Fall Final Exam Topics for Honors Biology 2018

Study Tips:
1. Study vocabulary and concepts from each chapter (1,2,8,9,10,11,12.4,13,14)
2. For the following topics ask: what is the meaning or purpose of the concept?
3. Write definitions, examples, drawings, explanations etc…
4. Test yourself: answer end of section and end of chapter questions
5. Read your notes, textbook, worksheets, and internet resources
Chapter 1 Introduction to Biology
Characteristics of living things
The Scientific Method: problem, hypothesis, conclusion,
observation
Dependent and independent variable
Controlled experiment
Theory
Chapter 2 Biochemistry
Matter, elements, atoms, compounds- how they are
related
Properties of water: adhesion, cohesion, hydrogen
bonds, capillary action
Polar v. Nonpolar molecules
Location and charge of protons, neutrons, electrons
Energy levels of electrons
Differences in the types of bonds: covalent, ionic,
hydrogen, peptide
Functional groups
Difference between exothermic and endothermic
reactions
Solution, solute and solvent
What is an acid, base? And how is a pH scale used?
Bonding properties of carbon
Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis
Monomers and Polymers
Carbohydrates-sugars
Lipids- fats, phospholipids, steroids and waxes
Amino acids, proteins, peptide bonds
Enzymes and activation energy, catalyst, substrate,
active site
Heat and pH denaturing enzymes
How enzymes affect reactions
Nucleic acids- RNA, DNA
Chapter 8 Cell Structure and Transport
Parts of a compound light microscope
How to use a microscope
Magnification, resolution
Three principles of the Cell Theory-men who contributed
to the cell theory and what they concluded
Parts of the cell, their function and location
Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Differences between an animal and plant cell
Importance of cell size limitations
Surface area to volume ratios of different sized cells
Nature of the cell membrane, phospholipid bilayer, semi-
permeable membrane and fluid mosaic model
Parts of the cell membrane
Passive transport, osmosis, diffusion and facilitated
diffusion and concentration gradient
Hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solutions
Difference between osmosis in plant v. animal cells
Active transport- endocytosis, exocytosis and
phagocytosis
Sodium-potassium pump and Ion channels (protein
pumps)
Chapter 9-10 Cellular Energy
Movement of energy from the sun to organisms
Getting energy from ATP
Photosynthesis- what is it and how does it happen?
Photosynthesis reaction equation
Reactants and products of each stage
Chloroplast, chlorophyll, pigments
Light dependent reactions, light independent reactions
Parts of the chloroplast
ATP synthase
Process of Glycolysis
Factors affecting photosynthesis
Cellular respiration, ATP- how much formed at each step
Cellular respiration equation
Reactants and products of each stage
Krebs Cycle, Electron transport chain
Parts of the mitochondria
Anaerobic vs. aerobic respiration
Fermentation, process, types
Chapter 11 Cell Growth and Division
Cell cycle-what it is and events of the cell cycle
Chromosomes/ Chromatids/ Chromatin/Centromere
Mitosis – know the steps of mitosis
Cytokinesis – know how plants and animals differ
Checkpoints during the cell cycle
Differences between plant and animal cell division
Cancer-malignant and benign
Levels of cell organization: cell, tissue, organ, organ
system, organism
Chapter 13-14 From DNA to Proteins
Organization of DNA to chromosomes
Chargaff base pairing rules
Watson and Crick and other genetic scientists
Structure of DNA
Describe the structure of a nucleotide
Purines v. Pyrimidines
Given a DNA strand, find the complementary strand
Steps of DNA replication-where does it occur
Steps of Transcription and where does it occur
Steps of Translation and where does it occur
Roles of the different enzymes: DNA helicase, DNA
polymerase, RNA polymerase
Differences between mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Differences between RNA and DNA
Parts of an amino acid Meiosis versus Mitosis
Prokaryote v. Eukaryote DNA/chromosomes Crossing over- what is it, when does it happen etc.
Types of mutations: point, frameshift, etc. Diploid vs. haploid
Law of segregation
Chapter 12.4 Meiosis Law of independent assortment
Purpose and products of Meiosis
Stages of Meiosis