Chapter 2 Related Literature and Studies

2.1 Pesticide

The pesticide is a broad term that refers to any device, method, or chemicals that kill olants or animals
that compete for humanity's food supply or are otherwise undesirable.

2.2 Pesticide Formulation

A pesticide chemical can rarely be used as originally manufactured. The pesticide must be diluted with
water, oil, air or chemically inactive solids so that it can be handled by application equipment and
spreads evenly over the area to be treated. It includes cockroach killer. A single pesticide is often sold in
several different formulations.Considerations in making choice include effectiveness against the pest,
habits of the pest, animal or surface to be protected. Pesticide formulation is the final product and is
ready to use either as package or diluted with water or other carriers.

2.3 Malunggay Leaves and Chili Fruit

Malunggay ( Moringa olefira) is a popular plant known for nutritional value as well as an herbal
medicine. Malunggay is a plant that grows in tropical places like Philippines, India and Africa. Malunggay
is widely used as vegetable ingredient in cooking, as herbal medicine for some illness and other practical
uses. Malunggay contains rubefacient that makes it a good source of pesticide. It is one of the richest
plant sources of Vitamins A, B{1,2,3,6,7 }, C, D, E and K. The vital minerals present Moringa include
Calcium, Copper, Iron, Potassium, Magnesium, Manganese and Zinc. It is an active component of
malunggay leaves, a substance for external application that produces a redness of the skin by causing
dilation of capillaries and increase blood circulation.

Chili, is which spelled differently in many regions chilli, chile, and chili. The term chili is most of the world
refers exclusively to the smaller hot types of capsaicim. It is a hot pepper. Eventhough chilis maybe
thought as vegetable, but their culinary usage is a spice, the part of the plant that is usually harvested is
the fruit. Researchers used capsaicim from chillies to kill the nerve cells in the pancreas of mice and chili
also contains hotness which can kill cockroaches.

2.4 Manufacturing Pesticide

Manufacturing a pesticide involves at least three separate activities. The active ingredient is first
synthesized in a chemical factory, then formulated in the same place or sent to a formulator, who
prepares the liquid or powder form. The pesticide is then sent to the farmer or other certified applicator,
who dilutes it before applying it to the fields.

References:
(1) Babu SC {2000} Rural nutrition interventions with indigenous plant foods: a case study of vitamin
deficiency in Malawi. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC. Biotechnology,
Agronomy Soc. Environ. 4{3}: 169-179.:

(2) Caceres A, A Saravia, S Rizzo, L Zabala, E De Leon, F Nave {1992} Pharmacologic properties of Moringa
oleifera. 2: Screening for antispasmodic, antiinflammatory and diuretic activity. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology 36: 233-237.

(3) Duke JA {1987} Moringaceae: Horseradish-tree, benzolive-tree, drumstick-tree, sohnja, moringa,

murunga-kai, malunggay, p. 19-28. In: M. Benge {ed.} Moringa: A multipurpose vegetable and tree that
purifies water. Sci. & Technol./ For., Environ., & Natural Resources Agro-Forestation Tech. Ser. 27. US AID,
Washington, D.C.