied everything from single solar panels to solar-powered
lanterns to remote communities.
Enhanced energy conversion performance of Philippine photovoltaic panels
through tilt angle adjustments: A mechatronics approach
Another research from Romero (2014) focused on improving the energy
conversion performance of photovoltaic panels in the Philippines with monthly and
quarterly tilt angle adjustments. The study employs a mechatronic approach to
verify the performance of PV systems. A mathematical model is used to estimate
the daily extraterrestrial radiation received by a unit area in order to generate the
optimal PV tilt angles in the Philippines. Fixed photovoltaic panels are widely used
in most commercial applications. The adaption of solar energy in the Philippines is
slowly becoming a reality. Solar technology is considered to be clean and
abundant hence its desirability. It is this situation that has spurred the Philippine
government and the private sector to invest in the technology. Investment is
manifest in the construction of power plants and implementation rural electrification
projects with photovoltaic (PV) arrays as the power generator. However, the
continuous improvement in the performance of PV arrays is still the subject of
different studies. Fixed photovoltaic panels are widely used in most commercial
applications. It is therefore important to find the right angle to maximize the
harnessing of solar energy.
In the previous studies, it was concluded that in the northern hemisphere, the
optimum orientation is south facing and the optimum tilt angle depends only on the
latitude. No definite value is given researchers for the optimum tilt angle. This study
extends the previous studies done by applying the mathematical equations to the
Philippine geographical location and experimentally verifying the energy
conversion gains through a mechatronic setup consisting of mechanically
adjustable 20W PV panels, electronic sensors and data acquisition software.
Optimal quarterly and monthly tilt angles will be computed and used for two panels
while one panel will be oriented at the computed optimal year tilt.
Design of Solar Powered Wireless Charger for Smartphones
The solar cell feature of this study is inspired by Rai et al. (2016), stated that
the appearance of renewable energy sources has given rise to the technological
evolution and development of societies. In 1890s, Nikola Tesla displayed the world
that electricity could be transferred wirelessly. He discovered Tesla coil that could
transmit electricity over the air. Today’s era Wireless power transfer technology is
growing very rapidly. Nowadays everyone is fed up with wires, cables and plugs
which is being used in electronics gadgets. Smart world requires smart technology
which do not utilizes wires and cables, it should run wirelessly and automatically.
Hence, wireless charging becoming the biggest boom of the market because of
enormous application in smartphones, portable computers, Bluetooth headsets,
tablets, cordless phones and game controllers. Technology of wireless charging
has various applications not only in the electronic industry but in electrical,
mechanical, biomedical and many more. For wireless power charging Total
Available Market (TAM) is very high because of large number of smartphones and
is estimated to grow by more than forty times in terms of revenue by 2018. Pike
Research has predicted that the number of wireless power systems in mobile
phones will grow from 3.74 million in 2012, to 27.63 million in 2016. According to
Markets & Markets consultancy company research the wireless power mobile
phone manufacturers have already started incorporating wireless charging features
in their flagship smartphones as early as 2013. Nokia (Lumia 830), Samsung
(Galaxy S4), LG (Nexus 4) and HTC (Droid DNA) already incorporate wireless
charging feature. Wireless charging in smartphones is estimated to become as
abundant as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. Harvesting Energy using renewable sources has
been in the main concern of the research society in recent years.
There are plentiful sources of renewable energy harvesting, and solar energy
is one of the examples. However, solar cell has a drawback of that it can only
produce power when sunlight is present. Solar energy harvesting module is used
to power a sensor mote. Wireless battery charging system using RF energy
harvesting is proposed. The energy of 60µW is collected from TV towers, 4.1 km
away, and is able to control small electronic device. Outdoor and indoor light
sources can be used to produce energy by solar devices, even though indoor
insolation electric levels produce around 2 to 3 orders of magnitude less electricity
per unit area than outdoor sources. Solar devices can attain high energy densities
when used in direct sun compared to other sources, but it does not function without
light (e.g., highly shaded areas, ducts). The phenomena of inductive coupling are
based on mutual inductance between two coils placed near to each other, it
happens due to the varying magnetic flux between two inductive coils which
transfer energy from the source to load.
Accordance to Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction which states that
the varying magnetic flux formed by one coil will yield a varying magnetic flux in
another induction coil when placed parallel to each other. The working of the
system is similar to the working of a resonant transformer. It contains a primary coil
and secondary coil. It is tuned to a specific frequency by a LC tank circuit. Being air
core, these transformers have low coupling coefficient. Maximum energy is
transferred through magnetic field. The electric fields are limited within the
capacitor. The coupling coefficient being expressively low (i.e. k<0.1), plentiful of
the energy from the primary gets transferred to the secondary due to high
frequencies (kHz to MHz).
Implementation of Wireless Charger for Mobile Phone Based on Solar Energy
Another study conducted by Jumphoo et al. (2014), stated that self-energized
devices can be powered by different kinds of energy, including radio frequency,
solar, thermal, and vibration. In addition, a single device can be energized from
multiple ambient energy sources. Radio frequency (RF) devices utilize
electromagnetic radiation emitted by radio devices, such as wireless radio
networks. As the most commonly used frequencies are well-known, the devices
have an antenna and circuitry tuned to maximize energy harvesting at these
frequencies. Unfortunately, typical electric field strengths are weak (unless located
close to sources), which severely limits the quantity of energy that can be
harvested, e.g., to approximately 2 orders of magnitude less than indoor solar and
thermoelectric devices. Solar energized devices use photovoltaic (PV) cells to
convert incident light into electricity. As such, they leverage the extensive
investments made and progress achieved in increasing the efficiency and reducing
the cost of PV for building- and utility-scale power. Solar devices can produce
energy from both outdoor and indoor light sources, although outdoor insolation
levels yield approximately 2 to 3 orders of magnitude more electricity per unit area
than indoor electric light sources.
Relative to other sources, solar devices can achieve high energy densities
when used indirect sun but will not function in areas without light (e.g., highly
shaded areas, ducts). Applications to date include contact and motion sensors for
building applications as well as calculators, personal digital assistants, and
wristwatches. While a wide variety of harvesting modalities are now feasible, solar
energy harvesting through photovoltaic conversion provides the highest power
density, which makes it the modality of choice to power an embedded system that
consumes several mW using a reasonably small harvesting module.
Wireless Charging System for KILOBOTs Using Inductive Power Transfer
with Management System
In an article made by Concepcion et al. (2016), stated in the technology
today, almost all devices, gadgets, or even robots use batteries to perform a
certain operation. For example, robots are used in many different areas of
research, it can be just a simple line follower robot or, more complex swarm
robotics whichever task it does its life always depend on the battery’s capacity. If
the stored power in the battery runs out, the person will connect it to the charger
and plug it to the wall socket. The problems with this method: (1) it limits the robot’s
capacity to fully perform its operation, (2) the human intervention, a person always
needs to check on the robot if it is running out of power, and (3) the cable, wires,
and cords are needed to be attached in the robot just to be able to recharge it.
Imagine a swarm of robots that are performing a certain task without even worrying
about the power running out. It can charge itself by going to a specified charging
area and to able to share it with other robots that also needed to be recharged.
The study deals with the wireless charging of multiple robot or also known as
swarm robots. KILOBOTs are tiny robot about 3.3cm tall that is invented by a
research group in Harvard University. A KILOBOT can be programmed to be able
communicate with other KILOBOTs surrounding it. The study is composed of two
major areas: (1) wireless charging system which is composed of the arena,
transmitter circuit, and receiver circuits, (2) algorithm that will be programmed into
the KILOBOTs that will serve as the management system of the wireless charging
platform. Wireless power transfer starts with the oscillating driver which drives the
primary coil. The primary coil would only produce a changing magnetic field if the
driver is oscillating. In the study, this would be achieved by using a Hartley
Oscillator and the primary coil would be the inductive elements of the Hartley
Oscillator. The magnetic field produced by the primary coil would then induce a
voltage in the secondary coil, the receiver. The magnitude of this voltage would be
dependent on the amount of magnetic field lines the secondary coil would be able
to cut through. The more enclosed the secondary receiver is with the magnetic field
of the primary coil, the higher the induced voltage and power would be available in
the receiver circuit.
Wireless Solar Mobile Phone Charger
Based from Asif et al. (2018), it is estimated that in 2025, of the total world’s
power generation, 10% will be by solar power. The solar power is free, the sun will
be shining as long as the human race is around. In one hour more sunlight falls on
the earth than what is needed by the entire population in one year. So this energy
needs to be harvested. The potential for the solar energy industry is huge. As more
and more people begin to realize the great benefits of solar power generation, they
will start to shift towards using it. Solar panels have relatively long life spans of 30-
40 years and rarely need to be replaced for being faulty. They also produce as
much energy over their lifetime as nuclear fuel rods without hurting the
environment. Solar panels work with no moving parts which results in silence as
well as a miniscule requirement for maintenance. The energy from the sun can be
converted into AC power to charge devices, can be stored in batteries.
The ADB Solar Rooftop Project: Boosting Solar Energy Growth in the
Philippines
Another research by Celdran (2016), discussed solar energy is considered
the most accessible, inexhaustible, and cleaner option among all the other
available renewable energy (RE) sources, namely: geothermal, hydropower, wind,
ocean, and biomass. Its relatively faster installation and commissioning time, (i.e. a
few days for solar rooftop projects and 6-8 months for larger-scale solar farms
versus 3 to 5 years for a hydroelectric or a geothermal power plant); the
progressively decreasing cost of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells; and its relatively low
maintenance cost and requirements makes solar energy the most favorable RE
resource to develop. Solar energy is also best suited for remote, isolated, rural,
and/or impoverished communities that do not have access to mainstream on-grid
electricity supply. The dwindling cost of solar PV cells needed to harness solar
radiation and convert it to electricity was one of the reasons for the increase in
uptake of solar projects. The reduced cost has made it more attractive for
residential and commercial users, as well as investors to patronize solar energy,
thus spurring the growth of installed solar PV capacity worldwide.
Studies on Portable Power Banks for Recharging Electronic Gadgets
A research as discussed by Narayan et al. (2018), lithium-ion battery is an
apt technology to incorporate with all most all portable consumer electronic devices
including power banks as well. The electrochemical characteristics of the lithium-
ion batteries are well established their superiority among commercial batteries in
terms of operating potential, cycle life, foot print, weight, etc. However, the
performances of the lithium-ion batteries are varied with chemistry to chemistry.
The most prominent chemistries of the Li-ion technologies are Lithium Cobalt
Oxide (LCO), Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP),
Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum
oxide (NCA), Lithium Titanium Oxide (LTO).
The design of the lithium-ion battery has of four types and these are (i) button
(iii) cylindrical (iii) prismatic (iv) pouch. The button type is extensively used for
portable electronic devices including portable health care tool kits such as
thermometers, wrist watches, etc. The cylindrical type of design is the most robust
and reliable. The cylindrical 18650 type is economical and are used in laptops,
power banks and other emerging applications e.g. electric-mobility as well. The
prismatic type has a hard-outer casing and is in medium and large sizes. Medium
size is mostly used in mobile phones and the larger range is used in electric
powertrains etc. The design of the pouch type is the most flexible, light in weight
and compatible with electronic circuits and is used in large capacity power bank in
view of its flexible geometry and light in weight.
Design and Development of Portable Power Charger: A Green Energy
Initiative
Another research using solar cell and li-ion battery was made by Singh et al.
(2016), from Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, India, portable
electronic devices have crucial importance in today’s smart world and with the fast
developing technology era, battery requirements are increasing to manifold, by
virtue of which there is strong need to fulfill the current power requirement appetite
and it could be better option if we make transition towards renewable energy
sources to promote environmental sustainability. To solve battery charge problem
in an easy and cheap way, renewable energy source of solar power is used to
provide enough energy for the portable device battery.
Optimizing energy efficiency through alternative energy resources will not
only reduce environmental impact, it will also cut costs and help to make wireless
mobile technology more affordable for everyone. For this reason, photovoltaic (PV)
solar cell is used as an energy source. The energy provided from PV cell is applied
to the boost dc-dc converter to step up the input PV cell voltage to the enough USB
output voltage. Then USB port can be used for any kind of portable devices to
charge their batteries. Although PV cell voltage can be stepped up to the USB
voltage level which is DC 5 V, because of small power and voltage levels system
efficiency is limited. On the other hand, acquired energy from the PV cell is limited
for small portable size of solar battery charger. So, small size li-ion battery is added
to the system to feed output power for fast response. In here, PV cells energy feed
dc-dc boost converter with li-ion battery to provide enough voltage and power to
the USB port. Thus, required energy is ready for the portable device to charge its
battery.
Synthesis
Based on the studies and literatures gathered by the proponents, the features
added on their prototype, the USB-OTG, wireless and solar aspects have its own
contribution to the existing and newly-developed technology in the market. Each
feature plays its own role to complement the functionalities of the whole system.
Their innovation of power bank provides an incremental improvement and
convenience to the existing power banks. As power banks have become a
necessity especially to smartphone users nowadays, a good power bank can cater
their needs with different options added.
With the resources available, the proponents can now have a device that can
exhibit the attributes the smartphone users expect. It is seen in the related studies
how the prototype’s feature can expand its use depending on the application.
Innovation is just a tool for the emergence of upgraded attributes with prominent
effects on the growth of power bank market outlook.

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the discussion of the research design used, description
of respondents, data gathering procedures, statistical treatment of data, locale of
the study and sample and sampling technique.
Methods of Research
The proponents used Developmental-Descriptive and Experimental
Research. Descriptive Research is used to describe the state of affairs as it exists
at present. Involving a survey is chosen for this study, wherein the proposed
survey will obtain information concerning the wireless charging and OTG
compatibility of smartphone users and evaluation of the given respondents. The
method of data collection is a written questionnaire, allowing large sample size
without major expense, to produce quantitative data that can be analyzed by
statistical computer programs.
Developmental Research is also used wherein the proponents innovated the
concept of existing power banks, developed the designs, features and circuitry. In
the latter part, the proponents used the Experimental Research to experiment the
device’s features with respect to its desired outcome.
Data Gathering Procedures
In the beginning of the study, the researchers searched for ways of wirelesspower
transmissions. The researchers also looked for ways to transmit power from one
phone to another phone and how solar cells work because these are the features
used in the device proposed. Connected literatures and studies gathered are
stated in review of related literatures of this study.
As for gathering data from the respective respondents, the proponents will
ask permission from the respondents to answer the survey questionnaires for the
conduct of the research study.
The proponents will arrange the question based on the required data needed
by the researchers based on ISO25010 and the data gathered will then be
organized and sorted systematically to define the needed data of the research.
Sample Size and Sampling Technique
The main source of the data for study will come from the chosen respondents
or participants of Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Paranaque Campus.
The sample data that will be gathered is the quantity of the compatibility of wireless
charging and USB-OTG in every smartphone user and their evaluation of the
device built. From a total number of 171 people, the proponents will randomly
choose 119 respondents from Computer Engineering and Information Technology
students and IT Engineers, which is determined through a sample size formula.
The Sampling Technique that will be used is Simple Random Sampling
where everyone is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population
has an equal chance of being included in the sample. This type of sampling
technique is reliable because it is a basic sampling technique where we select a
group of subjects (a sample) for study from a larger group (a population).

Locale of the Study
The study will be conducted in Polytechnic University of the Philippines-
Paranaque Campus.
Description of Respondents
In this study, the proponents will give questionnaires for survey. The
respondents are students and professionals. The following will be the qualification
of the respondents. Every respondent must be a smartphone user and have
knowledge or at least use a power bank. The Computer Engineering students must
be in their 3rd to 5th year in the said degree, a bonfide student of PUP-Parañaque.
As for Information Technology students must be a 3rd to 4th year Information
technology student and also a bonafide student of PUP-Parañaque. The
proponents will also reach out to IT Specialists to gain evaluation from a
professional’s point of view in regards to the device made. The professionals
should be either a computer engineeror an information technology specialist.
Research Instrument
The proponents used survey questionnaires for the evaluation of the device.
The questions asked are based on ISO25010. The answers are ranked in a scale
of 1-5, where 5 is the highest and 1 is the lowest.
Statistical Treatment of Data

To interpret the data effectively, the researcher used the following statistical
instruments.
A. Frequency – used to determine the number of times a data value occurred.
B. Weighted Mean - to determine the average between the respondents.
C. Likert Scale – scale used to interpret the response from the survey given to
respondents.
Item Score Range Description

5 4.50 – 5.00 Excellent
4 3.50 – 4.49 Very good
3 2.50 – 3.49 Good
2 1.50 – 2.49 Fair
1 1.00 – 1.49 Poor
D. Analysis of Variance - used to identify the significant difference between
Computer Engineering students, Information Technology students, and
professionals.
Block Diagram
Figure 2: Block Diagram

Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the data and findings gathered through the research
instruments used in the study. The data were analyzed and statistically treated in
order to evaluate the interpretations of data that will lead to the conclusions and
recommendations of the study.
1. The current status of the mobile chargers in terms of speed and accuracy.
There are different types of mobile phone charger; each one corresponds to its
different charging method and the technology it utilizes – providing different charging
speed. There are five types of charging discussed in this research: outlet charging,
solar cells, USB-OTG compatible smartphones, USB cable and Qi wireless charging.
The proponents gathered the mediums’ current, voltage and power it provides, and
its substantial working environment.
Based on the research that the proponents have gathered, power banks are
the outmost common portable charging platform of mobile phone users because of
its handy approach, since they provide a well-used USB port. On average
measurements, they provide a current of 2A max - but consistently changing due to
the fact that every smartphone has a different approach of charging the device, and
a constant voltage of 5V. According to Chang et al (2013), most power banks in the
markets consist of LED, solar charging functions, power indicators and these power
banks should be lightweight and portable. Also, it is said that lithium-ion batteries are
mostly used in power banks because it is small, yet has a large capacity. Although
these type of batteries range from 3.7 to 4.3 V, power banks require boosters to
increase it up to 5V.
A research entitled “Solar Powered Mobile Power Bank Systems” by Argawal
(2016) said that the electricity converted by solar cells that are stored in a battery can
be calculated by multiplying the power rating of the solar cell, which is measured in
Watts to the number of hours it is exposed to the sun. A single solar cell has a
voltage of 5V. Solar cells are commonly used as it uses sunlight to produce
electricity and is useful if power outages occur. It can be used in any place and the
power banks can be charge as long as there is sunlight. The current produced by a
single solar cell depends on the luminance of the sunlight and its size. The bigger the
surfaces of the cell, the more area the sunlight can enter, thus produces more
current.
One of the mediums is Convenient Outlet Charging. Convenient outlet charging
through the use of USB adapter and a USB cable can deliver power with an average
speed of 1A and with a voltage of 5V. Whilst USB-OTGs are used for data transfer, it
can also be used for charging as well. Chung et al (2013) also stated that if there are
two devices connected by a USB-OTG cable, one device could act as a host, the
one who transmit power, and the other, a slave, the one who receives power. The
current of electricity passing through this medium depends on the power given by the
host device and can deliver up to 500mA and 5V. This type of power transmission
also requires permission from the host and can be accessed through OTG-
connection setting of the mobile phone.
Every power bank in the market has this feature as it is the most accessible
and known feature of mobile charging. USB 2.0 can transmit up to 5V and 0.5A,
giving a power of 2.5W, which is the standard charging rate of any smartphone and
USB 3.0 can deliver up to 5V and ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 A, giving a power of 4.5 W.
Crosby et al (2013) said that there are two types of wireless electricity
transmissions; magnetic induction technology that requires a charging pod and
wireless antennas to transmit power through the air. Power banks are equipped with
the first option: Wireless PC’s Qi standard is one of the leading wireless charging
standards according to Sacco (2015). Based on Qi standard, a wireless charger has
an output of 5V with a 1A current, giving off a 5W power.
The data was gathered through research and could not question the
manufacturers, therefore the proponents concluded that the current and voltage of
each medium mentioned is accurate. These mediums differ in current yet the voltage
areconstant.
2. The stages of development of Diversified Power Transceiver.
The researchers used Prototyping Model – System Development Life Cycle as
the basis in the development of the Diversified Power Transceiver. It involves
planning, system analysis, design and development, implementation and testing,
wherein the flow is shown in the figure below.

Figure 3: Stages of Development
The first phase of the research is planning. The researchers held meetings to
identify the problems and gathered necessary information needed to decide what
device should they develop or innovate. They tried to determine the area, numbers
and kind of respondents who will take participation during the process. They put into
considerations the nearest resources available, thus performed initial cost
estimation, and those who will be the main beneficiaries of their research by
understanding the target’s requirements. The researchers chose to innovate an
existing system in a purpose of adding more features or upgrading its typical
functionalities. The researchers chose to innovate power banks. According to Angela
(2016), power banks evolved over time from a control circuit and a few AA batteries
to more complex ones. As mobile technology improves, the more power users need,
thus gave the market of power banks improve greatly.

Figure 4: Diversified Power Transceiver Architecture
The second phase is where the researchers consider the functional
requirements of the project. This part gave the researchers an analysis if the
proposed project is feasible and can make end users meet their expectations.
Since they chose innovation, their device must at least surpass the functionalities
of the existing system. By asking some of the students inside the school premise
who are also the respondents, researchers have come up with ideas and certain
requirements for the making of the project. They must at least have knowledge on
programming for a microcontroller or creating electronics design for circuitry. The
proposed device includes a wireless charging module, microcontroller, specifically
Arduino Nano which is programmed with C language, and has three inputs, solar
cells, USB cable, and an OTG-compatible phone. Another research made by
Pedrito et al. (2019), used an Arduino Nano for switching to operate their
device, which inspired the proponents to use the said microcontroller for
their own device functions switching and operation. Phone charging using
USB-OTG cable is quite rare, but it has been tested by the researchers and proven
that it can work.
The device will include two outputs, wired and wireless. From a study entitled
“Reconfigurable System for Wireless Power Transfer and Near Field
Communications” by Cairo (2017), compatibility issues may rise in using an NFC
transmitter coil and Wireless Power Transfer coils because they have different
frequencies. Therefore, wireless power transfer coils are used for the device’s
wireless charging. According to Matthew (2016), wireless charging works within
close proximity and that Wireless power transmission offers a more suitable,
greener alternative to conventional plug-in charging because it has the capability to
recharge all electricity dependent devices within an average–sized room using a
single source of power.
Figure 5: Proposed Design (3D)

The next phase is design and development. The researchers based their
design on the scope developed and requirements gathered. The block diagram
shown in the appendices served as the flow basis of the power stored in the device.
For the body of the prototype, acrylic and wood case are used to enclose the
circuitry, wherein different kinds of modules are embedded on a circuit board with its
designated ports. The researchers came up with a notebook-like design, where the
solar cells are hidden inside the notebook and the wireless charging module on top
of it. The OLED display and USB port is on the left side, on/off switch with the micro-
USB port on the front side, and the USB-OTG cable on the right side. As for the
power storage, Lithium Ion battery is used because, as Vaibhav et al (2017) stated,
this technology has greater advantages in energy density, voltage, useful life, and
speed in loading and unloading. According to the study by Sansare (2017), the
device is required to have a step-down converter for the voltage input of solar cells is
high for a Li-ion battery.
After developing the system, the researchers are required to test the device if it
is functioning well. In this chapter, the previously gathered output from the existing
power banks is compared to the prototype. The speed is tested in a given time, with
the same interval of measurement and the researchers see to it if the device went
according to the planned outcome. After testing, implementation stage is next. The
researchers held a survey that involves the participation of Computer Engineering
students, Information Technology students and Information Technology Engineers.
Once the remarks are gathered, they modified the device created to achieve the
desired output and develop the final outcome of the Diversified Power Transceiver.
3. The evaluation of Computer Engineering and Information Technology
students and IT Engineers in using Diversified Power Transceiver based on
ISO 25010 and its difference.
The respondents of the device are Computer Engineering students, Information
Technology students and Information Technology Engineers are presented using
tables. The device is evaluated in terms of Functional Suitability, Usability,
Performance Efficiency, Portability and Compatibility.
3.1 Functional Suitability
Table 1: Weighted Mean and Verbal Interpretation of Computer Engineering
students, Information Technology students and Information Technology Engineers’
Evaluation on Diversified Power Transceiver in terms of Functional Suitability
Computer Information Information

Engineering Technology Technology Average
Students Students Engineer
Indicators WM VI WM VI WM VI WM VI
Functional Completeness 4.40 VG 4.43 VG 4.55 E 4.46 VG
Functional Correctness 4.31 VG 4.35 VG 4.27 VG 4.31 VG
Functional Appropriateness 4.40 VG 4.46 VG 4.45 VG 4.44 VG
Overall 4.37 VG 4.41 VG 4.42 VG 4.40 VG
Legends: Excellent(E), Very Good(VG), Good(G), Fair(F), Poor(P)

Weighted Mean(WM), Verbal Interpretation(I)
Table 1 shows the evaluation of the Computer Engineering Students,
Information Technology students and Information Technology Engineers on the

Diversified Power Transceiver in terms of Functional Suitability and is determined by
three criteria: Functional Completeness, Functional Correctness and Functional
Appropriateness with a weighted mean of 4.37, 4.41 and 4.42 respectively, having a
verbal interpretation of Very Good by the three groups of respondents.
Functional Completeness has an evaluation of 4.40 and 4.43 respectively,
from the Computer Engineering students and Information Technology students,
having a verbal interpretation of Very Good and as for the Information Technology
Engineers Functional Completeness has an evaluation of 4.55, having a verbal
interpretation of Excellent. Overall, the Functional Completeness criteria of
Diversified Power Transceiver has a weighted mean of 4.46 with a verbal
interpretation of Very Good. Meaning the solar cells, USB-OTG charging and outlet
charging, the wireless charging and USB port are working and functions well.
Functional Correctness was evaluated by the Computer Engineering students,
Information Technology students and Information Technology Engineers has a
weighted mean of 4.31, 4.35 and 4.27 respectively, with a verbal interpretation of
Very Good. Overall weighted mean for Functional Correctness criteria of Diversified
Power Transceiver is 4.31 and a verbal interpretation of Very Good. Therefore, the
device was able to show correct results using an OLED display upon switching the
output options of the device.
Functional Appropriateness has an evaluation of 4.40, 4.46 and 4.45
respectively, from Computer Engineering students and Information Technology
Engineers with a verbal interpretation of Very Good. Overall, the Functional
Appropriateness criteria of Diversified Power Transceiver has a weighted mean of
4.44 with a verbal interpretation of Very Good. By having a Very Good in the
evaluation of Functional Appropriateness, the solar cells, USB-OTG charging and
outlet charging options are said to be charging the device’s battery, the wireless
charging and USB port also can charge a mobile phone and the microcontroller is
working and able to do its job by showing the options used using the OLED display,
the indicators are also working properly.
3.2 Usability
Evaluation on Diversified Power Transceiver in terms of Usability

Appropriateness recognizability 4.37 VG 4.39 VG 4.36 VG 4.37 VG
Operability 4.39 VG 4.30 VG 4.46 VG 4.38 VG
Learnability 4.36 VG 4.73 E 4.73 E 4.61 E
Overall 4.37 VG 4.47 VG 4.52 E 4.45 VG

Weighted Mean(WM), Verbal Interpretation(VI)
Table 2 shows the evaluation of the respondents on Diversified Power
Transceiver based on Usability and is determined by three criteria: Appropriateness
Recognizability, Operability and Learnability with a weighted mean of 4.37 and 4.47
respectively, with a verbal interpretation of Very Good from Computer Engineering

students and Information Technology students and a weighted mean of 4.52 with a
verbal interpretation of Excellent from Information Technology Engineers.
For the criteria of Appropriateness Recognizability, meaning the user can
determine whether the device is appropriate for their needs, has an evaluation of
4.37, 4.39 and 4.36 with a verbal interpretation of Very Good from the three groups
of respondents. Overall, the Appropriateness Recognizability criteria of Diversified
Power Transceiver got a weighted mean of 4.37 with a verbal interpretation of Very
Good. The device was said to be easy to understand by the respondents.
Operability which a product or system has attributes that make it easy to
operate and control has an evaluation of 4.39, 4.30 and 4.46 respectively, from the
three groups of respondents with a verbal interpretation of Very Good. Overall, the
Operability criteria of Diversified Power Transceiver got a weighted mean of 4.38
with a verbal interpretation of Very Good. Based on the respondents’ evaluation, the
device was said to be easy to operate and use. The indicators as well, made it easier
to understand.
Learnability which a product or system can be used by specified users to
achieve specified goals of learning to use the product or system with effectiveness,
efficiency, freedom from risk and satisfaction in a specified context of use has an
evaluation of 4.36 from Computer Engineering students with a verbal interpretation of
Very Good and an evaluation both 4.73 from Information Technology students and
Information Technology Engineers with a verbal interpretation of Excellent. Overall,
the Learnability criteria of Diversified Power Transceiver got a weighted mean of 4.61
with a verbal interpretation of Excellent. The respondents gave a high evaluation
because the device’s functions are easy to learn as long as complete instruction on
how to operate the device are given. Some respondents also knew how to operate
the device without much questions asked.
3.3 Performance efficiency
Evaluation on Diversified Power Transceiver in terms of Performance Efficiency

Time behaviour 4.18 VG 4.28 VG 4.64 E 4.37 VG
Resource utilization 4.39 VG 4.35 VG 4.36 VG 4.37 VG
Capacity 4.40 VG 4.43 VG 4.36 VG 4.40 VG

Transceiver based on Performance Efficiency and is determined by three criteria:
Time Behavior, Resource Utilization and Capacity with a weighted mean of 4.18 and
4.28 respectively, with a verbal interpretation of Very Good from Computer
Engineering students and Information Technology students and a weighted mean of
4.64 with a verbal interpretation of Excellent from Information Technology Engineers.

Time Behavior which the response and processing times and throughput rates
of a product or system, when performing its functions, meet requirements has an
evaluation of 4.18 and 4.28 from Computer Engineering students and Information
Technology students with a verbal interpretation of Very Good and an evaluation of
4.64 from Information Technology Engineers with a verbal interpretation of Excellent.
Overall, the criteria of Time Behavior of Diversified Power Transceiver got a
weighted mean of 4.37 with a verbal interpretation of Very Good. It says that the
device was able to respond fast. Especially when charging using solar cells because
the OLED operates when sufficient light is detected. When switching options, the
display also shows changing of output components immediately when tapped.
Resource Utilization which the amounts and types of resources used by a
product or system, when performing its functions, meet requirements has an
evaluation of 4.39, 4.35, and 4.36 respectively, from the three groups of respondents
with a verbal interpretation of Very Good. Overall, the criteria of Resource Utillization
got a weighted mean of 4.37 with a verbal interpretation of Very Good. Based on the
respondents’ evaluation, the components of the device were efficiently used and
seen by respondents.
For the Capacity meaning the maximum limits of a product or system
parameter meet requirement has an evaluation of 4.40, 4.43 and 4.36 respectively,
from the three groups of respondents with a verbal interpretation of Very Good.
Overall, for the Capacity criteria of Diversified Power Transceiver has a weighted
mean of 4.40 and a verbal interpretation of Very Good. The device was said to have
a sufficient battery capacity and the power acquisition and transmission is not
considered fast charging, but was able to meet the standard power charging.
3.4 Portability
Evaluation on Diversified Power Transceiver in terms of Portability

Adaptability 4.27 VG 4.30 VG 4.36 VG 4.31 VG
Installability 4.34 VG 4.26 VG 4.64 E 4.41 VG
Replaceability 4.32 VG 4.15 VG 4.09 VG 4.19 VG

Transceiver based on Portability and is determined by three criteria: Adaptability,
Installability, and Replaceability got a weighted mean of 4.31, 4.24, and 4.36
respectively, with a verbal interpretation of Very Good from the three groups of
respondents.
For the criteria of Adaptability, which a product or system can effectively and
efficiently be adapted for different or evolving hardware, software or other
operational or usage environments has an evaluation of 4.27, 4.30 and 4.36 from
the three groups of respondents with a verbal interpretation of Very Good. Overall,
the Adaptability criteria of Diversified Power Transceiver got a weighted mean of

4.31 with a verbal interpretation of Very Good. It is said that the Diversified Power
Transceiver can be used even without available power outlets due to the power
stored in the battery from solar cells.
Installability which a product or system can be successfully installed and/or
uninstalled in a specified environment got an evaluation of 4.34 and 4.26
respectively, from the Computer Engineering students and Information Technology
students with a verbal interpretation of Very Good and an evaluation of 4.64 with a
verbal interpretation of Excellent from the Information Technology Engineers.
Overall, the criteria of Installability of Diversified Power Transceiver got a weighted
mean of 4.41 with a verbal interpretation of Very Good. The USB cables are not
embedded in the device, yet the proponents provided a third party USB
interchangeable connectors for the different types of smartphones’ charging ports.
For the criteria Replaceability, which a product can replace another specified
software product for the same purpose in the same environment has an evaluation
of 4.32, 4.15 and 4.09 respectively, with a verbal interpretation of Very Good from
the three groups of respondents. Overall, the Replaceability criteria of Diversified
Power Transceiver got a weighted mean of 4.19 with a verbal interpretation of Very
Good. The device is said to be Very Good in terms of Replaceability because the
batteries can be removed or changed as the base cover of the device is
retractable.
3.5 Compatibility
Evaluation on Diversified Power Transceiver in terms of Compatibility

Co-existence 4.27 VG 4.35 VG 4.55 E 4.39 VG
Interoperability 4.31 VG 4.30 VG 4.73 E 4.45 VG
Overall 4.29 VG 4.33 VG 4.64 E 4.42 VG

Transceiver based on Compatibility and is determined by two criteria: co-existence
and interoperability got a weighted mean of 4.29 and 4.33 respectively, from
Computer Engineering students and Information Technology students with a verbal
interpretation of Very Good and a weighted mean of 4.64 with a verbal interpretation
of Excellent from Information Technology Engineers.
For the criteria Co-existence, which a product can perform its required
functions efficiently while sharing a common environment and resources with other
products, without detrimental impact on any other product has an evaluation of 4.27
and 4.35 respectively, with a verbal interpretation of Very Good from Computer
Engineering students and Information Technology students and an evaluation of 4.55

with a verbal interpretation of Excellent from Information Technology Engineers.
Overall, for the criteria of Co-existence of Diversified Power Transceiver has a
weighted mean of 4.39 with a verbal interpretation of Very Good. The device is said
to be Very Good because the device was able to charge a mobile phone using the
wireless charging and USB charging at the same time, but the device cannot be
charged while the device is transmitting power, vice versa.
For the criteria Interoperability, which two or more systems, products or
components can exchange information and use the information that has been
exchanged has an evaluation of 4.31 and 4.30 respectively, from Computer
Engineering students and Information Technology students with a verbal
interpretation of Very Good and an evaluation of 4.73 with a verbal interpretation of
Excellent from Information Technology Engineers. Overall, the Interoperability criteria
of Diversified Power Transceiver got a weighted mean of 4.45 with a verbal
interpretation of Very Good. The term Interoperability in this research means that the
device can charge any phones whether it is wireless charging or wired charging.
3.6 Overall Results
Table 6: Overall Weighted Mean of the respondents on Diversified Power
Transceiver based on Functional Suitability, Usability, Performance Efficiency,
Portability and Compatibility

Engineering Technology Technology
WM VI WM VI WM VI
Functional Suitability 4.37 VG 4.41 VG 4.42 VG
Usability 4.37 VG 4.47 VG 4.52 E
Performance Effieciency 4.32 VG 4.35 VG 4.45 VG
Portability 4.31 VG 4.24 VG 4.36 VG
Compatibility 4.29 VG 4.33 VG 4.64 E
General Weighted Mean 4.33 VG 4.36 VG 4.48 VG

Table 6 shows the overall weighted mean from the three categories of
respondents: Computer Engineering students, Information Technology students and
Information Technology Engineers.
For Functional Suitability criteria, overall weighted mean is 4.37, 4.41 and 4.42
respectively, from the three groups of respondents with a verbal interpretation of
Very Good. According to the respondents the Functional Suitability of Diversified
Power Transceiver can acquire and transmit power using its features therefore its
functions well. The wireless charging compatible phone must be placed correctly on
the top of the wireless charging transmitter for the device to work properly because
as said in an article made by Gibbs (2017) wireless charging typically have to be in
close proximity to each other and correctly aligned over the top of each other,
although a set orientation is normally not necessary.
For the Usability criteria, overall weighted is 4.37 and 4.47 respectively, from
Computer Engineering students and Information Technology students with a verbal
interpretation of Very Good and overall weighted mean of 4.52 with a verbal
interpretation of Excellent. A study by Xiao et al. (2015) this technology is attracting
a wide range of applications because of its convenience and better user
experience. According to the respondents, the Usability criteria of Diversified
Power Transceiver is easy to use and understand.
For the Performance Efficiency criteria, overall weighted mean is 4.32, 4.35
and 4.45 respectively, from the three groups of respondents with a verbal
interpretation of Very Good. An article made by Angeles et al. (2016) where the
device provides wireless capability and advantage for portable device users to a
new power supply system wherein they can have the power supply without any
direct contact to the device or equipment. According to the respondents, the
Performance Efficiency criteria of Diversified Power Transceiver is able to perform
the switching of output components correctly and the display was able to show
correct information the device currently performs.
For the Portability criteria, overall weighted mean is 4.31, 4.24 and 4.36
respectively, from the three groups of respondents with a verbal interpretation of
Very Good. According to the respondents, the Portability criteria of Diversified

Power Transceiver is not compact and streamlined yet it adapts in any
environment.
For the Compatibility criteria, overall weighted mean is 4.29 and 4.33
respectively, from Computer Engineering students and Information Technology
students with a verbal interpretation of Very Good and overall weighted mean of
4.64 from Information Technology Engineers with a verbal interpretation of
Excellent. According to the respondents, the Compatibility criteria of Diversified
Power Transceiver is compatible to any smartphones using USB cable charging,
whilst using wireless charging only Qi wireless charging phones work. An article
published by Tadeo (2018) the system is supposedly so efficient that it will allow
some misalignment between the transmitter and the receiver, making it easier and
more convenient for owner’s day-to-day use.
For the Computer Engineering students, the general weighted mean was
4.33 with a verbal interpretation of Very Good, the Information Technology
students has a general weighted mean of 4.36 with a verbal interpretation of Very
Good and for the Information Technology Engineers, general weighted mean was
4.48 with a verbal interpretation of Excellent. According to the three groups of
respondents, the Diversified Power Transceiver is Very Effective in terms of
Functional Suitability, Usability, Performance Efficiency, Portability and
Compatibility.
4. Difference among the evaluation of Computer Engineering students,
Information Technology students and Information Technology Engineers in

Diversified Power Transceiver in terms of Functional Suitability, Usability,
Performance Efficiency, Portability and Compatibility.
By combining the weighted means of functionality, usability, performance
efficiency, portability and compatibility, the researchers used it to obtain the
significant difference of the evaluation of the respondents. The proponents used an
IBM SPSS to analyze the data using One-Way Analysis of Variance from Kurtnel et
al. (2004).
Table 7: Summary of the ANOVA of the three groups of respondents for Functional
Suitability, Usability, Performance, Portability and Compatibility
ANOVA
Sum of Mean
criteria SV Squares df Square F Sig. Decision
Functional Suitability Between 0.059 2 0.030 0.099 0.905 Accept
Groups
Within 34.529 116 0.298
Groups
Total 34.588 118
Usability Between 0.438 2 0.219 0.710 0.494 Accept
Groups
Within 35.768 116 0.308
Groups
Total 36.205 118
Performance Efficiency Between 0.167 2 0.084 0.247 0.782 Accept
Groups
Within 39.254 116 0.338
Groups
Total 39.421 118
Portability Between 0.208 2 0.104 0.281 0.755 Accept
Groups
Within 42.886 116 0.370
Groups
Total 43.094 118
Compatibility Between 1.126 2 0.563 1.349 0.264 Accept
Groups
Within 48.428 116 0.417
Groups
Total 49.555 118
Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference on the perception of each group in terms of the given factor.
Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference on the perception of each group in terms of the given
factor.
General rule: If the p-value is less than the significance value of 0.05, reject null hypothesis.
4.1 Functional Suitability

Table 7 shows that there is no significance difference in the evaluation of
Computer Engineering students, Information Technology students and Information
Technology Engineers in Diversified Power Transceiver in terms of Functional
Suitability between groups and within groups using one-way ANOVA. The computed
value of F = 0.099 is greater than 0.05 level of significance value.
The result of the non-rejection of the null hypothesis indicates the equality of
evaluation among the three groups of respondents which further proves that
Diversified Power Transceiver meets the specification and requirements of the
respondents in terms of Functional Suitability.
4.2 Usability
Technology Engineers in Diversified Power Transceiver in terms of Usability between
groups and within groups using one-way ANOVA. The computed value of F = 0.710
is greater than 0.05 level of significance value.
respondents in terms of Usability.
4.3 Performance Efficiency

Technology Engineers in Diversified Power Transceiver in terms of Performance
Efficiency between groups and within groups using one-way ANOVA. The computed
value of F = 0.247 is greater than 0.05 level of significance value.
respondents in terms of Performance Efficiency.
4.4 Portability
Technology Engineers in Diversified Power Transceiver in terms of Portability
between groups and within groups using one-way ANOVA. The computed value of F
= 0.281 is greater than 0.05 level of significance value.
respondents in terms of Portability.
4.5 Compatibility
Technology Engineers in Diversified Power Transceiver in terms of Compatibility

between groups and within groups using one-way ANOVA. The computed value of F
= 1.349 is greater than 0.05 level of significance value.
respondents in terms of Compatibility.
5. The effectivity of the Diversified Power Transceiver in terms of speed and
accuracy of acquiring and transmitting of power.
Table 8: Charging Diversified Power Transceiver using Solar Cell (Input)
Time Voltage Current Power
0 sec 5.50V 0.01A 0.05W
15min 5.33V 0.98A 5.22W
30min 5.35V 0.98A 5.24W
45min 5.35V 0.99A 5.29W
60min 5.33V 0.97A 5.17W
With a direct ray of sunlight to the solar cells, the maximum output of the cells
is acquired, giving an appropriate current of ~1A for battery charging. The
estimated time of charging to fill up an 8800mAh battery is ~9 hours.
The proponents expected a current of 1A with four solar cells. The average
current gathered through testing is .98A, therefore the speed of power flowing
through is 98% accurate.

Table 9: Charging Diversified Power Transceiver with Convenience OutletCharging
(Input)
0 sec 5.24V 0.01A 0.05W
15min 5.12V 1.02A 5.22W
30min 5.12V 1A 5.12W
45min 5.12V 1A 5.12W
60min 5.12V 1A 5.12W
One of the ways to charge the device is through Outlet Charging. The testing
shows that the current is ~1A. The voltage remained constant as well in a span of an
hour. It will take 8 hours to fully charge the Diversified Power Transceiver.
The proponents expected a current of 1A through outlet charging. The average
current gathered through testing is 1A, therefore the speed of power flowing through
is 100% accurate and achieves the expected ampere generated.

Table 10: USB-OTG Charging of the Diversified Power Transceiver (Input)
0 sec 4.80V 0.96A 4.61W
15min 4.81V 0.93A 4.47W
30min 4.77V 0.89A 4.25W
45min 4.74V 0.85A 4.03W
60min 4.75V 0.83A 3.94W
Table 10 shows the effectivity of acquiring power from USB-OTG to Diversified
Power Transceiver using 15mins interval for 1hr. In 0sec, 4.80V and 0.96A equals to
4.61W was acquired from USB-OTG. In 15mins, 4.47W has been acquired which
equivalent to 4.81V and 0.93A. In 30mins, the power acquired from an USB-OTG is
4.25W which equivalent to 4.77V and 0.89A. In 45mins, 4.74V and 0.85A equals to
4.03W has been acquired. In 60mins or 1hr, 3.94W has been acquired from USB-
OTG equivalent to 4.75V and 0.83A. As phones only have a small capacity, the
phone can only supply the device power for a short time. In one hour, USB-OTG
charging can provide ~900mAh which is 10% of Diversified Power Transceiver’s
battery.
The proponents expected a current of a minimum of .5A with regards of USB-
OTG 2.0 version. The average current gathered through testing is .88A, therefore the
speed of power flowing through is 100% accurate and achieves and exceeds the
expected current. The power transmission is faster than expected.
Table 11: Diversified Power Transceiver Wired Charging (Output)
0 sec 4.90V .12A 0.63W
15min 4.87V .83A 4.08W
30min 4.87V .83A 4.08W
45min 4.87V .83A 4.08W
60min 4.87V .83A 4.08W
Table 11 shows the effectivity of transmitting power from Diversified Power
Transceiver to smartphone using 15mins interval for 1hr. Upon the device on turning
on the device, a power of 0.63W has been transmitted with a voltage of 4.90 and a
current of .12A. Every 15mins interval for an hour, the voltage, current and power
that has been transmitted is constant to 4.87V, 0.83A and 4.08W respectively. The
device can charge a 3000mAh phone battery in approximately 4 hours.

The proponents expected a current of 1A through wired charging. The average
current gathered through testing is .83A, therefore the speed of power flowing
through is 83% accurate.
Table 12: Diversified Power Transceiver Wireless Charging (Output)
0 sec 4.99V 0.01A 0.05W
15min 4.87V 0.89A 4.33W
30min 4.87V 0.89A 4.33W
45min 4.87V 0.90A 4.38W
60min 4.87V 0.85A 4.14W
The researchers tested the speed of acquiring power from wireless charging
from the Diversified Power Transceiver. The voltage has been constant at 4.87V
throughout the testing in an hour, whilst the current has been changing from a range
of .85A to .90A, giving of a maximum power of 4.35W. The device can also charge a
mobile phone of 3000mAh to 100% in approximately 3 and a half hours.

The proponents expected a current of 1A through wireless charging. The
average current gathered through testing is .88A, therefore the speed of power
flowing through is 88% accurate. The current varies depending on the positioning of
the mobile phone.
6. The difference of Diversified Power Transceiver and other existing power
banks.
Power banks as of 2019 are still evolving. Power banks have large amount of
battery capacity. Based from Asif et al (2018), it is estimated that in 2025, of the total
world’s power generation, 10% will be by solar power. From a research by Celdran
(2016), solar cells’ advantages are that it can be maintained easily and is resourceful
as it uses the sun. Most power banks already use solar cells that are used by
travelers. It is efficient to use when there is no source of power available.
Every typical power bank has an adapter and USB cables for charging. But the
option that power banks don’t have is the USB-OTG feature where a mobile phone
can charge a power bank. The Diversified Power Transceiver can be charged by a
phone with USB-OTG feature and only can be used when the other party allows the
power sharing.
As for the output, the device has two options; wireless and wired. Some power
banks have one of these options. The wireless charging is based on Qi standard, a
widely used standard for wireless charging. The wired charging using a USB cable is
widely used for USB-typed smartphones having universal and special types of
charging ports. Therefore, with the options mentioned above this device is
compatible to multiple mobile phones.

The only disadvantage this device is that the striving fast charging is not
available. The Diversified Power Transceiver can fully charge a mobile phone in 3
hours in both options. Fast charging works with a current of 2 amperes and above
with different voltage, but this device can handle a range of .8A to 1A. As for
charging the Diversified Power Transceiver, it takes 8 to 9 hours of charging because
of its large capacity. The device can last up to 3 days at minimum if full charge.
Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the conclusions that the developers came up, as well as
the recommendations that of the developers to further improve the system.
Summary of Findings
The following summarizes the answers to the Statement of the Problem in the
first chapter.
1. The speed of charging mobile phones as of today varies depending on the
charging medium. A single solar cell produces a current of 250mA, outlet
charging produces a current of 1A, and USB-OTG charging gives of a current
of 500mA. Wired charging gives of a current of 1A and wireless charging gives
of a current of 1A. The given data are determined to be accurate.
2. The stages involved in developing the Diversified Power Transceiver were
divided into 6 phases: planning, system analysis, design, development, testing
and implementation.
3. The evaluation of the Computer Engineering and Information Technology
students and IT Engineers in the Diversified Power Transceiver in terms of
Functionality Suitability, Performance Efficiency, and Portability is Very Good.
While Usabilityand Compatibility is deemed Excellent.
4. There is no significant difference within the evaluation of the respondents.
5. The Diversified Power Transceiver was able to output a speed of approximately

1A with a voltage that ranges from 4.7 to 5.12 and can fully charge a mobile
phone in 3 hours.
6. The device’s current flow is almost the same to normal charging of any other
devices with an operating voltage that is capable of charging USB type device
such as smartphones. It is also portable with a user-friendly design and is
compatible to any mobile phones. The device is able to function well with the
three input and two output mediums.
Conclusion
The proponent were able to expand their knowledge of power banks and power
sources through this research and was able to innovate a power bank that holds
multiple feature.
Based on the results and tests from the test and interviews, we can conclude
that multiple medium of charging on one device is possible. Also, using multiple
charging sources is beneficial, advantageous and more effective than single source
power.
The following are the conclusion the researchers have gathered based on the
Statement of the Problem mention in Chapter 1.
1. The speed of charging mobile phones as of today varies depending on the
charging medium. A single solar cell produces a current of 250mA, outlet
charging produces a current of 1A, and USB-OTG charging gives of a current
of 500mA. Wired charging gives of a current of 1A and wireless charging gives
of a current of 1A.
2. The stages involved in developing the Diversified Power Transceiver were

divided into 6 phases: planning, system analysis, design, development,
implementation and testing.
3. The overall evaluation of the Computer Engineering and Information
Technology students and IT Engineers in the Diversified Power Transceiver in
terms of Functionality, Usability, Performance Efficiency, Portability and
Compatibility is Very Good.
4. There is no significant difference within the evaluation of the respondents.
5. The Diversified Power Transceiver was able to output a speed of approximately
1A with a voltage that range from 4.7 to 5.12 and can fully charge a mobile
phone in 3 hours.
6. The device’s current flow is almost the same to normal charging of any other
devices with an operating voltage that is safe for mobile phones. It has a user-
friendly design and is compatible to any mobile phones. The device was able to
function well with the three input and two output mediums.
Recommendations
To future researchers, there are many topics involved in this research,
therefore we recommend that the topics should be studied carefully.
1. The device involves electricity and needs caution when developing and
experimenting.
2. The design of the device can be enhanced further, as well as its functions.
3. Innovation of this device by making it fast charging is highly recommended.

To smartphone users:
1. We recommend our product to people who love to travel because of its
handiness and it’ll provide enough power to keep alive the electronic devices.
2. Our device can be environmental friendly and cost efficient so we recommend
them to all smartphone users. It is cost efficient because it utilizes the sunlight
which in turn trims down the user’s electricity bill.
3. Our device can also be useful during summer time, on a vacation or on the
beach where the sky is clear and the sun is readily available. It is very useful
even without charging cables if a smartphone is wireless charging compatible.
4. When in times of power needs such as blackouts, or in a place where electricity
is not available, our device provides enough power for the electronic devices.
References
A. Books
Kutner, M., Nachtsheim, C., Neter, J., and Li, W. (2004). Applied Linear Statistical
Models, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, Homewood, IL. (Historical).
B. Journal/Magazine/Articles/Newspaper
Angeles, C. O., Ubamos, M. J., & Abamo, J. V. (2016). Wireless Power

Transmission Outlet using Tesla Coil. 6(5), 130-131.
Anand, M., & Kannan, Y. (2014). Wireless Power Transfer by Incorporation of
Solar Energy. 3(2), 86-87.
Agarwal, Arun. (2016). Solar Powered Mobile Power Bank Systems. American
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Asif, M., Ahmad Mir, S., & Khursheed Baba, S. (2018). Wireless Solar Mobile
Phone Charger. International Journal of Advance Engineering and Research
Development, 5(02), 3-4.
Banguero, E., Correcher, A., Pérez-Navarro, Á., Morant, F., &Aristizabal, A. (2018).
A Review on Battery Charging and Discharging Control Strategies:
Application to Renewable Energy Systems. Energies, 11(4),
1021.
Cairo, J. I., Bonache, J., Paredes, F., & Martin, F. (2017). Reconfigurable System
for Wireless Power transfer and Near Field Communications
Chang, H., Chung, C., Hung, M., Lai, J., & Su, Y. (2013). A Power-Managed
Method for Mobile Devices. Recent Patents on Computer Science, 6(1), 41-
46.
Concepcion, M. S., Fernando, I. C., Mendoza, G. G., Reyes, K. G., & Gustilo, R. C.
(2016). Wireless Charging System for KILOBOTs Using Inductive Power
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Crosby, Garth & Deppong, Joseph. (2013). "Undergraduate Application Based

Research: Design and Testing of Wireless Phone Charger". Technology
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Evangelista, M. M., Pimentel, V., Sager, S. P., & Zamora, F. G. (2015) Influence of
Mobile Phones on an Indigenous Community in Bamban, Tarlac, Philippines.
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Link for Implantable Biomedical Sensors under Ultra-Weak Coupling.
Sensors, 17(6), 1358.
Jumphoo, T., Uthansakul P., Lui H. (2014). Implementation of Wireless Charger for
Mobile Phone Based on Solar Energy. Suranaree J. Sci. Technol., 21(4),
283-284.
R, N., M, V., & M, J. (2018). Studies on Portable Power Banks for Recharging
Electronic Gadgets. International Research Journal of Engineering and
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Rai, H., Sisodiya, P., & Agrawal, I. (2016). Design of Solar Powered Wireless
Charger for Smartphones. 3(5), 1278-1279.
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photovoltaic panels through tilt angle adjustments: A Mechatronics Approach.
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Sansare, V. A., Kasar, N. N., Mane, J. J., & Gaikwad, A. (2017). Development of
Solar PV Battery Charger with Buck Converter. 6(6), 182-183.
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Xiao, L., Ping, W., Niyato, D., Kim, D. I., & Zhu, H. (2015). Wireless Charging
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C. Theses/Dissertation
Pedrito, M., Cruz, A., Arce, A., Pabularcon, M., Ortega, K., Rafallo, R., (2019).
Design and Development of Banana Fiber Decorticator with Wringer
(Undergraduate Thesis, Polytechnic University of the Philippines). Retrieved
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419.pdf
D. Online Resources
Angela. (2016). A Brief History of Power Bank — What Has It Replaced and What
Has Failed to Replace It. Retrieved from https://www.easyacc.com/media-
center/a-brief-history-of-power-bank-what-has-it-replaced-and-what-has-
failed-to-replace-it/
Celdran, A. M. (2016). The ADB Solar Rooftop Project: Boosting Solar Energy
Growth in the Philippines. 2. Retrieved from https://klearn.adb.org/system
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Gibbs, S. (2017). What is Wireless Charging and Do I Need It? Retrieved from
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Tadeo, P. (2018). Wireless Charging System Developed for Kia Soul Electric
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charging-system-developed-kia-soul-electric-vehicle/
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: GANTT CHART

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct
Week 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3
1. Project Planning
1.1 Define the problem
1.2 Produce the project schedule
1.3 Confirm project feasibility
1.4 Staff the project
1.5 Launch the project
1.6 Complete all the planning
2. Analysis Activities
2.1 Gather information
2.2 Define system requirements
2.3 Prototype feasibility
2.4 Generate and evaluate

alternatives
2.5 Review recommendations with
management
3. Design Activities
3.1 Design the user interfaces
3.2 Design the system interfaces
3.3 Prototype for design details

3.4 Design and integrate system

controls
4. Implementation Activities
4.1 Construct hardware

components
4.2 Verify and test
4.3 Train users and create

documentation
4.4 Install the systems

APPENDIX B: SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

APPENDIX C: PROPOSED DESIGN AND ACTUAL PHOTOS

Proposed Design
Top View(Open) Top View (Close)
Right Side View Left Side View

Front View Back View

Actual Design
Top View (Open) Top View(Close)
Right Side View Left Side View

Front View Back View

APPENDIX D: PROJECT QUOTATION

Unit Total
Quantity Item Name Item Description
Price Price
1 Arduino Nano ₱275.00 ₱ 275.00 Microcontroller
I2C Organic Light-
1 ₱380.00 ₱ 380.00 Display
Emitting Diode
18650 Lithium-Ion Rechargeable
4 ₱170.00 ₱ 680.00
Battery Battery
1 VS-Q5 Coil ₱220.00 ₱ 220.00 Qi Wireless Charger
4 Solar Cells ₱ 90.00 ₱ 360.00 Photovoltaic Cells
1A Li-ion Charging Step Down
1 ₱ 45.00 ₱ 45.00
Module Regulator
DC-DC Boost
2 ₱104.00 ₱ 208.00 Step Up Regulator
Converter 5V 2A
1 CE8301 5V 1A ₱ 55.00 ₱ 55.00 Step-up Booster
1 USB-OTG Cable ₱ 50.00 ₱ 50.00 USB On-The-Go
Micro-USB Breakout
1 ₱ 30.00 ₱ 30.00 Micro-USB
Board
USB 2.0 to Micro-
1 3-in-1 USB Cable ₱130.00 ₱ 130.00 USB, Lightning, Type-
C
2 N- Channel MOSFET ₱ 21.00 ₱ 42.00 Transistor
5 Assorted Resistor ₱ 1.00 ₱ 5.00 Resistor
Light Dependent
1 ₱ 10.00 ₱ 10.00 Resistor
Resistor
2 Terminal Block 3-pin ₱ 28.00 ₱ 56.00 Terminal Block
2 Solder Lead ₱ 15.00 ₱ 30.00 Fusible Metal Alloy
2 2m Solid Wire ₱ 20.00 ₱ 40.00 Solid Wire
2 1m Stranded Wire ₱ 15.00 ₱ 30.00 Stranded Wire
2 Header Pins (40pcs) ₱ 15.00 ₱ 30.00 Header Pins
1 Wallpaper ₱120.00 ₱ 120.00 Casing design
1 Wooden Board ₱120.00 ₱ 120.00 Casing
2ftx2ftx1.5mm
1 ₱360.00 ₱ 360.00 Casing
Acrylic Plastic
1 Fheric Chloride ₱ 35.00 ₱ 35.00 PCB Etching
1 Portable Cituit Board ₱ 45.00 ₱ 45.00 Development Board
Total ₱3,356.00
APPENDIX E: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Name (Optional): Age:

Phone Battery Capacity:
Position: Phone Specification:
CoE Student IT Engineer Wireless Charging
IT Student OTG-Compatible
Please rate the following questions base on your experience on a scale from 1 to 5, with 5 being “excellent”
and 1 being “poor”.
5- Excellent 4- Very Good 3- Good
2- Fair 1. Poor
1 2 3 4 5
FUNCTIONALITY
Functional comple te ne ss. Degree to which the set of functions covers all the
specified tasks and user objectives.
Functional corre ctne ss. Degree to which a product or system provides the
correct results with the needed degree of precision.
Functional appropriate ne ss. Degree to which the functions facilitate the
accomplishment of specified tasks and objectives.
USABILITY
Appropriate ne ss re cognizability. Degree to which users can recognize

whether a product or system is appropriate for their needs.
Ope rability. Degree to which a product or system has attributes that make it
easy to operate and control.
Le arnability. degree to which a product or system can be used by specified
users to achieve specified goals of learning to use the product or system with
effectiveness, efficiency, freedom from risk and satisfaction in a specified
context of use.
PERFORMANCE EFFECIENCY
Time be hav iour. Degree to which the response and processing times and
throughput rates of a product or system, when performing its functions, meet
requirements.
Re source utilization. Degree to which the amounts and types of resources
used by a product or system, when performing its functions, meet requirements.
Capacity. Degree to which the maximum limits of a product or system parameter
meet requirements.
PORTABILITY
Adaptability. Degree to which a product or system can effectively and efficiently

be adapted for different or evolving hardware, software or other operational or
usage environments.
Installability. Degree of effectiveness and efficiency with which a product or
system can be successfully installed and/or uninstalled in a specified
environment.
Re place ability. Degree to which a product can replace another specified
software product for the same purpose in the same environment.
COMPATIBILITY
Co-e xiste nce . Degree to which a product can perform its required functions
efficiently while sharing a common environment and resources with other
products, without detrimental impact on any other product.
Inte rope rability. Degree to which two or more systems, products or
components can exchange information and use the information that has been
exchanged.
APPENDIX F: POSTHOC TEST

Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD
95% Confidence Interval
Mean
Dependent Variable Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Bound
Functionality coe it -0.04208 0.10617 0.917 -0.2941 0.2100
it engineer -0.05327 0.17850 0.952 -0.4771 0.3705
it coe 0.04208 0.10617 0.917 -0.2100 0.2941

it engineer -0.01120 0.18312 0.998 -0.4459 0.4235
it engineer coe 0.05327 0.17850 0.952 -0.3705 0.4771

it 0.01120 0.18312 0.998 -0.4235 0.4459
Usability coe it 0.04067 0.10806 0.925 -0.2159 0.2972
it engineer -0.18133 0.18167 0.580 -0.6126 0.2500
it coe -0.04067 0.10806 0.925 -0.2972 0.2159

it engineer -0.22200 0.18637 0.461 -0.6645 0.2205
it engineer coe 0.18133 0.18167 0.580 -0.2500 0.6126

it 0.22200 0.18637 0.461 -0.2205 0.6645
Performance_ coe it -0.03249 0.11320 0.956 -0.3013 0.2363
Efficiency it engineer -0.13196 0.19032 0.768 -0.5838 0.3199
it coe 0.03249 0.11320 0.956 -0.2363 0.3013

it engineer -0.09947 0.19524 0.867 -0.5630 0.3641
it engineer coe 0.13196 0.19032 0.768 -0.3199 0.5838

it 0.09947 0.19524 0.867 -0.3641 0.5630
Portability coe it 0.07270 0.11832 0.813 -0.2082 0.3536
it engineer -0.05181 0.19893 0.963 -0.5241 0.4205
it coe -0.07270 0.11832 0.813 -0.3536 0.2082

it engineer -0.12451 0.20408 0.815 -0.6090 0.3600
it engineer coe 0.05181 0.19893 0.963 -0.4205 0.5241

it 0.12451 0.20408 0.815 -0.3600 0.6090
Compatibility coe it -0.03576 0.12574 0.956 -0.3343 0.2628
it engineer -0.34604 0.21139 0.234 -0.8479 0.1558
it coe 0.03576 0.12574 0.956 -0.2628 0.3343

it engineer -0.31028 0.21686 0.329 -0.8251 0.2046
it engineer coe 0.34604 0.21139 0.234 -0.1558 0.8479

it 0.31028 0.21686 0.329 -0.2046 0.8251
APPENDIX G: SOURCE CODE

#include <SPI.h>
#include <Wire.h> //Battery Level
#include <Adafruit_GFX.h> int battPin = A7;
#include <Adafruit_SSD1306.h> int voltReading = 0;
int battLevel = 0;
//Definitions
#define SCREEN_WIDTH 128 // void setup() {
OLED display width, in pixels //Lux Meter
#define SCREEN_HEIGHT 32 // pinMode(A3, INPUT);
OLED display height, in pixels //Battery Level Meter
#define OLED_RESET 4 pinMode(battPin, INPUT);
#define NUM_SAMPLES 10
//Charging Option
//Instances pinMode(port, OUTPUT);
Adafruit_SSD1306 digitalWrite(port, LOW);
display(SCREEN_WIDTH, pinMode(wireless, OUTPUT);
SCREEN_HEIGHT, &Wire, digitalWrite(wireless, LOW);
OLED_RESET); //Setting the width
and height of OLED if
(!display.begin(SSD1306_SWITCHC
//Variables APVCC, 0x3C)) { // Address 0x3C
int touch = 0; for 128x32
char inChar; for (;;); //
String txt; Don't proceed, loop forever
byte rectWidth = 0; }
unsigned long var;
int counter = 0; display.clearDisplay();
int timeInc = 0; display.display();
delay(250);
//OUTPUT Devices }
byte port = 6;
byte wireless = 7; void loop() {
touch = analogRead(A0);
//Timer
unsigned long buttonPushedMillis; //Run when the sensor is touched
unsigned long turnOnDelay = 80; if (touch > 800 ) {
bool sensorState = false; // flag counter++;
unsigned long lastDebounceTime = delay(300);
0; // the last time the output pin was if (counter == 4) {
toggled counter = 0;
unsigned long debounceDelay = 50; }
// the debounce time; increase if the }
output flickers
//SWITCH
//Lux Meter Timer //Turn OFF all OUTPUT Devices
int period = 100; if (counter == 0) {
unsigned long time_now = 0; digitalWrite(port, LOW);
digitalWrite(wireless, LOW); display.setCursor(30, 25);

} display.print("USB PORT ON");
//Turn ON Port and Turn OFF display.display();
Wireless Charger }
if (counter == 1) { else if (counter == 2) {
digitalWrite(port, HIGH); display.setCursor(45, 25);
digitalWrite(wireless, LOW); display.print("WC ON");
} display.display();
//Turn ON Wireless Charger and }
Turn OFF Port else if (counter == 3) {
if (counter == 2) { display.setCursor(35, 25);
digitalWrite(port, LOW); display.print("OUTPUT ON");
digitalWrite(wireless, HIGH); display.display();
} }
//Turn ON all OUTPUT Devices display.display();
if (counter == 3) {
digitalWrite(port, HIGH); //Read Battery Level
digitalWrite(wireless, HIGH); voltReading =
} analogRead(battPin);
battLevel = voltReading /
if (millis() > time_now + period) { (float)10.23;
time_now = millis();
//Set Battery Level
//Luminance Computation if (battLevel <= 9) {
int ldr = analogRead(A3); rectWidth = 0;
double Vout = ldr * 0.0048828125; }
int lux = 500 / (10 * ((5 - Vout) / if (battLevel >= 10 && battLevel
Vout)); <= 18) {
rectWidth = 5;
display.clearDisplay(); }
display.drawRect(108, 0, 20, 5, if (battLevel >= 19 && battLevel
WHITE); <= 27) {
display.fillRect(108, 0, rectWidth, rectWidth = 10;
5, WHITE); }
display.setTextColor(WHITE); if (battLevel >= 28 && battLevel
display.setCursor(1, 1); <= 36) {
if (lux >= 200) { rectWidth = 15;
display.print("CHARGING"); }
} if (battLevel >= 37 && battLevel
<= 50) {
//Display Output rectWidth = 20;
if (counter == 0) { }
display.setCursor(30, 25); }
display.print("OUTPUT OFF"); }
display.display();
}
if (counter == 1) {
APPENDIX H: AUTHOR’S PROFILE

Authors:
Beverly D. Calandingan
Phone No: 0915 2025 082 Email: bevdivide@gmail.com
Steven Jake G. Fajarillo
Phone No.: 0977 4865 212 Email: fajarillostevenjake@gmail.com
Eva Ruth A. Quintao
Phone No: 0915 7170 498 Email: erth.qunt15@gmail.com
Yuffie O. Villamayor
Phone No: 09955708487 Email: villamayor.yuffieo@gmail.com
Co-Authors:
Dr. Arvin De La Cruz
Phone No: 0917 852 7846 Email: docardelacruz@gmail.com
Engr. Rey M. Oronos Jr.
Phone No: 0948 626 5511 Email: rey.oronos.jr@gmail.com


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POLYTECHNICUNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

DIVERSIFIED POWER TRANSCEIVER

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

This thesis, DIVERSIFIED POWER TRANSCEIVER prepared and submitted

Prof. CATHERINE R. LLAVE

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of

Prof. AARON VITO M. BAYGAN

complete their work successfully.

way to the work described in this thesis.

To the Campus Director, Director Aaron V. Baygan, for the opportunity he

extended to them throughout this study.

Extending the appreciation to Engineer Gilbert R. Gonzales, for the

suggestions all throughout this study.

They also like to thank the respondents of Polytechnic University of the

Philippines – Parañaque Campus, and professional experts of MicroSourcing

encouragement and credible ideas in the completion of this study.

Furthermore, expressing their sincere appreciation to Villamayor’s Family,

to complete the papers and prototype.

This is to certify that the research work presented in this thesis,

DIVERSIFIED POWER TRANSCEIVERfor the degree, BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING at the Polytechnic University of the Philippines –

referencing and acknowledgement were made.

Beverly D. Calandingan Steven Jake G. Fajarillo

Eva Ruth A. Quintao Yuffie O. Villamayor

Title: Diversified Power Transceiver

Researcher: Bevery D. Calandingan

Steven Jake G. Fajarillo

Eva Ruth A. Quintao

Degree: Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering

Institution: Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Parañaque

Adviser: Dr. Arvin De La Cruz

The demand for smartphones are constantly increasing nowadays, and

transmit power, which is why it is entitled Diversified Power Transceiver. In this

mediums for transmitting power implemented in this device is a Qi standard

device has a capacity of 8800mAh and a microcontroller programmed for switching

voltage of 5 and a current with a maximum output of 2 amperes. Upon evaluation,

Keywords: Arduino, power bank, solar, wireless charging, OTG-USB, mobile

Chapter 1Problem and its Background

Chapter 2Review of Related Literature

Enhanced energy conversion performance of photovoltaic panels 32

Chapter 4 Results and Discussion

Chapter 5 Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations

Number Title Page

1 Research Paradigm of the Study 5

Number Title Page

1 Evaluation – Functional Suitability 53

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

Currently, the most common technology being used by people are

smartphones. It is used for communication, entertainment, navigation, and other

bring anywhere because of its compact size and rechargeable battery.

The researchers came up with a device that consists of different ways to

are not available.

involve wireless chargingas well.

their phone battery is about to drain or dead.

researched on and greatly improved.

invented. Apparently, different type of chargers started to come out because of

Inductive Coupling Approach

a direct physical connection between them, usually via electromagnetic field is

defined as Wireless Power Transfer Technology (WPTT). In 1890’s, a wireless

demonstration on resonant transformers called Tesla coils. Power transfer of

inductive coupling happens by creating an alternating magnetic field on the

charger to mobile is accomplished by mutual induction, governed by the Faradays

Theory of Solar Cells