MEETING 2

MODIFIER PART 2

A. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

After studying this meeting, the studerts will be able to:

1. understand about modifier part 2

B. MATERIAL DESCRIPTION

MODIFIERS-CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS

There are two kinds of numbers, cardinal and ordinal

Examples:

Cardinal Ordinal

Onc first

Two Second

Three third

Four fourth

Five fifth

Six sixth

Ten tenth

Twenty-one twenty-first

The following two pattern are used to designate items in a series:

1. numbers are used un this pattern : the + ordinal+ nounin)

The+ ordinal + n

The first book of the series is about verbs

2. Cardinal numbers are used In this pattern: noun(N) cardinal

N + Necardinal
book one of the series is about verbs
Notes:
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Notes:
a. Use the with ordinal numbers
b. Do not use the with cardinal numbers
c. Be careful to use the correct word onder for each pattern

2. Cardinal numbers are used In this pattern: noun(N) cardinal

Necardinal
book one of the series is about verbs
Notes:
a. Use the with ordinal numbers
b. Do not use the with cardinal numbers
c. Be careful to use the correct word onder for each pattern

ERROR EXAMPLES
A. WRONG : We are supposed to read the chapter seven for homework
RIGHT. : We are supposed to read chapter seven for homework

B. WRONG : Pick up your boarding passes at gate live

RIGHT : Pick up your hoarding passes at gate the fifth

C. WRONG : The first terminal on your rigt is Pan Amercan

RIGHT : Terminal first on your rigiht is Pan American

D. WRONG : We reviewed lesson the tenth in class today

RIGHT : We reviewed lesson en in class today

E. WRONG : The subway stop second is Broadway

RIGHT : The second subway stop is Broadway

MODIFIERS-SAMENESS AND SIMILARITY

Sameness and similarity are expressed by the following patterns:
1.Like or the same as
Your car is like mine.(similarity)
Your car is the same as mine.(sameness)
2. The same+ noun fas
N
John is the same height as bili.
N
Mary is the same age as valerie.

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 3. As+adjectve + as
ADJ
John is tall as bili.
ADJ
Mary is as old as valerie

ERROR EXAMPLES
A. WRONG : I would like to have an apartement as the one my friend has.
RIGHT : I would like to have an apartement like the one my friend has.

B. WRONG : their backyard is as beautiful like a picture.

RIGHT : their backyard is as beautiful as a picture.

C. WRONG : he looks as is grandmother

RIGHT :he looks like his grandmother

D. WRONG : this book is the same long as that one

RIGHT : this book is 95 long as that one

G. WRONG : John is as tall than Bob,

RIGTH. : John is as tall as Bob.

F. WRONG : Mike' eyes are the same olot than mine.

RIGHT :Mike's eyes are the same color as mine

G. WRONG : her job pays the same salary like mine.

RIGHT:her job pays the same salary as mine

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 MODIFIERS-COMPARATIVE

1. One- syllable udjectives and two-syllable adjectives ending in-y

form the comparative by adding-er

ADJ AD+JER

fohn is tall, but bill is taller

ADI ADJ+ER
Mr smith is busy, bur mr brown is busler
Change the-y to -I before adding -er

2. Most two-and three-syllable adjectives from the comparative by putting more

before the adjective
Adj More+adj

Betty is beautiful, but her sister is more beautiful.

3. Some adjectives have irregular comparatives and must be memorized.

Examples: Good, better, bad,, worsa
Adj IRR.COMP
This book is good, but that one is beiter

Adj IRR.COMP.
This soup is bad, but that soup is worse.
4. than is the only structure word that can follow comparatives.

Comp.than
Their problem is worse than your problem.
NOTES:
a.Do not use hoth -er and more in the same comparative structure.
b. Be careful to use only than after a somparative structure.
C Be eareful to use the comparative for two items, not tlree or more. For three or
more.use the superlative. See modifiers-superlatives

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ERROR EXAMPLE

Three are two main kinds of errors with comparatives, error in structure and
error in logic.
Structure errors:
A. WRONG : Betty is more smarter than her classmates.
RIGHT : Betty is smarier than her classmates.

B. WRONG : This building is more expensive as that one.

RIGHT :This building is more expensive than that one.

C. WRONG : Jane had much lenger hair that her sister

RIGHT : Jane had much lenger hair than her sister

D. WRONG : This building is more expensive as that one.

RIGHT : building is more expensive than that one.

Logic errors:
Do not compare two nouns that cannot be compared:John's salary was much larger
than bob

E. WRONG : (salary cannot be compared to Bob)

RIGHT. : John's salury was much larger than bob'sf

Do not compare a noun to it self

F. WRONG : mary is smarter than anybody in her class
(mary is a member of the class mary cannot be smarter
than herself)
RIGHT : mary is smarter than anybody else in her class.

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MODIFIERS-SUPERLATIVE
Use the superlative to make a enmparlson among three or more things.
I. One-syllable adjectives and two-syliarle acjectives ending in-y torm the
superlative by adding-est. Always use the in the superlative paltem.
The +Adj. + est
Bill is taller than john, but bob is the tallest.
The + Adj. +est
Bill is happier than john, but beb is the happiest.

2 Two- and three syllable adjective form th superlative by putting the inost
before the adjective
The most + Adj
Susan is more beautiful then betty, but jane is the most beauti ful.
3. Some adjectives have irragular superlative that must be memorized. For example
Good, the bast; bad, the worst.
The+ irr. Supr
Your book is batter than his book, but our book is the best
Thet irr. Suprl
Your problem is worse than mine, but his problem is the worst.

NOTES:
a. Always use the in the superlative pattern.
b. Be careful not to us -est and most in the same ssuperlative pattem.
c Do not put than after superlative.
d. Be careful to nse the superlative for three or more itcms. Use the
comparative for two items. See modificrs-comparative. Page 41.

ERROR EXAMPLE
A. WRONG : yesterday was coldest day of the year
RIGHT : yesterday was the coldest day of the year

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B. WRONG : john is the smartest student then anvonc else in the class.
RIGHT : john is the smartest in the class

C. WRONG : went to ann's restaurant. Ted's diner, and tom's cafe, and

ann's restaurant served better food

RIGHT : we went to ann's restaurant. Ted's diner, and tom's cafe, and

ann's restaurant served the best food.

D. WRONG. : I took mathematics, French, and history last

semester and the mathematics course was the better

RIGHT : I took mathematics, French, and history last

semester and the mathematics course was the best

MODIFIERS-CAUSE AND RESULT

Cause-and-result clauses are expressed by the following pattems

1. so

a) so + adjective + that

ADJ

He was so tired that he fell a sleep

b) so + adverb + that

ADV

He reads so slowly that he can never finish his homework

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 c) so + many few+count noun + that

CN

She had so many problems that she could not concentrate.

CN

There were so few tickets sold that the concert was cancelled

C. EXERCISE.

EXERCISE: Pu: "C" if the sentence is correct. Put X" if dhere is a number error:

 1.first eheckout stand ic for eash-customers only.

 2. The answer is in the line fifteen on page foar
 3. Do the exercise one in your book
 4. Pick up your receipt at teller fourth.
 5. The car designers modilied their plans for the handredth time
 6. Pick up your check at window the third
 7. Imet him on the second day of the all semester
 8. You will find the bread in aisis the first
 9. Th well-known basketbali player from Chicago made the first points of
 the game.
 10. The instructions are on the six page.

EXERCISE: Put "C" if the sentence is correct. Put "X" if the

comparative pattern is incorrect

 1. would like to go to school as the one my sister goes to

 2. his hair is the same length as mine
 3. your apartment is the same size to mine
 4.That garden is as beautiful like the one in the park
 5. elizabeth is the same weight as her gir firiend
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  6. your homework is the same as mine
 7. she looks as her mother
 8. this blouse is the same expensive ns that one
 9. i would like to buy some earrings like yours
 10. he is an intelligent than his brother
 11. your sofa is almost like here
 12. he looks like this grandfather
 13. tom's suit is the same style that bob's
 14. this material feels like silk
 15. your shoes are the same color like mine

EXERCISE: Put C" if the sentence is correct.

Put "X" if the
comparative pattern is incorrect
 1.This book is more better than that one
 2.This year's prices will certainly be much higher as
last year's prices
 3. Since there were two possible ways to get to New York, we had to
decide which one was better.
 4. The customs in his country are more traditional than those in the
United States
 5. Her letter was more friendlier than his
 6. She was happier than anybody in her family
 7. Nancy was luckier than Fred in Las Vegas.
 8. Betty's homework is usually more organized than that of any other
student's in the elass
 9.The weather was much hotter this year than 1970.
 10. The final cxam was mere ditficult than the mid-semester exam
 11. tormance was more crowded as the second onc.
 12. The new student reads faster than anyone clse in the class.
 13. Fred's project proposal was much more economical than Brad's.
 14. robert's new home is more expensive than any house in the
neighborhood.
 15. Henry had a rather had zccident, and it was a miracle that he was not
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 hut mere worse than he was
EXERCISE: Put "C if the sentence is corect. Put "X" if there is an

error in the superlative patter

 1.They were the most poorest people I had ever seen

 2.West Germary is one of the most highly

industrialized nations in the world

 3. When he won the contest, he was the most surprised

person than the other contestants

 4.I went to Belgium, Holland, and England last year

and I liked Belgium better

 5, Is the Sahara the largest desert in the world?

 6. August is hottest and most Eumid mentli of the year
 7. It was the most biggest building I had ever seen.
 8. Thet company sold the most sophisticaled computer

equipment that we had ever found.

 9. Dr. Henderson was the most thorough doctor than

Jane had ever known.

 10. John, Phyllis, and Mary were all saving money to go

to Egypt, and John saved the most.

 11. Paula, Susie, and Jill bought new homes, but Paula's

was more elegant.

 12. Peking is most densely populated city in the world.

 13. The damage caused by the hurricane was the worst

than had ever occurred in that state.

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 14. She bought a new color television, a stereo unit, and

an AM/FM radio, and the television was the most

expensive

 15. Mary is the fastest runner than the other team

members

 16. You can use any of these three peas. but the red one

is the best for making on heavy material.

 17. That place scrves the goodest ice cream in the town.
 18. Dr. Jones was certainly among the smaitest men I had ever known.
 19. He got the baddest grade he had ever received on an exam.
 20. The crimcs committed by that murderer were the most heinous in the

history of that town

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D. REFERENCE.

Azar, Betty Scrampfe. 1992. Fundamentals English Gramnmar second cdition. New

Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Broukal, Milada, TOEFL Test Acistant:Graamar, Heinle & Heinle Publisers: USA.

Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern Engish a practical reference guide. New Jersey:

Prentice Hall.

Nettle, Mark and Hopkind, Diana, Developing Grammar in Context, Grammar

Reference and Practice. Italy: Cambridge University Press

Thomson A.J. and Martinet A.V.. A. 1986. Practical English Grammar, fourth

editition. Hongkong: Oxford University Press

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